ticf k m s]mxphnzym-`ymk hip v koam- v- -ti-cf Xncp-h-\- -]pcw

Transcription

1 ticf k m s]mxphnzym-`ymk hip v koam- v- -ti-cf Xncp-h-\- -]pcw tamuyqƒ F.- -]n, -bp.]n - {]Yam- -[ym- -]- -I mbp ZznZn\ amt\- -Pv vsa v v ]cn- -io- -e- -\w) STATE INSTITUTE OF EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT AND TRAINING - KERALA (SIEMAT-KERALA) Govt. Central High School Campus, Attakulangara, Thiruvananthapuram Phone No: , Fax: siematkeralatvm@gmail.com Website: 1

2 F.-]n, -bp.]n {]Yam-[ym-]-I mbp ZznZn\ amt\-pvsa v ]cn-io-e-\w (tamuyqƒ hni-zmwi-߃) ""KpW-ta- -bp hnzym-`ymkw Ip n-i-fpss Ah-Imiw'' "A m-z-ani anihneqss kviqƒ ani-hv' BapJw KpW-ta a-bp hnzym-`ymkw Ip n-i-fpss Ah-Imiw F Imgv - m-sn-\p- n \n psim v kmaqly] m-fn-ø-tømss s]mxp-hn-zym-e-b-ßsf ani-hns ti{µ-ßfm n am m-\p {]h Ø-\-߃ s]mxp-hn-zym-`ymk kwc- W b Øns `mk-ambn \S- p-i-bm-wv. hnzymebani-sh- m A m-z-ani ani-hm-wv. ani-hns ti{µ-ß-fm n s]mxp-hn-zym-e-b-ßsf am n-øo m-\p {]h Ø-\-ß-fn henb txmxn-ep P\-]- m-fn-ø-amwv Zriy-am-Ip- -Xv. k m, Xt±-ikzbw-`-cWÿm]-\- ߃, Fw.-]n, Fw.-F.-F, ]q -hn-zym nkwl-s\-iƒ, ]q m-[ym-]-i, ]q hnzym n-iƒ, a pk - -kw-l-s-\-iƒ, IqSmsX s]mxp-k-aq-lhpw CØc-Øn-ep {]h Ø-\-ß-fn ] m-fn-ifm-ip- p. apºv hnzym-`ym-k-h-ip- n-t\msp am{xw tn p-\n p{]-h Øn- n-cp kviqƒ F s]mxptajeÿm-]\w C v Xt±-ikzbw-`-cWÿm]-\-ßtfmSpw k t m-]cn apgp-h kwhn-[m-\-ßtfmspw Iq m-bva-itfmspw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ap- - ÿm]-\-ambn amdn-bn-i-gn ncn- p- p. Cßs\bp ÿm]-\-øns ta[mhn F \ne-bn {]Y-am-[ym-]-I /{]Y-am-[ym-]n-I-bpsS Npa-X-e-Ifpw DØ-c-hm-ZnXzßfpw ]Xn- -Sßv h n- n- p- v. k-l-{]-h Ø-I-cp-tS-bpw, c n-xm- fp-ts-bpw, kaq-l-øn-s bpw ]n p-w-tbmss A m-z-an-i-an-i-hn-\mbn Nn -bmb {]h Ø-\-߃ ÿm]-\-ta-[m-hn-bpss t\xr-xz-øn Bkq-{XWw snbvxp \S- n-em-t - -Xp- v. kviqfn-se- Øp apgp-h Ip n-iƒ pw G hpw ani hnzym-`ymkw \ Im-\p DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ap- -h-cpss t\xr-xz-amwv bym -Øn {]Y-am-[ym-]nI/{]Y-am-[ym-]-I-\p- -Xv. Aß-s\-sb- n kviqfns apt - -Øn-\m-bp Ht sd kz]v\-ßfpw k -ßfpw Ch p- m-iww. IqSmsX G hpw ani ÿm]-\-øns A m-z-an-ihpw kmaq-ly-hp-amb Npa-X-e-Iƒ Gs -Sp- m ÿm]\ta[mhn kzbw k -am-ti- -Xp- v. CXn-\-hsc klm-bn- pi F -XmWv Cu ]cn-io-e- \-Øns s]mxp-e yw. Hcp \ ÿm]\ta[mhnsb- Ip-dn- p k ]-߃ Xmsg- -d-bpw-{]-im-c-amimw. \ `c-w-i Øm-hm-bn-cn- Ww \ tim Un-t\- BIWw \ A m-z-ani eou BIWw 2

3 \ tamwn- BIWw A[ym-]-I-cp-sSbpw, Ip n-i-fp-ssbpw, c -I Øm- -fp-tsbpw s]mxpk-aq-l-ønt bpw hnizmkw B Pn- m Ign-hp- hy n BI-Ww. s]mxp-[m-cw cq]o-i-cn- m\pw IqSmsX k m AXmXv ka-bøv Gs Sp- p \bßsf p-dn pw Ah \S- m- m cq]o-i-cn- p \nb-a-ß-sf-bpw N -ß-sf-bpw pdn v ÿm]-\-ta- [m-hn v kmam-\y-[m-c-w-bp- m-i-ww. c v Znhkw \o p-\n p ]cn-io-e\amwv BZy-L- -Øn Dt±-in- p- -Xv. CXneqsS F m- m-cy-ßfpw Bg-Øn a\- n-em- m Ign-bn-. F m Adn-tb Imcy-ß-fn [mcw sa -s -Sp-Øm Ignbpw. XpS v Hmtcm taj-e-sbbpw ti{µo-i-cn v Bg-Øn ]cn-io-e\߃ \ ti- -Xp- v. kzbw-]-t-\-hpw, ka-kw-l-]-t-\hpw Hs XpS -bmbn \S-tØ- n-h-cpw. AXns\ mw t{]c-i-am-ip Hcp XpS- -amipw Cu ZznZn-\-]-cn-io-e-\w. ZznZn\ ]cn-io-e-\-øns e y߃ 1. KpWta a-bp hnzym-`ymkw Ip n-bpss Ah-Im-iw'', ""hnzym-e-b-߃-- ani-hns ti{µw,""ani-sh- m A m-z-ani anihv'' F o Imgv - mspiƒ Dƒs m- p \mbicm-ti p- -Xns Bh-iy-IX Xncn- -dn-bm {]Y-am-[ym-]-Isc {]m]vx-cm- p-i. 2. s]mxphn-zym-`ym-k-kwc- Wb- -Øns km[y-x-iƒ ]cn-n-b-s -SpI. Cukm-[y-X-Iƒ {]tbm-p-\-s -SpØn kz whnzym-e-bsø {]mtz-inikaq-l-øns hnzym-`ym-k-]-chpw kmkvim-cn-i-hp-amb Bh-iy-߃ \nd-th- p- Xn\v k -am- pi/ k -cm- p-i. 3. \ne-hn-ep \nb-a-ßfpw N -ßfpw kviqfns hnim-k-øn\v klm-b-i-amb Xc-Øn Fßs\ {]tbm-p-\-s -SpØmw F v Adn-bp-I. 4. B[p-\I kmt -XnI hnzym km[y-x-isf Ip n-i-fpss ]T-\-Øn\pw Ah p A\p-`-h߃ Hcp- p- -Xn\pw A[ym-]-I hn\n-tbm-kn- p p F v Dd- m- p-i. AtXm-sSm w imkv{xo-b-amb tamwn- -dnwkv Fßs\ {]tbm-p-\-s -Sp-ØWw F v ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-I. 5. C--- K-th-W kns km[y-x-iƒ {]tbm-p-\-s -Sp-Øp-I. ]cn-io-e-\-øn-eqss t\ts [mc-w-iƒ {]Y-am-[ym-]-I / {]Yam[ym-]nI Bcm-IWw? ani `cwi Ømhv ani A m-z-ani eou ani tim Hm-Un-t\- ani P\m-[n-]-Xy-\m-b-I /\mbni 3

4 ani kwlm-si/ kwlm-s-i km[yamb hn`-h-ßsf Is -Øm\pw kam-l-cn- m\pap Ign-hv. 1. ani `cw I Ømhv \ Bkq-{X-I/Bkq-{XI Bbn-cn- Ww. \ \n m-l-i/\n hm-li Bbn-cn- Ww. {]h Ø-\-ß-fpsS ^e-{]-z-amb tamwn- dnkpw ani-hp-iƒ \ne-\n Øepw ]cn-an-xn- Iƒ adn-i-s- epw. k m \nb-a-ßsf Ipdn pw hyh-ÿ-isf Ipdn pw kmam\y Adnhv Ip nbpss Ah-Imiw, tk-h\mh-im-iw, hnzym-`ymk Ah-Imiw Ch-sb Ipdn- p Adn-hv. B[p-\nI kmt -Xn-I-hnZy {]tbm-p-\-s -Sp-Øm-\p Ign-hv. hn`-h-߃ Is -Øm\pw Ah ^e-{]-z-ambn {]tbm-p-\-s -Sp-Øm-\pap Ign-hv. kv qƒ {]h Ø-\-ßsf GtIm-]n- n- m\p Ign-hv kaql km[y-x-isf F m Ip n-iƒ pw {]tbm-p-\-s -Sp-Øm Ign-bWw. hyxykvx Un m vsa pi-fpss km[y-x-isf GtIm-]n- n- pi. kviqfnse P\m-[n-]Xy kwhn-[m-\-߃ im o-i-cww. (PTA, MPTA, SDP, kviqƒ ]m e-sa v, Ãm^v ao nwkv etc) ani `uxni kml-n-cy-߃ t\sn-sb-sp- pi BI j-i-amb kv qƒ ]cn-k-chpw, Hm^okpw, Ãm^vdqapw k o-i-cn- pi. 2. ani A m-z-aniv eou a) Ip nsb Adn-bpI Ip n-bpss {]IrXw Ip n-bpss ]T\ \ne-hmcw IpSpw_ ] m-øew Sme v kvt]m nwkv {]txyi ]cn-k-w\ A ln- p Ip n-iƒ kmwk-im-cni ] m-øew c n-xm- -fpss kmaq-ln-i,-km-º-øni Ahÿ b) kl-{]-h Ø-Isc Adn-bpI So dpss A m-z-ani Ign-hp-Iƒ 4

5 Xm-ev]-cy-߃ khn-tij Ign-hp-Iƒ A ym-]-i-cpss Ign-hp-Ifpw Xm ]-cy-ßfpw IrXy-ambn Xncn- -dn v A m-z-ani anihv t\sp- -Xn\v {]tbm-p-\-s -Sp-ØpI c) kv qfns\ Adn-bpI kviqfns Ncn{Xw (Ip-d- Xv 10 h jw) km[y-x-iƒ, ]cnan-xn-iƒ kmaq-lhpam-bp _ w kv qƒ \ne-hmcw KXn-hn-K-Xn-Iƒ {]mtz-in-i-ambpw kmwkvim-cn-i-ambpw `qan-im-kv{x-]-c-ambpw Hmtcm hnzym-e-bhpw hyxykvx-am-wv. Hmtcm hnzym-e-bøn\pw X\Xp khn-ti-j-xifpw Ncn-{Xhpw D m-bn-cn- pw. CXv Xncn- -dn- m am{xta s]mxp-k-aq-lhpw kviqfp-am-bp -_ w ZrU-s -Sp-Øphm km[n- p-i-bp- p. Cu \ne-bn Hcp {]Y-am-[ym-]-I / {]Y-am-[ym-]nI kviqfns 10 h jsø Ncn-{X-sa- nepw a\- n-em-t - -Xp- v. d) {]mtz-in-i kaq-lsø And-bpI PTA/SMC bpss hnzym-`ym-k-]-c-amb Bh-iy-߃/kz]v\-߃ kmwkvim-cn-i]c-amb Bh-iy-߃ ]q -hn-zym n-i-fpss hnzym-e-b-sø- p-dn- p kz]v\-߃ ]q m[ym-]-i-cpss hnzym-e-b-sø- p-dn- p k ]-߃ k kwl-s-\-i-fpss Imgv - m-sp-iƒ {]mtz-ini hnz-kv[-cpss e`yx kviqƒ kan-xn-isf A m-z-anianihv ssih-cn- p- -Xn\v {]tbm-p-\-s -Sp-Ø e) kviqƒ hni-k\ ] Xn (F-kv.-Un.-]n) Fs kviqƒ Fß-s\-bm-IWw? kviqƒ hnj hni-k-\-]- Xn cq]o-i-cw {]{Inb Ah-ÿm-]-T-\w (A mz-an-iw, kmaq-lyw, `uxn-iw) A m-z-an-i, kmaq-ln-i, `uxn-i-ta-j-e-i-fpss ]c-kv]c _ w {lkzim-e, Zo L-Ime ] -Xn-Iƒ {]oss-ãv, t]mãvssãv ]T\ ]cn-t]m-jw ]cn-]m-sn-iƒ {]h Ø\ Ie- 5

6 f) hnj-bkao-]\-ß-sf Adn-bpI hnj-b kao-]-\-߃ ]T\ t\ -߃ ]T-\ -X-{ -߃ kviqƒ dntkmgvkv {Kq v ]mtm-kq-{xww mkv tamwn- -dnwkv X{ -߃ hmb-\m-aqe/kviqƒsse{_dn/kb kv tim W /kb kv em_v/a p `uxni kml-ncy-߃ F nh A m-z-ani ani-hn\v {]tbm-p-\-s -Sp-Ø ]T-\- kma{kni-fpss Bhiy-I-X/D]-tbmKw Xpey-]-T-\m-h-k-c-߃ e`y-am- {]mtz-ini sshz- y-km-[y-x-iƒ {]-tbm-p-\-s -Sp-Ø ssph-ssh-hn[y DZym-\w, si nsw Hcp ]T\ kma-{kn (BALA) B[p-\nI kmt -Xn-I-hn-ZyIsf p-dn- p Ah-t_m[w/{]tbm-P-\-s -Sp-Ø Iem-Im-bnI {]h Øn]cnNb {]h Ø-\-߃ v {]h Ø-\-߃ g) ]T\ \ne-hmcw hne-bn-cp-øepw XpS {]-h Ø-\-߃ Bhn-jv -cn- epw \nc- c hne-bn-cp-ø (Self assessment, Peer assessment, Parent assessment, Teacher assessment) Ip n-bpss {]Xn-I-cWw ]T-t\m]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS D]-tbmKw {]mtz-ini sshz- yøns {]-tbm-p-\-s -Sp-Ø ]co- -Iƒ ]co- - ^e-ß-fpss hni-i-e\w ]T\ ]nt m- m-hÿ ]cn-l-cn- m-\p {]h Ø-\-߃ mkv ]n.- n.f/]n.- n.f/fw.-]n.- n.-f/fkv.fw.kn {]tbm-p-\-s -Sp-Ø 6

7 F.-]n.-bq.]n {]Yam-[ym-]-I mbp ZznZn\ amt\-pvsa v ]cn-io-e-\w timgvkv {_o^nwkv : (]c-am-h[n 7 an\n- v) (skj XpS-ßp- -Xn\p apºv) Dƒs -Sp-tØ {][m\ Bi-b-߃ 1. ]cn-io-e-\-øns Dt±-iy-߃ 2. ]cn-io-e-\-øn-eqss t\ts [mc-w-iƒ 3. ]cn-io-e\w \S-Øn- ns Npa-X-e-Iƒ, L -߃ apx-em-bh hy -am- Ww skj³ 1ï(10 am to am) s]mxp-hn-zym-`ymk kwc- W b w kabw : 1 ½ awn- q Dt±-iy-߃ {]{Inb s]mxp-hn-zym-`ymk kwc- -W-b- -Øns {]m[m-\yhpw e y-ßfpw AXn-\m-bp-ff X{ ßfpw Xncn- -dn v kz w Npa-X-e-Iƒ a\- n-em n kzbw k -cm-im {]m]vx-cm- p-i. s]mxp-hn-zym-`ymk kwc- -W-b- -Øns `mk-ambn \S- p {]h Ø-\-ß-fn s]mxp-kaq-l-øns ] m-fnøw hy -am- p Zriy-ß-fpsS Bhn-jvImcw ss Up-I-fn-eqsS Ah-Xcn- n- p- p. (15-20 an\n v) (ss Up-Iƒ c v L -ß-fmbn ImWn- -Ww. BZysØ t{imuo-i-c-w-øn\v A\p-tbm-Pyam-bXv BZyw ImWn- -Ww. XpS p ss Up-Iƒ "s]mxp-hn-zym-`ymk kwc- W b w bmym y-am-ip-tºmƒ' F `mkøv ImWn-t - -Xm-Wv.) ] m-fn-iƒ Ah-cpsS A\p-`-h-߃ ]d-bp- p. s]mxp N N m kqn-i-߃ Xs kviqfn \S- p X\Xv {]h Ø-\-߃ Gh? kaql ]n pw Fßs\ Dd- m pw? kviqƒ kan-xn-i-fpss {]h Ø-\-߃ Fßs\? ]n.-sn.f, Fw.-]n.-Sn.F, Fkv.Fw.-kn, ]q -hn-zym n kwl-s\ Ch-bpsS {]h Ø-\-߃ Fßs\? hnzym-`ymk kwc- W b -Øn F v.-fw.s ] v F v? 7

8 t{imuo-i-cww s]mxp-hn-zym-`ym-k kwc- W b -Øns `mk-ambn \Ωƒ {]Xn- n- p t\ -ß (d-^-d kv am -tcjiƒ 1, 2) {]Y-am-[ym-]-I / {]Y-am-[ym-]nI F p snøww? s-]-m-x-p-h-n-z-y-m-`-y-m-k k-w-c- -W-b- -w b-m-y-m - -y-a-m-i-p-t-º-mƒ (]n.-]n. n Ah-X-cWw XpS ) apgph Ip n-iƒ pw Adn-hns Db Xe-ß-fn-te v FØm klm-b-i-amb ]T-\m-hkcw e`y-am-ipw. Ah-kc Xpey-X, kmaq-ly-\o-xn, KpWX F nh Dd- m- p ]T\ ]cn-k-chpw ]T-\m- -co- hpw hni-kn pw. B[p-\n-I-km-t -XnIhnZy {]tbm-p-\-s -SpØnbp ani ]T-\-Øn-\mbn F m mkv ap-dn- Ifpw sslss- v B- pw. k-a-{-k-k-p-w-t-a- -m h-n-z-y-m-e-b B-k-q-{-X-W-w k-m-[-y-a-m-i-p-w. -m-k-v a-p-d-n-iƒ k-v-a-m - -m-i-p-w. A- -m-c-m-{- -\-n-e-h-m-c-ø-n-e-p- h-n-z-y-m-`-y-m-k-ø-ne-qs-s t-i-c-f-w A\\y a-m-x-r-i- k-r-j-v-s-n- -p-w. a-p-g-p-h h-n-z-y-m-e-b-ß-f-n-e-p-w s-s-p-h-s-s-h-h-n-[-y-dzym\w \-n-e-h-n -h-c-p-w- I-m-º-k-v X-s- ]-mt- ]pk-v-x-i-w F- B-i-b-w k-m- -m-x-v-i-c-n- -p-w. ]-c-n-ÿ-n-x-n k-w-c- -W- ]-c-n-ÿ-n-x-n ]T-\ {-]-h -Ø-\-ß-f-n a-m-x-r-i k-r-j-v-s-n- -p-w. i-m-k-v-{-x-o-b-a-m-b- {-]-o-k-v-i-qƒ h-n-z-y-m-`-y-m-k-w b-m-y-m - -y-a-m- -p-w. h-n-z-y-m-e-b {-]-h -Ø-\-߃ B-I -j-a-m- -n-b-p-w ]-n- -p-w \ -I-n-b-p-w s-i-m-g-n- -v- t-]-m- -v C- -m-øa-h-ÿ k-r-j-v-s-n- -p-w. {-]-t-x-y-i ]-c-n-k-w-\- e-`-n- -p- -X-n-e-q-s-S ]T-\-Ø-n ]-n- -m- -w \-n - -p- -h a-p-j-y-[-m-c-b-n-s-e- Ø-p-Ib-p-w I-g-n-h-n-s- k-m-[-y-a-m-b- D-b - -X-e-Ø-n-t-e- -v F-Ø-n-t- -c-p-i-b-p-w s-n-ø-p-w. B-Z-n-h-m-k-n t-a-j-e-i-f-n-s-e-b-p-w a- -p-z-p -_e P-\-h-n-`-m-K-ß-f-n-s-e-b-p-w I-p- -n-iƒ s-a- -s- - ]T\\ne s-s-i-h-c-n- -p-w. h-n-z-y-m-`-y-m-k-ø-n P-\-m-[-n-]-X-y-h - -c-w-w A - - ]-q -W-a-m- -p-w. B-[-p-\-n-I k-u-i-c-y-ß-f-p- h-m-b-\-i-m-e-, e-t_--md- -d-n F- -n-h H-m-t-c-m k-v-i-q-f-n-e-p-w D- mi-p-w. P-\-I-o-b k-w-h-n-[-m-\-ß-f-p-s-s ]-n- -p-w-t-b-m-s-s h-n-z-y-m-`-y-m-k ÿ-m-]-\-ß-f-p-s-s {-]-h -Ø-\-߃ sa- -s- -S-p-w. t-h-m- -h-i-m-i-w e-`-n- -p- {-]-m-b-ø-n s-x-m-g-n s-n-ø-m-\-p- I-g-n-h-v t-\-s-p-w I-p- -n-i-f-p-s-s a-m-\-k-n-i k-w-l -j-ø-n-\-p-w ]-n-c-n-a-p-d-p- -Ø-n-\-p-w A-b-h-p-h-c-p-Ø-m-\-p- I-u ke-n-w-k-v k-u-i-c-y-w F- -m k-v-i-q-f-p-i-f-n-e-p-w D- m-i-p-w. 8

9 a-z-y-ø-n-\-p-w a-b- -p-a-c-p- -n-\-p-s-a-x-n-c-m-b a-t-\-m-`-mh-w ]-p-x-p-x-e-a-p-d-b-n h-f-c-p-w. π-m-ã-n-i-v h-n-a-p- -h-p-w I-o-S-\-m-i-n-\-n-h-n-a-p- -h-p-w e-l-c-n h-n-a-p- -h-p-a-m-b I-m-º-k-v c-q-]-s- -S-p-w. I-m -j-n-i k-w-k-v-i-m-c-ap ]-p-x-p-x-e-a-p-d- hm sø-sp pw. I-p- -n-b-p-s-s a-n-i-h-n-s- k-a-k-v-x-t-a-j-e-i-f-p-s-s-b-p-w h-n-i-m-k-w e- -y-a-n-s-p- {-]-h -Ø-\-ß-f-n-e-qs-S k -K-]-c-a-m-b F- -m I-g-n-h-p-I-f-p-w h-n-i-k-n- -p-w. I-e-m- I-m-b-n-I {-]-h-r-ø-n ]-c-n-n-b h-n-z-y-m-`-y-mk-ø-n-\-v A-\-p-K-p-W-a-m-b `-u-x-n-i-k-u-i-c-y-߃ kr-j-v-s-n- -s- -S-p-w. C-X-n-\-v B-h-i-y-a-m-b A-[-y-m-]I-s-c h-n-z-y-m-e-b-ß-f-n \-n-b-a-n- -p-w. H-m-t-c-m h -j-s-ø-b-p-w A-[-y-m-]-I ]-c-n-i-o-e-\-m-hi-y-߃ a-p -I-q- -n- i-m-k-v-{-x-o-b-a-m-b-n \-n -W-b-n- -p-w. C-X-p-h-g-n A-[-y-m-]-I ]-c-n-i-o-e-\-߃ k -K-m-fl-I-a-m-I-p-w. _-n.-b.-k-n-i-s-f i-m- -o-i-c-n- -p-w. h-n-z-y-m-e-b-m-[-n-j-vt-n-x A-[-y-m-]-I-]-c-n-i-o-e-\-c-o-X-n C-h-b-p-s-S t\-x-r-x-z-ø-n h-n-i-k-n- -n- -p-w. P-n- -m k-w-ÿ-m-\-x-e-ø-n-e-p- A- -m-z-a-n-i ÿ-m-]-\-ß-fpss {-]-h -Ø-\-w s-]-m-x-phnzym`ymk k-wc- -W-b- -Ø-n-\-v D-X-I-p- c-o-x-n-b-n ]-p-\-xk-w-l-s-n- -n- -p-w. F-k-v.-k-n.-C.- B.-Sn.-, k-o-a-m- -v-, k-v-i-qƒ-, F-k-v.-s-F.-C.-S-n-, F-k-v.-F-k-v.-F-, B.-F-w.-F-k-v.-F-, U-b- -v F- -o k-w-h-n-[-m-\-ß-s-f a-p-g-p-h G-t-I-m-]-n- -v C-u b- -Ø-n-s- `-m-k-a-m- -p-w. I-p- -n-iƒ- -v a-q- -p `-m-j (amxr-`m-j, Cw o-jv, lnµn ) A-\-m-b-m-k-a-m-b-n s-s-i-i-m-c-y-w s-n-ø-m I-g-n-b-p-w. s-]-m-x-p-h-n-z-y-m-e-b-߃ B-I-a-m-\-w a-n-i-h-n-s- t-i{-µ-ß-f-m-b-n D-b-c-p-w. s-]-m-x-p-k-a-q-l-ø-n-s- AwK-o-I-m-c-w ]-n-s-n- -p-]- -p-w. G- -h-p-w a-n-i- h-n-z-y-m-`-y-m-k-w s-]-m-x-p-h-n-z-y-m-e-b-ß-f-n-e-q-s-s e-`-y-a-m-i-p-w. F m \ntbm-p-i-a-wvu-e-ønepw amxrim Hm nkw ]m p-iƒ bmym y-amipw. apgp-h Ip n-ifpw \o ]cn-io-en- pw. CXn-\pklm-b-I-amb kuicy߃ e`y-am pw. s]mxphn-zym-`ymk taj-e-bnse F m ÿm]-\-ßfpw {Ko t{]mt m-t mƒ ]men p {]h Øn pw. Imem-hÿ hyxn-bm-\-a-s- -ap ]mcn-ÿn-xni {]iv\-߃ t\cn-sp- -Xn\v klm-b-i-amb at\m-`mhw krjvsn- pw. {]mtz-ini Xe-Øn {]h Ø-\-߃ Gs -Sp- pw. s]mxp-hn-zym-`ymk kwc- -W-b- -Øns `mk-ambn c n-xm- ƒ pw, ]q hnzym n- Iƒ pw, s]mxp-p-\-߃ pw t_m[-h -cww \S-tØ- -Xp- v. CXns `mk-ambn kviqfp-i-fn h am w s]mxp-p-\-ßsf t_m[y-s -SpØn Ip n-isf BI jn-t - -Xp- v. kviqfnse hni-k-\- {]-h Ø-\-ß-fn c n-xm- sfbpw, s]mxp-p-\-ß-sfbpw ]q -hn-zym n-i-sfbpw ]s -Sp- n-t - -Xp- v. F.-]n.-bn ]Tn- p Ip n-i \memw mkn \n pw A mw mkn FØp-tºmƒ ASpØ bp.-]n kviqfn tn t - -Xp- v. ï ï 9

10 skj³ 2ï(11.45 am to 1.30 pm)ï A m-z-ani ani-hn-te- p-ff apt w kabw : 1 ½ awn- q Dt±-iy-߃ F m Ip n-i-fp-tsbpw anihv Dd- m- p coxn-bn hnzym-eb {]h Ø-\-ß-fpsS Bkq-{X-W- Øn\pw \n -l-w-øn\pw {]Y-am-[ym-]-Isc {]m]vx-cm- p- -Xn-\v. A m-z-ani ani-hn-\m-h-iy-amb \qx\ {]h Ø-\-߃ Bhn-jvI-cn- m {]m]vx-cm- p- -Xn- \v. tic-f-øns hnzym-`ymk apt w (20 an\n- v) s]mxp-hn-zym-e-b-ßsf ani-hns ti{µ-ß-fm n am m-\p-ff s]mxphnzym-`ymk kwc- -Wb w kmaq-ly-]- m-fn-ø-tømss apt -dp- p. hnzym-`ymk apt - -hp-ambn _ -s v ticfw Gs -SpØ {][m\ {]h Ø-\-ßfpsS Hm Ω ]pxp- mw. ss Uv Ah-X-cWw (10 an\n- v) kabw 10 an\n v th- p kma{kn kn.un B.]n bpss {i v - kzmx-{ y-øn\v apºpw/]nºpap {]h Ø-\-߃ (km -{XnI hnzym-`ymkw/ KpW-ta- - p-th- n-bp {]h Ø-\-߃ Dƒs -Sp- p) - Hm Ω-s -Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ am{xw - hni-zo-i-c-w-߃ Hgn-hm- p-i. Ah-X-c-W-Øn Dƒs -ts {][m\ {]h Ø-\-߃ 1817 dmwn Kucn ]m Xn `mbn (Education for all) 1867 ticf h Ω henb timbn-ø-ºp-cm (]m-ty-]- Xn, ]mt-]p-kvx-i-߃) kzmx-{ y-k-acw \thm- m\ {]ÿm\w {io\m-cm-bw Kpcp N ºn kzman Aø Imfn hnzym-`ymk_n (1959) tziob hnzym-`ymk \bw (1986) 10

11 km -cxm {]ÿm\w H.-_n.-_n, Fw.-F.-F, Un.-]n.-C.]n A -c-]p-ecn (Pn m Iu kn /Ub- v) kviqƒ timwπ-ivkp-iƒ ([ Ω-Sw) P\-Io-bm-kq-{XWw ]mty-]- Xn ]cn-jvi-cww (1997) Fkv.-F-kv.-F, B.-Fw.-F-kv.F F.-kn.-F^v 2005 si.-kn.-f^v 2007 ]mty-]- Xn ]cn-jv -cww (2013) s]mxp-hn-zym-`ymk kwc- W b w (2017) \mfn-xp-hsc \S-Ønb {]h Ø-\-ß-fpsS ^e-ambn [mcmfw [\m-fli am -߃ s]mxp-hn- Zym-e-b-ß-fn h p tn n- p- v. CXn-t\m-Sp-ff \nß-fpss {]Xn-I-cWw - apt m \mtem t]cpss {]Xn-I-cWw Bcm-bp p GsXms Xc-Øn-ep-ff am -ß-fmWv \nß-fpss hnzym-e-b-øn h p tn n- p-f-fxv? - G hpw {]m[m-\y-ap-ff Hcp am w ]d-bp-hm Bh-iy-s -Sp- p. - B.-]n.-bpsS Iq nt t{imuo-i-cww hnzym-e-b-ß-fn D- mb am w mkv dqw A -co w `uxni am w mkv dqw {]{Inb C q-kohv FUyq-t -j kmaq-lni ] m-fnøw ]n pwm kwhn-[m\߃ Ip n-i-fpss Ah-Imi kwc- -W-b w inip kulr-z-am- 11

12 Cu am -ß-sfms km[y-am-b-sx-ßs\? - s]mxp N t{imuo-i-cww amdww F p-ff \n _ _p n Iq mb {]h Ø\w ]n pwm kwhn-[m-\-ß-fpss CS-s]S {]mtz-ini `c-w-iq-s-øns ]n pw ]mty-]- Xn ]cn-jvi-cww \nc- c A[ym-]I ]cn-io-e\w k m-cpss C m-i n F m Ip n-iƒ pw ]T-\-an-Ihv (25 an\n- v) am -߃ kw`-hn- n-cp- p. ]ns - n-\mwv s]mxp-hn-zym-`ymk kwc- W b w? - F m Ip n-i-fp-ssbpw ]T-\-\n-e-hm-c-ap-b -Øm / F m Ip n-iƒ pw Xpey-]T-\m-h-kc-߃ \ Im - A m-z-ani ani-hneqss kviqƒ anihv ssih-cn- m - F m Ip n-iƒ pw ]T-\-an-I-hp-I-fp m-ip Xc-Øn {]h Ø-\-߃/ XpeyAh-k-c-߃ \ IWw. CXv km[y-amtwm? \nß-fpss A`n-{]mbw F v? Ht m ct m t]cn \n pw {]Xn-I-cWw. \ap v ]cn-tim-[n mw ss Uv Ah-X-cWw kabw 10 an\n v Bh-iy-ap-ff kma{kn kn.un B.]n bpss {i v Hmtcm Pn n-bn-te pw F m Ip n-iƒ pw Xpey Ah-k-c-ß-ƒ \ Ip {]h Ø-\-ß-fmWv Ah-X-c-W-Øn Dƒs -Sp-tØ- -Xv. hmb-\, ae-bm-f-øn-f- w, ImbnI hni-k-\w, C qkohv hnzym-`ym-kw, k K-tijn hni-k-\w, Iymºkv Xs ]mt-]p-kvx-iw, mkv dqw {]{Inb-Iƒ F nh Dƒs -Sp-Ømw. G hpw A\p-tbm-Py-am-bh am{xw t^mt m-iƒ, houn-tbm-iƒ F nh BImw (10 an\n- n-\p-f-fn Xoc-Ww) 12

13 N m kqn-i-߃ (N 10 an\n- v) CØcw {]h Ø-\-߃ kwl-sn- n- p Xn Bcp-sS-sbms ]n pw txsn-bn- p- m-imw? {]h Ø\ \n h-l-w-øn\v kviqƒ eou F \ne-bn ÿm]\ ta[mhn Fs ms CS-s]-Sep-Iƒ \S-Øn-bn- p- mimw? GsX- nepw Ht m ct m t^mt m/hountbm ASn-ÿm-\-am n N DZm : hmb\/fgp-øp-iq w B.]n Nm v snøp p N -bn Dcp-Øn-cp v hcm-hp- Xv hmb\ Fkv.-B.-Pn.-bn Bi-b-߃ ] p-h-bv `uxni kmaq-ly-]n- p-w-bpss LS-I-߃ Is- {]h Ø\ ]cn-]msn IcSp Xøm-dm- -Ø IcSp ]cn-]msn Fkv.-Fw.kn/Fkv.-Un.kn bn Ah-X-cWw. Iq ntn A m-z-ani/`uxni/kmaqly LS-I-ßsf _ n- n- hmb-\-ime Imcy- -a-am- - hmb-\-imesb Ipdn- p-ff ]T\w - Ip n-iƒ p-ff ]pkvx-i-߃ Xn -s -Sp-Ø - ]pxn-bxp hmßp- Xp enãv Xøm-dm- - Ccn- ns kui-cy-߃ - mkv hmb-\-ime - AΩ-hm-b\ Ip n-i-fpss hmb\ Iq w cq]o-i-cn- t{imuo-i-cww - ÿm]-\-ta-[mhn t\xr-xz-]-c-amb ] v hln- Ww - ] Xn kq -a-x-e-øn-ep-ff {]h Ø-\-ß-fm- -Ww. A\p-`-h-߃ ] p-hbv mw (kabw 20 an\n v) \nß-fpss kviqfn apgp-h Ip n-i-fp-tsbpw ]T\ \ne-hmcw Db Øm \S-Ønb {]h Ø- \-߃ ] p hbv mw 13

14 - F m Ip n-i-fp-ssbpw ]T\ ani-hn-\mbn \S- n-em- nb Hcp {]h Ø\w hy n-k-x-ambn Ipdn- p- p. Xncn- -dn- -t\- hpw Ipdn- -Ww. - {Kq nwkv 5 t] hox-ap-ff 8 {Kq p-ifm p- p. - Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw Ah-c-h-cpsS kviqfnse enãv snbvx {]h Ø\w {Kq n N snøww. e y-߃, {]h Ø\ coxn, \n h-lw Xew t_m[y-s -SWw - {Kq v N v 10 an\n v - B.]n t{imuo-i-c-w-øn-\p ] ni \ Ip- p. (A-\p-_- -Øn \ In-bn- p- v) (c p {Kq p-iƒ tn p tim W ao nwkv \SØn kam- -c-ambn t{imuo-i-cn- p- p. ChnsS Hmtcm B.]n bpw A[y- -\m-iww.) RP bpss s]mxp t{imuo-i-cww - F m kviqfp-ifpw A m-z-ani {]h Ø-\-߃ Gs -Sp-Øn-cn- p p. - A m-z-ani {]h Ø-\-߃ HM Conference ] p-h-bv Ww. t\- -ßfpw ]cn-an-xn- Ifpw- ] p-h-bv Ww. - kviqƒ {]h Ø-\-߃ ÿm]-\-ta-[mhn tim--- Hm Un-t\ v snøww t\ tim hni-ie\w \SØn SRG, SMC, SDC, PEC F n-hn-sßfn Ah-X-cn- n- -Ww. t{imuo-icwsø XpS v ] ni XncnsI hmßww. Ub v ^m n Ah tij-cn v Ub- n\v ssiam-d-ww. ]n osv Hmtcm k_vpn- -bn-tebpw A m-z-ani {]h Ø-\-߃ Ub v hne-bn-cp-øp- p. kviqfp-iƒ v A m-z-ani ]n pw \ I-Ww) ÿm]\ ta[m-hn-bpss Npa-X-e-Iƒ (25 an\n- v) s]mxp hnzym-`ymk kwc- Wb -Øn hnhn[ taj-e-iƒ Dƒs -Sp p. Ch-bpsS \n l-w-hp-ambn _ -s v ÿm]\ ta[m-hn-bpss Npa-X-e-Iƒ Fs m-s -bmwv? \ap v ]cntim-[n mw. kma-{k-ln-iƒ RP 8 taj-e-iƒ {]Z in- n- p p. (]n.-]n.- n-bn ts_n simsp-øn- p- v) Nm v t] s]mxp hnzym-`ymk kwc- W bpvr-hp-ambn _ -s n v taj-ei-fmwv Nm v snbvxn-cn- p- Xv. NcSv \º ta-j-e-iƒ 1. ]T\ \ne-hm-c-apb Ø 2. ssph sshhn[y DZym\w 14

15 3. k K- tijn hni-k\w 4. ImbnI hni-k\w 5. Ip n-i-fpss ] m-fn-øm-imiw ]nt m w \nev p- -h v {]txyi ]cn-k-w\ A m-z-ani ani-hn\v kmaqly CS-s]-So 8. `uxni hni-k\w Hcp {Kq n\v Hcp taje Hmtcm {Kq pw taj-e-bp-ambn _ -s v \S-tØ {]h Ø-\-߃ Ipdn- Ww ÿm]\ ta[mhn hln-t t\xrxz]c-amb ] v N snø-ww. (10 an\n- v) t{imuo-i-cww tim W ao nw-kn-eqss \S-ØWw. Hmtcm tim W-dnepw Hmtcm B.]n A[y- X hln- -Ww, {Kq v eou am t{imuo-i-cn v Ah-X-cn- n- Ww (5 an\n- v) B.]n bpss Iq n-tn. B.]n bpss s]mxp t{imuo-i-cww {]Ya A[ym-]nI/ A[ym-]-I ani A m-z-aniv eoudmiww {]h Ø-\-߃ kviqƒ Xe-Øn Bkq-{XWw snøp Xn\v t\xrxzw \ Ww {]h Ø-\w tim -Hm Un-t\ v snøww {]h Ø-\-߃ hne-bn-cp-øww F m-h-cp-ssbpw ]q Æ kl-i-cww Dd- p-h-cp-øww. ^e-{]-z-amb Bib hn\n-abøn\v Ah-k-c-sam-cp- pi. Ip n-i-fpss ] m-fn-øm-h-imiw Dd- n- Ww kmº-øni Imcy-ß-fn am\-z-wvu-߃ ]men- Ww (ss -Up-IfpsS ]I v A\p-_- -ambn \ In-bn- p- v. \ Ip kn.un ]cn-tim-[n v Nn{X-߃, houn-tbm-iƒ F nh k_vpn- -Iƒ -\p-tbm-py-am- -Ww.) ï ï 15

16 skj³ 3ï(2.00 pm to 3.30 pm)ï N -ßfpw \nb-a-ßfpw kabw : 1 ½ awn- q BapJw s]mxp hnzym`ymk kwc- W b -Øns `mk-ambn {]Y-am-[ym-]-Isc \ `cw I Øm- -fm n amt - -Xp v. kmaqly {]Xn-_- -X-tbmsS {]h Ø-\-ßsf GtIm-]n- n v hnzym n- Iƒ v KpW-{]-Z-amb hnzym-`ymkw e`y-am- p- -Xn-\p-th nbmwv {]Y-am-[ym-]-I v koam v ]cn-ioe\w cq]-i-ev]\ snbvxn- p- -Xv. temh ss{]adn A ss{]adn kviqfp-i-fnse {]Y-am-[ym-]-Isc `c-w-]-c-amb Imcy-ß-fn ta -bp hcm- p-i- F -XmWv Cu ]cn-io-e\øns Dt±iyw. ]e {][-am-[ym-]-icpw kmº-øni Imcy-߃ ssiimcyw snøp-tºmƒ ]e-t mgpw BUn v ]cn-tim-[-\-bn XS- -ß-fp- m-ip-sa Bi- -bm ÿm]-\-ß-fpss ]ptcm-kxn mh-iy-amb {]h Ø-\-߃ t]mepw \S-Øm Xøm-dm-Ip- n-. ]pxnb kml-n-cy-øn hf-sc-b-[niw hn`-h-߃ (km-º-øni apƒs -ss) e`n- p- p-s - nepw AXv hn\n-tbm-kn- p- -Xn\v {]Y-am-[ym-]-I [mcw sa -s -Sp-tØ- -Xp- v.. Bb-Xn-\m CØcw Bi AI n {]Y-am-[ym-]-Isc cq]-s -Sp-ØpIsb -XmWv apjy-e- yw. Dt±iyw s]mxp-hn-zym-`ymk kwc- W b -Øns `mk-ambn {]Y-am-[ym-]-Isc \ `c-w-i Øm- -fm n am p- -Xn-\v. ]cn-io-e\ D -S w 1. kmº-øni hn\n-tbmkw tãm ] t gvkv dqƒ 2. ^b-ep-iƒ cq]-s -Sp-Ø 3. cpn-ã-dp-ifpw Ah-bnse tcj-s -Sp-Øepw 4. ]W-an-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ Iymjv _p v kq n- epw tcj-s -Sp-Øepw 5. hnhn-[-xcw Ah-[n-Iƒ 6. k okv _p v tcj-s -Sp-Øepw kq n- epw 7. hm jni C {In-sa v 8. s{]mt_-j {]{Inb B.]n s]mxp Ah-X-cWw \S-Øp p (30 an\n- v) (Xm-sg-s m-sp-øn- p- -hsb kw_- n- v) 16

17 kmº-øni hn\n-tbmkw tãm ] t gvkv dqƒ (s]mxp hnzym-`ymk kwc- -W-b- - Øn e`y-am-ip kmº-øni kw`m-h-\-iƒ Dƒs -ss) ^b-ep-iƒ cq]-s -Sp-Ø tãm v cpn-ã-dnse tcj-s -Sp-Ø Iymjv_p v ]W-an-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ kwi-b-\n-hm-cww ( 1 awn- q ) IqSp-X hy X Bh-iy-ap Imcy-߃ {]Y-am-[ym-]-I Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw Ipdn- p- p. (5 an\n- v). Ah Hmtcm- mbn Ah-X-cn- n- p- p. Bh Ø\w Hgn-hm- -Ww. B.]n hni-zo-i-cww \ Ip- p. kwib \nhm-cww \S-Øp- p. (Xmsg \ In-bn- p hni-zmw-i-߃ kwi-b-\n-hm-c-w-øn\v D]-tbm-K-s -Sp-tØ -XmWvv. s]mxp-hn-zym- `ymk kwc- -W-b- -hp-ambn _ -s [\-hn-\n-tbmkw \n _- -ambpw N -sn-ø-ww.) s]mxp-hn-zym-`ymk kwc- -W-b w [\-hn-\n-tbmkw (am -tcj 1, t]pv \º 24) F-kv.-Un.-kn snb am\pw I ho-\dpw Dƒs Hcp tpmbn v A u v hgn-bm-hww F m sne-hp-ifpw \n h-ln-ti- -Xv. s]mxp _UvP- n\v A\p-kr-X-am-bn-cn- Ww [\-hn-\n-tbmkw. FIvkn-Iyq- ohv IΩn n tn v cq]w \ Ip {]h Ø-\-߃ mwv XpI sne-hm-t - - Xv. c v Ct -W HmUn- am sne-hp-iƒ h jm-h-km\w HmUn v snø-ww. {]txyiw hchv snehv IW- p-iƒ cpn-ã-dn kq n- -Ww. kmº-øni hn\n-tbmk am\-z-fi-a-\p-k-cn v GXv kw`m-h-\-iƒ e`n- mepw AXv sabn Imjv_p- n tn -Ww. Bhn-sS-\n v Fkv.-Un.kn hchv snehv IW v _p n-te v amt - -Xm-Wv. Iymjv _p n "Transferred to SDC Account Register F v tcj-s -Sp- Ø-Ww. kma-{kn-i-fmwv kw`m-h-\-bmbn e`n- p- -sx- n Ah tãm v cpn-ã-dn tn Ww kw`mh\ \ Inb Bfns hnh-c-߃, hne, a v hni-zmw-߃ F nh tcj-s -Sp-Ø-Ww. kma-{kn-iƒ hmßnb _n p-iƒ IqSn kq n v hbvt - -Xm-Wv. Imjz Ah[n Imjz Ah[n Uyq n-bmbn ]cn-k-wn- p- -Xm-Wv. Hcp A m-z-aniv Poh-\- m-c\v Hcp h jw ]Xn-\ v Imjz Ah-[n-bpw a p- -h v Ccp-]Xv Imjz Ah-[nbpw e`n- pw. 17

18 Imjz Ah-[nbpw a v Ah-[n-Ifpw tn v 15 Znh-k-Øn IqSp-X lmp-cn- mbva ]msn-. Iymjz Ah-[n-sb- p-dn v KSR s App VII - ]d- n- p- v. kvs]jy Imjz Ah[nIƒ i. ]I -hym[n ii. iii. iv. Iotam-sX-dm n/tdun-tb-j InUv\n-{Sm kvπm-t -j /lrz-b-i-kv{x-{inb imco-cni sh p-hnfn t\cn-sp Poh-\- m p Ah[n a n-\-ßfpw D v. kviqfn e`n- p hn`-h-ß-fpss hn\n-tbmkw/ kmº-øni hn\n-tbmkw km[\kma-{kn-iƒ hmßp-tºmƒ {i n-t am\-z-wvu-߃ s]mxp-]-w-ap-]-tbm-kn v km[-\-km-a-{kn-iƒ hmßp-tºmƒ tãm ] t kv dqƒ _m[-i-am-wv. AXn-\m tãm ] t kv dqfns\- p-dn v Ah-t_m[w D m-ti- -Xp- v. \ne-hnse tãm ] t kv N -߃ {]Imcw cq] hsc-bp km[-\-km-a-{kn-iƒ simt -jt\m ss tdm IqSmsX hmßmhp- -Xm-Wv. Aßs\ hmßp km[-\-km-a-{kn-i-fpss enãn sluvam-ã- Hcp km y-]{xw tcjs -Sp-tØ- -Xm-Wv cq]bv v api-fn 1 e w cq] hsc-bp km[-\-km-a-{kn-iƒ Izt -j hnfn p thww hmtß- -Xv. hmßp kma-{kn-iƒ KpW-\n-e-hmcw D -Xm-sW v Dd- p-h-cp-ønb tijw km[-\-km-a-{kn-iƒ tãm v cpn-ã-dn tn -Ww. ÿm]-\-øn e`n- p GXp kma-{kn-ifpw tãm p-c-pn-ã-dn tn t - -Xm-Wv. ]mt-]p-kvx-ihpw bqwn-t^m-ap-ifpw Dƒs ss tãm v cpn-ãdn tn t - -Xm-Wv. k okv _p p-iƒ tcj-s -Sp-Øepw kq n- epw Hmtcm k okv _p nepw tcj-s -Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ Fß-s\-bmh-W-sa- -Xn\p hy -amb \n t±-i-ß-fp- v Ah ]men- Ww (k okv cpn-ã-dn tcj-s -Sp- Øp-hm-\p t]pp-iƒ CS-Xp-h-iØpw he-xp-h-iøpw Htc-X-cw timf-ßfm-wp- Xv F Xv {i n- p-i.) ^b-ep-iƒ F m hnzym-e-b-ß-fnepw {][m-\-hn-j-b-߃ v Hcp C Ivkv Xøm-dm- n-bn- p- v. AXv {]Imcw ^b-ep-iƒ kq n- -emhpw DNn-Xw. ]pdta \n v e`n- p IØp-Iƒ (X-]m-ep-Iƒ) v \ Ip adp-]sn AXXv IØn-s\m w tn Øp-h-bv p-hm {i n- p-i. 18

19 C hm Uv Hu v hm Uv cpn-ã ]dta \n v e`n- p IØp-Iƒ {Ia-\-º-cn v cxv\-np-cp w tcj-s -Sp-Øp-I. adp-]sn Abt - Xpw A m-øxpw F v th Xn-cn- p- Xv Hcp timfw \ Ip-I. adp-]-snbpw _ -s C th-un\v t\sc XobXn klnxw tcj-s -Sp-ØpI (Hu v th Uv Bbn ]cn-k-wn- mw). tãm pw tãm v cpn-ãdpw tai, _ v, Ukv v Dƒ -ss-bp ^ Wo- -dp-i C\w Xncn v tãm v \º tcj-s - SpØn Hmtcm- n-s bpw hne-bpƒ -ss-bp hnh-c-߃ tãm v cpn-ã-dn D m-h-ww. Ah[n kw_- n v {]txyiw {i n-t - h 1. saun- k n-^n- - nep Ah-[n-Iƒ v {]n^nivkv/ k^nivkv snøp s]mxp Hgnhp- Iƒ Zn\-߃ Ah-[n-bn s]sp-øm-xn-cn- -W-sa- n a) Ah[n Bcw-`n- p ({]n-^nivkv Hgnhp Zn\-߃ Ign v ) Xnb-Xn-bn-te- m-bn-cn- -Ww. b) k^nivkv snøp Hgnhp Zn\-߃ v ap ]v Ah[n Ah-km-\n- p Xnb-Xn- -SpØ Znhkw apx-em-bn-cn- Ww ^n v\kv k n-^n- - ns Xob-Xn. 2. a) ]I hym[n _m[n hy n Xma-kn- p ho n \n v hcp Poh-\- m-c-\mwv (Abmƒ Ah[n ]I Øn kl-{]-h Ø-I v \evim-xn-cn- m ) Cu hn`mkw kvs]jy Imjz eohn-\ l-x. Cu hnhcw C kvs]-ivstdm {]tz-isø k m tumivstdm km y-s -Sp-Øn-bm axn. b) Nn t]m-ivkn\v kvs]jy Imjz eohn-\ l-x-bn-. c) ]I hym[n-bp Poh-\- m-c Abm-fpsS kz w A u- nse Ah-[n-bmWv FSp-t - -Xv. 3. {]k-hmh[n Hcp kml-n-cy-ønepw {]k-h-xo-bxn apx 180 Znh-k-Øn-e-[n-I-cn- p-hm ]msn-. 4. s]mxp HgnhpZn-h-k-ß-fpƒ ss Imjz eohn 15 Znh-k-Øn-e-[nIw tpmen-bn \n v hn p \n p-hm ]msn-. AXn-\m sht -j Bcw-`n- p- -Xn\p ap ]p Znh-ktam Ah-km-\n- p Xn\-SpØ Znh-ktam Imjz eohv A\p-h-Z-\o-b-a-. hm jni C {Kn-sa v {]txyiamb A\p-hmZw (D-Ø-c-hv) Bh-iy-an- mø saun- k n-^n- - ne m-sx-bp iº-f-an- mø Ah[n hm jni C {Kn-sa n\v tkh\ Imem-h[n ]cn-k-wn- p-i-bn-. ({]-k-hm-h- [n-tbmsv tn Øv 60 Znh-kw-hsc FSp- p iº-f-an- mø Ah[n (sa-un- k n-^n- v C msx) C {Kn-sa n\v ]cn-k-wn- pw. 19

20 s{]mt_-j {]k-hm-h[n HgnsI GXv eohpw (sa-un- k n-^n- - n-em-bm-epw) Ah ap t]m ]n t]m tn p s]mxp Hgnhv Zn\-߃ sht -j-\pƒ ss s{]mt_-j\v tkh-\-im-e-ambn ]cn-k-wn- p-ibn-. F m s{]mt_-j\v IW- n-se-sp- mø ss{]h v A^-tb-gvkn FSpØ iº-f-an- mø Ah-[n- mew Hgn-sI-bp apgp-h Imehpw `mhn C {Kn-sa ns\ tzmj-i-c-ambn _m[n- n-. Hcp-Zm-l-cWw k ho-kn tn Fbn-UUv kviqƒ A[ym-]-I Hcp Znhkw iº-f-an- mø Ah[n apx hsc sht -j k^nivkv snbvxp apx hsc ss{]h v At^gvkv iº-f-an- mø Ah[n (Hcp amkw Hcp Znh-kw) s{]mt_-j UyqtU v F^v/F (Hcp h jw) tkh-\-im-e-øn \n v Ipdhv sntø- Xv s{]mt_-j ]q Øo-I-cWw F^v/ F H m-asø C {Kn-sa v c m-asø C {Kn-sa v iº-f-an- mø Ah[n aq m-asø C {Kn-sa v CtX A[ym-]-I sht -j Ign v kviqƒ Xpd v Hcp Znhkw am{xw iºfan mø Ah-[n-bn-em-bn-cp- p-sh- n s{]mt_-j UyqtU v F^v/F tkh-\-øn \n v Hgn-hm- n-bxv 1 02 s{]mt_-j {]Jym-]n-t - Xv F^v/F BZy C {Kn-sa v c m-asø C {Kn-sa v aq m-asø C {Kn-sa v Ah[n A\p-h-Zn- \S-]Sn DØ-chv si.-f-kv.-b 13 mw \º ^md-øn-emwv At] AXns adp-]p-døv Xs \S-]Sn DØ-chv tcj-s -SpØmw. {]txy-i-ambn as mcp DØ-chv thw-sa- n-. ï ï ï 20

21 ï ï ï ï skj³ 4ï(3.30 pm to 5 pm)ï kviqƒ hni-k\ ] Xn (S.D.P) kabw : 1 ½ awn- q Dt±-iy-߃ kviqfp-isf ani-hn-te v \bn- m Hmtcm kviqfn\pw A\p-tbm-Py-amb {]h Ø\ ] -Xn- Iƒ Xøm-dm-t - -Xp v F v t_m[y-s -Sp-Øp- -Xn-\v. kviqƒ hni-k\ tcj-bn DNn-X-amb am -߃ hcpøn \nc- cw ]cn-jvi-cn-t - -XmWv F [mcw cq]o-i-cn- p- -Xn-\v. {]{Inb s]m-xp-hn-zym-`ymk kwc- W b -Øns `mk-ambn Ht sd kviqfp-i-fn \S- m- nb ani-hm {]h Ø-\-߃ \mw I p-i-gn- p. kviqfp-iƒ ani-hns ti{µ-ß-fmbn amdp- p; anish- m A m-z-ani ani-hm-wv. B kviqfp-i-fn CØ-c-Øn-ep {]h Ø-\-߃ km[y-am-bxv Fß-s\-bm-bn-cn- pw? s]mxp-n GXm-\pw-t] {]Xn-I-cn- p- p. F v.fw s t\xr-xz-]-c-amb ] v {]mtz-ini hn`-h-߃ Is Øn D]-tbm-K-s -SpØn kviqƒ {]h Ø\ ] Xn Xøm-dm n \S- n-em n {]Y-am-[ym-]-Is tamwn- -dnwkv \nß-fpss kviqfnepw Cu h jsø {]h Ø\ ] Xn Xøm-dm- n-bn- p- v. o Cu h jsø {]h Ø\ ] -Xn-bn Du \ Inbn p taje GXv? o Xs kviqfn \S- n-em- p Hcp {]h Ø ] XnbpsS hni-zmwi߃ HmtcmcpØcpw tcj-s -Sp-Øp- p. (5 an\n- v) o tcj-s -Sp-tØ t^m am v {]Z in- n- p p (]n.-]n.- n) 21

22 Slide 1 t]cv : taje : Ime-b-fhv : e yw : {]h Ø-\-{Iaw : Npa-Xe : kmº-øniw : - GXm\pw t] Ah-X-cn- n- p- p. - Nm n tcj-s -Sp-Øp- p. - a w-k-߃ hne-bn-cp-øp- p. - hne-bn-cp-ø kqn-i-߃ {]Z in- n- p- p. Slide 2 hne-bn-cp-ø kqn-i-߃ {]h Ø\ ] -Xn-bpsS sa -߃ : ]cnanxn-iƒ : \n t±-in- p am -߃ : Xs kviqfn-te v kzoim-cy-amtwm? : kqn-i-ßfpss ASn-ÿm-\-Øn 2/3 t] {]Xn-I-cn- p- p. hnhn[ kviqfp-i-fn Xøm-dm- nb F-kv.-Un.]n amxrim tim n-iƒ {Kq n ]cn-tim-[\bv v \ Ip p. hne-bn-cp-ø dnt m v {Kq p-iƒ Ah-X-cn- n- p- p. \nßfpss kviqfn Xøm-dm- n-bn- p kviqƒ hni-k\ ] Xn ]cn-jvi-cn-t Xpt m? kviqƒ hni-k\ ] Xn cq]o-i-cw {]{Inb F v? AwK-߃ {]Xn-I-cn- p- p. kviqƒ hni-k\ ] Xn cq]o-i-cw {]{Inb (]n.-]n. n Ah-X-c-Ww) N m kqn-i-߃ D]-tbm-Kn v N A\p-`h hnh-cww ]n.-]n. n {]Z in- n v t{imuo-i-c-ww. kviqƒ hni-k\ ] Xn cq]o-i-cw {]{Inb Fs ms? 22

23 2/3 t] hni-z-am- p- p. BZy-L w kviqƒ hnj cq]o-i-cww F [mc-w-bn-se-øp- p. 1. kviqƒ hnj cq]o-i-cww N m kqn-i-߃ \nß-fpss kviqfns hnj (Im-gvN- m-sv) F v? Fs kviqƒ Fß-s\-bm-IWw? A m-z-aniw `uxniw kmaq-lniw GXm-\pw-t] {]Xn-I-cn- p- p. (Slide {]-Z in- n- p- p) Hmtcm kviqfn\pw Zo L-Im-em-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep Hcp ImgvN- msv cq]o-i-cn-t - -Xp v 2. Ah-ÿm-]-T\w (a) taj-e-iƒ \n -bn- Xs kviqfn-s \ne-hn-ep Ahÿ F v? A m-z-aniw Ip nifpss ]T\ \ne-hmcw Fßs\? (hn-hn[ hnj-b-ß-fn ) ]T-\-{]-iv\-ß-fmbn \ne-\n p- Xv Fs ms? {]txyi ]cn-k-w\ A ln- p Ip n-iƒ F{X? Ah v th klm-b-߃ Fs ms? {]txyi Ign-hp-Iƒ D Ip n-iƒ Bscms? GsX mw taj-e-ifn? `uxniw mkv apdn-ifpw ^ Wn- -dp-ifpw F{X-tØmfw ]T-\-Øn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amWv? IpSn-sh- w, tsmbve v kui-cy-߃ Fßs\? em_v, sse{_-dn, Iºyq- -dp-iƒ XpS-ßn-b ]T-t\m-]-I-c-߃ F{X-tØmfw? D -`- Ww ]mniw snø, hnx-cww \ne-hn-ep Ah-ÿ. Ifn-ÿ-ew, ]qt m- w,.... Fßs\? 23

24 kmaq-lniw SMC, PTA, CPTA, LSG CS-s]Sepw klm-bhpw Fßs\? {]mtz-ini hn`-h-ß-epss km[yx F{X-tØmfw? (Slide {]-Z in- n- p- p) (b) hnh-c-ti-j-cww Hmtcm taj-e-bn-tebpw hnhc tij-cww Fßs\ \SØmw? Ip n-i-fpss ]T-\-\n-e-hmcw Fßs\ IrXy-ambn Is Ømw? (\n-zm\ tim[iw/ {]oss-ãv) `uxni kui-cy-ß-fpss Ahÿ Fßs\ Is Ømw? (hnhc tij-cw t^m am- n-eq-ss) C\w \ne-hn-ep- -h-bpss FÆw C\n Bh-iy-ap- Xv (c) A]-{K-Y-\w, \nk-a\w {]ossãv Xmc-X-ayw, t^m am v hni-i-e-\w hnhn[ taj-e-i-fnse Ahÿ Xncn- -dn-bp- p. 3. ] Xn cq]o-i-cww (a) kviqƒ tim {Kq p-iqsn-bp N (F- v.-fw, Fkv.-Fw.kn snb am, ]n.- n.f {]kn-u v, Ãm^v sk{i- -dn, hm Uv saº.... ) Zo L-Im-em-Sn-ÿ-m\-Øn-ep ] -Xn-Iƒ GsXms? {lkz-im-em-sn-ÿm-\-øn-ep ] -Xn-Iƒ GsXms? Cu h jw hnzym-`ymk hip v \S- n-em- p {]txyi ]cn-]m-sn-iƒ GsX mw? AwK-߃ {]Xn-I-cn- p- p. hnzym-`ymk hip v \S- n-em- p {]txyi ]cn-]m-sn-iƒ Slide {]-Z in- n- p- p AwK-߃ Ah-sb- p-dn- p elp hnh-cww \S-Øp- p. Cu {]h Ø-\-߃ Xs kviqfn F{X-tØmfw \S- n-em- m Ign p? Fs kviqfn GsXms ] -Xn-Iƒ? Zo L-Ime ] -Xn-Iƒ GsXms? {lkz-ime] -Xn-Iƒ GsXms? F v Xocp-am-\n- p- p. 24

25 (b) ] Xn Xøm-dm- kviqƒ ] Xn Xøm-dm- Bscms? (Fkv.-B.Pn, ]n.- n.f {]kn-u v, Fkv.-Fw.kn {]Xn-\n-[n, ) 4. {]h Ø\ Ie- Xøm-dm- {]Xn-amk {]h Ø\ Ie- Xøm-dm- Fßs\? (] ni cq]-øn ) 5. ] -Xn-I-fpsS \S- n-em- 6. tamwn- -dnwkpw hne-bn-cp-øepw (F- v.-fw) {]Y-am-[ym-]-Is hne-bn-cp-øepw tamwn- -dnwkpw Fßs\? hne-bn-cp-ø kqn-i-߃: ka-b-_- n-x-ambn \S- n-em- p- pt m? \ne-hn-ep XS- -߃ Fs mw? Fßs\ ]cn-l-cn mw? 7. kviqƒ hni-k\ ] Xn ]cn-jvi-cn- \nß-fpss kviqƒ hni-k\ ] Xn ]cn-jvi-cn-t - -Xpt m? {]Y-am-[ym-]-I F \ne-bn Xs CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ Fs ms? s]mxp N t{imuo-i-cww (]n.-]n.- n) o anish m A m-z-ani anihv o kviqfp-isf ani-hn-te v \bn- m Hmtcm kviqfpw A\p-tbm-Py-amb {]h Ø\ ] -Xn-Iƒ Xøm-dm-t - -Xp- -v. o kviqƒ hni-k\ tcj-bn Imtem-Nn-X-amb am -߃ hcpøn \nc- cw ]cn-jvicn-t - -Xp- -v. o kviqƒ hni-k\ tcj-bpss ^e-{]-z-amb \S-Øn- n F v.fw s tamwn- dnwkpw hne-bn-cp-øepw \n Wm-b-I-am-Wv. B.]n bpss {]txyi {i bv v Fkv.-Un.]n bpambn _ -s ]cn-io-e\w \S Pn -I-fn \ne-hn Xøm-dm- nb Fkv.- Un.]n sa -s -Sp-Øp- -Xn-\m-IWw Cu skj\n Du \ ti- -Xv. 25