UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT (Abstract) GENERAL AND ACADEMIC BRANCH-IV B SECTION

Transcription

1 UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT (Abstract) BA Programme in Malayalam-School of Distance Education/ Private Mode under Choice Based Credit Semester System (U.G) Scheme and Syllabus- approved- implemented wef 2011 admission-orders Issued [[ GENERAL AND ACADEMIC BRANCH-IV B SECTION No: GAIV/B2/368/09 Dated Calicut University. P.O. 10/08/2011 Read: 1. U.O No.GA IV/J2/3601/08 dated U.O No.GA IV/J2/3601/08 Vol IV dated Minutes of the meeting of the Board of Studies in Malayalam (U.G) held on 07/04/2011 (Item number 1) 4 Letter dated 04/07/2011 from Chairman Board of Studies in Malayalam(U.G) 5 Orders of the Vice chancellor in file of even number dated ORDER As per University order read as first, Choice based Credit Semester System was implemented for UG programmes under the School of Distance Education and Private Mode of the University with effect from admission. The Syllabi of programmes under SDE/Private mode was equalized with that of Regular Programmes under Choice based Credit Semester System UG vide paper read as second above. Vide paper read as 3 rd above the Board of Studies in Malayalam(U.G) at its meeting held on vide item number 1 discussed and approved the proposal of implementation of syllabus of BA Programme in Malayalam under Choice based credit semester system of SDE and Private mode. Vide paper read as 4 th above the Chairman Board of Studies in Malayalam(U.G) forwarded syllabus of BA Programme in Malayalam under Choice based credit semester system of SDE and Private mode. The Vice Chancellor considering the urgency exercising the powers of the Academic Council approved the minutes of the meeting of the Board of Studies in Malayalam(U.G) held on subject to ratification by the Academic Council vide paper read as 5 th above. Sanction has therefore been accorded for implementing the Scheme and Syllabus of BA Programme in Malayalam under Calicut University Credit Semester System in School of Distance Education and Private Mode with effect from 2011 admission. Orders are issued accordingly. The Scheme & Syllabus is uploaded in the University Website Sd/- ASSISTANT REGISTRAR (G&A-IV) For REGISTRAR To The Director,School of Distance Education, University of Calicut. Copy to:- PS to VC,PA to Registrar,Chairman Board of Studies Malayalam(U.G),CE, EX,EG,Enquiry, Systems Administrator with a request to upload the syllabus in the University website, Information Centres,GA1 F Section,SF,DF,FC Forwarded/By Order SECTION OFFICER. 1

2 UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT MALAYALAM B. A DEGREE PROGRAMME CHOICE BASED CREDIT & SEMESTER SYSTEM SDE /PRIVATE MODE SYLLABUS

3 BapJw A y-b-\-h jw apx timgn-t msv k Δ-I-em-im-e v Iogn-ep SDE /PRIVATE taj-e-bnse _ncp-z-]t\w Choice Based Credit & Semester( ccss) te v amdp-i-bm-wv A y-b\ h jw apx v Xs k Δ-I-em-im-e-bnse dkp-e timtf-pp-i-fnse _ncp-z-]-t\w ska-ã coxn-bn-em-bn- -gn- - p-- m-bn-cp- p. Ct mƒ SDE /PRIVATE taj-e-bnse _ncpz ]T\w IqSn Cu k{º-zm-b-øn-em-ip- -txmss k Δ- I-em-im-e-bnse _ncpz ]T\w ]q Æ-ambpw ska-ã h -cn- -s -Sp-I-bm-Wv. ska-ã h -c-w-øns `mk-ambn ae-bmfw _ncpz timgvkns kne-_ v 2009 Xs ]p\:{iao-i-cn- n- p-- v. kmlnxy im-kv{x- -km-t -XnI cwk-ß-fnse ]pxnb {]h- W-X-Isf hen-sbm-c-fhv hsc Dƒs m- n- p-hm Cu kne-_- n\v km[n- n- p-ap- v. CtX kne-_ v Xs -bmwv SDE /PRIVATE taj-e-bnse hnzym n-iƒ pw \S- n-em- m Dt±-in- p- -Xv. \ne-hn-ep kne-_- nse tim tim-gvkn Hcp-hn-[-am- hpw hcp-øn-bn- n-. F m- timwπn-sa dn timgvkn Nne am -߃ \n t±-in- n- p-- v. timwπn-sa dn timgvkv 1 Dw 4 Dw ska-ã-dp-i-fn ticf-]-t-\hpw 2 Dw 3 Dw ska-ã-dp-i-fn kwkvirxw / tp Wen-khpw Bbn-cn- pw. 5 mw ska-ãdnse Hm timgvkn\v Hcp hnjbw am{xta \n t±in- n- p- p {]th-i\w t\sp SDE /PRIVATE taj-e-bnse hnzym n-iƒ v Cu kne-_ v _m[-i-am-bn-cn- pw ae-bmfw t_m Uv Hm^v ÃUo-kn\p (bp. Pn) UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT 3

4 MALAYALAM B.A. DEGREE PROGRAMME CHOICE BASED CREDIT & SEMESTER SYSTEM SDE /PRIVATE MODE 1. ]co Dƒs ss 90 {]hrøn Znh-k-ß-fp-ff 6 ska-ã-dp-iƒsim- mwv Cu t{]m{kmw ]q Øn-bm-Ip- -Xv Xc-Øn-ep-ff timgvkp-i-fmwv Cu t{]m{km-an-ep-f-fxv A tima timgvkv, B. tim timgvk,v C. timwπn-sa dn timgvkv, D.Hm timgvkv 3. F m timgvkp-iƒ pw-iqsn 120 s{iun- m-wp-f-fxv 4. 5 mw ska-ã-dnse Hm timgvkn\v Hcp hnj-bta \n t±-in- n- p-f-fq Ne- n{x ]T\w.Cu timgvkv ae-bmf `mjbpw kmln-xyhpw sf ni-ambn FSpØv ]Tn- p hnzym n-iƒ v th- n-bp-f-f-x mw ska-ã-dnse tim timgvknse 15- masø timgvkv Ce-IvSohv timgvkm-wv. 3 hnj-b-߃ \n t±-in- n- p-- v. Hmtcm timtf-pn\pw Xm ]-cy-ap-ff hnjbw sxc-s -Sp- m-hp- -Xm-Wv. 6. 5, 6 ska-ã-dp-i-fn-embn timgvkv h v/t{]mpivsv h v \n t±-in- n- p-- v. 2 awn- q hoxw CXn-\p-th- n \o n-sh- n- p- v. 6 masø ska-ã-dn-emwv {]h Ø\w ]q Øn-bm n ka nt -- -Xv. 7. timgvkv h v/t{]mpivsv h ns `mk-ambn snøm-hp {]h Ø-\-߃: a) 25 ^pƒ kvim n Hcp {]_ w Xøm-dm- pi b) Hcp t\mh- /sndp-iym kam-lmcw/ihnxm kam-lmcw/\msiw/xnc- Y/kmln-Xy-]-T\w Xøm-dm n ka n- p-i. c) Ac-a-Wn- q ssz Ly-ap-ff Hcp tumiyp-sa dn/{lkz-nn{xw \n Ωn- pi (So-aw-K-߃ 7 t]cn IqS-cp-Xv). 8. aqey-\n Æ-b-Øns 80% FgpØp ]co- bpw 20% Ct -W A kvvsa pw Bbn-cn- pw. 9. ]co- bv v 3 Xcw tnmzy-߃ D- m-ipw. (a) Short Answer, (b) Short Essay, (c) Long Essay 10. kne-_- ns A -]q Æ-amb hn\n-a-b-øn\v skan-\mdpw Assk sa pw {]tbm-p-\-s -Sp-Ø- Ww. ************* 4

5 B.A. MALAYALAM DEGREE PROGRAMME CURRICULUM Core Course o kz w `mj-tbmspw kwkvim-c-tømspw m\-hy-h-ÿ-tbmspw Dff Xm ]cyw kmln-xym-kzm- Z-\-Øn-eqsS hni-kn- n- o ae-bmf `mj, kmln-xyw, kwkvimcw F n-hsb hni-i-e\w snøp- -Xn\v Bh-iy-amb kmwkvim-cni ]T-\-Øns coxn-im-kv{xhpw kn m- hpw kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-n-b-s -S. o ae-bm-f-`m-jbv pw kmln-xy-øn\pw Ime-L- -ß-fn-eqsS kw`-hn ]cn-wm-a-ßsf kmwkvimcni ]cn-t{]- y-øn a\- n-em-. o tic-f-øns kmwkvim-cni hyxn-cn- -X-Isf Xncn- -dn-bp- -Xn\pw A`n-e-j-Wo-b-amb coxnbn ]p\ \n Ωn- p- -Xn-\p-ap-ff tijn ssih-cn-. o kuμ-cy-im-kv{x-kn- m- -ßsf kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-n-b-s -S o ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpss hymi-c-w-\n-b-a-߃ a\- n-em- o B[p-\n-I-`m-jm-im-kv{X-Øns kmam-\y-k- -߃ ]cn-n-bn- o emwtkzpv em_ns\ {]tbm-p-\-s -SpØn ssk m- n-ihpw {]mtbm-kn-i-hp-amb `mjm-]-t\w o ae-bmf kmlnxy hna i-\-øns Ncn-{Xhpw thdn hgn-ifpw hna i-\m-fl-i-ambn hne-bn-cp- Ø o KZy-km-ln-Xy-Øns hgn-ifpw cq]-ssh-hn-[yhpw a\- n-em- o Zriy- -{im-hy- -A- Sn am[yaßsf B{i-bn- p-ff `mjm-hy-h-lm-c-߃ ]cn-n-b-s -S o Ie-I-fpsS cq]-s -S, hnimkw F n-h-bpss Ncn-{X-{]-Xy-b-imkv{X ]cn-k-c-ß-sf- - n-bp-ff [mcw cq]-s -S. o ]T\bm{X-I-fn-eqsS tic-f-øns kmwkvim-cni ap{z-isf t\cn p ]cn-n-b-s -S. Complementary Course o t-i-c-f-øns Ncn{X L -ßfpw kmwkvim-chpw ]cn-n-b-s -S o B[p-\nI tic-f-øns cq]o-i-cww a\- n-em- o Ncn{X cn-\-bpss kn m- -ßfpw k ]-t`-z-ßfpw Dƒs mff o \mtsmsn hn m-\hpw {KmaoW kwkvir-xnbpw Dƒs mff. Open Course o kmln-xy-]-t-\sø ka-im-eni {]k- n-tb-dp-, sxmgn km[yx h n- n- p a p Iem-ta- J-e-I-fp-ambpw ssh m-\ni taj-e-i-fp-ambpw _ n- n v ]Tn- ***************** 5

6 UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT MALAYALAM B.A. DEGREE PROGRAMME CHOICE BASED CREDIT & SEMESTER SYSTEM SDE /PRIVATE MODE I Se m Code No. MA1A07(1) MA1B01 Course Title Common Course (English) Common Course (English) Common Course 7 k Km-flI cn-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-ti-jnbpw Core Course 1 `mjbpw kmln- Xyhpw ]T\-Øns coxn-imkv{xw Insti/ hrs/ wee k Cred it Exa m Hrs Int Marks Ext 20% 80% 18 Total Cred it II MA1C05 MA2A08(01 ) MA2B02 I st Complementary t-i-c-f-]-t\w:{]mno\ a[y-ime ticfw Common Course (English) Common Course (English) Common Course 8 hnh Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw Core Course II IYm-km-lnXyw 2 nd Complementary (kwkvir-xw) % 80% 20 III MA3A09(01 ) MA3B03 MA3B04 Common Course (English) Common Course 9 ae-bm-fkm-lnxyw Core Course III am[y-a-]-t\w Core Course IV \msiw 2 nd Complementary (kwkvir-xw) % 80% 20 IV MA4A10(01 ) MA4B05 MA4B06 Common Course (English) Common Course 10 kwkv m-chpw \mk-i-cn-i-xbpw Core Course V ae-bmf IhnX ]q Δ-L w Core Course VI `mjm imkv{xhpw `mjm-n-cn-{xhpw % 80% 20 6

7 MA4C06 I st Complementary tic-f-]-t-\w : A[n-\n-th-i B[p- \n-i ti-cfw V MA5B07 MA5B08 MA5B09 MA5B10 MA5D01 Core Course VII -hymi-cww Core Course VIII ae-bm-f- Ihn-X- -\-thm- m-\-l w Core Course IX kmlnxy kn m- -߃ Core Course X KZy-km-lnXyw Open Course 1 Ne- n-{x-]-t\w % 80% 20 Course Work/Project Work 2 - VI MA6B11 MA6B12 MA6B13 MA6B14 MA6B15(E)0 1 MA6B15(E)0 2 MA6B15(E)0 3 MA6B16(Pr) Core Course XI - \mtsm-snhn- m-\obw Core Course XII ae-bm-f- Ihn-X-- D-Ø-c-L w Core Course XIII ae-bmf kmln- Xy-hn-a i\w Core Course XIV ti-c-fo-b-cw-k-i-e-iƒ Elective ssk_ ae-bmfw hnh Ø\w \h-kw-kvimc ]T-\-߃ Course Work/Project Work % 80% 22 7

8 B.COM DEGREE PROGRAMME SDE /PRIVATE MODE Se m Code No. Course Title Insti/ hrs/ wee k Credi t Exa m Hrs. Marks Int Ext I MA1A07(02) Common Course 7 k Km-flI cn-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-ti-jnbpw % 80% Total Cred it II MA2A09(02) Common Course 9 ae-bmf kmlnxy ]cn-nbw B.SC DEGREE PROGRAMME (IN OTHER PATTERN) SDE /PRIVATE MODE Se m Code No. Course Title Insti/ hrs/ wee k Credi t Exa m Hrs. Marks Int Ext I MA1A07(03) Common Course 7 k Km-flI cn-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-ti-jnbpw % 80% Total Cred it II MA2A09(03) Common Course 9 aebm-f-km-ln-xy-]-t\w

9 Code. MA1A07(01) Dt±-iy-e- y-߃: ska-ã I tima timg-kv- 7 k m-fl-i-c-n-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw ]T-\-k-abw : 72 awn- q s{i-un v : 4 k mfli Ign-hp-Isf hni-kn- n- p-i, kmlnxy IrXn-Iƒ Bkz-Zn- p-hm-\p-ff tijn hf Øp-I. Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-tijn hf Øp-I. hnhn[ kmlnxy cq]-ß-fpss cn-\m-x-{ -߃ ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-ØpI cn-\m-ti-jnsb hn]p-e-am- m klm-bn pw hn[w hnhn[ kmln-xy-cq-]-ßsf pdn- p-ff Adnhpw Ah-t_m-[hpw \ Ip-I. \ΩpsS ImesØ Zriy- -{im-hy- -B-ib hn\n-a-tbm-]m-[n-iƒ ^e-{]-z-ambn D]-tbm-Kn- p-hm {]m]vx-cm- p-i. samuyqƒ 1: Fgp-Øns kmam\y \nb-a-߃ a) sndp-i-y, Ihn-X, t\mh, \ms-iw, Xnc- Y F o kmln-xy-cq-]-߃, hnhn-[-xcw Fgp-Øp-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-x-iƒ F nh ]cn-n-b-s -SpI b) {]apj Fgp-Øp-Im Xß-fpsS cn-\-i-sf- p-dn p \S-Ønb \nco- -W-߃ hmbn- p-i. hni-z-]-t-\-øn\v: k K-km-lnXn Hcp IY P\n- p p (Im-Yn-Is ]Wn- p-c) - Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tz-h \m-b Fs IhnX sshtem- n-ffn (ssh-tem- n-ffn kºq W-Ir-Xn-Iƒ, hmfyw- 2) Fs ]Wn- pc (C-S-t»-cn-bpsS {]_- -߃) CS-t»cn cwk-{]-km-[\w Hcp Ie (\m-s-i-z i\w) Pn. i -c- n-ff IY-bn \n v Xnc- -Y-bn-te v B.-hn.-Fw. Znhm-I-c (`m-jm-t]m-jnwn 2006 s^{_p-h-cn) (Hcp IY P\n- p- p, Fs ]Wn- p-c, cwk-{]-km-[\w Hcp Ie, IY-bn \n v Xnc- -Y-bn-te v F o tej-\-ß-fmwv Cu ska-ã-dn ]Tn-t -- samuyqƒ 2: cn\m ]cnioe\w a. ^o ssd nßv (td-un-tbm, Sn.-hn., ]{Xw XpS-ßnb hnhn[ am[y-a-ß-fn-te- p-ff ^o -dp-iƒ -Xv.) Xøm-dm- p- -hn-[w) elp-te-j, en n amk-kn, hmƒ amk-kn F nh Xøm-dm- 9

10 v v b. hn m-\m-[n-jvtnx ]cn-]m-sn-i-fpss kv{in]v v, imkv{xw, kmln-xyw, Ie, kn\n-a, kwko-xw, kvt]m Svkv XpSßn hyxykvx taj-e-i-fnse hy n-i-fp-am-bp-ff A`n-ap-Jw, Poh-N-cn-{X- p-dn- p- Iƒ F nh Xøm-dm- p hn[w. c. \ne-hn-ep-ff Hcp kmln-xy-irxn tdun-tbm, Sn.-hn. XpS-ßnb hyxykvx am[y-a-ß-fn Ah-X-cn- n- p-tºmƒ Ah-ew-_n-t - coxn-iƒ. d. ae-bm-f- `m-j-bnse icn-bmb cq]-ßsf ]cn-n-bs SpI. D m-c-ww, hymi-c-ww, ]Z-tIm-iw, hc-samgn F n-h-bn hnhn-[-am-[y-a-cq-]-߃ D]-tbm-Kn- p-ff ]cn-io-e\w \S-Øp-I. (ae-bmf `mj-bnse icn-bmb cq]-ßsf ]cn-n-b-s -SpI F \n t±-i-øns `mk-ambn Xmsg simsp- p tej-\-߃ hni-z-]-t-\-øn-\mbn \n t±-in- p- p.) 1. D m-cww G. B. cmp-cm-p-h Ω ({]-_- -kw-{k-lw, tic-f-km-ln-xy-a- m-z-an) 2. ae-bmf ssien (H mw A[ymbw am{xw) Ip n-ir-jvw-am-cm (am-xr-`qan {]kn- o-i-c-ww) klm-b-i-{k-ÿ-߃: ae-bmf ssien Ip n-ir-jvw-am-cm kmln-xy-kmlyw F.-B. cmp-cm-p-h Ω ^o cn\ Fw.-]n. kptc-{μ (H-eo-hv) Zriy `mj si.-f-kv. cmp-ti-j-c (ti-cf `mjm C Ãn- yq- v) ssen-hn-j tp W-enkw hn. cmp-tkm-]m ]{X-`mj ticf {] A m-zan ae-bmfw ssã ]pkvxiw ticf `mjm C Ãn- yq v s-am-uyqƒ 3: ae-bm-fhpw P\-{]n-b-am-[y-a-ßfpw P\-{]n-b-kw-kvIm-cw- -]-cky cn-\, ]{X-{]-h Ø-\w, hnhn[ P\-{]nb amkn-i-iƒ, h\nxm amkn-i-iƒ, Btcm-Ky-am-kn-I-Iƒ, Ne- n{x amkn-i-iƒ, _me-{]-kn- o-i-c-w-߃, h Ø-am\ ]{X߃, kvt]m Svkv amkn-i-iƒ, F v.-fw.-f F o `mjm-hy-h-lmc coxn-i-fn {]mtbm-kni ]cnio-e\w t\sp-i. (hn-hn[ P\-{]nb am[y-a-ß-fnse hn\n-a-b-øns kz`m-hhpw Fgp-Øns khn-ti-j-x- Ifpw a\- n-em- p Xc-Øn-ep-ff ]T-\-{]-h Ø-\-߃ \n t±-in- mw.) hni-z-]-t-\-øn\v : ]c-kyhpw D]-t`m-K-Xz-cbpw kn. Kuco-Zmk \mb (am-[ya ]T-\-߃, Id v _pivkv) kmln-xyhpw am[y-a-ßfpw tum. jmpn tp _v (am-[ya ]T-\-߃, Id v _pivkv) klm-b-i-{k-ÿ-߃: `mhp-ixzw Ccp-]-Øn-sbm mw \q m-- n Pn. a[p-kq-z-\ 10

11 am[y-a-ßfpw ae-bmf kmln-xyhpw tic-f-`mjm C Ãn- yq v ssen-hn-j tp W-enkw hn. cmp-tkm-]m Zriy-`mj si.-f-kv. cmp-ti-j-c ]{X-temIw FUn.-Sn. thwp-tkm-]m-e (`mjm C Ãn- yq v) samuyqƒ 4 : ae-bm-fhpw hnh-c-km-t -Xn-I-Xbpw ae-bmf `mj-bpss D]-tbmKw Iºyq- -dn (Encoding hyh-ÿ-iƒ, ASC II, ISC II unicode) - ae-bmfw tkm^v v shb-dp-iƒ (kn. Um ns t{]m{km-ap-iƒ, cn-\, en]y- -cw t{]m{km-ap-iƒ, hnh-c-hy-h-ÿ- Iƒ, t^m- p-iƒ) ssl ssivãns (Xn-c-sam-gn) {]txy-i-x-iƒ ae-bm-f-`mj C s\- n D]-tbm- Kn- m-\p ]cn- m\w- sh_v ssk p-iƒ, C -tp W-ep-Iƒ, tªmkp-iƒ (_q-tem-iw, tªmkv kmln- Xyw, {]apj ae-bmfw tªmkp-iƒ) sh_v Unssk-\n-ßv, tªmkv \n Ωm-Ww F n-h-bn ]cn- m\w ({]m-tbm-kni ]cn-io-e\w \n _- -an- ) ae-bmfw sh_v I- v \n ΩnXn (a-e-bmfw hn n-]o-un-btbbpw A\p-_ kwcw-`-ß-sfbpw ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-I) hni-z-]-t-\-øn\v 1) ae-bmfw Iºyq- n-ßv Ncn-{XmhtemI\w tum. atljv awk-em v 2) ae-bmfw sh_vssk- p-iƒ tsmw. sp. aßm v 3) Xnc-samgn ]n. ]n. cma-n-{μ 4) ae-bm- -bnse tªmkp-imew cmpv \o n-bøv (\mep tej-\-ßfpw "ssk_ ae-bmfw' F ]pkvx-i-øn \n v FUn. kp\ox Sn. hn, Id v _pivkv, Xriq ) 5) hn n-]o-unb P\-Iob hn m-\-timiw 6) sh_vam-k-kn-\p-iƒ 11 ( c- p tej-\-ßfpw "C\n hmb\ C hmb\'f hn. si. BZ ins ]pkvx-i-øn \n v, Un.-kn. _pivkv, sf. Sn. kocn-kv) 7) {]Zqc At\z-jWw si. cho-{μ ("hn-h-c-ti-j-cww C s\ n ', Un.kn. _pivkv, sf. Sn. kocn-kv) 8) ae-bmfw bqwn-timuv sss nßv 9) kzx{ bqwn-timuv sss nßv (c- p tej-\-ßfpw "Fßs\ ae-bm-f-øn tªmkmw' F ]n. Fw. _m_p-cm-pns ]pkvx-i- Øn \n.v Un. kn. _pivkv, sf. Sn. kocnkv) (a-e-bm-fw Iºyq- n-ßv Ncn-{XmhtemI-\w, Xnc-sam-gn, sh_vam-k-kn-\p-iƒ, aebmfw bqwn-timuv sss nßv F o tej-\-ß-fmwv Cu ska-ã-dn ]Tn-t -- -Xv.) klm-b-i-{k-ÿ-߃: C t^m ta-j ssivt\m-fpn tum. ANypXv i F v.-\m-b (ticf `mjm C Ãn yq v) B temiw apx C -tem-iw-hsc tum. sp.-hn. hnf-\new (ticf `mjm C Ãn yq v)

12 C s\ pw C ^ ta-j hnπ-hhpw tum. _n. CIv_m, si. cho-{μ (Un.-kn. _pivkv) ssk_ ae-bmfw FUn. kp\ox Sn.-hn. Id v _pivkv, Xr»q C ^ ta-j ssivt\m-fpn F v, Fßns\ tum. _n. CIv_m, si. cho-{μ, F n\v? Id v _pivkv, Xr»q ******************* Code. MA2A08(01) ska-ã II timg-kv- 8 hnh Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw ]T-\-k-abw : 72 awn- q s{i-un v : 4 12

13 Dt±-iy-e- y-߃: hnzym n-bpss `mjm-ti-jnbpw kmln-xy-`m-hp-i-xzhpw hnkvxr-xhpw kº- -hp-am- p-i. hnh Ø\- Øns XmØzn-I-h-i-߃ a\- n-em- p-i, {]mtbm-kni hi-߃ ]cn-io-en- p-i. samuyqƒ 1 hnh Ø-\w \n h-n\w, s]mxp-x-øz-߃, hnh Ø-\-co-Xn-Iƒ ]Zm-\p-]Z hnh Ø\w, kzx-{ -hnh Ø-\w, hymjym-\w, ]cm-h Ø-\w, en]y- -cww, hnh Ø-\-Øns kmwk-xyw, hnh Ø-\-Øn-eqsS km[n- p kmwkvim-cni [ Ωw hnh Ø-\hpw kmt -Xn-I-hn-Zybpw b{ -X -a, B\n-ta-j, X -a-bpw C s\- pw, b{ -X -a-bpss km[y-x-ifpw ]cn-an-xn-ifpw hnhn-[-xcw hnh Ø-\-ß-fpsS {]txy-i-x-iƒ 1. kmlnxyw 2. kmln-txy-xcw 3. aoun-b-{sm kvtej hni-z-]-t-\-øn\v: "hnh Ø-\w' tic-fm-`mjm C Ãn- yq v. Cu ]pkvx-i-ønse F. hn. IrjvW hmcy-cpss Ah-Xm-cn-I. samuyqƒ 2 hnh Ø-\-Ønse {][m\ kao-]-\-co-xn-i-fpw hnh Ø-\Øn D -hn- p {]iv\-ßfpw a\- n-em- p-i, hnh Ø\ coxn-isf ]cn-n-b-s -SpI F n-h-bmwv Cu samuyqƒsim- hni-z-]-t-\-øn\v: hnh Ø\ Nn -Iƒ (te-j\ kam-lm-cw) A{]m-]y-amb Hcp hnxm\w si.]n. i c Imhy hnh Ø-\w- -Nne \nco- -W-߃ tzi-aw-kew cma-ir-jvw hnh Ø-\- -ax --- tum. {]t_m-[-n-{μ \mb IYm-hn-h Ø\w -Nne kao-]-\-߃ hn.-un. IrjvW \ºym 13 v Dt±-in- p- -Xv. ]mthpw ]mcm-b-whpw Aø- - -Wn- (km-ln-xy-temiw 99 sabv Pq e w, kmlnxy A m-u-an, Xr»q ) (A{]m-]y-amb Hcp hnxm\w, Imhy hnh Ø\w Nne \nco- -W-߃, hnh Ø-\-\- -ax, IYm-hn-h Ø\w Nne kao-]-\-߃ F o-te-j-\-ß-fmwv Cu ska-ã-dn ]Tn-t -- {]tbm-k-am-xri (hn-h Ø\Ønse khn-ti-j-x-iƒ Xmc-Xayw snbvxv Is- -Øm \n t±in - Ww.) hm\-ºmsn (ssh-tem- n-f-fn) Ode to the Skylark (Shelly) Cμp-te-J-bpsS H m-a- ymbw W. Dumergue, C.S- s Cw ojv ]cn-`mj (am-xr-`qan {]kn- o-i-c-ww) KoXm-RvPen: PnbpsS hnh Ø\w Cw ojv hnh Ø\w `P\w ]qp\amcm-[-\bpw Leave this chanting and singing and km[-\bpw tl \n ØpI kmt[m telling of beads Xv.)

14 tncp th s mgpis - Meet him and stand by him in toil and (Pn-bpsS Ihn-X-Iƒ, Un.-kn. _pivkv, 1999) Sweat of thy brow (Collected poems and Plays of Rabindranath Tagore, Macmillan, 1967) kzman hnth-im-μs Nn mtkm {]kwkw Address at the Final Session (27 Sept. 1893) kam-]\ ktω-f-\-ønse {]kwkw Advaita Ashrama (Publication Department) (1893 sk]vxw-_ 27) Kolkata {iocm--a-irjvw atw, ]pd-\m- p-i-c, Xr»q {]hm-n-i Jeo Pn{_m Bcw`w apx ""Ch-sb mw D -cn- -s hm p-i-fm-sw- nepw Prophet-Kahilil Gibran These things he said in words. But much in Dcn-bm-SmØ hn-\-ß-fm lrzbw \n`r-x-am- heart remained unsaid. For he himself could bn-cp- p. Xs AKm[ \nkq-v-x-iƒ Bhn-jv not speak his deeper secret- F -Xp-h-sc. -cn- p-hm Ah\v Ign-bp-am-bn-cp- n '' F p (Greatest works of Kahlil Gibran, Jaico hsc-bp-ff `mkw (J-eo Pn{_m IrXn-Iƒ, Publishing House, Bombay). t]pv , Un.-kn. _pivkv, tim -bw) samuyqƒ 3 Cw o-jn \n v ae-bm-f-øn-te v hnh Ø\w snbvxv ]cn-io-en- pi o ]Z-߃ o hmiy-߃ o ssien-iƒ o ]gw snm piƒ o ]c-ky-߃ o {]i-kvx-cpss {]kw-k-߃ o tej-\-߃ (km-lnxy imkv{x am\-hni hnj-b-߃) hni-z-]-t-\-øn\v: imkv{x- -km-t -XnI {KŸ-߃ s{]m^. kn. si. aq Xv 14

15 samuyqƒ 4: ("hn-h Ø\w' tic-f-`mjm C Ãn- yq- v) Cw o-jn \n v ae-bm-f-øn-te v hnh Ø\w snbvxv ]cn-io-en- pi o o o o o o o ]Z-߃ hmiy-߃ ssien-iƒ ]gs m piƒ ]c-ky-߃ {]i-kvx-cpss {]kw-k-߃ tej-\-߃ hni-z-]-t-\-øn\v: X -a-bn hcm-hp A]m-I-X-Iƒ - ("hn-h Ø\w' tic-f-`mjm C Ãn- yq- v) s{]m^. hnjvwp-\m-cm-b-w \ºq-Xncn klm-b-i-{k-ÿ-߃ 1. X a: kn m- hpw {]tbm-khpw ae-bm-f-øn (FUn: Pbm-kp-Ip-am-c & kvidnb k -dn-b) 2. hnh Ø\ ]T-\- kn m- -߃ Xm]-kw, 2006, hmeyw hnh Ø-\-Øns `mjm-im-kv{x-`q-ani tum. hn.-b. {]t_m-[-n-{μ, ticf `mjm C Ãn- yq- v 4. hnh Ø\w Hcp kwlw tej-i (ti-cf `mjm C Ãn- yq- v) 5. X p-a-bpss Xmt m kn.-hn. hmkp-tzh ` -Xn-cn, kvssi _p v ]ªn-tjgvkv, amth-en c 6. hnh Ø\ hnnmcw tum. F.C. hniz-\my Aø (ti-cf `mjm C Ãn- yq- v) Assk sa v o k mflihpw ssh m-\n-i-hp-amb GsX- nepw IrXn-I-fpsS / ]T-\-ß-fpsS hnh Ø-\w- -Cw- o-jn \n v ae-bm-f-øn-tet m ae-bm-f-øn \n v Cw o-jn-tet m o GsX- nepw hnh Ø-\-ß-fpsS aqe-ir-xn-bp-am-bp-ff Xmc-Xayw o imkv{-x-km-t -XnI ]Z-߃ v XØp-ey-amb ae-bmf ]Z-߃ Is- o Cw ojv kn\n-abv v ae-bmfw k_vsss- n-ep-iƒ Fgp-XpI o ae-bmf kn\n-abv v Cw ojv k_vsss- n-ep-iƒ Fgp-Xp-I. -ØpI Code. MA3A09(01) ska-ã III 15

16 timg-kv- 9 ae-bmf kmlnxyw Dt±-iy-e- y-߃ ]T-\-k-abw : 90 awn- q s{i-un v : 4 ae-bmf kmln-xysø kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-Øp-Ibpw kmln-xy-øn Xm ]cyw P\n- n- p-ibpw snøpi hyxykvx kmlnxy cq]-߃, {]ÿm-\-߃ F n-hsb hnzym n v ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-Øp-Ibpw kmln-xym-kzm-z-\-tijn hf Øp-Ibpw snøpi ka-im-eo\ kmlnxy kn m- -ß-sf- p-dn v kmam-\y-]-cn-nbw D- m- p-i. samuyqƒ 1 ae-bmf Ihn-X-sb- p-dn v kmam-\y-amb Adnhv e`n- p ]mt-`m-k-ß-fmwv Cu `mkøv \n t±-in- p- - Xv. CXn-lm-kw, alm-im-hyw, JWvU-Im-hyw, `mh-koxn F o kmln-xy-cq-]-ß-sf- p-dn pw {]ÿm-\-ßsf- p-dn pw ]cnnb-s -Sp-Øn-s m- mbn-cn- Ww hni-z-]-t\w \S-tØ-- -Xv. F) sndp-t»-cn, Fgp-Ø-, Ip \ºym, ]q m-\w, cma-]p-cøv hmcy, DÆmbn hmcy XpS-ßnb-h-cpsS cn-\m-co-xn-isf kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-n-b-s -SpØn Xmsg ]d-bp Ihn-Xm-`m-K-߃ hni-z-ambn ]Tn- p-i. 1. tkmh -t\m- m-cww (Ir-jvW-Km-Y) sndp-t»cn Xs -bp-h p-tff--msc m-cp-an-ß-s\ B\-μ-Km\w XpS-ßn-\m-t\...) 2. Km m-co-hn-em]w (kv{xo-] Δw) Fgp-Ø- 3. I ym-w-ku-k- niw Ip \ºym AXp-I-- p-l-\p-am-\p-a-xp-ew howp-h-wßn ]Zm-t...) _n) Bim, Df-fq, hf-f-tømƒ F n-h-cpss cn-\-iƒ kmln-xy-n-cn-{x-øn-ep-- m- nb `mhp-i-xzhy-xn-bm\w Xncn- -dn-bp-i. Ch-cpsS Hcp JWvU-Im-hytam Ihn-Xm-`m-Ktam hni-z-ambn ]Tn- p-ibpw A m-e-sø-gp-xnb a p Ihn-I-fpsS cn-\-isf ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-Ibpw snøp-i. hni-z-]-t-\-øn\v NWvUm-e-`n- pin (c-- mw-j-wvuw) Ipam-c-\m-im ae-ti-d (X-]vX-lr-Z-bw) Df-fq Hc txmwn-bm{x hf-f-tømƒ 16

17 kn) \thm- m-\-im-eøpw AXn-\p-ti-j-hp-ap-ff IhnXmNcn{Xw kmam-\y-ambn a\- n-em- p-i. ]pxnb Ihn-X-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-x-iƒ a\- n-em- p-i. Bdp Ihn-X-I-fpsS kam-lm-cøn aqs Æw hni-z-ambn ]Tn- p-i..1 k - msv sshtem- n-ffn 2. Idp-Ø-sN- n- n-iƒ CS-t»cn 3. _m n-h- -Xp-apt- m F.-hn. IrjvW-hm-cn-b 4. ]mhw am\-h-lr-zbw kpk-x-ip-amcn 5. amº-g- mew ]n.-]n. cma-n-{μ 6. Ae- p-xn-cn-bp IhnX d^o v Al-ΩZv (C-S-t»-cn, F. hn. IrjvW-hm-cy, ]n. ]n. cma-n-{μ F n-h-cpss Ihn-X-I-fmWv Cu ska-ã-dn ]Tn-t -- -Xv) samuyqƒ 2 ae-bmf kmlnxy Ncn-{Xw, hnim-kw, ]cn-wmaw F nh kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-Ø-Ww. 6 IY-Ifn \n v 3 FÆw hni-z-ambn ]Tn- -Ww. Hcp t\mhepw hni-z-ambn ]Tn- -Ww. sndp-iy 1. sssk _jo 2. Hcp \{km-wn-bp-hmhpw Kufn-im-kv{Xhpw k -dnb 3. hf Øp-ar-K-߃ Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tz-h \mb 4. aq m-a-sxmcmƒ ap- q IrjvW Ip n 5. LSn-Im-c-߃ \ne-bv p kabw kp`m-jvn-{μ 6. taml-a v si.-b. aoc (_jo, ap- q IrjvW Ip- n, kp`mjv N{μ F n-h-cpss IY-I-fmWv Cu ska-ã-dn ]Tn-t -- -Xv) t\mh hr -k-z\w Sn.-hn. sim p_mh samuyqƒ 3 F. KZy-km-ln-Xy-sØ- p-dn v kmam\y ]cn-nbw D- m- -Ww. D]-\ym-kw, hna i-\w, kmln-xykw-kvimc ]T-\-߃ apx-emb taj-e-i-fn \n- p-ff 6 tej-\-ß-fn 2 FÆw hni-z-ambn ]Tn- -Ww. 1. [ Ω-cmP (ssz-h-\o-xn v Zm n-wy-an- ) si. `mkvi-c \mb 2. ac- p-cnipw hnip inc pw si.-]n. A (si.-]n. A s sxc-s -SpØ tej-\-߃ hmfyw- 1) 3. A`n-cp-Nn-Isf Zcn-{Z-am- p hyh-kmb kwkvimcw - Fw.-F. hnp-b (h Æ-ß-fpsS kwko-xw) 4. kmln-xy-hnzy (km-ln-xy-hn-zy) Ip n-irjvw amcm 17

18 5. Imhy-tl-Xp- ƒ Fw.-sI. km\p (Im-hy-XØz {]th-in-i) Un.-kn. _pivkv 6. Zn hm (th-dn ImgvN-Iƒ) hn.-si. {iocm-a (Ip- n-ir-jvw-am-cm, Fw. si. km\p F n-h-cpss tej-\-ß-fmwv Cu ska-ã-dn ]Tn-t -- -Xv) samuyqƒ 4 \ms-iw, Xnc- Y F n-h-sb- p-dn v kmam-\y-]-cn-nbw D- m- Ww. Cu taj-e-i-fn \n p c- p- Ir-Xn-Iƒ \n t±-in- m-hp- -Xm-Wv. hni-z-]-t-\-øn\v 1. k_ axn Zqsc-bmWv (G-Im \ms-iw) Pn. i -c- n-ff 2. ImgvN (Xn-c- -Y) ª n *********** Code. MA4A10(01) Dt±-iy-e- y-߃ ska-ã IV timg-kv- 10 kwkvim-chpw \mk-cn-i-xbpw ]T-\-k-abw : 90 awn- q s{i-un v : 4 18

19 tic-f-kw-kvim-c-øn\v Du \ In-s m- v C y kwkvim-c-øn-s bpw \mk-cn-i-x-bp-ssbpw ] m- Ø-e-Øn kwkvim-c-søbpw \mk-cn-i-x-sbbpw Ipdn- p-ff {][m\ hkvxp-x-ifpw kao-]-\-co-xn-ifpw hnzym n-isf ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-Øp-I. kwkvim-c-søbpw \mk-cn-i-x-sbbpw Ipdn- p-ff k ]-\-߃ a\- n-em- pi C y kwkvim-c-søbpw \mk-cn-i-x-sbbpw Ipdn v a\- n-em- p-i. hna i-\m-fl-i-ambn kao-]n- p-hm- \p-ff Ignhv hf Øn-sb-Sp- pi tic-f-øns kwkvim-c-sø- p-dn pw \mk-cn-i-x-sb-ip-dn pw kmam-\y-amb Adn-hp-- m- p-i. samuyqƒ 1 {]Ir-Xnbpw kwkvim-c-hpw, kwkvim-c-øns Bhn-jv m-c-߃, kwkvimc ]ptcm-k-xn-bp-tsbpw ]cn- Wm-a-Øn-s bpw L -߃ hn`-p-\w- -hn-`-p-\-øns am\-z-wvu-߃, kmwkvim-cni cq]-ß-fpss BZm\ {]Zm-\-߃, imkv{xhpw kwkvimc-hpw, kwkvim-chpw \mk-cn-i-x-bpw, \mk-cn-i-xbpw \K-ch -c-w-hpw, kwkvim-chpw B[p-\n-I-X-bpw- -kw-kvimcw Hcp {]{Inb F \nebv pw D ]- -sa \ne-bv pw, kwkvim-c-sø- p-dn- p-ff hnhn[ ImgvN- m-sp-iƒ- -h-tc-wy-kw-kvim-chpw P\-Iob kwkvimc-hpw- -sxmgnemfn h kwkvim-cw- -km-am\y kwkvim-cw- -kw-kvimc hyh-km-bw- -kw-kvim-chpw BtKmfo-I-cWhpw -hn-h-c-ß-fpss {]hm-lw, kwkvim-c-øns hmwn-py-h -c-ww. samuyqƒ 2 C y kwkvim-cw- -hn-hn[ kao-]-\-߃- -simtfmwn-b, km{am-py-xz, anj-\dn kao-]-\-߃- -Hm-dnb -en-ãp-i-fp-ssbpw tzio-b-hm-zn-i-fp-ssbpw kzman hnth-im-\-μ, Ac-hnμvtLmjv, cho-{μ-\my SmtKm XpS-ßn-b-h-cp-sSbpw `mc-xob kwkvim-c-sø- p-dn- p-ff \ne-]m-sp-iƒ, ax-\n-c-t] kao-]-\-߃- -{_m- -W-ta-[m-hn-Ø-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb {]t m-`-w-ßfpw ZfnXv apt - -ß-fpw. taml P-Zm-tcm- -lm-c- kwkvim-cw- -ssp-\n-kw- -_p- n-kw- -C-h-bpsS kmaq-ly-{]-k- n, apkf cmpkw-`m-h-\- -` n {]ÿm-\w, Iebpw kmln-xy-hpw- -{_n- ojv A[n-\n-th-ihpw kmwkvim-cni kzm[o-\- hpw, kmap-zm-bni ax ]cn-jvi-cw {]ÿm-\-߃, Km n-pn-bpss {Kma-kz-cm-Pv, C y ax-\n-c-t]- -Xsb- p-dn- p-ff s\lvdp-hns ImgvN- m-sp-iƒ. samuyqƒ 3 {Zmhn-U-kw-kvIm-cw- -ti-c-f-ønse {]mmv Ncn{X kaq-lhpw kwkvim-chpw tic-f-øns `q{]-ir-xn-bpssbpw Bhmk hyh-ÿ-bp-ssbpw kzm[o\w kwkvim-c-øn, ss{xh ÆnI kwkvim-cw- -hn-hn[ axßfpw ticf kwkvim-chpw (C- mw- -{In-kvXy - -_p- - -ssp\ apx-em-b-h) ae-bmf kmln-xyw- -cm-a-n-cn- X-Im-c, IÆ-i, sndp-t»-cn, Fgp-Ø-, Ip \-ºym XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS kw`m-h-\-iƒ- -`mjm hnimkw- -\m-s I-e-Ifpw mkn- Ie-I-fpw- -a-e-bmf KZy-km-ln-Xy-Øns hf. samuyqƒ 4 kmaq-lni ]cn-jvi-cw {]ÿm-\-߃- -]-{X-am-knI {]h Ø-\-߃- -tz-iob {]ÿm-\w tziob {]ÿm-\-øns kzm[o\w ae-bmf kmln-xy-øn - -sfiyti-cf {]ÿm-\w, ticf cq]o-i-c-ww, 19

20 Im jni ]cn-jn-i-c-ww, ticf hni-k\ amxr-i, km -cxm {]h Ø-\w, A[n-Im-c-hn-tI-{μo-I-cW {]h Ø-\-߃, B[p-\nI hnzym-`ym-kw, BtKm-f-h -c-w-hpw tic-f-hpw- -\-h-km-aq-ly-{]-ÿm-\-߃- -ti-c-fhpw {]hm-kn-i-fpw. klm-b-i-{k-ÿ-߃: kwkvimc ]T\w: Ncn-{Xw, kn m- w, {]tbmkw ae-bmf ]T\w kwlw, Id v _pivkv, tim -bw. P\-{]nb kwkvim-cw- -N-cn-{Xhpw kn m- hpw jmpn tp -_v, amxr-`qan _pivkv, timgn-t msv ticf Ncn{Xw cmp Kpcp- ƒ, cml-h-hm-cn-b (hf-f-tømƒ hnzym-]o-tw, FS- mƒ) ticf kwkvimcw F. {io[-c-ta-t\m ticf Ncn{Xw F. {io[-c-ta-t\m tic-f-øns C -se-iƒ si.-f. KtWjv tic-fo-b-x- -N-cn-{X-am-\-߃ Fw.-B. cml-h-hm-cn-b lnμp kzcmpv alm-flm-km n C ysb Is- -Ø Ph-l em s\lvdp C y tzio-b-x-bpss kmaqly ] m-øew F.-B. tzimbn (`mjm C Ãn- yq v) tic-f-øns kmwkvim-cni Ncn{Xw ]n.-si. tkm]m-e-ir-jvw a[y-ime tic-fw- -k-º-øv, kaq-lw, kwkvimcw Fw.-B. cml-h-hm-cy (Nn ]ªn-tj-gvkv) kwkvim-chpw tzio-b-xbpw tum. si.-f. ]Wn- Id v _pivkv, Xr»q tzio-b-xbpw kmln-xyhpw C.-hn. cma-ir-jvw, Un.-kn. _pivkv, tim bw ka-\z-bhpw kwl jhpw hn. Ac-hn-μm-, Nn ]ªn-tjgvkv Culture - Raymond Williams Composite Culture in a Multi Cultural Society - Ed: Bipin Chandra & Sucheta Mahajan The idea of Culture - Terry Eagleton Interpreting Early India - Romila Thapar Culture and Civilisation of India - D.D. Kosambi Ancient Indian Social History - Romila Thapar ************ 20

21 Code. MA1A07(02) ska-ã I tima timg-kv- 7 ae-bmf kmlnxy ]cn-nbw k m-fli cn-\bpw Bib hn\n-a-b-ti-jn-bpw ]T-\-k-abw s{i-un v : 4 : 90 awn- q Dt±-iy-e- y-߃ hmwnpy imkv{x hnzym n-iƒ v kmln-xy-]-chpw kmln-txy-x-c-hp-amb Bi-b-hn-\n-ab coxn-iƒ ]cn-n-bs -SpØn Ahsc Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-Øn\v {]m]vx-cm- p-i. k m-fli cn-\-i-fn Xm ]cyw hf Øn-sb-Sp- p-i. tej-\w- -IØv F nh Fgp-Xp-hm\pw X -a- Iƒ \n Δ-ln- p-hm-\p-ff ]cn-io-e\w \ IpI hmwnpy imkv{x-]-c-amb Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-tijn h n- n- p-i. samuyqƒ 1: kvac-w-iƒ (B-sd-Æ-Øn \mseæw ]Tn- m axn) \ms-i-øn\p ]n nse \msiw (I a-hn-]m-iw) hn.-sn. ` -Xn-cn- msv \nd-ipsw (Po-hn-X- m-x) sndp-imsv hntz-im-\p-`-h-߃ (Hm Øm hnkva-bw) Iem-a-WvUew sslz-cen Abn-Ø-Øn-s\-Xnsc (Fs Pohn-X-I-Y) F.-sI.-Pn. B a\p-jy \o Xs (C-h Fs {]nb kn.-sp) tdmkn txmakv AºXv cq] iº-f-ap-ff DtZym-K-ÿ Fw.-sI.-sI. \mb (B-tcmSpw ]cn-`-h-an- m-sx) (Cu ska-ã-dn hn.-sn. ` -Xn-cn- m-sv, sndp-im-sv, F.-sI.-Pn,- tdmkn txmakv F n-h-cpss cn-\-ifmwv ]Tn-t -- -Xv). samuyqƒ 2: hnnm-c-km-lnxn (te-j\ kam-lm-cw) (B-sd-Æ-Øn \mseæw ]Tn- m axn) ae-bmfw ad- p- -h (In-fn-hm-Xn-en-eq-sS) Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tz-h \mb kv{xo {]mxn-\n-[yhpw kmaq-ly-]p-tcm-k-xn-bpw Aa Xym-sk, tic-f-`mjm C Ãn- yq v 2004 (hnik\w Xs kzmx-{ yw) ASp- f Xncn- p-]n-sn- pi kmdm-tpm-k^v tic-fo-b-xbpw kn\n-a-bpss ]cn-n-c-whpw Pn.-]n. cma-n-{μ, NBS tim -bw, 1998 (kn\n-abpw ae-bm-fn-bpss Pohn-X-hpw) ^mkn-k-øns a\:imkv{xw Fw.-]n. hotc-{μ-ip-am 21

22 (_p- s Nncn) Ie-bnse kztzin {]ÿm-\hpw ]p\-cp- m-c-whpw hnp-b-ip-am tat\m (`m-c-xo-b-ie 20- mw \q m-- n ) (Cu ska-ã-dn Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tz-h \mb, kmdm-tpm-k-^v, Pn.-]n. cma-n-{μ, hnp-bvip-am tat\m F n-h-cpss tej-\-ß-fmwv ]Tn-t -- -Xv). samuyqƒ 3: F) hmwn-py- -Øp-Iƒ 1. hmwn-py-]-c-amb hnhn[ Fgp-Øp-I-fpsS kz`mhw 2. hnhn-[-xcw IØp-I-fpsS amxri (Hu-tZym-Kn-Iw) 3. ]c-ky-`mj (Z Lm-kp-Iƒ, Adn-bn- p-iƒ, Fkv.-Fw.-F-kv., a p-]-c-ky-߃) 4. _nkn-\ v tp W-enkw (hn-hn[ B\p-Im-en-I-ßsf ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-ØWw. Ah-bnse `mjbpw ssienbpw a\- n-em- -Ww) _n) ae-bm-fhpw hnh-c-km-t -Xn-IXbpw hni-z-]-t-\-øn\v: 1. "C\n hmb\ C -hm-b-\' hn. si. BZ iv (C\n hmb\ C hmb\ F ]pkvx-i-ønse tej-\w, Un. kn. _pivkv, sf. Sn koco--kv) 2. ae-bmfw sh_vssk- p-iƒ- -tsmw. sp. aßm v ("ssk-_ ae-bmfw' FUn. Sn. hn. kp\ox, Id v _pivkv, Xriq ) klm-bi {KŸ-߃ hmwn-py-]-c-amb IØn-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ 12- mw A[ymbw hsc (ti-cf `mjm C Ãn- yq- v) samuyqƒ 4: hnh Ø\w hnh Ø-\w- -\n Δ-N-\-߃- -t{km-x-`mj (Source of Language) e y-`mj (Target Language) hnh Ø- \-Øn-eq-sS-bp-ff Bi-b-hn-\n-abw ]cn-an-xn-ifpw km[y-x-i-fpw- -hn-h Ø-\-Øns {]m[m-\yw- -km-lnxy hnh Ø-\-Ønse {]iv\-߃- -im-kv{x-ir-xn-i-fpss hnh Ø-\-Ønse {]txyi {]iv\-߃- -{]-kw-k-]-cn- `m-j- -]-{Xw, tdun-tbm, ssen-hn-j XpS-ßnb _lp-p\ am[y-a-߃ p-th-- n-bp-ff hnh Ø-\-Øn {i n-t - Imcy-߃- -]-c-ky-߃, HutZym-KnI dnt m p-iƒ, IØn-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ F n-h-bpss hnh Ø- \w. b{ -hn-h Ø\w (Mechine Translation) en]y- -c-ww (Transliteration) hnh Ø\ ]p\:krjvsn (Transcreation) F n-h-sb- p-dn- p-ff kmam-\y-]-cn-nbw (hn-h Ø-\-Øns hnhn-[-x-e-ßsf DZm-l-c- W-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw {]mtbm-kni ]cn-io-e-\-øn-eq-ssbpw ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-tØ- XmWv). klm-bi {KŸ-߃ 1. X a: kn m- hpw {]tbm-khpw ae-bm-f-øn (F-Un) Pbm-kp-Ip-am-c & kvidnb k -dn-b) 22

23 2. hnh Ø\ ]T\ kn m- -߃ Xm]-kw, 2006, hmeyw hnh Ø-\-Øns `mjm-im-kv{x-`q-ani tum.-hn.-b. {]t_m-[-n-{μ ticf `mjm C Ãn- yq v 4. hnh Ø\w Hcp kwlw tej-i (ti-cf `mjm C Ãn- yq- v) 5. X p-a-bpss Xmt m kn.-hn. hmkp-tzh ` -Xncn kvssi _p v ]ªn-tj-gvkv, amthen- c 6. hnh Ø\ hnnmcw tum. F.-C. hniz-\my Aø (ti-cf `mjm C Ãn- yq- v) 7. `mjbpw ]cn-`m-jbpw Fw.-]n. kzm-in-h (ti-cf `mjm C Ãn- yq- v) *************** Code. MA2A09(02) ska-ã II tima timg-kv- 9 ae-bmf kmlnxy ]cn-nbw ]T-\-k-abw : 90 awn- q 23

24 s{i-un v : 4 Dt±iye- y-߃ ae-bmf `mj, kmlnxyw kwkvimcw F n-h-sb- p-dn v s]mxp[m-c-w-iƒ cp]-s -Sp-Øp-I. `mj-bnse hnhn[ kmln-xy-cq-]-߃ ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-ØpI k m-fli cn-\-bn-te s -Sm-\p-ff hnzym n-bpss tijn h n- n- pi samuyqƒ 1: IY-Iƒ (Bdv IY-I-fn \mseæw ]Tn- -Ww) Bcm-[\ Ddq_v lmbv, F p-c-k-ap-ff Ifn-Iƒ AIv_ I - n Xcn-ip-\new am[-hn- p n pc-ky-[mc kn.-hn. {iocm-a hnhm-l- n-t v hn.-si.-f U ln 1981 Fw. apip-μ (Cu ska-ã-dn Ddq-_v, am[-hn- p- n, hn.-si.f., apip-μ F n-h-cpss IY-I-fmWv ]Tn-t -- -Xv). samuyqƒ 2: IhnX-Iƒ (Bdv IhnXI-fn \mseæw ]Tn- -Ww) Fs `mj hf-f-tømƒ Du men sshtem- n-ffn \nanjw Pn. i c- p-dp v am p-a-d ]q mew ]n. Ip n-cm-a \mb ag- mew A h Aen arkin -I hnp-b-e van (Cu ska-ã-dn hf-f-tømƒ, sshtem- n-f-fn, ]n. Ip n-cm-a \m-b, A h Aen F n-h-cpss Ihn- X-I-fmWv ]Tn-t -- -Xv) samuyqƒ 3: t\mh thcp-iƒ ae-bm- q cma-ir-jvw samuyqƒ 4: Xnc- Y/\mSIw s]cp-h-gn-b-ºew (Xn-c- -Y) ]Zva-cm-P Code. MA1A07(03) ska-ã I tima timg-kv- 7 ae-bmf kmln-xy-]-t\w k m-fli cn-\bpw Bib hn\n-a-b-ti-jnbpw ]T-\-k-abw : 90 awn- q s{i-un v : 4 24

25 Dt±iye- y-߃ ]c-º-cm-k-x-a- mø t{]m{km-ap-iƒ v ]Tn- p hnzym n-iƒ v kmln-xy- -kmw-kvim-cni taj-ebn Xm ]cyw hf Øp-I. hnzym n-i-fpss Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-tijn h n- n- pi imkv{x-hn-j-b-߃ amxr-`m-j-bn-eqss Ah-X-cn- n- m-\p-ff Ign-hp-- hnh Ø-\-Øn-\p-ff _me]mt߃ ]Tn- p-i. samuyqƒ 1: ssh m-\ni kmlnxy cn\ ae-bm-f-øn hni-kn- p-sim- 25 m- pi ncn- p Hcp kmln-xy-im-j-bmwv imkv{x-km-ln-xyw. imkv{x kmt - XnI hnzy-iƒ \nxy-po-hn-x-øn snep-øp kzm[o\w hºn- -Xm-Wv. AXp-sIm- v Xs imkv{x Imcy-߃ efn-x-ambn Ah-X-cn- n- m-\p-ff Ignhv imkv{x-hn-zym n-iƒ v D- m-th- Xv AXym-h-iyam-Wv. AØcw cn-\-i-fpss {]iv\-ßfpw {]txy-i-x-ifpw ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-Øp-I-bmWv Cu samuyq-fns e yw. ae-bm-f-øn ssh m-\ni kmln-xy-øns ÿm\w, ssh m-\ni kmln-xy-øn\pw k Km-flI kmln-xy-øn\pw Dff hyxym-k-߃ - -ssh- m-\ni kmln-xy-c-n-\-bpss {]iv\-߃- -`m-j- -ssi-en- km-t -XnI ]Z-߃- -{]-Xn-]m-Z\ coxn-bpss {]m[m\yw. imkv{x-hn-j-b-߃ k Km-flI cn-\bv v hnjb-am- p-tºmƒ D- m-ip {]iv\-߃. samuyqƒ 2: imkv{x-km-lnxn (imkv{x tej-\-ß-fpss kam-lm-cw) 1. Nne- n-he si. `mkv -c \mb 2. BcpsSbmWo `qan B.-hn.-Pn. tat\m 3. \mt\m-ss-ivt\m-f-pn-s mcmapjw Sn. {]Zo]v (Ip p-i-w-߃ v hk- w) Un.-kn. _pivkv, tim bw 4. hwi-ß-fpss AXn-Po-h\w Poh tpm_v txmakv (hn-izm-k-øns ico-c-im-kv{xw) Un.-kn. _pivkv, tim bw 5. Pem-h-Imiw: `c-w-iq-sw, Itºm-fw, kaq-lw- -h-μ\ inh, amxr-`qan _pivkv, timgn-t msv (Pe-bp- -߃) (si. `mkvi-c \mb, B.-hn.-Pn. tat\m, Sn. {]Zo-]v, hμ-\-inh F n-h-cpss tej-\-ß- fmwv Cu ska-ã-dn ]Tn-t -- -Xv). samuyq-ƒ 3: Hcp imkv{x- s Poh-N-cn{Xw bqdn-k-km-dn kn.-pn. im -Ip-am ticf imkv{x-km-lnxy ]cn-jøv, Xr»q samuyq-ƒ 4: hnh Ø\w hnh Ø-\w- -\n Δ-N-\-߃- -t{km-x-`mj (Source of Language) e y-`mj (Target Language) hnh Ø-\-Øn-eq-sS-bp-ff Bi-b-hn-\n-abw ]cn-an-xn-ifpw km[y-x-i-fpw- -hn-h Ø-\-Øns {]m[m-\yw- km-lnxy hnh Ø-\-Ønse {]iv\-߃- -im-kv{x-ir-xn-i-fpss hnh Ø-\-Ønse {]txyi {]iv\-߃- - {]-kw-k-]-cn-`m-j- -]-{Xw, tdun-tbm, ssen-hn-j XpS-ßnb _lp-p\ am[y-a-߃ p-th-- n-bp-ff hnh Ø-\-Øn {i n-t - Imcy-߃ ]c-ky-߃, HutZym-KnI Adn-bn- p-iƒ, IØn-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ F n-h-bpss hnh Ø-\w. b{ -hn-h Ø\w (Mechine Translation) en]y- -cww (Transliteraton) hnh Ø\ ]p\:krjvsn (Transcreation) F n-h-sb- p-dn- p-ff kmam-\y-]-cn-nbw (hn-h Ø-\-Øns

26 hnhn[ Xe-ßsf DZm-l-c-W-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw {]mtbm-kni ]cn-io-e-\-øn-eq-ssbpw ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-tØ-- Wv.) hni-z-]-t-\-øn\v 1. imkv{x hn m-\-]-t-\-øn\v C hmb\ hn. si. BZ iv ("C\n hmb\ C -hm-b-\' Un. kn. _pivkv, sf. Sn. kocnkv) 2. imkv{xw, axw, aqey-kr-jvsn, hnzym-`ymkw (hn-zym-`ymkw k -fl-i Pohn-X-Øn\v FUn.sUbv Fw. _ty Cu ]pkvx-i-ønse tej-\w, {]km: imkv{x-km-ln-xy-]-cn-j-øv) klm-b-i-{k-ÿ-߃: 1. X a: kn m- hpw {]tbm-khpw ae-bm-f-øn (F-Un. Pbm-kp-Ip-am-c & kvidnb k -dn-b) 2. hnh Ø\ ]T\ kn m- -߃ Xm]-kw, 2006, hmeyw hnh Ø-\-Øns `mjm-im-kv{x-`q-ani tum. hn.-b. {]t_m-[-n-{μ ti-cf `mjm C Ãn- yq v 4. hnh Ø\w Hcp kwlw tej-i (ti-cf `mjm C Ãn- yq- v) 5. X p-a-bpss Xmt m kn.-hn. hmkp-tzh ` -Xncn kvssi _p v ]ªn-tjgvkv amth-en- c 6. hnh Ø-\-hn-Nmcw tum. F.-C. hniz-\my Aø (ti-cf `mjm C Ãn- yq- v) ********** -Xm- Code. MA2A09(03) ska-ã II tima timg-kv- 9 ae-bmf kmln-xy-]-t\w Dt±-iy-e- y-߃: 26 ]T-\-k-abw : 90 awn- q s{i-un v : 4 ae-bmf `mj-bnepw kmln-xy-ønepw Xmev]cyw hf Øp-I, Bkzm-Z-\-tijn hf ØpI ae-bmf `mj, kmln-xyw, kwkvimcw F n-h-sb- p-dn v kmam-\y-[m-cw cq]-s -Sp-ØpI hnhn[ kmln-xy-cq-]-߃ ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-ØpI amxr-`m-j-bpss sshim-cn-i-aq-ey-ßfpw km[y-x-ifpw ]cn-tim-[n- -dn-bm-\p-ff Ah-k-c-samcp pi

27 hnhn[ ssh m-\ni taj-e-iƒ kz w `mj-bn Bhn-jvI-cn- m-\p-ff Ign-hp-- m- p-i. k Km-fl-Itijn ]cn-t]m-jn- n- p-i. samuyqƒ 1: t\mh BSp-Po-hnXw _\ym-an ({Ko _pivkv, Xr»q ) samuyqƒ 2: IYm-k-am-lmcw (6 IY-I-fn 4 FÆw ]Tn- m axn) sabn dæ Fkv.-sI. s]m msv PmPz-ey-am\w {]nb F.-Fkv h- n-th-j-߃ sshim-j ai Sn. ]fl-\m-` tnme-a-c-߃ n-s-bn hn.-b. kp[ojv s]e-a-dpx \mcm-b I-fmWv ]Tn-t -- -Xv). samuyqƒ 3: \msiw A[n-\n-th-i-Øns Bkp-c-h-gn-Iƒ si.-fw. cml-h \ºym (kzm-x{ yw Xs Pohn-Xw) (ti-cf kmlnxy A m-z-an) samuyqƒ 4 : IhnX ]pø Iehpw Acn-hmfpw CS-t»cn ************ (Cu ska-ã-dn Fkv.-sI. s]m m-sv, sshim-j, Sn. ]fl-\m-`, hn.-b. kp[ojv F n-h-cpss IY- Code. MA1B01 sk-a-ã I timgvkv 1 ]T\kabw : 108 awn- q s{i-un v : 4 `mjbpw kmln-xyhpw ]T-\-Øns coxn-imkv{xw Dt±-iy-e- y-߃ kaqlw, kwkv m-cw, kmln-xyw, `mj, F n-hsb kw_- n- p [mcw hnzym n-i-fn D- m- p- Ibpw a p imkv{x-ß-fpss ]T-\-ß-fn \n p `mjm-km-ln-xy-]-t-\-øns coxn-imkv{xw Fßs\ hyxy-kvx-am-ip- p-sh v t_m[y-s -Sp-Øp-I-bp-amWv Cu timgvkns e yw samuyqƒ- 1 imkv{xhpw kmaq-ly-im-kv{xhpw kmln-xy-hpw imkv{x-]-t-\-hpw kmaq-ly-im-kv{x-]-t-\hpw, kmln- Xyhpw kaq-l-hpw, kmln-xy-hpw Ncn-{X-hpw, kmln-xy-øns auen-i-x, 27

28 Bkzm-Z\w, [ a-t_m-[-\w, am\-hn-i-x, aqey-߃, {]Xy-bimkv{Xw F n-hsb kw_- n kmln-xy- Øns ImgvN- m-sp-iƒ klm-b-i-{kÿ-߃ Ip n-ir-jvw-am-cm km-ln-xy-hnzy tum. eoem-hxn Fw imkv{xhpw kmln-xyhpw tum. jmpn-tp- -_v. Fw t\mhepw Ncn-{X-hpw- -t\m-h Ncn-{X-Øns ]mt-t`zw Imhp-ºmbn _me-ir-jvw im-kv{xhpw imkv{x-km-ln-xy-hpw ae-bmfimkv{x-km-ln-xy-{]- ÿm\w Hcp ]T\w tum. ]n. ]n. cho-{μ kw-kv m-cw, kmwkv m-cn-i-hm-zw, kmwkv m-cn-i-`u-xn-i-hmzw kwkv m-c-]-t\w tum. si. F. ]Wn kw-kv m-chpw tzio-b-xbpw samuyqƒ- 2 `mj \n h-n\w, ImgvN m-sp-iƒ, hy n-i-fpss Bi-b-hy-h-lm-c-am- y-a-sa \ne-bnepw kmaq-ly-amb \n ΩnXn F -\n-e-bnepw `mj-bpss \ne-\n v. `mjm-nn- -ßfpw CX-c-Nn- -hy-h-ÿ-i-fpw. a\p-jy-`mj-bp-ssbpw a\p-tjy-x-c-`m-j-bp-ssbpw hyxy-kvx-x-iƒ, A -\n W-b-t\m-]m-[n-Iƒ A`n[, e -W, hyrvp\, enwkw, h Æw, PmXn F o kmaq-ly-{]-xn-`m-k-ßfpw `mjbpw, kmln-xy-`m-jbpw kmlntxyxc-`m-j-bpw Ae- mcw, hrøw F n-h-bn-eqss cq]-s -Sp kmln-xy-`m-j-bpss khn-ti-j-x-iƒ klm-bi-{k-ÿ-߃ tum. NmØ-\mØv ANyp-X-\p-Æn Im-hy-Nn tum.-]n. si. \mc-b-w-]n ssi-c-fo-[z\n tum. Djm-\-ºq-Xn-cn- m-sv km-aq-ln-i-`m-jm-imkv{xw tum. si. Fw. {]`m-i-c-hm-cy B-[p-\n-I-`m-jm-imkv{Xw tum. ]n. Fw. Knco-jv B-Nm-c-`mj `mjbpw A[n-Im-chpw tum. Fw. Fkv. tamt\m ]uckvxy-km-ln-xy Z i\w s\ n- apc-fo-[-c km-ln-xy-kn- m- -߃ samuyqƒ- 3 kmln-xyw- -hy-xy-kvx-im-gvn- m-sp-iƒ. Bkzm-Z-I, Ir-Xn, I Ømhv ]T-\-co-Xn-Iƒ- -[ Ω-hm-Z-]-cw, a\-»m-kv{x-]cw, kmaq-ly-im-kv{x-]-cw, Poh-N-cn-{X-]-cw, kmln-xyw kaq-l-øns {]Xn-^-e-\-sa- -\n-ebn-epw, {]Xn-\n-[m-\Iw F \ne-bn-epw, kmwkv m-cn-tim - -sa \ne-bnepw klm-b-i-{k-ÿ-߃- - Fw. ANyp-X ]m- m-xy-km-ln-xy-z i\w 28

29 tum. si. Fw. Xc-I ]m- m-xy-km-ln-xy-x-xz-imkv{xw tum. Fw. eoem-h-xn \-h-x-cwkw si. k n-zm-\-μ (FUn- ) ]p-xp-i-hnx Hcp N tic-f-i-hnx 2010 samuyqƒ- 4 kwkv mcw \n Δ-N-\w, kwkv m-c-øns Bhn-jv m-c-߃, A[n-\n-thi kwkv m-cw, kmwkv mcn-im-[n-\n-th-ihpw {]Xn-tcm-[hpw klm-b-i-{k-ÿ-߃ tum. si. F. ]Wn kw-kv m-chpw tzio-b-xbpw jmpn-tp- _v Fw t\m-h Ncn-{X-Øns ]mt-t`zw tum. ]n. ]n. cho-{μ kw-kv m-c-]-t\w kw-kv m-c-]-t\w Hcp-kw-Lw-te-J-I - (ae-bmf ]T-\-kw-Lw, ImeSn, -hn-x-cww Id v _p vkv Xr»q ) *************** Code. MA2B02 ska-ã II timg-kv- 2 IYm kmln-xy-w ]T-\-k-abw : 108 awn- q s{i-un v : 4 Dt±-iy-e- y-߃: t\mh, sndp-iym kmln-xy-ßsf kw_- n v kmam-\ym-h-t_m[w D- ae-bmf t\mh, sndp-iym kmln-xy-øns hf sb a\- n-em- pi ka-im-eo\ t\mh-en-s bpw IY-bp-sSbpw kz`m-h-߃ Xncn- -dn-bpi m- pi Ncn-{Xhpw kmwkvim-cn-i-hp-amb Hcp D ]- -sa \ne-bn Cu kmlnxy cq]-ßsf Dƒs mffp-i. samuyqƒ 1: t\mh ]m- mxy ]uckvxy \n h-n-\-߃- -t\m-h apt m-sn-iƒ hniz-km-ln-xy-øn - -sdmam kp- Ifpw t\msh- -I-fpw- -]m- m-xy-km-ln-xy-ønse BZy-Ime t\mh-ep-iƒ- -hn-iz-{]-kn- -ß-fmb t\mh-ep- Ifpw t\mh-en-ãp-i-fpw- -hn-t\m-zhpw hn m-\-hpw- -a-\p-jy-{]-ir-xn, Pohn-Xw kwkvim-c-߃ F n-h-sb- p-dn- p-ff ]pxnb Adn-hp-Iƒ temiw apgp-h ]c- p- Xv t\mh-ep-i-fn-eqss. `mc-xob t\mh-ep-iƒ- - 29

30 B-Zy-Ime t\mh-ep-ifpw t\mh-en-ãp-i-fpw- -t\m-h ae-bm-f-øn - -ap-t m-sn-iƒ- -B-ZysØ ae-bmf t\mh - -hy-xy-kvxm-`n-{]m-b-߃- 19mw \q m-- nse t\mh-ep-iƒ- -C-μp-te-Jbpw A\p-I-c-W-ß-fpw- -C-μpte-J-bpsS Ncn-{X-]-chpw kmwkvim-cn-i-hp-amb {]m[m-\yw. Ncn-{X-t\m-h-ep-Iƒ - kn.-hn. cma ]n-f-f-bpss Ncn-{X-t\m-h-ep-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-x-iƒ- -{]m-[m-\yw. X a t\mh-ep-iƒ hniz-km-ln-xy-ir-xn-i-fpss X -a-iƒ, tsmƒtãm-bv, hnivs lyqtkm, Nmƒkv Un kv, slanmvth XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS IrXn-Itfm cho-{μ-\m-y-sm-tkm, _ nw-n-{μ-nm- Pn, Xmcm-i- _tμym-]m-[ym-b, ic- -{μ-nm- m Pn, Bim-]q Æm-tZhn XpS-ßnb C y km-ln-xy-im-c- m-cpss t\mhep-itfm BImw. tic-fob kmaq-lni kmwkvim-cni A -co w {]Xn-\n-[m\w snøp t\mh-ep-iƒ- -t\m-h-ep-i-fn-eq-ssam{xw A\m-h-cWw snø-s, AXp-hsc ]pdw-temiw Adn-bm-Xn-cp Pohn-X-߃- -km-[m-c-w- m-cpssbpw ASn-ÿm\ h -Øn-t bpw Pohn-Xw- -]p-tcm-k-a-\-km-ln-xy-øns Bhn `m-hhpw kzm[o-\hpw t\mh-en t\mh km[m-c-w- m-cs Iem-cq-]-ambn amdnb kml-ncyw XI-gn, tii-tz-hv, _jo, Fkv.-sI., Ddq_,v apøn-cn-tßmsv XpS-ßnb Fgp-Øp-Im. hni-z-]-t-\-øn\v 1. imcz N p-ta-t\m 2. [ ΩcmP kn.-hn. cma ]-ff 3. c- n-s-ßgn XIgn samuyqƒ 2: kmaq-lni am -߃ hy nsb ti{μo-i-cn- p-sim- pff ]pxnb ImgvN- m-sp-iƒ a\-»m-kv{x-øns kzm[o-\w- -hy- nbpw kaq-lhpw s]mcpø-ßfpw s]mcpø-t -Sp-Ifpw hy nbpw am\-kni {]iv\- ßfpw `mj-bp-tsbpw cn-\-bp-tsbpw khn-ti-j-x-iƒ. cmp-e- van, Fw.-Sn., am[-hn- p- n, si. kptc-{μ, timhn-e, \ -\m, sndp-im-sv, ]md- p-d-øv, ae-bm- q cma-ir-jvw, kn. cm[m-ir-jvw, h -e, F.-]n. apl-ωzv XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS cn-\-iƒ. t\mh-en B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS Bhn `m-hhpw kzm[o-\-ßfpw, Bhn-jv -cw coxn-bn h am -߃ hy nbpw kaq-lhpw XΩn-ep-ff s]mcpø-t -Sp-Iƒ hy n kzmx-{ y-øns {]iv\-߃- -im-kv{x-øns kzm[o-\w- -hn-izm-k-ø-i -Iƒ- -aq-ey-nyq-xn-iƒ- -A apj-xzw- -A-kvXn-Xz-kw-_- n-bmb {]iv\-߃- cm-jv{sob k ]-ß-fn h am w- -kz-]v\-ß-fpss \jvsw- -{]-Xo- -I-fpsS ssitam-iw- -am-\-kni hn{`m- n-iƒ, Bi-b- p-g- -߃/A\y-h -c-ww. hni-z-]-t-\-øn\v Ac-\m-gn-I-t\cw ]md- p-døv am møn kmdm-tpm-k^v 30

31 klm-b-{k-ÿ-߃ t\mh kmlnxyw Fw.-]n. t]mƒ t\mh kmlnxy Ncn{Xw s{]m^. si.-fw. Xc-I ae-bmf t\mh 19- mw \q m-- n tum. tpm v Ccp-ºbw BZy-Ime ae-bmf t\mh s{]m^. Xpº-a txmakv Ncn-{X-t\m-h ae-bm-f-øn I _me-ir-jvw kn.-hn. Ncn{XmJym-bn-I-I-fn-eqsS Fw.-sI. IrjvW {]Xn-]m{Xw `mj-w-t`zw F. IrjvW-]n-ff sszh \oxn p Zm nwyan tum. si. `mkvi-c \m-b t\mh \Ωp-tSXpw Ah-cp-tSXpw Pn.-F. ]Wn- t\mhepw cmjv{so-bhpw F.-Fw. hmkp-tz-h ]nff samuyqƒ 3 sndp-i-y- -\n Δ-N-\-߃ hni-zo-i-c-w-߃- -hn-iz-km-ln-xy-øn - -]m- m-xy-kmln-xy-ønse sndp-i- YIƒ hniz-{]-kn- -cmb sndp-i-ym-ir-øp- ƒ- -sn-dp-i-y-sb kmlnxy cq]-øns hf - -bq-tdm-]y `mj-i-fn - -em- n-\-ta-cn- - -B-{^n- `mj-i-fn - -a-\p-jy-{]-ir-xn-bpss kq va-km- m m-c-sa \ne-bn sndp-i-y-bpss ÿm\w. sndp-iy `mc-xob `mj-i-fn - -h-f - -sn-dp-iy ae-bm-f-øn - -ssh-tz-in-i-kzm-[o\w BZy-Im-e-sN-dp-I- Y-Iƒ ]{X-{]-h Ø-\w- -]-{X-am-kn-I-I-fpsS {]Nm-cw- -A-\p-I-c-W-߃- -ti-c-fo-bm- -co- -Øn \S-Ønb ]p\:krjvsn, BZy-I-Ym-Im-c -BZy sndp-i-y- 19- mw \q m-- ns Ah-km-\w. Ccp-]Xmw \q m-- ns XpS w I-tfmsS cq]-s \ho-i-c-w-øns h m- -fmbn h XI-gn, tzhv, _jo, Ddq-_v, s]m Ip w h n, Imcq, hn.-sn., Fw.-B.-_n., efn-xmw-_ni A P-\w, si. kc-kz-xn-bω F n-h-cpss IY-Iƒ bym-x-y-k-t -Xw- -km-[m-c-w-a-\p-jy-cpss {]Xn-\n-[n-I-fmb IYm- ]m-{x-߃, kzmx-{ y-k-a-c-]- m-ø-ew- -ti-cfønse CS-Xp-] cmjv{sob kzm[o-\w- -{]-Xyb imkv{x- ]-c-amb kzm[o-\w- -]p-tcm-k-a\ kmln-xy-øns {]`m-h-imew sndp-i-y-bpss awvu-e-øn hcp-ønb am -߃. hni-z-]-t-\-øn\v hmk-\m-hn-irxn tikcn thß-bn Ip n-cm-a \mb-\m ac- m-h-iƒ Imcq a\p-jy-]p{xn efn-xmw-_ni A P\w samuyqƒ- 4 F) sndp-i-y-bn h `mhp-ixz ]cn-wm-a-߃ I-tfmsS IYm-]m-{X-ß-fpsS am\-kni temi-ßsf Nn{Xo-I-cn- p coxn Dcp-Øn-cn-bp- p. hy n-bpss kmaq-ln-i-kzxzw Bhn-jv -cn- p- -Xn \n p amdn B -c-kz-xzsø Bhn-jv -cn- p- -Xn\p {]m[m-\yw, Sn. ]fl-\m-`, Fw.-Sn., am[-hn- p- n, F. taml- \, timhn-e, \ -\m, ae-bm- q cma-ir-jvw XpS-ßn-b-h. hni-z-]-t-\-øn\v 31

32 Ccp- ns Bflmhv Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tz-h \m-b ] n-bpss aww am[-hn- p n sn n- q- ƒ timhn-e _n) B[p\n-IXm {]ÿm-\w- -]p-xnb `mhp-ixzw bm-ym ysø A]-cn-NnXh -cn- p-i- -B-[p-\n- IXm {]ÿm-\-øns cn-\m-x-{ w- -hy-xykvx BJym\ coxn-iƒ- -bq-tdm- nse AkvXn-Xz-hm-Zw, iq\y- Xm-hmZw apx-emb Bi-b-K-Xn-I-fpsS kzm[o-\w- (-km {Xv, Im^vI, Iayp F n-h-cpss Z i-\-ß-tfm-sp-ff ASp- w)- -]-c-º-cm-k-x-amb BJym-\-co-Xn-Isf XI p coxn Ah-ew-_n- - -Fw.-]n. \mcm-b-w- n-f-f, H.-hn. hnp-b, Fw. apip-μ, ]fl-cm-p, tkxp, ]p\-øn Ip -_vzp-f-f, hn.-si.-f., Im -\m-s, k -dn-b, B\-μv, kn.-hn. {iocm-a, ] -Øp-hnf Icp-Wm-I-c XpS-ßnb IYm-Ir-Øp- ƒ hni-z-]-t-\-øn\v {]]- -Øns Ah-in-jvS-߃ k -dnb apcp-i F ]mºm n Fw.-]n. \mcm-b-w- n-ff e v hn.-si.-f. kn) sndp-i-y-bpss ka-im-eni apjw Fgp-]-Xp-I-fpsS XpS- -Øn B[p-\n-IXm {]ÿm-\-øns hgn-i-tfmsv Htc kabw ASp- hpw AI-ehpw ]pe Øn Fgp-Xn-b-h ]m-c-un, ]mtm- -c-_- w, arkiy-i-fp-ssbpw sfxnlyßfpssbpw LS-\- -B-Jym\cq]-߃- -B-[p-\n-I-X-bvs -Xn-sc-bp-ff Ielw ]pxnb `mhp-i-xz-øns At\z-jWw kv{xohm-zw, ]mcn-ÿn-x-im-h-t_m-[w, {]m -h -cn-s - -hcpss kzxzm-hn-jvim-cw, BtKm-f-h -c-w-øn-s\-xn-sc-bp {]mtz-in-i-x-bpss {]Xn-tcm-[w kmaqlni Pm{K-X, kq a cmjv{sob ss\xn-i-[m-cw F. Fkv. am[-h, F {]`m-i-c, kn. hn. _me-ir-jvw, hn. ]n. inh-ip-am, sshim-j, AIv_ I - n-, Atim-I sncp-hn, si. ]n. \n a Ipam, t{kkn, taxn cm[m-ir-jvw, inlm-_p-±o s]mbvøpw-i-s-hv, hn. B. kp[o-jv, kmdm tpmk^v, KoXm lnc-wy, Ajn-X, N{μ-a-Xn, knxmc Fkv, kp[oc, si. B. aoc, si. ]n. cma-\p-æn, _n. apc-fn, kt mjv F n- m-\w, ]n. kptc- {μ, kp`mjv N{μ, B. DÆn, Cμp-ta-t\m, si. tcj, [\y-cm-pv, kn. A\p]v XpS-ßnb ]pxnb Fgp-Øp-Im. hni-z-]-t-\-øn\v H hn. ]n. inh-ip-am Cu `qan-sb- n A[nIw ]d-tb- kn. hn. _me-ir-jvw ] n-t`m-p\w kt mjv F n- m\w klm-b-i-{k-ÿ-߃ sndp-iym kmlnxyw Fw. ]n. t]mƒ sndp-iym kmlnxyw Fw. ANyq-X 32

33 v IYm-]-T-\-߃ ]n. si. ]c-ta-iz-c \mb {KŸm-hen IY, BJym-\hpw A\p-`-h-k-Øbpw si. ]n. A sn-dp-i-y-bpss Oμ tum. hn. cmp-ir-jvw \n»-_vz-xbpw \n Ωm-Whpw C. ]n. cmp-tkm-]m-e IY-bpsS IY tum. si. Fkv. chn-ip-am ae-bm-f-ønse BZy-Ime sndp-i-y-iƒ 100 h jw 100 IY sn-dp-iy hm pw hgnbpw IYbpw `mhp-ixz ]cn-wm-ahpw ********************* Code. MA3B03 Dt±-iy-e- y-߃ sk-a-ã III timgvkv 3 am[y-a-]-t\w ]T\kabw : 90 awn- q s{i-un v : 4 Bib hn\n-a-b-øns ASn-ÿm\ XXz-߃ ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-Øp-I. hnhn[ Bib hn\nab taj-e-i-fpss km[yx Xncn- -dn-bp-i. _lp-p-\-kw-th-z\w (mass communication) ] m-ø-ew, am[y-a-]-t-\-øns coxn-imkv{xw F nhsb- p-dn v [mc-w-bp-- m- pi am[y-a-{]-h Ø-\-Øns am\-ß-sf- p-dn pw (Dimensions) XXz-ß-sf- p-dn pw kmam\y t_m[-ap-- m- pi B[p-\n-I-km-t -XnI hnzy-i-fpss ]cn-io-e-\-øn-eqss am[y-a-{]-h Ø\w F sxmgn taj-e-tbm- Sp A`n-cpNn hf ØpI Ne- n{x Bkzm-Z-\w, ]T-\w, Ne- n{x \ncq-]ww F n-h-bn Xm ]cyw P\n- n- pi A Sn -Zr-iy- -{im-hy- -C s\ v taj-e-i-fn `mj-bpss {]tbm-k-ssh-hn- y-߃ ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-Øp-I. kmaq-ln-i- -cm-jv{so-b- -kmw-kvim-cni ]cn-k-c-ßsf \nb-{ n- p am[y-a-ß-sf- p-dn v hna i-\-_p- ntbmss ]Tn- m\pw hne-bn-cp-øm\pw {]m]vx-cm- p-i. samuyqƒ- 1 Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-Øns ASn-ÿm-\-X-Xz-߃ ]e-xcw Bi-b-hn-\nab߃, _lp-p-\-kw-th-z\ (mass communication) Øns ] m-ø-ew, A -SnbpsS Bhn `mhw, hnim-kw, A Sn am[y-a-øns khnti-j-x-iƒ, C y-bnse ]{X-{]-h Ø-\-Øns Ncn{Xw (km-am-\y-]-cn-n-bw) C y ]{X-{]-h Ø-\- cwkw kzmx-{ y-øn-\p-apºpw ]nºpw ae-bmf ]{X-{]-h Ø\w, anj-wdn-am-cpss kw`m-h-\, ]{X-{]- 33

34 v h Ø-\hpw KZy-km-ln-Xy-Øns hf bpw tic-fob \thm- m-\hpw ]{X-{]-h Ø-\hpw Ce-Ivt{Sm- WnIv am[y-a-ßfpss Bhn `m-hw hnim-kw. hni-z-]-t-\-øn\v: A[n-Im-chpw am[y-a-ß-fpw _n. B. ]n. `mkvi ("am-[y-a-]-t-\-߃' FUn. ] -\-cm-a-n-{μ \mb, Id v _pivkv, Xr»q ) klm-b-i-{k-ÿ-߃ ticf ]{X-{]-h Ø\ Ncn{Xw ]pxp- n cmlh, ticf kmlnxy A m-zan hrøm ]{X-{]-h Ø\w kztz-im-`n-am\n cma-ir-jvw-]n am[y-a-ßfpw ae-bmf kmln-xyhpw Fw hn. txma-kv, kmwkvim-cni {]kn- o-i-cw hip v ]{X-{]-h Ø\w `n -ap-j-߃ ticf {] A m-zan \m\m \mzw Htc temiw ko amiv ss{_uv, ticf `mjm C Ãn- yq v hm Ø ]{Xhpw hm Øbpw tpmbn Xncp-aq-e-]p-cw, ticf `mjm C Ãn- yq v dnt m nwkv tpmbn Xncp-aq-e-]pcw, ticf `mjm C Ãn- yq v kºq Æ ]{X-kw-hn-[m\w tpmbn Xncp-aq-e-]pcw, ticf `mjm C Ãn- yq v hm Ø-bpsS inev]-ime F. F. kxy-{h-x ]{X-`mj ticf {]kv A m-zan ]{X temiw Sn. thwp-tkm-]m-e, ticf `mjm C Ãn- yq v sam-uyqƒ 2 Zriy- -{imhy am[y-a-߃ {]t -]-W-Øns Ncn{Xw {]t -]-W-km-ln-Xy-Øns {]txy-i-x-iƒ tdun-tbm-bpss Bhn `mhw hnimkw tic-f-øn tduntbm {]t -]W-Øns Bcw`w tdun-tbmbv p-th- n cn-\-iƒ \n h-ln- p-tºmƒ {i n-t - Imcy-߃, P\-Iob am[y-a-sa \ne-bn tdun-tbm-bpss {]k- n, ae-bmf kmln-xy kwkvimc {]Nm-c-W-Øn tduntbm hln ] v. ssen-hn-j Bhn `mhw hnimkw Sn. hn. C Uy-bn tic-f-øn hnhn[ Nm\-ep-Iƒ ssen-hnj P\-{]nb ]cn-]m-sn-iƒ hn m-\-hn-t\mz ]cn-]m-sn-iƒ P\m-[n-]Xy kaq-l-øn Zriy-am- [y-a-߃ hln- p ] v hni-z-]-t-\-øn\v tdmuntbm \msiw Sn. F. tkm]n-\m-y \mb ("\m-siw Hcp ]T-\w' kn. sp. kvamci {]kwk kanxn, amfp-_ ]ªn-t -j kv, Xncp-h-\- -]p-cw) klm-b-i-{k-ÿ-߃ Zriy- -{imhy am[y-a-߃ Hcp kwlw tej-i, ticf `mjm C Ãn- yq v Zriy-`mj si. Fkv cmp-ti-j-c, ticf `mjm C Ãn- yq v ss-en-hn-j tpw-enkw hn. cmp-tkm-]m, Id v _pivkv B temiw apx "C' temiw hsc tum. sp. hn. hnf-\new sam-uyqƒ 3 34

35 kn\n-a Bhn `mhw, hf, kn\n-a-bpss ]cn-wm-a-߃, temi-kn-\na, C Uy kn\n-a, ae-bmf kn\na (km-am\y ]cn-n-bw) tumiyq-sa dn kn\n-a-bpss Bhn `mhw tumiyq-sa dn ^o kn\n-a- I-fpsS -hy-xym-kw, kn\n-abpw kmln-xy-hpw, Xnc- Ym \n Ωm-Ww Ne- n-{xhpw t{] -I-\pw, Bkzm- Z\w, \ncq-]-ww, tic-fob \thm- m-\-øns {]Xn-\n-[m-\-߃ ae-bmf kn\n-a-bn hcp- -sx-ßn-s\, {]mtz-in-i-kz-xz-t_m[w (ti-c-fo-b-x) kn\na Dƒs m- p- -sx-ßs\ kn\nam]t\w kmwkvim-cni ]T-\-am-Ip-tºmƒ klm-bi {KŸ-߃ Ne- n-{x-øns s]mcpƒ hnp-b-ir-jvw, ticf `mjm C Ãn- yq v tem-i-kn-\na hnp-b-ir-jvw, Un. kn. _pivkv ae-bmf kn\n-a-bpss IY hnp-b-ir-jvw amxr-`qan _pivkv ae-bmf kn\n-abpw kmln-xyhpw a[p Cd-h- -c, Un. kn. _pivkv Hcp kn\na Fß-s\-bp-- m-ip p si. si. N{μ, Nn m ]ªn-tjgvkv temi kn\n-a-iƒ Pn. ]n. cma-n-{μ, Nn m ]ªn-tjgvkv kn\na hountbm ssiv\n v - tum. apc-fo-ir-j-w, Un. kn. _pivkv IYbpw Xnc- -Ybpw tum. B. hn. Fw. Znhm-I-c, amxr-`qan _pivkv Xnc- Ym cn\ Iebpw kn m- hpw tpmkv. si. am\p-h kn\n-abpw {]Xy-b-imkv{Xhpw hn. si. tpmk^v Aen-hns aμm-c-߃ a[p Cd-h- c kn\n-abpw kaq-lhpw si. the- cm{xnbpw aqs a pw hn. cmp-ir-jvw Nn{Xw Ne- n{xw a S chn-h Ω ae-ap-i-fn a p-s]-øp-tºmƒ sf. j ap-j-zmkv ^nenw Ub-d- kmp sxcp-h- pg sam-uyqƒ 4 ssk_ am[y-a-߃ : \h-am-[y-a-߃, khn-ti-j-x-iƒ, C ^ ta-j bpkw hnhc kmt -XnI hnzy Bi-b-hn-\n-ab cwk-øp-- m- nb hnπ-h-߃ Iºyq-, C s\ v C kmln-xyw, C s\ v Broadcasting, C s\ v tdun-tbm, C sabn, thƒuv sshuv sh_v (W.W.W) hm Øm-[n-jvTnX sh_vssk- p-iƒ, C _p v, tªmkv, Web {]km-[\w, hnhn[ sh_v t]m -ep-iƒ kmam\y ]cn-nbw hni-z-]-t-\-øn\v: ssl- ssivãpw aƒ o-ao-un-bbpw ("C s\ pw C t^m ta-j hnπ-hhpw' si. cho-{μ & tum. _n. CIv_m Un. kn. _pivkv) klm-bi {KŸ-߃ 35

36 C s\ v C ^ ta-j ssivt\m-fpn C s\ v Hcp ]T\w C s\ pw C t^m ta-j hnπ-hhpw ANyp-Xvi Fkv. \mb ticf `mjm C Ãn- yq v ANyp-Xvi- Fkv. \mb, ticf `mjm C Ãn- yq v ]n. tkxp-am-[-h, en]n ]ªn-t -j kv si. cho-{μ &tum. _n. CIv_m, Un. kn _pivkv B temiw apx "C' temiw hsc tum.sp. hn. hnf-\n-ew, ticf `mjm C Ãn- yq v ssk-_ kmlnxyw kp\ox Sn. hn. (F-Un.), Id v _pivkv, Xr»q sam-uyqƒ 5 am[ya hna i\w : am[y-a-ß-fpss [m Ωn-IX kaq-lsø \nb-{ n- p am[y-a-߃, H o-\n-b eou ka-hm-b-øn-s bpw kω-x-øn-s bpw D m-z\w am[y-a-ßfpss A[n-\n-thiw P\{]nb kwkvim-chpw am[y-a-ßfpw kmwkvim-c-øns _lp-kz-c-xbpw am[y-a-ßfpw am[y-a-ßfpw hn]- Wnbpw hni-z-]-t-\-øn-\p tej-\-߃: a\ pw am[y-a-ßfpw Fw. F hnp-b am[ya [m Ωn-I-Xbpw s]cp-am- - - hpw F. ]n. cmp-t{μ (t^m Øv FtÃ- ns acww) amxr-`qan _pivkv F ]pkvi-x-ønse tej\w ImgvN-bpsS timbva tum. Sn. si.-cm-a-n-{μ am[y-a-ß-fpss {]Xn-tema {]IrXw cho-{μ A[n-\n-th-ihpw am[y-a-ßfpw tum. sk_m-ãy t]mƒ (am[y-a-]-t-\-߃) Un. kn. _pivkv FUn. ] \-cm-a-n-{μ \m-b klm-b-i-{k-ÿ-߃ ImgvN-bpsS timbva tum. Sn.-sI. cma-n-{μ, amxr-`qan GIm- -\-K-c-߃ ]n. si. cmp-ti-j-c, Un. kn. _pivkv DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX kn. _n. kp[m-i-c, Un. kn. _pivkv t_m[-xo-c-ß-fn Imew-an-Sn- p-tºmƒ F. N{μ-ti-J, sdbn t_m _pivkv kn\n-a, kaq-lw, {]Xy-b-imkv{Xw cho-{μ, amxr-`qan _pivkv am[y-a-ß-fpss A[n-\n-thiw FUn- : {^m knkv Imc-bv m v {]km: tp W-enkw Un m vsa v tum t_mkvtim timtfpv IÆq bqwn-th-gvkn n P\-{]nb kwkvimcw jmpn tp v ******************** 36

37 Code. MA3B04 Dt±iy-e- y-߃ ska-ã III timgvkv 4 \msiw ]T\ kabw : 72 awn- q s{iun v : 4 1. ae-bmf \ms-i-sø- p-dn v Ncn-Xm-h-t_m-[-ap-- m-iww 2. tic-f-øns kmaqly cmjv{sob kmwkvim-cni Ncn-{X-Øn \msiw snep-ønb kzm[o\w t_m[y-s -Sp-Ø-Ww. 3. \msi Iem-cq-]-Øns LS\-- Bhn-jv m-c-x-eßfnep khn-ti-j-x-iƒ t_m[y-s - Sp-Ø-Ww. 4. \ms-i-øn-s cwk-`m-j, ico-c-`m-j, kmln-xy-`m-j-bnse `mjm-t`-z-hn-kva-b-߃, i_vz-\nb-{ -Ww, \ms-i-z i\w F nh a\- n-em- Ww 5. Ac-ßv, kwhn-[m-\w, Na-bw, ] m-ø-e-kw-ko-xw, i_vz-{i-ao-i-c-ww, shfn- -hn-xm\w F n-h-sb- - n-bp kmam-\y- m\w t\sww 6. \msikmln-xy-]-t-\-ønepw \ms-im-h-x-c-w-ønepw XpS ]-T-\-Ønepw Kth-j-W-Ønepw A`n-cpNn hf Ø-Ww. samuyqƒ:1 F) cwk-i-e-i-fpss s]mxpkz-`m-h-߃- -A-\p-jvTm-\m-fl-Ihpw A\p-jvTm-t\-X-c-hp-amb cwkm-hn-jv -c- Ww- -\m-tsm-sn- - m-kniv \ms-i-]m-c-º-cyw- -hn-`-p-\-øns {]am-w-߃. sxøw- -ap-sn-tb- v, s]mdm v, Im mc-in, ]qx\pw Xndbpw apx-emb \mtsm-sn-\m-s-i-߃. {Ia-Zo-]n-I, B -{]-Im-c-߃, B - -Y-Iƒ, IqØ- º-ew, IqØv IqSn-bm- w, IY-I-fn, kwkvir-x-\m-s-i-߃ XpSßn mkniv ]mc-º-cyw. _n) ]q h-cq-]-ß-fn \n v \msiw F Iem-cq-]-Øn-te- p-ff ]uc-kvxyhpw ]m m-xy-hp-amb \msi k ]-ß-fn-eq-sS-bp-ff hnim-k-]-cn-wm-a-߃- -\m-s-i-øns LS-I-߃:IrXn- -\m-s-i-ir-øv- -th- Zn, cwk-]m-tw, cwk-ønse hkvxp- ƒ- -sk v, t{]m v XpS-ßn-b-h. A`n-\bw:A`n-t\-Xm-hv- -t{]- -I. \ms-i-{]-tbm-p\w: \ms-im-\p-`q-xn, Zm i-\n-im-\p-`-hw. ]uc-kvxy-\m-si k w: `c-xs \msy-imkv{xw B[m-c-am- n- -\m-sy-[ an- -tem-i-[ an- -A-`n-\-b-co-Xn- Iƒ (N-Xp hn-[m-`n-\-bw) hrøn-iƒ- -\m-s-i-l-s-\- -]- -k- n-iƒ- -k- n-i-fpss LS-I-ß-fpsS ckm-\p- `q-xn- -c-k-\n h-n-\w- -hn-`m-hw- -A\p`m-hw- -k- m-co-`m-h-߃- -c-k-\n-jv]-øn- -hym-jym-\-t`-z߃. \msi 37