A²ymbw : aq v. aqey\nà bw. ae-bm-f- nsâ lmky-]m-c-¼cyw sndp-iymkmln-xy- nâ F s\ {]I-S-am-

Transcription

1 A²ymbw : aq v aqey\nà bw ae-bm-f- nsâ lmky-]m-c-¼cyw sndp-iymkmln-xy- nâ F s\ {]I-S-am- Ip p F At\z-j-W-am-bn-cp p Cu {]_-Ô- nâ \S- -nb-xv. ]T-\- n\v `qani Hcp- p- -Xn-\mbn ]mýmxy ]uc-kvxy-nn- -IÀ lmky- n\v \ÂIn-b-n«pÅ \nàæ- N-\- Ä BZyw ]cn-tim-[n- p. ae-bm-f- nsâ lmky-]m-c-¼-cyhpw AXnsâ khntijxbpw XpSÀ v hnh-cn- p. ae-bmf sndp-i-ym-km-ln-xy- nsâ Ncn-{X-hpw, Hmtcm Ime-L-«- nepw {]I-S-am-Ip- lmky- nsâ kz`m-h-hpw -kmam\yambn hne-bn-cp- n. XpSÀ mwv ChnsS ]T-\- n\v Xnc-sª-Sp- n-cp _joà, hn.-si.f³, k - d-nb, hn.-]n. inh-ip-amà F n-h-cpss IY-I-fn lmkyw F{]-Imcw Bhn-jvIr-X-am- Ip p F v At\z-jn- -Xv. Ignª cæv A²ym-b- -fnâ \S- nb ]T-\- nâ \n v Dcp- -ncnª hne-bn-cp- -ep-iä t{imuo-i-cn- -pi-bmwv Chn-sS. sshcp²yamwv lmky- nsâ DÂ]- n v Imc-W-am-Ip- -sx A`n-{]mbw ]mýmxy]uckvxy ]Þn-XÀ pæv. \msyim-kv{x- nse ck-nn- -IÄ A`n-\-b-Iesb ASnØm\-am- n-bp-å-xm-wv. Imhy- nse ck-s - -än-bpå NÀ A`n-\-h-Kp- ]vx-\nâ XpS- p- p. lmky-s - än ISp-X ]T-\- Ä ]mým-xy-\m-sp-i-fn-emwv Dæm-bn-«p-Å-Xv. lmky- nsâ Dd-hnSw,e- yw, {]Xn-]m-Z-\-coXn {]tbm-àm-hnsâ at\m- `mhw F n-hsb Bkv]Zam- n-bmwv lmky-hn-`p\w. ae-bm-fn-bpss kl-p-hm-k-\-i-fnâ H mwv \À½]mS-hw.]g-s m-ãpi-fpw- \m-s³]m«pifpw IYm-Km-\- fpw lmky- mâ k¼- am-wv. tic-f- nse A\pjvTm\þ A\p-jvTm-t\-Xc Iem-cq-]- -fnepw lmky-]m-shw {]I-S-am-Wv. Imfn-Zm-cpI ]pcm-hr- - nsâ BJym-\-am-bn-«pÅ ]ts-\-nbnse \memw- cwkw CXn-hr- -hp-am-bn 385

2 bmsxmcp _Ô-a-nÃm- -Xpw lmky-]qà -hp-am-wv. ae-bmf kmln-xy- nse lmkyw txme-\nâ XpS- p- p. hnhn[ kmln-xy-{]-øm-\ -fnse A\pIc-W- Ä CÃm-XmbXv ]cn-lm-k-ir-xn-i-fn-eq-ss-bm-wv. AXXv Ime- -fnse hyh-øm-]nx `mjm-cq-]- fnâ \n v `n- -amwv lmky-ir-xn-i-fnse `mj. sndp-iy F kmln-xy-cq-]- n\v Hcp \qäm-ænsâ Ncn-{X-amWv DÅ-Xv. F mâ a\p-jy³ `mj-d-]-tbm-kn p XpS- nb ImewapXÂ IY-I-fp-æm-bn-«p-æv. thz-im-et mfw ]g- -ap-å-xmwv `mc-x- nsâ IYm-N-cn-{Xw. snmâ -Y-I-fp-sSbpw ]m«p-i-y- I-fp-sSbpw ]mc-¼-cy-amwv tic-f- n-\p-å-xv. Iq v ]d-ªn-cp NmIymcpw IqS-nbm-«- nse hnzq-j-i\pw lmkym-[n-jvtn-x-amb IY-]-d- n-en\v ASn- -d-bn-«p. ]S-b-Wn-bnse t] Y-Ifpw XpÅ-ense ]pdwiy-ifpw Cu kz`mhw {]I-S-am- p- -h-bm-wv. B\p- Im-enI {]kn-²o-i-c-w- Ä Bcw-`n- -txm-ss-bm-wv. ae-bm-f- nâ sndp-iy F kml-nxy-cq]w Dæm-b-Xv. ss{ikvx-h-an-jw-dn-amà {]kn-²o-icn ss n-fnse elp- I-Y-I-fn-emWv ae-bmf sndp-i-y-bpss BZn-cq-]w. ae-bm-f- nse BZy-I-Y-bm-bn I-cp- Xp hmk-\m-hn-irxn IYm-Jym\ ]mc¼cyw {]I-S-am- p- -Xm-Wv. lmkym-[n-jvtn-x-amb IY-]-d- nâcoxn kpøm-]-nx-am-ip- Xv hnzq-j-i-\-neq-ssbm-wv. kwkvir- nse ]pcm-w-i-y-iä km[m-c-w- mà v a\-ên-em-ip- -hn-[- nâ efn-x-am-b- `mjbnemwv hnzq-j-i³ Ah-X-cn- n- -Xv. kwkvir-xhpw ae-bmfhpw CS-IeÀ an{i-`m-j-bnâ. kaq-l- nâ \ne\n n-cp Xn -IÄs -Xnsc ià-amb ]cnlm-k-amwv NmIymÀ \S- n-b-xv. Xsâ ap nâ Ccn- p cmpm-hn-s\-t]m-epw- ]-cnlkn- m-\på Ah-Imiw NmIym-À- p-æm-bn-cp- p. {][m-\-ambpw aq p khn-ti-j-x-i-fmwv hnzq-ji ]mc-¼-cy- n-ep-å-xv. (1) IY-bpsS BJym\w (2) AXn-\p-]-tbm-Kn- -`mj (3) AXnse ]cn-lmkw. 386

3 Cu ]-Ým- -e- nâ _jo-dn-tâbpw hn.-si.-f³.-tâbpw IY-IÄ Xmc-Xay-]-T- \- n\v kzoicn- m-hp- -Xm-Wv. ae-bm-f-i-y-bnse dnben-ìniv bpk- n-emwv _joà kmln-xy-cwkt v IS- p-h- -Xv. Imhym-ßIdnb-en-k-L-«- n-emwv hn.-si -F³. IY-sb-gp p XpS- n-b-xv. hyxy-kvxim-e v IY-sbgpXn XpS- n-b-hà F p-am-{xaã Ch-cpsS PohnX]Ým- -ehpw XnI pw hn`n- -am-bn-cp- p. ae-bm-f-km-ln-xy- n\v At -hsc A]-cn-N-nX-ambn-cp Hcp kmaq-ly-ta-j-e-sb, B ta-j-e-bnâ Xs - bpå HcmÄ Bhn-jvImc-hn-j-b-am n F -XmWv _jo-dnsâ {]txy-i-x. CÉmw-aX hnizm-k- -fnâ IS- p-iq-snb AÔ-hn-izm-k- -sfbpw A\m-Nm-c- -sfbpw ]cn-lmk-hn-j-b-am- pi IqSn _joà snbvxp. -D- ctic-f- nse \mbàx-d-hm-snsâ ]mc-¼cy-am-wv. hn.-si.-f³.\v ]Ým- -e-am-bp-å-xv. Cu sshhn[yw \ne-\n-evs - -s - bmwv IY-I-fnse kmzriyw At\zjn- p- -Xv. ae-bmfiy-bpss hmnn-im-jym\]mc-¼-cy- n\v ]pxp-a-bmà -am\w \ÂInb-_- joà IY-]-d- -nep-im-c³ F t]cn\vv AÀl-\m-bn. hmsam-gn-bpss iànbpw kucyhpw Xs -bmwv hn.-si.-f³. IY-Isf {it²-b-am- p LS-I- - -fn-sem- v. NmIymcpsS IY-\-coXn DÄs måpi am{x-a-ã ]pcp-jmà - q- nsâ ]p\-c-h-x-cww IqSnbmWv hn.-si.-f³ IY-IÄ. ` W, kv{xo hà -\-I-fn-emWv hnzq-j-i³ Gsd Xmev]cyw ImWn- p- -Xv. kp`n- -amb ` -W-hÀ -\-bpw- Øqeamb kv{xoi-cochà -\bpw hn.-si.-f³. IY-I-fn ImWmw. Zmcn{Zy nsâ Xo{hX A\p-hm-N-Is\ A\p-`-h-s - Sp- n-sim-sp _joà Xsâ- ]n-ev me IY-I-fn AXnYn kâ m-c- n\v Gsd {]m[m\yw \evip- p. hn.-si.-f³.sâ e v _jo-dnsâ Fcn-hnsâ Ic- nâ F o- I-Y-Isf {it²-b-am- p- Xv ` Ww Ign- p- -Xnsâ kc-k-amb hnh-c-w-am-wv. UÂln-bn Nncn pwx{¼m³ tlm«-enâ \n v ] \pw aäpw ` Ww Ign- p- -Xnsâ hnh-c-w-amwv hn.-si.-f³. \S- p- -Xv. _jo-dnsâ ho«nâ F nb 387

4 sdm-\mäuv BjÀ p \ p- kâ mcamwv. Fcn-hnsâ Ic- nâ F IYbnse CXn-hr- w. B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS AS-bm-f-amb \mk-cn-i-x-bpss ]Ým- ew hn.- si.-f³ IY-bv pæv {KmaoW]Ým- -e-apå bym-x-ym-hn-jvim-c-amwv _jo-dnsâ IY. ` Ww Ign- p- Xv A\p-`-h-th-Zy-am-Ipw- hn[w kc-k-ambn Bhn-jvI-cn- p- - Xn-emWv kam-\x. Ccp-h-cp-tSbpw \nc-h[n IY-I-fn ` Whnh-cWw Dæv. hnt\m-z- n-\mbn thiym-{]m]vxn \nàt±-in- p hnzq-j-i³ D -ath-iybpss KpW- fpw hnh-cn- p- pæv. hn. si.f³.sâ e van- p«n F IY-bnse e van- p«n hnzq-j-isâ e -W- Ä FÃmw H nw- p thiy-bm-wv. DZm- -amb {]Wbw hn.-si.-f³ IY-I-fn ImWm-\n-Ã, axn-ep-i-fnset]mse \nc-h[n IY-I-fnepw _joà DZm -kvt\lw Ah-X-cn- n p pæv. Pohn- m³ amà -an-ãmsx thiym-hr n kzoicn-t -æn-h- -h-cpss ssz\yw _joà IY-I-fn Ah-X-cn- n- p- p. hn.-si.-f³.sâ ku-cy-e-lcn _jo-dnsâ hni v F o-i-y-i-fnâ ssewkn-im-k-àn-bmwv {]Xn- ]mzyw.bjym-\- nâ ImeL-«- n-tâ-xmb sshhn[yw \ne-\n-âipbpw sn p- p. X Ä krjvsn IYm-]m-{X- -fn-eqss klr-z-b-cpss a\-ênâ imizx{]xn-jvt t\-sm³ Ignªp F -XmWv hn.-si.-f³.dw _jo-dn-\p-apå asämcp kam-\-x. hyxykvx-i-y-i-fnâ Htc IYm-]m-{X- sf Ah-X-cn- n- m³ kà -[-\-cmb Fgp- p-imà pam-{xta Ign-bq. ] ³, Nm ³kv, F«p-Im-en-a-½q-ªv. s]m³ip-cn-ip-txma, B\- hmcncma³\m-bà F o-i-ym-]m-{x- -fn-eqss Cu IYm-Ir- p Ä Nnc-RvPo-hnXzw t\sn. hn.-si.-f³.sâ \ kv{xo, Zqc-ZÀi³, C³Ì³kv \ncq-]l-ww, kmwjyw, \mwzm-cv, B\-th-Wtam F o-i-y-ifnse IYm-]m-{X- Ä \t -abpw \mwzm-cp -am-wv. ] ³I-Y-IÄ F kam-lm-c- nse Hmtcm-I-Y-bn-tebpw ] ³ hyxy-kvx- I-Ym-]m-{X-am-Wv. 388

5 IqSn-bm-«- nse hnzqj-i³ Xsâ IYm-Jym-\- n\v {]txyi coxn-bn-epå `mj D-]-tbm-Kn- p. _joài-y-i-fpss khn-ti-j-`m-j-bmwv AXns\ lmkym-ß-i-am- p- - Xv. ]mc-¼-cy- nsâ ASn- -dbpw khn-ti-j-`m-jm-co-xn-bn-epå BJym-\-hp-amWv hn.- si.-f³. IY-I-sfbpw hyxn-cn-à-am- p- -Xv. hmsam-gn-tbm-s-sp p \nâ p- -XmWv Ccp-h-cp-tSbpw `mjmco-xn-iä. apéow-`m-jbv v kmln-xy- nâ cwk-{]-thiw \ÂInb hyàn-bmwv _joà. Cw ojpw ae-bm-fhpw IeÀ Hcp \ho\awn-{]-hm-f-amwv hn.-si.-f³. {]tbm-kn- -Xv.- kw-kv-ir-xhpw Xangpw hn.-si.-f³. `m-j-bnâ ImWmw. BZy- Im-e-I-Y-IÄ ]me- m-s³ hmsam-gn-`mj-bpss khn-tijx {]I-S-am- p- -Xm-Wv. Htc coxn-bn-epå `mj-d-]-tbm-kn p F Xn-e-à khn-ti-j-`m-j-bn-eqss {it²-b-cmbn F - XmWv C m-cy- nâ ChÀ på kam-\-x. cmjvsob kmaq-ln-i-cw-k- -fnâ h p-`-hn [mà½ni aqey-nyp-x-ns -Xnsc hnzqj-i-s\-t]mse ià-amb ]cn-lm-k-amwv Ch-cpsS IY-I-fn-epÅ-Xv. Hcp cmjv{sob {]Øm-\- n-sâbpw ] w ]nsn- msx A[n-Imccmjv{So-b- n-s\-xn-sc \ne-simæp F -XmWv Ch-cpsS kmaq-ln-i-i-y-i-fnse kam-\-x. `mj Xo{h-hpw [z\ym-ß-i-hp-am- Ip- Xv hn.-si.-f³. IY-I-fn-em-Wv. kzmx-{ y-k-ac Ime-L-«- nse {]Xo- -IÄ kzmx- { ym-\- -c-l-«- nâ \ncm-i-bm-ip- p. \ncm-lm-c-k-a-cw-t]m-epw I]-S-am-Ip- p. hn.-si- F³.sâ kacw _jo-dnsâ {]Xna F o-i-y-iä Xmc-Xayw sn mw. CÉmw-aX X z- -fnâ IS- p-iq-sn-bn-«på AÔ-hn-izm-k- fpw A\m-Nm-c- fpw _jo-dnsâ cq ]cn-lm-k- n\v hnj-b-am-ip- p.-a-x- nsâ ASn-Øm\X z- fpw ka-im-e A-h-Øbpw _joài-y-i-fnâ Ah-X-cn- n- p- p. Cu sshcp²y ZÀi\- n-eqss kaql nâ h p-`-hn- n-cn- p hnizm-k-]-c-amb aqey-nyp-xn-bpss Xo{hX A\p-`-hth-Zy-am-Ip- p. 389

6 B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS Ime- mwv k -dn-bbpw inh-ip-amdpw kmln-xy-cw-k-t v IS- p-h- -Xv. D -cm-[p-\n-i-x-bpss cn-\m-k-t -X- Ä AS-bm-f-s -Sp- p- -h-bmwv inh-ip-am-dnsâ IY- -IÄ. B[p-\n-I-X-bp-sSbpw D -cm-[p-\n-i-x-bp-ssbpw khn-ti-j-x- IÄ {]I-Sn- n- p IY-IÄ k -dnb Fgp-Xn-bn-«pæv XnI pw hyxy-kvx-amb ]Ým- -e-amwv Ccp-h-cp-tSbpw IY-IÄ p-åxv `mj-bp-tsbpw CXn-hr- - n-tâbpw Imcy- nâ ss{ikvx-h-]m-c-¼cyw k -dn-b-bpss IY-bv p-æv. tic-fo-b-amb þ HmWm-«p-Ic-bp-sSþ kmwk-vim-cni X\n-a-I-fmWv inh-ip-am-dnsâ IY-bpsS ]-Ým- ew. Cu sshcp²yw \ne-\nâs - s tic-fob IYm-Jym\]mc-¼-cys A\p-I-cn- p- - Xn-epw -a-c-ws Bhn-jvI-cn- p- -Xnepw Ch-cpsS IY-I-fn kam-\x ImWmw. Pohn-X- nsâ A\n-hm-cy-amb acww B[p-\nIIYm-Ir- -p -fpss BJym-\- hn-j-b-am-wv. BZyIm-e-I-Y-I-fn acww lmkym-ß-i-ambn Ah-X-cn- n inh-ip-amà ]n osv acww Xs apjycxn-hr- -am- p- p. ac-w-cw-k- Ä \nêw-k-ambpw \nàhn- Im-c-ambpw At±lw Ah-X-cn- n- p- p. Bizm-k-Zm-b-I-ambn IS- p-h-cp ac-w-cw-k- Ä t]mepw inh-ip-amà IY-I-fn-ep-æv. Xncy p-i-fn-eqss a\p-jy-po-hn-x- nsâ- \n- Êm-c-Xbpw \nê-lm-bm-h-øbpw Ah-X-cn- n v k -dnb ac-ws apjm-apjw ImWp {]Xo-Xn-t]mepw IY-I-fn Bhn-jvI-cn- p. _me-a-\-ên-eqss ac-w-ckw Bhn-jvI-cn- p coxnbpw k -dn-b -kzo-i-cn- n«pæv. k -dn-b-bpss CubnsS \S Nne-ZpÀa-c-W- Ä F -I-Y-bpw inh-ip-am-dnsâ b n F IYbpw ac-ws lmkym-ß-i-ambn Ah-X-cn- n- p- p. ]g-b-km-ln- Xy-IrXnIfpw ]pcmw Ncn-{X-k-À`- fpw A\p-I-c-W- n\v hnt[-b-am- p- Xv D cm-[p-\ni kmln-xy- nsâ coxn-i-fn-sem- m-wv. Nn m-hn-jvs-\mb cma³\m-bà F - I-Y-bn Nn m-hn-jvs-bmb kox F Imhy nse ]e {]tbm-k- fpw ISwsImÅp 390

7 IYm-Ir v ac-w-cwkw lm-kym-ß-i-ambn Ah-X-cn- n- p- p. knhnâ hnhmln{ni F IY-bnepw acwcwkw lmkym-ß-i-ambn A\p-I-cn- p- p. ]{ -æmw- a-wn- qà, acn- -hsâ temi v an w F v F o IY-I-fn acww \nêw-k-ambpw \nàhn-im-cambpw Ah-X-cn- n- p- p. Im m-cn, Ipfn,- `m-c-x-am-xmhv F o IY-I-fn inh-ip-amà ac-w-cwkw Bizm-k-Z-mb-I-amb A\p-`-h-am- n- -am-äp- p. ae-bmfiy-bpss BJym\]mc-¼cyw ]p\-c-h-x-cn- n- p- -Xnepw lmkyw Iq«m- Ip- p. A½p-½- -Y-I-fpsS BJym-\-coXn am{x-aã Xncy- p-isf IYm-]m-{X-am- p-i, KpW-]m-Tw- tnà pi F o cox-nifpw k -dnb lmkym-ß-i-ambn A\p-I-cn- p- p. inh-ip-amà IS- -Y-IÄ hsc ]pxnb `mh-x-e- nâ Ah-X-cn- n- p- p-æv. ssl-hamb Hcp kmwkvim-cni \n-a-bmwv inh-ip-amà IY-I-fp-sS- A- À`mhw. iip-\-nn- bpw _en-xà -Whpw Hs IY-bn ]cm-aài-am-ip- Xv AXnsâ,kq-N-\-bm-Wv. HmWm-«p-I-c-bpsS kmwkvim-cni \na BI-Y-IÄ v ]Ým- -e-tim-`-\âip- p. ss{ik-xh hnizm-k- fpw PohnXcoXn-I-fpw k -dn-b-bpss IY-I-fpsS A À`m-ham-Ip- p. {InkvXp-a-X-hn-izm-k- -fnepw ss{ikvx-h-k-`-bnepw h p-`-hn- n-cn- p aqey- -IÀ k -dn-b-bpss Bt -]-lm-ky-i-y-iä v CXn-hr- -am-ip- p. _jo-dnsâ kmap-zm-bni hnaài-\- Ä IY-bpsS hmnymà -X-e- nâ \nâ p-t¼mä k -dn-bbpss Bt -]-lmkyw hyrvp-\-bpss Xe- n-emwv ]qà -am-ip- -Xv. kmaq-lni cmjv{sob cwk- -fnse aqey-nypxn-s -Xn-sc-bpÅ hnaài-\- Ä cæpt]-cpss IY-I-fnepw ImWmw inh-ip-am-dnsâ kmln-xy- nâ IY-IÄ p-å-øm\w, Xnc-sª-Sp IY-IÄ v Hcm-apJw, BtZi-k-Ôn, k -dn-b-bpss aq mw-ins kmln-xy- nsâ A yw, Hcp {Iqc-\-{km-Wn-bp-sS-I-Y, Hcp kp-c-kôy F o-i-y- IÄ kmln-xy-cw-ks aqey-tim-jww hnaài\hnt[-b-am- p- -h-bmwv. 391

8 kxy-{]-xnú, \½psS ]dpzo-km-\-jvsw, a\p-tjym-]-imc{]z-amb Nne-I-æp-]n-Sn- - Ä, X«n-  Ipªp-hdoZv ]n n-cnªp t\m p- p(-k- -dn-b) ]g-h- msn KW-]- Xnbpw Igp-X-bpw, [m\y- p-c-bnâ, Xh-f-]n-Sp- - m-cmb cæpt]à,-nn mhnjvs-\mb cma³\m-bà (in-h-ip-amà)- F- o- I-Y-IÄ cmjv{so-bcwk v h p-`-hn aqey-nyp-xnsb ]c-nl-kn- p- -Xm-Wv. IY-I-fpsS Xe-hm-N-I- -fpss Imcy- nâ {i²-n s -«-h-cmwv Ccp-h-cpw. tic-f- nsâ kmwkvim-cni \na hnfn-t m-xp- -h-bmwv inh-ip-am-dnsâ IY-I-fpsS t]cp-iä. k -dn-b-bm-is«]{x- -fpss hmà -I-fpsS Xe-hm-NIw t]mse \oæ-hm- Iy- Ä Xs D]-tbm-Kn- p- p. Xs bpw Xsâ IpSpw-_mw-K- -sfbpw kplr- p- -sfbpw lmky IYm-]m-{X- -fmbn Ah-X-cn- n _joà Btßm-]-lm-k-I³ F t]cnâ Adn-b-s «p. D -cm- [p-\ni IY-I-fn AXn-IY F kt -X-a-\p-k-cn v IYm-Ir pw IY-F-gp pw Hs IYbv v hnj-b-am-imw. k -dn-bbpw inh-ip-amdpw thj-]-ià -bn-ãm-sx- Xs IY-Ifn {]Xy- -s -Sp- p. a v F IY-bnse IYm-]m-{X-amb timtfpv A²ym-]-I³ IY-sb-gp-Xp hn.-]n.-in-h-ip-amà Xs bmsw v shfn-s -Sp- p- p. Hcp {Iqc \{km- Wn-bpsS IY F -I-Y-bn t{]wip-amà F IYm-]m{Xw kao-]n- p- Fgp- p-imc³ ao\- nâim-c³ Hcp \{km-wn-bm-bn-cp- p. UÂln-bn ]{X-{]-hÀ -I-\m-bn-cp Imes A\p-`-h- -fmwv hn.-si.-f³.sâ ] ³IY-IÄ v ASn-Øm\w. ] \pw Hcp ]{X-{]-hÀ -I-\mWv F Xv bmzr-ýn-i-a-ã. ]me- ms«xsâ ]cn-n-b- msc ]e-tcbpw hn.-si.-f³.-lm-ky-mß-i-ambn Ah-X-cn- n- n-«pæv F v At±-l- nsâ `mcybpss HmÀ½- p-dn- nse hnh-cwhpw ChnsS {]k-à-am-ip p

9 Cu ]T-\- nâ \n v Dcp- n-cnª \nk-a-\- fpw Isæ epifpw NphsS t{imuo-icn p p. \À½hm-k-\bpw Nncnbpw a\p-jy\pam-{x-apå khn-ti-j-kn²nbmwv. B_m-e-hr²w P\- Ä pw Bkz-Zn m³ Ign-bp ck-amwv lmkyw. sshcp-²y- nâ \n v lmkyw Dæm-Ip p F X zw ]mýmxy]uckvxy Nn -I-fn ImWmw. lmky- nsâ {]I-S-\- nsâ ASn-Øm-\- n-emwv `c-x-ap\n lmkys hn`-pn- p- -Xv. lmky- nsâ Dd-hnSw,e yw,{]-xn-]m-z-\-coxn {]tbm-àm-hnsâ at\m-`mhw F nh-sb Bkv]Z-am- n-bmwv ]mým-xy-hn-`-p\w. ae-bm-fn-bp-ss- klpamb Ign-hp-I-fn H mwv \À½-]m-S-hw. ]g-s m-ãp-ifpw \ms³ ]m«p-ifpw \mtsm-sn-km-\- fpw lmky-k-¼- -amwv. Imfn-Zm-cp-I ]pcm-hr w Ah-X-cn- n- p- - I-em-cq-]- -fnâ t]mepw ka-ime kmaq-ln-im-h-ø-isf ]cn- -l-kn- p -cwkw Dæv. ^enx ]cn-lm-k- -fmwv XpÅ Iebv v ae-bm-fn-bpss a\-ênâ Ønc -{]-XnjvT \ÂIn-b-Xv. irwkm-c,-hoc ck-{]-[m-\- -fmb IY-I-fn-bnepw lmkyck {][m-\-amb cwk- Ä Dæv. lmkym-[n-jvtn-x-amb IYm-Jym-\- n\v ASn- -d-bn-«xv Iq p]dª NmIymcpw IqSn-bm-«- nse hnzq-j-i-\p-amwv. txme-\nâ XpS- p ae-bmf lmky-km-ln-xy- n\v k¼- -amb Ncn{Xw Dæv. hnhn[ {]Øm-\- -fn-ep-æmb A\p-I-c-W- -fpss s]cp-sh-å-]m- n-en\v XS-bn-«Xv ]cnlmkih-\- -f-mwv. 393

10 khn-ti-j-amb Hcp `mjmcoxn lmky-irxnifnâ ImWmw. tih-e-amb Nncn F -Xn-ep-]cn kmaq-lni \ -sb-bmwv ae-bm-f-lmkyw ASn-Øm\ e yam nbxv. sndp-iy F kmln-xy-cq]w ]mýmxykzm[o-\- mepæm-b-xm-sw- nepw a\pjy³ `mj D]-tbm-Kn- m³ XpS- nbimew apxâ IY-I-Ä Dæm-bn-«pæ.v `mc-xob IYm-]m-c-¼-cy- n\v thz-im-e-t mfw ]g- -apæv. EtKzZw XpS- p- -Xp-Xs Aán-bpsS IY ]d-ªp-sim-æmwv. snmâiy-i-fp-ssbpw ]m«p-i-y-i-fpssbpw cq]- n-emwv aebmfiy-bpss {]mivcq]w. ]{X-am-kn-I-I-fpsS DÛ-h-t mssbmwv sndp-iy F kmlnxy-cq]w {]N-cn- Xv. ae-bmf nse IYm-Jym\- n-sâbpw lmky- n-sâbpw ]mc-¼cyw shfn-s -Sp- p- -XmWv hmk-\m-hn-irxn F IY. BZy-X-e-ap-d-bn s]«-h-cpss IY-IÄ FÃmw \À½-ck{][m-\-amWv. \thm- m-\-imeiy-i-fnâ I o-cnâipxnà lmky-amwv ImWp- Xv. sfd-wnbpw Idp- -Nn-cn-bp-amWv ( Black Humour) B-[p-\nIIY-I-fnse lmky kz`mhw. lmkym\pic-w nsâ sshhn-[y-amwv D -cm-[p-\ni IY-Ifn ImWp- -Xv. ae-bm-f- nse hmnn-im-jym\]mc-¼-cy- n\v ]pxp-a-bmà am\w \evinb IYm-Ir- mwv _joà. A\\p-I-cWobamb `mjbpw BJym-\-ssi-en-bp-amWv _joàiy-i-fnse lmky- n-\-sn-øm-\w. apéow-hm-samgnt`z- Ä v kmln-xy- nâ cwk-{]-th-i\w \evin. 394

11 Xs bpw Xsâ IpSpw-_mw-K- -tfbpw kplr- p- -tfbpw lmky-i-ym-]m-{x- -fmbn Ah-X-cn- n- p.-po-hnxm\p`-h- -fpss bymxy hnh-c-w- Ät]mepw DÂIr-jvS-I-YIfmbn-am-dn-bXv Cu lmky{]tbm-kw-sim-æmwv sshcp²yw lmky- n\v tlxp-hm-ip-sa- -X zw _joà IY-IÄ ASn-h-c-bn-Sp- p. kzx-:kn-²amb \À½]mShhpw IY-I-fnse ` -W-hn-h-c-Whpw hnzq-ji ]mc- ¼-cys shfn-s -Sp- p p. kmaqlni- cmjv{sob cwk- -fnse aqey-nyp-xn-s Xnsc ià-am-b-]-cn-lmkw _joà IY-I-fn Dæv CÉm-waX X z fnepw hnizmk- -fnepw IS- p-ip-snb A\m-Nm-c- Äs -Xnsc-bpÅ ]cn-lm-k- n-eqss _joà aqéow -\-thm- m\\mb-i³ F -]-Z-hn- Àl-\mbn NmIym-cpsS IY-\-co-Xnbpw \¼ym-cpsS ^en-x-hm-k-\bpw hn. si. F³. IY-I-fn ka-\z-bn- p p hnhn[ hmsam-gn-t`-z- Ä, Ah-bpsS iànbpw ku-cyhpw \ne-\nà ns mæv hn.-si.-f³. Ah-X-cn- n- p p. hnzq-j-isâ ]pcp-jmà IY-\- nsâ P\m-[n-]-Xy-bp-K- nse ]p\-c-h-x-c-wamwv hn. si. F³. IYIfn ImWp- Xv. lmky-kr-jvsn- p-x-ip khn-ti-j-amb `mjm-ssi-en hn si F³ IY-I-fpsS {]txy-i-x-bmwv. A[n-Im-c- nsâ aqey-nyp-xn-s -Xnsc hm v At±l n\v h-{p-mbp[amip- p. B[p-\n-I-X-bp-tSbpw D -cm-[p-\n-i-x-bp-tsbpw kt -X- Ä AS-bm-f-s -Sp- p - I-Y-IÄ hn. si. F³. FgpXn. sshhn[yamà kmaq-lni ]Ým- ew DÄs m-åp-t¼mä Xs hnzq-j-i-]mc-¼-cy- nsâ kzm[o\w _jodn-tâbpw hn.si.f³. sâbpw IY-I-fn ImWmw 395

12 Htc IYm-]m-{X- sf hyxy-kvx-cmbn hnhn[ IY-I-fn Ccp-hcpw Ah-X-cn- n p. hyxykvx ]mc-¼-cy- -fnâ \ne-bp-d- n psimæp-xs Hcp cmjv{sob I nbp-ssbpw ] w ]nsn- msx A[nIm-c- n-s\-xnsc \ne-sim-åp- -XmWv Ccp-hcp-sSbpw Bt -]-lmky IY-IÄ. B[p\n-I-X-bpsS Ime- v km-lnxycwk v IS- p-h- -h-cmwv k -dn-bbpw inh-ip-am-dpw. F mâ D -cm-[p-\n-i-x-bpss kmln-xy-k-t -X- -fmwv inh-ipam-dnsâ IY-IÄ kqnn- n- p- -Xv. ae-bmf IYm-]m-c-¼-cy- nse hmnn-im-jym\ssien, XncyIv ]pcmww F nh k -dnb lmky-mß-i-ambn A\p-I-cn- p- p. mkniv P\{]nb kmln-xy-`m-j-iä A\p-I-cn- p- -txm-ssm w ss nä `mjbpssbpw hw- -am-k`mjmssien-bpssbpw kzm[o-\hpw k -dn-b-bpss IrXn-I-fn ImWmw. tic-fo-b-x-bpss `mk-amb IYm-Jym-\w, iip\nn,-kw-kvimc X\n-a-IÄ, F nh inh-ip-amà A\p-I-c-W- n\v hnt[bam p- p. cmjv{sob kmaq-ln-i-cw-k- -fnse aqey-x-ià Ccp-h-cp-tSbpw Btj-]-lm-ky-I- Y-I-fn hnaài\hnt[-b-amip p. Zpc- m-ßi lmkyw k -dn-b-bp-ssbpw inh-ip-am-dnsâbpw IY-I-fn-epæv. ac-ws \nêw-khpw \nàhn-im-c-hp-ambn am{x-aã lmkym-ß-i-ambpw ChÀ Ah-X-cn- n- p- p. ae-bm-fn-bpss kl-p-kz-`m-h- -fn-sem- mb \À½-t_m[w ae-bmf sndp-i-y-bpss ASn-Øm\ `mh- -fn-sem- mbn \ne-sim-åp- p. hmk-\m-hn-ir-xn-bnâ XpS n ssk_à I-Y-I-fn hsc F n-\nâ p sndp-i-y-i-fnâ CXv {]I-S-amWv. 396

13 kaq-l-\- sb ASn-Øm\ e y-am n F n-t\bpw \À½]cn-lm-k-t mss t\cn-sp ae-bmf lmky-]m-c-¼cyw Xs -bm-wv Cu IY-I-fnse lmky- nsâ ASn-Øm\ kz`m-hw. ae-bm-f-i-y-bnse Hmtcm L«- n-tâbpw s]mxp-kz-`m-h- n-\-\p-cn v lmkym-hn-jvi-cwcoxn amdp p F p-am{xw. Hmtcm Ime-t bpw kmln-xy-`mj-i-fnâ \n v hn`n- -amb khn-ti-j-`mjbmwv lmky-km-ln-xy- n-\p-å-xv. ae-bmf sndp-i-y-bnse lmky-ck{][m-\-amb IY- I-fpsS `mj hne-bn-cp- p-t¼mgpw CXv bmymà y-am-sw v hcp- p. ASn- p-dn v 1 hn.-si.-f³.-uâln tubvkv 2007 ]pdw

14 {KÙkqNn ae-bmfw 1. AIv_À I -«nâ : kà kao, Un.-kn. _p v, tim«bw, ANypX³.Fw. : sndp-iy C se C v: kmlnxy {]hà Ikl-I-cW kwlw, tim«-bw, A ³. si.-]n. : IY BJym-\hpw A\p`-h-k- bpw, Un.-kn. _p v, tim«-bw, A ³. si.-]n. : Ie-lhpw hnizm-khpw, Un.-kn.-_p- v, tim«bw, A ³. si.-]n. : amdp aebmf t\mhâ, KuXa ]»n-t - j³,b-e- pg, A ³ si.]n : hc-ifpw hà - fpw,un.-kn.-_p- v, tim«bw, A ³ X¼p-cm³ : kwl- fn, A - ]-Wn- À.sI (tum.) : A -:k- n-thiw, ticf `mjmc³ìnäyq«v Xncp-h-\- -]pcw A - ]-Wn- À.sI (tum.) : A - -]-Wn- -cpss IrXn-IÄ., Un.-kn.-_p- v, tim«bw, A - ]-Wn- À.sI (tum.) : C y³km-lnxykn²m w {]k-ànbpw km[y-xbpw; tic-f-`mjm C³Ìn-äyq«v Xncp-h-\- -]qcw A - ]-Wn- À.sI(tUm.) (FUn.) : 100 hàjw 100 IY Un.-kn.-_p v tim«bw, 12. B\--Ip-«³ \mbà.-hn. (k¼m:) : tic-f-`m-jm-km-\- Ä, tic-f-km-lnxy A m-z-an, XrÈqÀ, D n-ir-jvw³ F.-Fw. : NnXbpw NnZm-Im-ihpw Idâ v_p v XrÈqÀ D n-ir-jvw³ \mbà. hn.(fun.) : lmky{]im-iw -krvpb³ kvamci {KÙw:amXr`qan timgn-t msv, Djm-_m-e-Ir-jvW³ (kam) : hni- n-sâ-i-yä: {Ko³_pIvkv, Ddp-aokv Xc-I³ ]md-bnâ : Ddp-aokv Xc-Isâ D]-\ym-k- Ä. Un.-kn.-_p v tim«bw, Fgp- -ѳ : alm-`m-cxw,kmlnxy {]hà Ikl-I-cW kwlw, tim«-bw,

15 18. Fgp- -ѳ.-sI.-F³. : sxc-sª-sp {]_-Ô- Ä,kmlnXy A m-zan XrÈqÀ, IÀ m. ]n.kn : ]g-s mâ{]]- w, Un.-kn.-_p- v, tim«bw : Im ³.-F-kv. : Iem-kr-jvSn-bpsS Dd-hn-Sw(-hn-h.) : Idâ _p v tim«bw Ipª³]n-Å, Cfw-Ipfw(hym-Jym.): -eo-em-xn-eiw : \mj-wâ _p vìmä tim«-bw, Ipª³]n-Å,- C-fw-Ipfw : `mjbpw kmln-xyhpw \qämæpifnâ kmlnxy {]hà I -kl-i-cw kwlw, tim«-bw Ipªp n : Ipªp- n -hn-x-iä : Idâ_p v, tim«bw, Ip«n-Ir-jvW-am-cmÀ : `mcx]cy-s\w, kmlnxy {]hà I kl-i-cw kwlw, tim«-bw, Ip«n-Ir-jvW-am-cmÀ : cmpm- Ww, amcmà kmln-xy-{]-imiw, tim-gn-t m-sv, Ip«n-Ir-jvW-am-cmÀ : kmln-xy-hnzy,amcmàkm-lnxy {]Imiw timgn-t msv, Ip«n-Ir-jvW-am-cmÀ : lmky-km-lnxyw: amcmàkm-lnxy {]Imiw,tImgn-t msv, Ipam-c-\m-im³ : k¼qà ]Zy-Ir-Xn-IÄ kmlnxy {]hà I -kl-i-cw kwlw, tim«-bw IrjvW-ssI-aÄ Abva\w : B«- -Ym-km-lnXyw, tic-f-`mjm C³Ìnäyq«v, Xncp-h-\- -]pcw IrjvW-ssI-aÄ Abva\w : D n- n-cp-txhnncnxw \mj-wâ (hym-jym-\w) _p vìmä,tim«-bw, IrjvW-N-{³. hn.-bà. : ]pcp-jmà -Iq- v, tic-f-km-lnxy A m-zan, XrÈqÀ IrjvW-]n-Å. F³ : ssic-fn-bpss IY, kmlnxy{]hà Ikl-I-cW kwlw, tim«-bw, IrjvW-]n-Å.-C.-hn. : C.-hn. IrXn-IÄ,Un.kn._p v tim«bw, tic-f-hà½.-kn.-bà : Nncn, \mj-wâ _p vìmä,tim«-bw, tic-f-h-à-½.-kn.-bà. : Nncnbpw, Ic- nepw kmln-xy-]-cn-j v kl-i-cw kwlw Fd-Wm-Ip-fw, tic-f-hའA½ma³ X¼p-cm³ : Iq pw IqSn-bm-«hpw awk-tfm-zbw, XriqÀ simã-hàjw

16 37. KtW-iv.-sI.-F³. : tic-f- nsâ C -se-iä kmwkvim-cni {]kn-²o-i-cw hip v, Xncp-h-\- -]p-cw, 38. tkmipâzmkv.-fw.(-fun.) : \K-cm- cw, lcn-x- ]p-kvxiti{w XrÈqÀ tkmz-hà½.si : {]_Ôkam-lmcw, kmlnxy {]hà Ikl-I-cW kwlw, tim«-bw, tkmhn-³ip«n Xma-äm«v : \mtsm-sn- m-«p-iä, ]n.-si. {_tzgvkv, timgn-t msv, KwKm-[-c³ Xn p-dpin (k-¼m) : tic-f-hà½-i-y-iä,kmlnxy {]hà Ikl-I-cW kwlw, tim«-bw, N{-ti-J-c-hm-cyÀ Fw.-F-kv. (]-cn-tim-[i³) : {ioa-zv`m-k-hxw, Un.-kn.-_p v tim«bw: Nmt m. ]n.än. : kmlnxyx zw, kwkvim-cni {]kn²on- I-cW hip- v, Xncp-h-\- -]p-cw, Nmt m. ]n.än. : ku-cy-zài\w, Un.kn _p v tim«-bw, 45. Np½mÀ Sn.-Fw. : KZy-km-lnXyNcn{Xw,\mj-W _p vìmä,tim«-bw, Np½mÀ Sn.-Fw. : ]Zy-km-ln-Xy-N-cn{Xw, \mj-wâ _p vìmä,tim«-bw, sndp-tècn : IrjvW-KmY,kmlnXy {]hà I-kl- I-cW kwlw, tim«-bw, Pam sim - msn : apéow kmaq-ln-i Po-hnXw ae-bm-f-t\m-henâ, tic-f-km-lnxy A m-zan XrÈqÀ, Pb-Ip-amÀ hnp-bm-ebw : _jo-dnsâ IYm-km-lnXyw Hcp ]T\w,kmln-Xy{]hÀ I kl-i-cw kwlw tim«bw, Pb-N-{³. Sn.-F³. : IY-bpsS ]n- nse IY kmln-xy{]hà I kl-i-cw kwlw tim«bw tpmk^v ]mtd- m-«nâ : IqZm-i-IÄ tpmk^v apæ-tècn : apæ-tè-cn-ir-xn-iä `mkw III Idâ-_p v, XrÈqÀ, tpmàöv. si.-fw. (-F-Un.) : B[p-\nI ae-bmfkmlnxyncn{xw {]Øm- \- -fn-eqss Un.-kn.-_p v tim«-bw,

17 54. tpmàöv si.-fw. (-F-Un.) : `mc-xob kmlnxy Ncn{Xw `mkw cæv tic-f-km-lnxy A m-z-an, XrÈqÀ tpmàpv. si.-fw. tum. (FUn.) : kmlnxy Ncn{Xw {]Øm-\- -fn-eqss \mj-wâ _p vìmä tim«-bw, tpmàöv Ccp-¼bw : D]m-kn- p p ZpxJ-s -Rm³, kmln- Xy{]hÀ I kl-i-cw kwlw, tim«-bw tpmàöv Ccp-¼bw : _jo-dnsâ temiw, kmln-xy{]hà I kl-i-cw kwlw, tim«-bw tpmàöv Ccp-¼bw : ae-bmf t\mhâ 19þmw \qäm-ænâ, kmwkvimcni {]kn-²o-i-c-w-h-ip- v, Xncp-h-\- -]pcw, Xc-I³. si.-fw. : A\-iz-c-\mb Ddq_v, kmln-xy{]hà I kl-i-cw kwlw, tim«-bw Xml, amsmbn (kam:) : IY-I-f-Xn-k-Zcw {Itbm ]»n-t -j³, timgn-t m-sv, txma-êv. kn.sp : Db-cp bh-\ni,\mj-wâ _p vìmä, tim«-bw, txmakv (k¼m:) : k -dn-b-bpss tbip: Un.kn. _p v tim«bw Zneo]v Fw.-F-kv. : hà n-bpss shfn-]m-sp-iä, kmln-xy {]hà I kl-i-cw kwlw tim«bw, 64. \tc-{-{]-kmzv: BÀ. : B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS a[ymów: ]qà :-timgn-t m-sv, \tc-{-{]-kmzv: BÀ. : Fsâ kmlnxy\ncq-]-w- Ä, Un.-kn.- _p v tim«-bw, \mbà. Fw.-BÀ. : krvp-b³ `mkw : H v amxr-`qan timgn-t msv \mbà.fw.- -BÀ. : kmln-xy-\n-i-jw, amxr-`q-an, timgn-t msv, \mbà. Fkv.-sI. : tic-f- nse \mtsmsn \ms-i- Ä bqwnth-gvknän Hm^v a{zm-kv, a{zm-kv, \mcm-b-w³ Im«p-amSw : ae-bmf \msi {]Øm\w ticf kmlnxy A m-zan XrÈqÀ, \mcm-bw ]njmtcmsn : Iem-temIw, tic-f-km-lnxym A m-zan XrÈqÀ,

18 71. \mcm-bw ]njm-tcmsn : Iq -¼-e- -fnâ kmln-xy{]hà I kl-i-cw kwlw tim«bw, \mcm-b-w-]n-jmt-cmsn : si.-]n. (hn.-h) `c-x-ap-\n-bpss \msy-imkv{xw. `mkw H pw, cæpw tic-f-km-lnxy A m-z-an- Xr-iqÀ 73. \mcm-b-w-ta-t\m³ hå-t mä : hå-t mä IrXn-IÄ, Un.kn._q v tim«bw \mcm-b-w³ ioshmffn : sh -Wn-Ir-Xn-IÄ Un.-kn. _p v tim«- bw, ]c-ta-iz-c³ GhqÀ : Ip ³ \¼ym-cpsS 36 Xpf-f-ep-IÄU n.- kn.-_p- v.,tim«bw ]c-ta-iz-c³\mbà. ]n.si. : kmln-xy-]- m-\-\³,{iocm-a-hn-emkw {]kv, simãw, ]c-ta-iz-c³]nå tas mã : ae-bm-f-lmky kmlnxy Ncn{Xw \mj- WÂ _pivìmä, tim«bw ]c-ta-iz-c³]nå tas mã : lmky-zài\w, \mj-wâ _pivìmä. tim«bw ]p\w \¼q-Xncn : `mjm-cm-am-bww N¼p tic-f-km-lnxy A m-zan XrÈqÀ t]mä.-fw.-]n. : Imhym-ZÀi\w,kmlnXy {]hà Ikl-I-cW kwlw, tim«-bw, t]mä.-fw.-]n. : sndp-iym{]øm\w, kmlnxy {]hà Ikl-I-cW kwlw, tim«-bw, t]mä.-fw.-]n. : t\mhâ kmlnxyw, kmlnxy {]hà Ikl-I-cW kwlw, tim«-bw, t]mä.-fw.-]n. : kmln-xy-hn-nmcw,kmlnxy {]hà Ikl-I-cW kwlw, tim«-bw, {]k- -cm-p³ : Xncn- -dn-hp-iä : kmlnxy {]hà I-kl- I-cW kwlw, tim«bw _joà:fw.-fw.(-f-un) : \ho-\-i-y, kmlnxy {]hà I-kl-IcW kwlw, tim«-bw, _joà. Fw.-Fw. : ae-bm-f-sn-dp-iymkmln-xy-n-cn{xw :tic-fkm-lnxy A m-z-an, XrÈqÀ _m_p Fw.-Pn. (F-Un.) : D -cm-[p-\n-iy, ämthm _pivkv, Xncp-\mhmb,

19 - v 88. _me-irjvw³ \mbà.än.-]n. : `mjm-ss\-j-[w-n¼p,kmlnxy {]hà I (hym-jym) kl-i-cw kwlw, tim«-bw, _me-ir-jvw-]nå tikcn : tik-cn-bpss kmln-xy-hn-aài-\- Ä, \mj-wâ _p vìmä tim«-bw, _me-n-{³ hs-t -S v : AÀ - -fpss Ie-lw, Idâ _pivkv tim«-bw, _me-n-{³ hs-t -S v : hm nsâ kucyimkv{xw, kmlnxy {]hà I-kl-I-cW kwlw,tim«- 403 bw, `mkvi-c³.-sn. : IrjvW-Km-Ym-]-T-\- Ä,kmlnXy {]hà I-kl-I-cW kwlw, tim«-bw, `mkvi-c-\p n ]n. : 19þmw \qäm-ænse ticfw `mà -h³]n-å. Pn : Im m-cn-èn-\m-siw,tic-f-`mjm C³Ìoäyq«v, Xncp-h-\- -]pcw a[p-kq-z-\³. Pn. : IYbpw ]cn-øn-xnbpw, Un.-kn.-_p v tim«bw amwnam[-h- NmIymÀ : \msyi-ev]-{zp-aw, tic-f-i-em-a-þ-ew, XriqÀ am[-h³. si.pn tima-te-g v : IYm-]-Ã-h- Ä {]`mxv _p v lukv Xncph-\- -]pcw apip³\m-bà Pn. : lmky-zp-c- - -fpss shfn-s -SÂ, {]`mxv _p vlu-kv, Xncp-h-\- -]pcw apl-½zv _joà ssh w : in n-sn-ap- ³ Un.kn. _p v tim«bw, 100. apl-½zv _joà ssh w : k¼qà IrXn-IÄ H pw cæpw `mk- Ä, Un.-kn.-_p- v tim-«bw: tacn-uâ^n-b(-k¼m:) : amàtxm-aêv Ipcymf-tÈ-cn-bpsS CS-b-te-J-\-kw-lnX : chn-ip-amà. si.-f-kv. : BJym-\- nsâ AS-cp-IÄ Un.-kn.-_p v, tim«-bw, chn-ip-amà. si.-f-kv. : BZy-Im-e-I-Y-IÄ, Idâ v_p v, tim«-bw, 104. chn-ip-amà. si.-f-kv. : IY-bpw- `m-hp-ixz]cn-wm-ahpw. Un.-kn.- _p v tim«bw

20 105. chn-ip-amà. si.-f-kv. : sndp-i-y -hm pwhgnbpw Idâ v_p v, tim«bw, cho-{³.-]n.-]n. : CS-s]-S-ep-IÄ : Un.-kn.-_p v tim«bw cml-h³ ] -\m-sv : sx hpw txmäw-]m«pw, kmlnxy{]hà I kl-i-cw kwlw tim«bw, cmp-ir-jvw³. hn. : sndp-i-y-bpss OÊv Un.-kn. _p v, tim«-bw, cmp-ir-jvw³.hn. : \K-chpw ImYn-I-`m-h-\-bpw- tic-f-km-lnxy A m-zan XrÈqÀ 110. cmp-cm-p-hའF. BÀ. : tic-f-]m-wn-\o-bw. \mj-wâ _p vìmä tim«-bw, cmp-cm-p-hའF. BÀ. : `mjm-`q-jww: \mj-wâ _p vìmä tim«-bw, cmp-ti-j-c³.-]n.si : AÔ\mb sszhw Un.kn. _p v tim«bw, 113. cmp-ti-j-c³.-]n.si : GIm- -\-K-c- Ä Un.kn. _p v tim«bw, 114. cmp-ti-j-c³.-]n.si : `mh-\m-xoxw : Un.kn. _p v tim«bw, cmpo-h³.-_n. : P\-\n-_n-U-amb Z -tkm-]pcw, Nn ]»nt -j³ Xncp-h-\- -]pcw, cma-ir-jvw³. C.-hn. : hm nse kaq-lw, Un.-kn.-_p v tim«-bw, 117. cma-ir-jvw³ tzi-aw-kew : ]pxn-b-ir-xn-]-g-b-s]m-cpä, ticf `mjm C³Ìn-äyq-«v, Xncp-h-\- -]p-cw., cma- p-dp- v, ap³jn : N o-n- -cw, v 119. cam-n-{³ IÃS : B[p-\n-I-cpsS IYm-{]-] w Cw{]nâ _p vkv simãw, cma-n-{³.-sn. : Nn{X-I-ebpw sndp-i-ybpw: Un.kn._p v tim«bw, cm-a-n-{³\m-bà ] -\ -(FUn.) : IYm-]-T-\- Ä, ]n.si.]cta-iz-c³\m-bà kvamci {SÌv Xncp-h-\- -]pcw, cma-n-{³ \mbàv ] \ : \f-n-cnxw ssic-fo-hym-jym\w Idâ,, _p v, tim«bw,

21 123. cma-n-{³ \mbàv ] \ -(FUn.) : ae-bm-f-km-ln-xy-n-cn{xw \qäm-æp-i-fn-eqss ]n.si.]cta-iz-c³\m-bà kvamci {SÌv Xncp-h-\- -]pcw, cma³ta-t\m³ ]p-t -g v : lmk-km-lnxyw, awk-tfm-zbw XrÈqÀ, enkn -amxyp : hn.-si.-f³.-]p-xn-b-]p-cp-jmà - -fpss N{I-hÀ n, kmlnxy {]hà I-kl-IcW kwlw,tim«-bw, eoem-h-xn.-fw. : ae-bmf Ihn-X-mkm-ln-Xy-N-cn{Xw, kmln- Xy-A- m-zan XrÈqÀ : hõ-e³ hmxp-tècn : IYbpw ^mâ-knbpw: Idâ _p vkv, tim«-bw, hk- ³.Fkv.-sI. : kmln-xy-]-t-\- n\v Hcm-apJw: (hn-h.) 129. hà n s]m³ip w : IY,kmln-Xy{]hÀ I kl-i-cw kwlw tim«bw, hmkp. si.-]n. : samgniäa-dp-sam-gn-iä, {]`m-xv, hmkp-tz-h³\m-bà.fw.-sn. : ImYn-Isâ ]Wn- pc, Idâ _p v, tim«- bw, hmkp-tz-h³]n-å- I-S½\n«: ]ts\n, tic-f-`mjm C³Ìo-äyq«v, Xncp-h-\- -]pcw, hn.-si.-f³ : UÂln-tUbvkv,Un.-kn. _p v tim«bw, 134. hn.-si.-f³ : sxc-sª-sp IY-IÄ Un.-kn.-_p- v, tim«bw hn.-si.-f³ : Zpjy- ³ amjv Id-â v-_pivkv, tim«bw, 136. hn.-si.-f³ : \qdp-an-\n- -Y-IÄ,Id-â v-_pivkv, tim«bw 137. hn.-si.-f³ : ] sâ Ubdn : Id-â v-_pivkv, tim«bw 138. hn.-si.-f³ : lmpymcv Un.-kn. _p v tim«bw, hnp-b-ir-jvw³ : C-cp-«n Dd- m-xn-cn- p HcmÄ, Un.-kn. _p v, tim«-bw, hnizw-`-c³ Infn-am-\qÀ : Hcp \qdp-\m-s³ ]m«q-iä \mjwâ _p v ÌmÄ, tim«-bw,

22 141. hnjvwp-\-¼q-xncn Fw.-hn. : \mtsm-sn-hn-úm-\obw, Un.-kn.-_p- v, -tim-«-bw, thwp-tkm-]³ \mbà Fkv.-hn. : lmkyw t\mhâ inev]- nâ amfp-¼³ ]»n-t -j³ Xncp-h-\- -]pcw them-bp-[³ ]Wn- -tècn : ]Xn-\m-bncw ]g-s m-ãp-iä, kmlnxy{] hà I kl-i-cw kwlw tim«bw, them-bp-[³ ]Wn- -tècn : ]g-s m-ãnâ ]Xn-cnÃ,kmlnXy{] hà I kl-i-cw kwlw tim«bw, thembp[³]nå. ]n.-hn. : Adnhpw A\p-`q-Xnbpw, Un.kn. _p v tim«bw, i c- nå. Pn. : kn.-hn.-bpss lmky-k- -ev]w, Un.-kn. _p v, tim«-bw, i p n sim«-c- nâ : sfxo-ly-ame Idâ _p v tim«bw icxv N{³, si.]n : A c Ie-bpsS ssnx\yw, kmln- Xy{]hÀ I kl-i-cw kwlw tim«bw, icxv N{³. si.-]n. : tihekucyw F anyy,kmln- Xy{]hÀ I kl-i-cw kwlw tim«bw, ià½. hn.fkv. : Ip ³ \¼n-bmcpw At±-l- nsâ IrXn-Ifpw \mj-wâ _p vìmä tim«-bw, inh-ip-amà hn.-]n. : Xe-Øm-\s l\p-am³ inh-ip-amà.-hn.-]n. : hn.-]n. inh-ip-am-dnsâ IYIÄ,I-dâ _p v XrÈqÀ inh-i- -c- nå : Ip ³ \¼ym-cpsS XpÅÂI-Y-IÄ kmlnxy A m-zan XrÈqÀ {iop³.hn.kn : IYbpw {]Xy-b-im-kv{Xhpw, Nn ]»nt -j³, Xncp-h-\- -]pcw 155. {io[-c³.-kn.-]n. : C s kmln-xy-im-c- mà, kmln-xythzn ]»n-t -j³ tim«-bw, k -dnb : A¼mSn, ]qà m-]-»n-t -j³kv, timgnt m-sv,

23 v v 157. k -dnb : Ip v, Idâ _pivkv XrÈqÀ, k -dnb : tkmhnw `P:aqV-atX!, Un.-kn. _p v, tim«-bw, k -dnb : `mkvi-c-]-t«-ecpw Fsâ Pohn-Xhpw Idâ _pivkv tim«bw, k -dnb : k -dn-b-bpss IY-IÄ :Un.-kn.-_p v tim«bw, k -dnb : k -dn-b-bpss s] I-Y-IÄ Un.-kn.-_p v tim«bw, k -dnb : kvxpxn-bm-bn-cn- s«sdbn³t_m _p v Xncp-h-\- -]pcw km\p. Fw.-sI. (No^v FUn-äÀ) : _joà hà -am-\- nsâ `mhn, Bibw _pivkv, timgn-t m-sv, kpip-amà Ago-t msv : ae-bmf kmln-xy-]-t-\- Ä kpi-amà Ago-t msv : hniz-km-ln-xy-]-t-\- Ä : Un.kn. _p v tim«bw lcn-ip-amà.-fw.-si. : Alw-t_m-[- nsâ kà m-ß-ix, tic-fkm-lnxy A m-zan XrÈqÀ tdmbn ]n.-kn.(f-un.) : Nncn-bpsS ]nxm-a-l³ Un.-kn.-_p v, tim«-bw, tdmbn ]n.-kn. : hn.-si.-f³. ^en-x- Ä Un.-kn.-_p v, tim«-bw, þþ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þþ Aa-c-tImiw : {XnthWn hymjym-\w. hmn-kv]xn ]c-ta-iz-c³ aqêxv, þþ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þþ : kàæ-hn-úm-\-tim-iw, `mkw cæv 407

24 ENGLISH 1 Abrams. M.H. A Glossary of Literary terms. Holt Rinchart and Winston Inc Adrian.H. Jaffe and Vigil Scott Holt (ed.) Studies in the short story Rinchant and Winston INC Alfred Eddy William, Swifts Satires and Personal Writings, Oxford university Press, London Alsop, Derek and walsh Chris. The Practice of Reading, Macmillan London, Ashley Brown & Kimmey John. Satire ( The Modes of Literature series) Chaks E Mersill Publishing Company Columbus Bakhtin, Mikhail. The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays, M. Holquist(ed), : University of Texas, Austin Bennet, Andrew (ed) Readers and Reading, London and New York Biswas, Goutam. Art as Dialogue, Indira Gandhi National centre for Arts, New Delhi, Calvin.S. Brown (ed) The Readers Companion to world Literature, A mentor book, New York, Crystal David and Dary. D: Investigating English style, Longman, London Danto, Artur C. Satire, Fontana Press, London, Eagleton, Terry. Literary theory: An Introduction, University of Minnisota press, Minneapohis Eco, Umberto. The Role of the Reader, Hutchinson University Press, London Eco, Umberto, Misreadings, trans, William weaver, Jonathan cape, London, George Meredith: Essay on Comedy 16 George Mikes: Humour in Memorium. 17 Gleason H.A Linguistic and English Grammar. 18 Highet Gilbert The Anatomy of Satire, Princeton University Press, London Holub Robert C. Reception theory A critical Introduction Methuen, London and New york, Hudson W.H. An Introduction to the Study of Literature George.C. Harapad. London I Ser wolfgang: The Act of Reading: A theory of Aesthetic Response: Baltimore London, James Howe The Making of Style Chilton Book Company, New York James Sully : Essay on Laughter 408

25 24 James Suther land, English Satire, The Nature of Satire, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, John Macy, The Story of the world Literature Washington square Press INC New York Karl Beckson and Arthur Ganz A Readers Guide to Literary terms. Vishal Publishers and Distributers Lawrance. The Short story, A critical Introduction by Valerio show longman INC New York Lawrence Perrine : Story and structure, Hancourt Brace Jovanocich Publishers samdiego Lodge, David(ed) Modern Criticism and Theory : Longman, London and New York, Max Emstman: The Sense of Humour 31 Pathak R.S(ed) Indian Reponses to Literary Theories, New Delhi Creative Books Pollaid Arthur, satire (The Critical Idiom) Methuen and Co.Ltd. London Richards I.A Principles of Literary Criticism. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London Sedge Wick.G.G Of Irony, Especially in Drama, Oxford University Press London Sigmund Freud Wit and its Relation to the Unconscious Srinivasa Iyengar.K.R. Rabindra Nath Tagore A critical Introduction : Sterling Publishers New Delhi Stephen Leacok, Humour its Theory and techniques Subramanyam Kanaa(Ed.) Modern Indian Short Stories, Indian Council for Cultural Relation, Azhad Bhavan New Delhi Suresh Chandra Banargi. A Companion to Sanskrit Literature : Motilal Banargidas, Delhi, Valsalakumari M. Indian Short story, in English themes and techniques William Henry Hudson: An Introduction to the study of Literature Lyall Book Dept. Ludhiana, William Mc Dougal, An out time Psychology Encyclopedia Britannica, The University of Chicago, Chicago,

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