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- Gervais Dixon
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2 Gifted and Talented International V o l u m e 2 4, N u m b e r 2, D e c e m b e r, G i f t e d a n d T a l e n t e d I n t e r n a t i o n a2 l 4 ( 2), D e c e m b e r,
3 T h e W o r l d C o u n c i l f o r G i f t e d a n d T a l e n t e d C h i l d r e n Executive Committee and Officers ( ) P r e s i d e n t T a i s i r S u b h i Y a m i n ; G e n e r a l D i r e c t o r, T h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t r e f o r I n n o v a t i o n c ai tn i oe n d u( I C I E ) ; U n i v e r s i t é P a r i s D e s c a r t e s, F r a n c e. V i c e P r e s i d e n t E d n a M c M i l l a n ; S t o n e y C r e e k, O n t a r i o, C a n a d a. S e c r e t a r y L e s l i e S. G r a v e s ; E d u c a t i o n a l c o n s u l t a n t, D u b l i n, I r e l a n d. T r e a s u r e r J u l i a L i n k R o b e r t s ; E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r o f t h e C a r o l M a r t i n t ogn a ta c a d e m y o f M a t h e m a t i c s a n d S c i e n c e ; W e s t e r n K e n t u c k y U n i v e r s i t y ; B o w l i n g G r e e n, K e n t u c k y, U S A. M e m b e r s N g a r m m a r s K a s e m s e t ; D i r e c t o r, T h a i l a n Td h e G i f t e d a n d T a l e n t e d F o u n d a t i o n ( T G T ) ; B a n g k o k, T h a i l a n d. L e o n i e K r o n b o r g ; U n i v e r s i t y L e c t u r e r i n G i fetd eud c a t i o n, M o n a s h U n i v e r s i t y ; C l a y t o n, V i c t o r i a, A u s t r a l i a. K l a u s K. U r b a n ; L e i b n i z U n i v e r s i t y, H a n n o v e r, F a c u l t y o f H u m a n i t i e s ; S t a d t h a g e n, G e r m a n y. E x e c u t i v e A d m i n i s t r a t o r C a t h r i n e F r o e s e K l a s s e n ; U n i v e r s i t y o f W i n n i p e, gw i n n i p e g, M a n i t o b a, C a n a d a. 2 G i f t e d a n d T a l e n t e d I n t e r n a t i o n a2 l 4 ( 2), D e c e m b e r,
4 F r o m t h e E d i t o r s D e s k T a b l e o f C o n t e n t s T a i s i r S u b h i Y a m i n A r t i c l e s A D y n a m i c E c o l o g i c a l F r a m e w o r k f o r D i f f e r e n t i a t i n g t h e P r i m a r y C u r r. i c u l u m S u s e n R. S m i t h G r a d e S k i p p i n g : A R e t r o s p e c t i v e C a s e S t u d y o n A c a d e m i c a n d S o c i a l I m p l i c a. t i o n s O r a K l e i n b o k ; a n d H a v a V i d e r g o r C u l t u r a l a n d S o c i a l C a p i t a l a n d T a l e n t D e vm e ln ot p: A S t u d y o f a H i g-ha b i l i t y A b o r i g i n a l S t u d e n t i n a R e m o tc e o m m u n i t y. K a r e n K o s t e n k o ; a n d P e t e r M e r r o t s y P e r f e c t i o n i s m o f A c a d e m i c a l l y G i f t e d P r i m a r y S c h o o l S t u d e n t s : T h e C a s e o f. J a p a n S l a v i c a M a k s ić ; a n d K u m i k o I w a s a k i S o c i a l R e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f G i f t e d C h i l d r e n : A P r e l i m i n a r y S t u d y i n. F r a n c e J e a n L o u i s T a v a n i ; F r a n c k Z e n a s n i ; a n d M a r i a P e r e i r a- F r a d i n S i b l i n g R e l a t i o n s h i p s A m o n g E i l a t F a m i lw i et s h a t L e a s t O n e G i f t e d C h i. l d H a n n a D a v i d ; M a l i G i l ; a n d I d i t R a v i v W h a t a r e E x t r a o r d i n a r y G i f t e d C h i l d r ie kn e L ( E q u a l t o o r A b o v e I Q )? A S t u d y o f 1 0 C a s e s. Y o l a n d a B e n i t o M a t e Y o u n g, G i f t e d, a n d F e m a l e : A L o o k a t A c a d e m i c a n d S o c i a l N e. e d s C o r i n e C a d l e M e r e d i t h T h e I m p o r t a n c e o f D e c i s i o n M a k i n g : A G i f t e d C a s e R e p. o r t N o k s N a u t a ; S i e u w k e R o n n e r ; a n d B e n n o G r o e n e v e l d G o v e r n m e n t a l R e f o r m a n d E d u c a t i o n f o r t h e G i f t e d i n J a p a n : A C u r r e n t A n. a l y s i s S t e p h e n J. B u g a j G i f t e d n e s s P e r c e p t i o n s a n d P r a c t i c e s o f T e a c h e r s i n L i t h. u a n i a M o n i t a L e a v i t t ; a n d J o h n G e a k e B o o k R e v i e w s (1 ) M e n t o r i n g i n a C a n a d i a n C o n t e x. t K e v i n L a m o u r e u x ; K e n W. M c C l u s k e y ; A l a n C. W i e b e ; a n d P h i l i p A. B a k e r ( 2 ) L e a r n i n g t o S o l v e P r o b l e m s : A n I n s t r u c t i o n a l D e s i g n G. u i d e D a v i d H. J o n a s s e n S u b m i s s i o n G u i d e l i n e s G i f t e d a n d T a l e n t e d I n t e r n a t i o n a2 l 4 ( 2), D e c e m b e r,
5 What are Extraordinary Gifted Children Like (Equal to or Above 189 IQ)? A Study of 10 Cases A b s t r a c t Y o l a n d a B e n i t o M a t e A f t e r a s h o r t i n t r o d u c t i o n a b o u t p r e v i o u s s t u d i e s o n e x t r a o r d i n a r i l y g i f t e d c h i l d r e n w i t h a n I Q o f o v e r 1 7 0, t h i s a r t i c l e r e f e r s t o t h e d e s c r i p t i v e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t e n c h i l d r e n w i t h I Q o f o v e r A f t e r t h i s, t h e d e v e l o p m e n t a n d l e a r n i n g c h a r a c t e r i sc ts o f t h e s e c h i l d r e n a r e d e s c r i b e d a n d f i n a l l y e m p i r i c a l r e s e a r c h a b o u t a s p e c t s t h a t d e s c r i b e t h e p e r s o n a l, s o c i a l a n d s c h o l a r a d a p t a t i o n o f t h e s e h i g h l y g i f t e d c h i l d r e n i s d i s c u s s e d. K e y w o r d s : E x t r a o r d i n a r y g i f t e d c h i l d r e n ( I Q o f o v e r ), d e v e, l o plm e an rt n i n g, d aap t a t i o n, e m p i r i c a l r e s e a r c h e. s I n t r o d u c t i o n T h e f o c u s o f t h i s a r t i c l e i s h i g h l y g idfetve ed l o p m e n t o f G i f t e d C h i l d r e n h a d a n I Q l e v e l c h i l d r e n w i t h a n e x t r a o r d i n a r i l y h i g h I Q l e v e l. o f I 1t 7 0 i s o r m o r e. r e m i n i s c e n t o f T e r m a n s s t u d y c a r r i e d o u t i n I n s i m i l a r v e i n, i n t h e s t a t e o f M a i n e, C a l i f o r n i a i n w i t h a s a m p l e o f w h e r e t h e r e i s t h e l i k e l i h o o d o f o n e c h i l d w i t h i n t e l l e c t ulay l g i f t e d c h i l d r e n. A l t h o u g h c l e a rtlhy i s l e v e l o f I Q a t m o s t, 1 5 w e r e i d e n t i f i e d. T e r m a n s s a m p l e h a d u n d e r g o n e a p r i o r T h e s e d a t a c o i n c i d e w i t h t h o s e o f e a r l i e r s e l e c t i o n, % o f t h i s g r o u p h a d a n a v e r a g e r e s e a r c h e r s w h o o b s e r v e d a n u n e x p e c t e d l y h i g h I Q s l i g h t l y a b o v e T h e I Q s o f 4 7 b o y s w e r fe r e q u e n c y a t t h e u pepr e n d o f t h e I Q d i s t r i b u t i o n b e t w e e n a n d 1 9 4, a n d t h r e e h u n d r e d g i r l s c u r v e ( D u n l a p, ; G a l l a g h e r a n d M o s s, ; h a d I Q s b e t w e e n a n d I t i s w e l l t Jo e n s e n, ; M c G u f f o g, F e i r i n g a n d L e w i s, c o n s i d e r t h a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y 8 5 % o f ; R o b i n s o n, ; S t o t t a n d B a l l, ; i n t e l l e c t u a l l y g i f t e d c h i l d r e n h a v e a n I Q T e or mf a n, ). b e t w e e n a n d T h e g r o u p o f 3 8 c h i l d r e n s e l e c t e d b y S i l v e r m a n a n d K e a r n e y ( ) w a s t h e gl ea sr t T h e a r t i c l e i s b a s e d o n t h e s t u d y onf u m b e r o f c h i l d r e n s t u d i e d w i t h a n I Q o f g i f t e d c h i l d r e- n s p e c i f i c a l l y t h o s e w i t h a n I Q ocf o m p a r e, f o r e x a m p l e, H o l l i n g w o r t h ( ) w h o o v e r 1 8 9, a n d t h e f a m i l y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f s udceh t a i l e d h e r s t u d y b a s e d o n 1 2 c h i l d r e n i n h e r e x t r a o r d i n a r y di in v i d u a l s. A s a s t a r t i n g r e f e r e n cbe o o k C h i l d r e n a b o v e I Q ; o r t h e m o r e p o i n t, t h e m o s t r e c e n t d a t a p u b l i s h e d w i l l rb e c e n t s t u d y c a r r i e d o u t b y M c G u f f o g i n c o n s i d e r e d r e g a r d i n g e x t r a o r d i n a r i l y i n t e l l i gse hn e t d e s c r i b e d 1 0 c h i l de rn w i t h a n I Q o f o v e r c h i l d r e n. I n L i n d a K r e g e r S i l v e r m a n a n d ( i n S i l v e r m a n a n d K e a r n e y, ). C o r i a t K a t h i K e a r n e y r e s e a r c h e d 2 3 c h i l d r e n f r o m m a k e s r e f e r e n c e t o t h e t w o c a s e s h e o b s e r v e d C o l o r a d o a n d 1 5 f r o m M a i n e. A l t o g e t h e tr h e r e i n h i s ( ) b o o k G i f t e d C h i l d r e n. w e r e 1 7 g i r l s a n d 2 1 b o y s w h o s e a g e s r a n g e d T h e r e a r e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h i s b e t w e e n 3 a n d 1 3 y e a r s. T h e i r I Q s r a n g e d c u r r e n t s t u d y a n d t h e S i l v e r m a n & K e a r n e y b e t w e e n a n d A c c o r d i n g t o t h e a u t h o r s, s t u d y o f C e r t a i n l y m o r e x c e p t i o n a l l y g i v e n n o r m a l d i s t r i b u t i o n t h e i n c i d e n c e og f i f t e d s t u d e n t s w i t h a n I Q o f a n d a b o v e c h i l d r e n w i t h a n I Q o v e r i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y a1 t t e n d e d t h e c e n t r e i n C o l o r a d o o v e r a 9 y e a r i n ( D u n l a p, ) T. h i s s u g g e s t s n o p e r i o d t h a n a t t e n d e d t h e c e n t r e i n V a l l a d o l i d, m o r e t h a n 2 o r 3 s u c h c h i l d r e n w o u l d l i k e l y bse p a i n. I n f a c t, t h e s t u d y i n v o l v e d a t o t a l o f f o u n d i n t h e e n t i r e s t a t e o f C o l o r a d o. H o w e v e r 2, c h i l d r e n. A t o t a l o f g i f t e d c h i l d r e n f r o m i n t h e l a s t 9 y e a r s, 4 %, i. e., 8 0 c h i l d r e n l i va ill n g o vi en r S p a i n i n w e r e o b s e r v e d t h e H u e r t a d e l C o l o r a d o a n d a t t e n d i n g t h e C e n t r e f o r t h e R e y C e n t r e o v e r a p e r i o d o f 1 1 y e a r s. O f t h e s e, G i f t e d a nd T a l e n t e d I n t e r n a t i o n a l 2 4 ( 2 ), D e c e m b e r,
6 T h e W o r l d C o u n c i l f o r G i f t e d a n d T a l e n t e d C h i l d r e n 4 2 o r a l m o s t 7 % o f t h e s a m p l e o b s e r v e d, h a d w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e i r d e v e l o p m e n t a n d a n I Q o f a b o v e O f t h i s g r o u p, 2 0 h a d I Q es d u c a t i o n. f r o m , 1 3 f r o m a n d 9 f r o m A c c o r d i n g t o S i l vr em a n a n d K e a r n e y, t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e i r s a m p l e w a s e v a l u a t e d b y T h i s m e a n s t h a t t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f c a s e s t e s t s w h i c h o n l y p r o v i d e c o g n i t i v e a b i l i t y l e v e l s, p e r p o p u l a t i o n d i f f e r s s o m e w h a t. T h e W I S C - R, W P P S I, K a u f m a n A B C, t h e M c C a r t h y p e r c e n t a g e o f e x c e p t i o n a l l y g i f t e d c h i l d r es n c a l e s o f C h i l d r e n ' s A b i l i ta in ed s t h e I V r e v i s i o n e n c o u n t e r e d a t t h e H u e r t a D e l R e y i s a l m o s t o f t h e S t a n f o r-b d i n e t t e s t. B e c a u s e o f u p p e r t e s t ( B a s e d o n 4 2 / = c f. 3 8 / = ; l i m i t s o r t e s t c e i l ion ng e s on f t h e s e m e a s u r e s a r e i. e., 6. 5 %- 2 % ) l a r g e r t h a n t h e C o l o r a d o s t u d y. k n o w n f o r t h e i r a c c u r a c y i n t e r m s o f T h e r e a s o n fo r s u c h d i f f e r e n c e s m a y b e d u e t o e x t r a o r d i n a r i l y i n t e l l e c t u a l l y g i f t e d c h i l d r e n. T h i s d i f f e r e n t t r e a t m e n t o r a t t e n t i o n g i v e n t o g i rf at ie sd e s a s e r i o u s i s s u e w h i c h m u s t b e t a k e n i n t o c h i l d r e n i n t h e t w o c o u n t r i e s. F o r e x a m p l e a, c c o u n t w h e n e s t i m a t i n g t h e c o g n i t i v e a b i l i t y o f d e s p i t e t h e r e p e r h a p s b e i n g s t r i k i n g c a s e s oef x t r e m e l y h i g h l y g i f t e d c h i l d r e n. T h e r e c a n b e a s u c h c h i l d r e n i n S p a i n, i t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t l a dc ik f fo ef r e n c e o f a s m u c h a s 5 0 I Q p o i n t s b e t w e e n k n o w l e d g e a n d i n a d e q u a t e i n f o r ma t i o n d u r i n g t e s t s s u c h a s t h e M S C A, K- A B C, W I S C - R, t h e e a r l i e r y e a r s m e a n t f e w e r w e r e n o t i c e d iw n P P S I a n d t h e o l d e r v e r s i o n o f t h e S t a n f-o r d c o m p a r i s o n t o C o l o r a d o. B i n e t- t h e S t a n f o r d - B i n e t ( L M ). A n e x a m p l e o f I t i s a l s o v e r y c u r i o u s a n d, p e r h a pts h i s i s p r o v i d e d b y S i l v e r m a n a n d K e a r n e y w o r r y i n g, h o w t h e r e i s a d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e r a t i( o 1 9o8f 9 ), i n w h i c h s e v e n c h i l d r e n f r o m M a i n e a n d b o y s t o g i r l s e n c o u n t e r e d a c c o r d i n g t o s e x, s i x f r o m C o l o r a d o w e r e a d m i n i s t e r e d t h e b e t w e e n t h e H u e r t a D e l R e y s t u d y, T e r m a ns S t a n f o r d- B i n e t. O n e c h i l d o b t a i n e d a n I Q o f o b s e r v a t i o n s, a n d t h o s e o f S i l v e r m a n a n d o n t h e K- A B C a n d o n t h e S t a n f o r d. O n l y K e a r n e y. I n o u r s a m p l e, t h e n u m b e r o f g i r l os n e c h i l d f r o m t h e I Q g r o u p o b t a i n e d a i d e n t i f i e d a s w e l l a s t h e p e r c e n t a g e w i t h h isgch o r e o f o v e r i n t h e W I-S R C, w h i l e na o t h e r s c o r e s i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y l o w e r. I n f a c t, i n o f t th he e c h i l d r e n o n l y o b t a i n e d a s c o r e o f i n C o l o r a d o g r o u p, t h e t h r e e h i g h e s t s c o r e s o f t h e W I S C - R. o v e r w e r e o b t a i n e d b y g is r. l I n t h e M a i n e T h i s p h e n o m e n o n i s o b s e r v e d o n l y a t t h e g r o u p, o n e b o y o b t a i n e d t h e h i g h e s t s c o r e o f h i g h e s t e n d o f t h e p s y c h o m e t r i c d i s t r i b u t i o n o f 1 9 4, f o l l o w e d b y t h r e e g i r l s w i t h a n I Q o f 1 i9 n0 t. e l l i g e n c e. I f t h i s o c c u r r e d a t a l l t h e l e v e l s, t h e T h e s e d a t a a r e s i m i l a r t o t h o s e o b t a i n e d b ty e s t s w o u l d b e v a l u e l e s s. F o r e x a m p l e, i m a gi f n e T e r m a n w h o f o u n d t h e t h r e e h i g h e s t s c o r e s o f a c h i l d o b t a i n s a n I Q o f i n o n e t e s t a n d 5 0 i n o v e r w e r e o b t a i n e d b y w o m e n ( T e r m a n, a n o t h e r. O n e o f t h e m w o u l d i n d i c a t e t h e c h i l d h a s ; H o l l i n g w o rh t, ). I n o u r s a m p l e, o f t h a e n o r m a l a b i l i t y f o r a c a d e m i c l e a r n i n g a n d t h e 2 0 c h i l d r e n w i t h a n I Q o f b e t w e e n a n d 1 7 9, o t h e r w o u l d i n d i c a t e t h e c h i l d i s s e v e r e l y 4 a r e g i r l s a n d 1 6 a r e b o y s. I n t h e g r o cu hp a l l e n g e d i n t e l l e c t u a l l y. b e t w e e n a n d 1 8 9, 6 a r e g i r l s a n d 7 a r e b o y s S i l v e r m a n a n d K e a r n e y ( ) c a l ca ut le d a n d i n t h e l a s t I Q g r o u p o f o v e r 1 9 0, t h e r e ta hr e I Q c o n v e n t i o n a l l y, i. e., d i v i d i n g t h e m e n t a l a g e o n l y b o y s. I t i s n e c e s s a r y a n d a d v ie s a bt lo o f t h e c h i l d b y t h e c h r o n o l o g i c a l a g e a n d r e m e m b e r a t t h i s p o i n t t h a t n o n e o f t h e c h i l d r me un l t i p l y i n g b y ( S i l v e r m a n a n d K e a r n e y, ). w h o w e o b s e r v e d w i t h a n I Q o f o v e r 1 7 0, h a d I n t h e c u r r e n t s t u d y, t h e I Q w a s c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g a s s o c i a t e d d i s o r d e r s. t h e m e t h o d r e c o m m e n d e d i n t h e t e c h n i c a l T h e c u r r e n t s t u d y f o c u s e d o n m a n u a l o f t h e Satn f o r d-b i n e t F o r m L-M. u s i n g t h e 1 0 c o n v e r s i o n t a b l e s t o t r a n s f o r m t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l c h i l d r e n w i t h I Q s o f b e t w e e n a n d A s I Q v a l u e s a s o b t a i n e d i n r e v i s e d I Q s. f a r a s i s k n o w n, n o o t h e r s t u d i e s h a v e b e e n S i n c e t h e p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h e S t a n-f o r d c o n d u c t e d s p e c i f i c a l l y o n c h i l d r e n i n t h i s B fi na er t I V (- B S I V ) i n , m a n y p s y c h o l o g i s t s u p p e r r a n g e o f i n t e l l i g e n c e. I t i s h o p e d i s ht ahva e t a b a n d o n e d t h e o l d S t a n f o r-db i n e t F o r m L- t h i s r e s e a r c h m a y i n i t i a t e a s e r i e s o f s t u dm i, e s e v e n t h o u g h s o m e e x p e r t s i n t h e f i e l d, e. g., w h i c h m a y b e o f b e n e f i t a s w e s e e k t o D a v i s a n d R i m m ( ), d o n o t r e c o m m e n d t h e u n d e r s t a n d t h i s s u b j e c t f u r t h e r. A b o v e a l l tsh -B e I V f o r u s e w i t h h i g h l y g i f t e d i n d i v i d u a l s. T h e y h o p e i s t h a t t h e i m p a c t o f s u c h s t u d i e s y mb ae s a i d : O n e p r o b l e m i s t h a t t h e u p p e r l i m i t o f t h e p o s i t i v e a n d b e r e f l e c t e d i n t h e i m p a c t v a r i ofuos u r t h e d i t i o n i s l o w e r ( a r o u n d I Q ) t h a n i n t h e p e r s o n a l, a c a d e m i c a n d s o c i a l f a c e t s o f t h e s e p r e v i o u s e d i t i o ns o t h a t a n e x t r a o r d i n a r i l y g i f t e d c h i l d r e n a n d t h e i r f a m i l i e s a s w e l l a s pt eh re s o n w o u l d n o t b e i d e n t i f i e d T o u r( ó n ; P e r a l t a p r o f e s s i o n a l s i m m e r s e d i n t h e f a s c i n a t i n g t a sak n d R e p á r a z, , p. 8 5 ). 90 G i f te d a n d T a l e n t e d I n t e r n a t i o n a l 2 4 (2 ), D e c e m b e r,
7 W h e n u s e d w i t h g i f t e d i n d i v i d u a l s, t-hb e ISV t y p i c a l l y g e n e r a t e s l o w e r s c o r e s. T h e d i s c r e p a n c y b e t w e e n t h e n e w a n d o l d t e s t s c o r e a v e r a g e s 1 3 p. o5 i n t s a t t h e l o w e n d o f t h e g i f t e d s p e c t r u m. C h i l d r e n a c h i e v i n g a n I Q s c o r e o f i n -t M h e v elr s i o n s c o r e d a n I Q o f i n t h-e B SI V v e r s i o n ( T h o r n d i k e, H a g e n a n d S a t t l e r, ). S o m e a d d i t i o n a l c o m p a r i s o n s f o l l o w b e l o w ( S e e : T a b l e 1 ) w i t h r e g a r d t o hte d i f f e r e n c e i n m e a s u r e m e n t b e t w e e n t h r e e o f t h e m a j o r i n s t r u m e n t s u s e d i n t h e c u r r e n t s t u d y t o e s t i m a t e c o g n i t i v e a b i l i t y. T h e s c o r e s o f f e r e d h a v e b e e n o b t a i n e d u s i n g -R t h, e t hw e I S C S t a n f o r d- B i n e t ( F o r m L-M ) a n d t h e M c C a r t h y S c a l e s o f C h i l d r e n ' s A b iels i t( im C A S ). T a b l e 1 : P s y c h o m e t r i c I n t e l l i g e n c e T e s t s. C h i l d A g e W I S C - R S T A N F O R D - B I N E T ( F o r m L - M ) M C A S A 3 y e a r s 6 m o n t h s I Q 1 9 2, M A 7 y e a r s 1 m o n t h O I Q B 3 y e a r s 9 m o n t h s V I Q 1 4 4, M I Q 1 4 0, T I Q I Q 1 8 9, M A 7 y e a r s 1 m o n t h O I Q C 4 y e a rs 8 m o n t h s V I Q 1 4 9, M I Q 1 2 7, T I Q I Q y e a r s 2 m o n t h s O I Q D 4 y e a r s 1 0 m o n t h s V I Q 1 3 9, M I Q 1 4 4, T I Q I Q 1 9 2, M A 9 y e a r s 0 m o n t h s O I Q E 6 y e a r s 5 m o n t h s V I Q 1 4 9, M I Q 1 3 1, T I Q I Q 1 9 1, M A 1 1 y e a r s 0 m o n t h s O I Q F 7 y e a r s 1 m o n t h V I Q 1 5 5, M I Q 1 3 6, T I Q I Q 1 9 9, M A 1 3 y e a r s 9 m o n t h s O I Q G 8 y e a r s 5 m o n t h s V I Q 1 5 2, M I Q 1 4 2, T I Q I Q 2 1 1, M A 1 7 y e a r s 1 1 m o n t h s H 8 y e a r s 7 m o n t h s V I Q 1 5 5, M I Q 1 2 4, T I Q I Q 2 0 2, M A 1 7 y e a r s 9 m o n t h s I 9 y e a r s 3 m o n t h s V I Q 1 5 2, M I Q 1 3 2, T I Q I Q 1 9 4, M A 1 8 y e a r s 6 m o n t h s J 1 0 y e a r s 1 m o n t h V I Q , M I Q 1 4 1, T I Q I Q 1 9 4, M A 2 0 y e a r s 6 m o n t h s S u c h d i s c r e p a n c i e s c a u s e d s o m e d i f f i c u l t i e s. F o r e x a m p l e, b e c a u s e p r o f e s s i o n a l s t e n d t o t r u s t t h e l o w e s t s c o r e s t h e y a s s u m e p a r e n t s a r e o n l y t r y i n g t o b o o s t t h e i r o w n e g o b y c l a i m i n g t h e i r c h i l d r e n h a v e g r e a t e r a b i l i t i e s. G i v e n n o c u r r e n t i n s t r u m e n t a d e q u a t e l y e v a l u a t e s t h e t o t a l i t y o f t h e a b i l i t i e s o f e x c e p t i o n a l l y g i f t e d c h i l d r e n, a l t e r n a t i v e m e t h o d s o f e v a l u a t i o n m u s t n s bi e d e rceo d. A l m o s t t h i r t y y e a r s a g o t h e N a t i o n a l I d e n t i f i c a t i o n R e p o r t ( R i ca hl evri t n, o a n d M c D o n n e l, ) o f f e r e d t h i s c o n s e n s u s o f o p i n i o n : I t i s r e c o g n i z e d t h a t n e w i n s t r u m e n t s a n d i d e n t i f i c a t i o n m e t h o d s m u s t b e d e v e l o p e d f o r g i f t e d s t u d e n t s i n s p e c i f ip co p u l a t i o n s, s u c h a s f o r e x a m p l e, e t h n i c m i n o r i t i e s, t h e d i s a d v a n t a g e d, s t u d e n t s w i t h a l i m i t e d a b i l i t y t o s p e a k E n g l i s h, e x c e p t i o n a l l y g i f t e d s t u d e n t s a n d t h e h a n d i c a p p e d ( p p. 7 7 a n d 7 8, e m p h a s i s a d d e d ). W h i l e t h i s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n h a s a l r e a d y b e i n g i m mp el ne t e d w i t h v i r t u a l l y a l l t h e s p e c i f i c g r o u p s l i s t e d t h e r e i s o n e n o t a b l e b y i t s a b s e n c e : t h e e x c e p t i o n a l l y g i f t e d. A s i t h a p p e n s, t h e o l d m e t h o d o f i d e n t i f i c a t i o n d i s c u s s e d a b o v e i s c o n s i d e r e d m o r e a d e q u a t e w i t h r e s p e c t t o m e a s u r i n g t h e i r a b i l i t y l e v e l t ha n t h e m o r e r e c e n t m e t h o d s ( S i l v e r m a n a n d K e a r n e y, ). T h e S t a n-b f oi rn de t i s, a f t e r a l l, o n e o f t h e t e s t s w i t h t h e h i g h e s t c e i l i n g a n d r e c o g n i s e d a s t h e m o s t a p p r o p r i a t e b y t h e s p e c i a l i s t s ( M E C, ) f o r m e a s u r i n g h i g h a b i l i t y. E v e n s o, e x t r e m e a bo if l i1 t8 y0 o r o v e r i n c h i l d r e n o v e r 1 3 y e a r s o f a g e c a n n o t b e m e a s u r e d ( B e n i t o, ). T h i s h a s c a u s e d s o m e t o t h i n k t h a t c o g n i t i v e a b i l i t y i n c h i l d r e n h a s g o n e d o w n o v e r t h e y e a r s. N o t h i n g i s f u r t h e r f r o m t h e t r u t h. S o m e i n d i v i d u a l s w i l l e x p r e s s t h e o p i ntihoa nt i t i s i r r e l e v a n t w h e t h e r a p e r s o n h a s a n I Q o f o r i n t h e e n d, t h e y s a y, i t i s a l l t h e s a m e. A u c o n t r a i r e, i t i s n o t t h e s a m e. T h i s a r g u m e n t u n d e r s c o r e s t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f, a n d t h e r e a s o n f o r, t h e p r e s e n t a r t i c l e. T h e r e e x i s t v e r y s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f, a n d a p p r o a c h t o, t h e w o r l d i n w h i c h t h e s e e x t r a o r d i n a r i l y g i f t e d p e o p l e r e s i d e. T h e i r e m o t i o n a l, c o g n i t i v e a n d e d u c a t i o n a l n e e d s a r e v e r y d i f f e r e n t a n d, f o r t h i s r e a s o n, a p p r o p r i a t e a n d a c c u r a t e e v a l u a t i o n i s e s s e( nb te in ai lt o, ). T y p i c a l l y c h i l d r e n w i t h I Q s o f h a v e b e e n t e r m e d V e r y h i g h l y gy ie t f, t e td h e. t e r m V e r y h i g h l y g i f t e d i s b e s t r e s e r v e d f o r g i f t e d c h i l d r e n w i t h a n I Q o f o v e r C o n s i d e r H o l l i n g w o r t h ( a n d ), f o r e x a m p l e, w h o r e p e a t e d l y e s cd r i b e s t h e s p e c i a l n e e d s o f c h i l d r e n w i t h I Q s a n d b e y o n d ( S i l v e r m a n a n d K e a r n e y, ). S i m i l a r t e r m i n o l o g y a n d t h e f a c t t h a t s u c h c h i l d r e n d o h a v e a s o c i o -e m o t i o n a l d e v e l o p m e n t m a r k e d l y d i f f e r e n t t o i n t e l l e c t u a l l y g i f t e d c h i l d r e n w i t h l o w er r e s I, Q m e a s u h a s b e e n n o t e d i n r e s e a r c h a n d d o c t o r a l t h e s e s ( A l o n s o, ; A l o n s o a n d B e n i t o, ; B e n i t o, ). G i f t e d a nd T a l e n t e d I n t e r n a t i o n a l 2 4 ( 2 ), D e c e m b e r,
8 T h e W o r l d C o u n c i l f o r G i f t e d a n d T a l e n t e d C h i l d r e n M e t h o d S a m p l e O f t h i s g r o u p, i n t w o o f t h e f a m i l i e s I n c o n t r a s t t o p r e v i o u s r e s e a r c h r e g a r d i n g o t h e r s i b l i n g s w e r e t e s t e d, b o t h o f w h o m w e r e e x t r a o r d i n a r i l y i n t e l l i g e n t c h i l d r e n, a l l t h e c h i l d r e n h i g h l y g i f t e d. O n e o f t h e m w a s t h e e l d e r b r o t h e r i n t h e s a m p l e w e r e b o y s. o f t h e 1 0 y e a r s a n d 1 mn ot h o l d c h i l d. H e N u m b e r o f c h i l d r e n : 1 0 o b t a i n e d a n I Q o f o n t h e S t a n f -o Br id n e t a n d I Q r a n g e : f r o m t o o n t h e W I S C - R. T h e o t h e r c h i l d w a s t h e A g e o f t h e c h i l d r e n a t t h e t i m e o f s e c o n d b r o t h e r o f t h e 6 y e a r s a n d 5 m o n t h s o l d e v a l u a t i o n : 3 y e a r s a n d 6 m o n t h s t o 1 0 c h i l d. H e o b t a i n e d a n I Q o f o n t h e S t a n- f o r d y e a r s a n d 1 m o n t h B i n e t, o n t h e W I S C- R a n d a n O I Q o f o n A v e r a g e a g e o f t h e g r o u p a t t h e t i m e o f t h e M S C A. e v a l u a t i o n : 5 y e a r s a n d 1 0 m o n t h s S a m p l e t a k e n f r o m t o O r d e r o f b i r t h : F i r s tb o r n : 7 I t s h o u l d b e t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t t h a t i n t h e c a s e o f c h i l d I ( 9 y e a r s a n d 3 m o n t h s ) w i t h a n I Q o f d a t a p r o v i d e d b y t h e p a r e n t s w i t h O n l y c h i l d : 3 r e s p e c t t o h i s e a r l y d e v e l o p m e n t a n d f i r s t S e c o n d c h i l d : 2 T h i r d c h i l d : 1 l e a r n i n g e x p e r i e n c e s m a y n o t h a v e b e e n e n t i r e l y a c c u r a t e s i n c e t h i s c h i wl ad s l i v i n g w i t h h i s N u m b e r o f c h i l d r e n p e r f a m i l y : f r o m 1 t o 3 g r a n d p a r e n t s f o r t h e f i r s t t h r e e y e a r s. R e s e a r c h f i n d i n g s F a m i l y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s T h i s s t u d y, a s w i t h t h a t o f S i l v e r m a n a n d K e a r n e y ( ), c o n f i r m s p r e v i o u s f i n d i n g s, i. e., e x t r a o r d i n a r i l y i n t e l l i g e n t c h i l d r e n u s u a l l y c o m e f rr o m o r u p mp ie d d l e S E S l e v e l f a m i l i e s a n d h a v e a p a r e n t w i t h a h i g h e d u c a t i o n a l l e v e l ( H o l l i n g w o r t h, ; B a r b e, ; H i t c h f i e l d, ; R o e d e l l, J a c k s o n a n d R o b i n s o n, ; A l b e r t, ). I n t e r e s t i n g l y, i n t h e s a m p l e, t h e r e w e r e p a r e n t s i n t h r e e f a mnio l iuens i vweirt sh i t y e d u c a t i o n a n d o f a l o w e r S E S : F s f a m i l y: F a t h e r w o r k e d a s a t e c h n i c a l e n g i n e e r, a l t h o u g h w i t h o u t a n o f f i c i a l t i t l e. H i s s t u d i e s c o r r e s p o n d e d t o t h e f i r s t g r a d e o f t h e B a c c a l a u r( eha it ge h S c h o o l l e v e l ) a n d t h e t i t l e o b t a i n e d w a s a s a n a d m i n is t r a t i v e w o r k e r i n m a r k e t i n g a n d s a l e s. T h e m o t h e r w a s a h o u s e w i f e h a d a n d s t u d i e d t h e E l e m e n t a r y B a c c a l a u r e a t e a n d t h e f i r s t g r a d e o f V o c a t i o n a l. T r Ta hi e n i cn hg i l d w a s 7 y e a r s a n d I m o n t h o l d w i t h a n I Q o f H s f a m i l y: F a t h e r h a d s t u d i e d t h e B a c c aul ra e a t e a n d t h e m o t h e r h a d a M i d d l e G r a d e t i t l e. T h e m o t h e r w a s a h o u s e w i f e a n d t h e f a t h e r w a s a h i g h e x e c u t i v e i n b a n k i n g. T h e c h i l d w a s 8 y e a r s a n d 7 m o n t h s o l d a n d h a d a n I Q o f I s f a m i l y : F a t h e r h a d s t u d i e d V o c a t i o n a l T r a i n i n g a n d t h e m o t h e r at ch ce a lba u r e a t e. T h e f a t h e r w o r k e d a s a d r a u g h t s m a n a n d t h e m o t h e r w a s a n o f f i c e w o r k e r. T h e c h i l d w a s 9 y e a r s a n d 3 m o n t h s o l d a n d h a d a n I Q o f R e m a i n i n g s e v e n f a m i l i e s(a t l e a s t o n e o f t h e p a r e n t s h a d h i g h e r l e v e l s o f e d) u: c a t i o n I n A s f a m i l y, t h e tfh ae r w a s a n e l e c t r o n i c s e x p e r t a n d t h e m o t h e r h a d a d e g r e e i n m a t h e m a t i c s. B o t h p a r e n t s w o r k e d a s t e a c h e r s i n M i d d l e S c h o o l. T h e b o y w a s 3 y e a r s a n d 6 m o n t h s o l d w i t h a n I Q o f G i f te d a n d T a l e n t e d I n t e r n a t i o n a l 2 4 (2 ), D e c e m b e r,
9 I n B s f a m i l y, b o t h p a r e n t s w e r e d o c t o r s i n C h e m i s t r y a n d w o r k e d a s r ehseeras r ci n a S c i e n t i f i c R e s e a r c h C e n t r e. T h e f a t h e r h a d s t u d i e d t h e p i a n o a n d t h e m o t h e r p l a y e d t h e g u i t a r w h e n s h e w a s 3 y e a r s o l d. T h e c h i l d w a s 3 y e a r s a n d 9 m o n t h s o l d w i t h a n I Q o f I n C s f a m i l y, t h e f a t h e r h a d s t u d i e d a d m i n i s t r a t i o n a n d t h e mh oa td h esr t u d i e d T e a c h e r T r a i n i n g. T h e f a t h e r w a s a f a r m e r a n d t h e m o t h e r w a s a t e a c h e r. T h e c h i l d w a s 4 y e a r s a n d 8 m o n t h s o l d w i t h a n I Q o f I n D s f a m i l y, t h e m o t h e r h a d a L a w d e g r e e a n d t h e f a t h e r a n E c o n o m i c s d e g r e e. T h e f a t h e r w o r k e d a s a n e c o n o m i s t an d t h e m o t h e r a s a U n i v e r s i t y l e c t u r e r. T h e c h i l d w a s 4 y e a r s a n d 1 0 m o n t h s o l d a n d h a d a n I Q o f T h e f a t h e r b e l o n g e d t o a v e r y n u m e r o u s f a m i l y i n w h i c h h e a n d o t h e r b r o t h e r s h a d b e e n c o n s i d e r e d h i g h l y g i f t e d. I n E s f a m i l y, b o t h p a r e n t s h a d s t u d i e d u nait v e r s i t y. T h e f a t h e r h a d a d e g r e e i n M e d i c i n e a n d t h e m o t h e r i n N u r s i n g. B o t h p a r e n t s w o r k e d : t h e f a t h e r a s a u n i v e r s i t y l e c t u r e r i n a T e a c h e r T r a i n i n g C o l l e g e a n d t h e m o t h e r a s a n u r s e. T h e c h i l d w a s 6 y e a r s a n d 5 m o n t h s o l d w i t h a n I Q o f T h i s w a st h e o t h e r f a m i l y i n w h i c h a n o t h e r o f t h e c h i l d r e n w a s t e s t e d a n d w h o w a s t h e s e c o n d o f t h e c h i l d r e n l e s s i n t e l l i g e n t t h a n -tb ho e r n f, i ra sl t h o u g h a l s o h i g h l y g i f t e d. I n G s f a m i l y, b o t h p a r e n t s h a d d e g r e e s i n T e a c h e r T r a i n i n g a n d b o t h w o r k e d a s j uh no io ol r s c t e a c h e r s. T h e c h i l d w a s 8 y e a r s a n d 5 m o n t h s o l d w i t h a n I Q o f I n J s f a m i l y, t h e f a t h e r w a s a d o c t o r i n M a t h e m a t i c s a n d t h e m o t h e r h a d a d e g r e e i n M e d i c i n e. T h e f a t h e r w o r k e d a s a u n i v e r s i t y l e c t u r e r a n d t h e m o t h e r a s a d o c t o r. T h i s w a s h e o n e o f t f a m i l i e s w h o s e c h i l d r e n w e r e t e s t e d a n d b o t h w e r e h i g h l y g i f t e d. T h e s e c o n d o f t h e s i b l i n g s w a s m o r e i n t e l l i g e n t t h a n t h e e l d e s t c h i l d. T h e c h i l d w a s 1 0 y e a r s a n d 1 m o n t h o l d w i t h a n I Q o f A s i n t h e s t u d y o f S i l v e r m a n a n d K e a r n e y, t h e p a r e n t s o n rd e sd p d i f f e r e n t l y u p o n k n o w i n g t h e i n t e l l e c t u a l e x c e p t i o n a l i t y o f t h e i r c h i l d r e n. W h i l e s o m e e v e n q u e s t i o n e d t h e v a l i d i t y o f t h e t e s t s, a n o t h e r s r e j e c t e d i t o u t o f h a n d d e c l a r i n g t h e y d i d n t b e l i e v e i n s u c h t h i n g s, o t h e r s i n d i c a t e d t h e i r i n t e r e i n h ow t h e i r c h i l d r e n a c h i e v e d s u c h h i g h r e s u l t s b y a s k i n g, W h a t a r e t h e q u e s t i o n s l i k e? o r W h a t a r e t h e p r o b l e m s? I n y e t o t h e r c a s e s, t h e p a r e n t s c o n c e n t r a t e d m o r e o n w h a t t o d o a n d h o w t o e d u c a t e t h e i r c h i l d r e n k n o w i n g t h a t t h e i r a b i l i t i e s w e r e s o h i g h. G i v e n t h e s c h o o l a u t h o r i t i e s w e r e r a r e l y a w a r e o f t h e n e e d s a n d r i g h t s o f t h e s e p u p i l s, t h e p a r e n t s h a d t o i n f o r m t h e m o f t h e e d u c a t i o n a l o p t i o n s. A l l p a r e n t s r e c o g n i z e d t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s o f m a k i n g t h e t e a c h i n g s u i t a b l e a n d t h e i r r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s si pn e ct t h. i s T hre y p r o v i d e d b o o k s, i n f o r m a t i o n a n d a l l t y p e s o f i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t m i g h t s e r v e a s a g u i d e f o r t h e p e o p l e r e s p o n s i b l e i n t h e s c h o o l s. E v e n s o, a t t e m p t s b y p a r e n t s t o c o l l a b o r a t e w e r e n o t a l w a y s a c c e p t e d. I n n i n e o f t h e t e n c a s e s, t h e r e a s o n f on r i t ia an l i c o n s u l t a t i o n b y t h e p a r e n t s w a s a d e s i r e f o r k n o w l e d g e a b o u t t h e p s y c h o l o g i c a l d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e c h i l d. T h e y h a d n o t e d s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n l e a r n i n g, m e m o r y, k n o w l e d g e, r e a s o n i n g a n d i n t e r e s t s, c o m p a r e d w i t h o t h e r c h i l d r e n. I n o n e c a s e, t h e p a r e n t s h a d f i r s t s o u g h t o u t a d v i c e f r o m a t e a c h e r a n d p s y c h o l o g i s t w h o w a s a f r i e n d o f t h e f a m i l y. O v e r a l l t h e i r o p i n i o n w a s t h ea it r t c h i l d r e n w e r e i n t e l l i g e n t. H o w e v e r, i t w a s h a r d f o r t h e m t o i m a g i n e t h e i r c h i l d r e n m i g h t b e h i g h l- y m ugc ih f tleed s s th a t t h e y m i g h t b e e x t r a o r d i n a r i l y g i f t e d. I n t h e c a s e o f t h e y o u n g e s t c h i l d, t h e p a r e n t s s h o w e d c o n s i d e r a b l e r e t i c e n c e w h e n i t c a m e t o d e c i d i n g a b o u t t e s t i n g t h e i r c h i l d. A n o t h e r c h i l d, t h e e l d e s t, c a m e c o i n c i d e n t l y h a v i n g b e e n b r o u g h t h i s e l d e r b r o t h e r h. e Tc h i l d i n s i s t e d o n c o m i n g b u t d i d n o t c o n s i d e r h i m s e l f i n t e l l i g e n t. D e v e l o p m e n t a n d L e a r n i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s P e r s o n a l, A c a d e m i c a n d S o c i a l A d a p t a t i o n : D e v e l o p m e n t a n d L e a r n i n g P r e c o c i t y w i t h r e g a r d t o a t t e n t i o n a n d c o o r d i n a t i o n i s e v i d e n t f r o m t ht e omf o mbeinr t h i n a l l o f t h e c h i l d r e n i n t h e s a m p l e : S u p p o r t i n g h i m s e l f w i t h h i s h a n d s, h e l i f t e d h i s h e a d a n d s a t u p w i t h h i s e y e s o p e n t h e v e r y d a y h e w a s b o r n. T h i s w a s n t a o-o n ef f t h i n g b e c a u s e f r o m t h e n o n w a r d s h e r e p e a t e d i t f r e q u e n t l y. G i f t e d a nd T a l e n t e d I n t e r n a t i o n a l 2 4 ( 2 ), D e c e m b e r,
10 T h e W o r l d C o u n c i l f o r G i f t e d a n d T a l e n t e d C h i l d r e n T w e n t y d a y s af t e r b i r t h h e w e n t i n t o h o s p i t a l ( f o r a u r i n a r y i n f e c t i o n ) a n d w a s p u t i n a n i n c u b a t o r. W e s a w h i m t h r o u g h a g l a s s w i n d o w a n d h e w e n t m a d w h e n t h e y s h o w e d h i m t o u s t h r o u g h i t. H e w a s w a t c h i n g o u r m o v e m e n t s a n d m a k i n g g u t t u r a l s o u n d s t o a t t r a c t o u r aotn t e. n t i W h e n t h o s e w h o w e r e b o r n a t t h e s a m e t i m e s t i l l c o u l d n t h o l d t h e i r h e a d s s t e a d y, h e w a s g o i n g a l l o v e r t h e p l a c e f a c e d o w n i n t h e c h a i r w i t h h i s h e a d r a i s e d l o o k i n g a t e v e r y t h i n g. H e q u i c k l y c o o r d i n a t e d h i s h a n d s s o a s t o h a n d l e o b j e c t s o r p a s s ftr ho em m o n e h a n d t o a n o t h e r. A f t e r a b o u t a m o n t h ½ h e p a i d a t t e n t i o n f o r t w e n t y m i n u t e s t o s t o r i e s w h i c h h i s m o t h e r r e a d t o h i m a n d a t 1 8 m o n t h s h e l i s t e n e d a t t e n t i v e l y a n d u n i n t e r r u p t e d l y t o c o n c e r t s o n v i d e o f o r a p p r o x i m a t e l y 3 0 m i n u t e s. T h e r o a d s i g n s n d a t r a f f i c l i g h t s f a s c i n a t e d h i m f r o m 1 8 m o n t h s o n w a r d s. N u m b e r s a n d l e t t e r s h a v e a l w a y s b e e n a g a m e f o r h i m. F r o m v e r y y o u n g ( s i x m o n t h s ) h e w a s a b l e t o l e a r n t o c l a p a n d m o v e h i s h a n d s a n d t o d i s t i n g u i s h d i f f e r e n t s o n g s. T w o h o u r s a f t e r b i r t h I pd i c hk ie m u p i n m y a r m s a n d h e t h r e w a g l a n c e a t m e w h i c h l e f t m e a s t o n i s h e d. I f e l t a n i n t e n s e e m o t i o n ; I d o n t k n o w t o e x p l a i n i t : i t s b e y o n d w o r d s. A t s i x m o n t h s h e r e m a i n e d s e a t e d, t u r n i n g o v e r t h e p a g e s o f a b o o k o f a n i m a l s f o r a g e s. F r o m v e r y e a r l y h el i s t e n e d t o s t o r i e s e v e n t h o u g h t h e y w e r e v e r y l o n g. A t a y e a r ½ h e b e g a n t o a s k a b o u t t h e l e t t e r s a n d n u m b e r s a n d w h e n h e l e a r n t t h e m, h e c o n t i n u a l l y a s k e d y o u t o w r i t e t h e e n t i r e a l p h a b e t a n d t h e n u m b e r s f r o m 1 t o H e w a s a b l e t o r e m a i n s e a t e d, l o ok i n g, w h i l e h e d e m a n d e d t h a t y o u w r o t e t h e v o c a b u l a r y o r t h e n u m b e r s f o u r t i m e s i n a r o w. A l l t h e c h i l d r e n s l e p t f e w e r h o u r s t h a n t h o s e e x p e c t e d f o r t h e i r a g e. T h e y s h o w e d g r e a t v i t a l i t y, a g i l i t y a n d m a n u a l c o o r d i n a t i o n b u t n o t a s r e g a r d s t h e r e s t b o od f y. t hi en f a c t, o n l y f i v e o f t h e c h i l d r e n c o u l d w a l k w i t h o u t s u p p o r t b e f o r e t h e a g e o f o n e. T h e o t h e r s d i d i t a t a b o u t t h e a g e o f o n e. W i t h r e g a r d t o l a n g u a g e d e v e l o p m e n t, m o r e t h a n 5 0 y e a r s a g o, L e t a. H o l l i n g w o r t h p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t h e s u b j e c t s s h e t r ed a tw ei t h a n I Q o f o v e r b e g a n t o s p ei an k s e n t e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e a g e s o f 6 a n d 1 9 m o n t h s, w i t h a n a v e r a g e o f 1 4 m o n t h s ; t h e a v e r a g e c h i l d d o e s n o t b e g i n t o j o i n w o r d s, n o t e v e n i n p a i r s, u n t i l a b o u t 1 8 m o n tg hr s o s ( s, , p. 5.) I n t h e s a m p l e o n e o f t h e m t t eu r e d h i s f i r s t w o r d s a t s i x m o n t h s a n d h i s f i r s t s e n t e n c e a t o n e. A t t h e a g e o f 2 a l l o f t h e m w e r e a b l e t o m a i n t a i n a c o n v e r s a t i o n. G r o s s ( , p. 1 ), i n a l o n g i t u d i n a l s t u d y o f A u s t r a l i a n c h i l d r e n w i t h a n I Q o f o r m o r e, f o u n d t h e a v e r a g e a g e w h e n hi g h l y g i f t e d c h i l d r e n e x p r e s s e d t h e i r f i r s t w o r d w a s a t 8. 5 m o n t h s a n d m a n y o f t h e m b e g a n t o s p e a k a t t h e a g e o f 4 a n d 5 m o n t h s. S u c h p r e c o c i t y i n v e r b a l d e v e l o p m e n t a n d m o v e m e n t a m o n g t h e g i f t e d p r o f o u n d l y a f f e c t s t h e i r e a r l y c o g n i t i v e a n -e d msootciioon a l d e v e l o p m e n t ( G r o s s, , p. 6 ). T h e i r v e r y e a r l y v e r b a l f l u e n c y m a k e s t h e m a b l e t o e x p r e s s t h e i r i d e a s, t o l o o k f o r i n f o r m a t i o n b y a s k i n g a n d t o i n t e r a c t v e r b a l l y w i t h t h e i r p a r e n t s a n d o t h e r m e m b e r s o f t h e f a m i l y a t a n a g e a t w h i c h o t h e r c h i l d r e n a r e y ojn ul s t b e g i n n i n g t o e x p e r i m e n t w i t h o r a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n. T h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f v o c a b u l a r y c o r r e l a t e s w e l l w i t h i n t e l l i g e n c e, a s T e r m a n ( ) p o i n t e d o u t. G u i l f o r d, S c h e u e r l e a n d S h o n b u r n ( ) a s w e l l a s L e w i s a n d L o u i s ( r1e9p9o 1 r) t e d t h a t l i n g u i s t i c c a p a c i t i e s a r e o f t e n c o n s i d e r e d a s i g n o f g i f t e d n e s s ( B e n i t o a n d M o r o, ). B o t h s t u d i e s e x a m i n e d p r e c o c i o u s c h i l d r e n. S u c h c h i l d r e n i n v a r i a b l y a s k a b o u t n e w w o r d s a n d q u i c k l y p u t t h e m t o u s e i n a c o r r e c t c o n t e x t. F r o m a p p r o x i m a t e l y 3 y e a r s o l d t h e y d e v en l oi p n tae r e s t i n t h e s p e l l i n g o f t h e w o r d s. A n o t h e r o u t s t a n d i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h e s e c h i l d r e n i s t h e c o n t i n u a l n e e d o f l e a r n i n g. S i n c e t h e y b e g a n t o s p e a k, t h e y s h o w e d a g r e a t c u r i o s i t y f o r e v e r y t h i n g a r o u n d t h e m. T h e y a s k e d a b o u t n e w w o r d s a n d a s k e d e x p lo r a t o r y q u e s t i o n s : t h e c a u s e o f t h i n g s, t h e i r w o r k i n g, e t c. T h e i r q u e s t i o n s w e r e c o m p l e x a n d a l r e a d y f r o m a y o u n g a g e, t h e y w e r e i n t e r e s t e d i n s u c h m e t a p h y s i c a l s u b j e c t s a s t h e o r i g i n o f m a n a n d t h e u n i v e r s e. O n e c h i l d, a t 3 y e a r s o f a g e, a s k e d h o w cj oe us lu d s e x i s t i f h e d i d n t s e e h i m. W h e r e w a s h e a n d H o w d i d h e f e e l h i m? H i s q u e s t i o n s f r e q u e n t l y c o n c e r n e d d e a t h, t r u t h, t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e u n i v e r s e, t h e c o s m o s, e t c. : H e a s k s q u e s t i o n s a b o u t t h e m e a n i n g o f l i f e a n d j u s t i c e. H e i s c u r i o u s raybtoh uit n g e. v ea t 4, h e w a n t e d t o k n o w w h a t a c o u n t r y o r a n a t i o n w a s. A t 5, h e k n e w t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e c a p i t a l s o f t h e w o r l d, t h e t y p e s o f a n i m a l s t h e r e w e r e, e t c. I n g e n e r a l, e v e r y t h i n g i n t e r e s t s h i m. I f h e w a s r i d i n g i n a c a r, h e w a n t e d t o k n o w t h e r o a d s, s it gh ne t y p e s o f t r e e s t h a t h e s a w, t h e k i n d s o f 94 G i f te d a n d T a l e n t e d I n t e r n a t i o n a l 2 4 (2 ), D e c e m b e r,
11 c l o u d s i n t h e s k y. E v e r y t h i n g w a s a c a u s e o f c u r i o s i t y a n d s o m e s u b j e c t s w e r e s u f f i c i e n t r e a s o n f o r h i m t o g o a n d c o n s u l t a b o o k a n d e n c y c l o p e d i a s : w h a t a r e c o n s t e l l a t i o n s, m y t h o l o g y, m i n e r a l s, h i s t o r y, e. t c. f r o m v e r y y o u n g h i s v o c a b u l a r y h a s b e e n v e r y r i c h b u t, a b o v e a l l, s i n c e h e b e g a n t o r e a d ( b e f o r e 4 y e a r s o l d ) h e h a s b e e n v e r y c o n c e r n e d a b o u t u s i n g w o r d s c o r r e c t l y a n d t o l o o k f o r e x p r e s s i o n s a n d s y n o n y m s i n o r d e r t o e x p r e s s h i m s e l f v e r y c l e a r lay l. w a yh s e s t o o d o u t b e c a u s e h i s w a y o f s p e a k i n g d i d n o t c o r r e s p o n d t o w h a t a c h i l d o f h i s a g e i s s u p p o s e d t o s a y. F o r e x a m p l e, a f e w m o n t h s a g o, a g e d 6, h e b e g a n t o u s e p h r a s e s h e h a d r e a d i n s o m e b o o k s a n d w h i c h h e l i k e d o r w h i c h o c c u r r e d t o h i m b e c a u s e ta hp ep ye a r e d m o r e e x a c t ( a c c o r d i n g t o h i s o w n i d e a o f e x a c t i t u d e ). O n e d a y, i n a b o o k s h o p, h e w a s a s k e d i f h e h a d f a l l e n d o w n b e c a u s e h e h a d a n i n j u r y a n d h e a n s w e r e d : N o. I v e b u m p e d i n t o a n o t h e r h u m a n b e i n g o f m y o w n s p e c i e s. H e s a i d i t e n t i r e l y n ay t ub ru at l lt h e f a c e o f t h e s h o p a s s i s t a n t, h i s c o m m e n t a n d o t h e r s i n d i f f e r e n t c i r c u m s t a n c e s h a v e g i v e n r i s e t o t h e f a c t t h a t n o w, a t 6 y e a r s a n d 5 m o n t h s, h e s p e a k s d i f f e r e n t l y d e p e n d i n g o n t h e p l a c e a n d t h e p e o p l e w h o h e m e e t s. O t h e r p a r e n t s c o m m e n t t h a t : B e f o r e h e w a s 2, h e b e g a n t o d i s t i n g u i s h d a y, n i g h t, a f t e r n o o n a n d m o r n i n g. L a t e r, h e b e c a m e i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e h o u r s, t h e d a y s o f t h e w e e k, t h e s e a s o n s, t h e m o n t h s, t h e d a y s o f e v e r y m o n t h. A t 2 a n d a h a l f, h e e v e n a s k e d w h e t h e r t i m e e v e r f i n i s h e s. A t 2 y e a r s, h e c o u l d c o u n t u p t o o v e r i n S p a n i s h a n d a l m o s t u p t o i n F r e n c h a n d B a s q u e. H e k n e w t h e l e t t e r s, h e c o u l d r e a d, w r i t e a n d t h e h o u r s o f t h e c l o c k. H e c o u l d i d e n t i f y t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e g e o m e t r i c a l f i g u r e s, t h e r o a d s i g n s, s o m e c o u nit r i le os c, a t ih oe n a n d t h e i r f l a g s. H e h a s a l w a y s s h o w n i n t e r e s t i n e v e r y t h i n g a n d a s k e d a b o u t e v e r y t h i n g a r o u n d h i m : t h e n a m e s o f c i t i e s, t r e e s, f l o w e r s, c a r s, e t c.. O t h e r p a r e n t s a l s o r e p o r t e d h o w, a t 3 y e a r s a n d 6 m o n t h s, t h e i r c h i l d A nad s kb ed f: o r e I w a s i n M u m s s t o m a c h, w h e r e w a s I? A t t h e s a m e a g e, h e c o u n t e d u p t o i n E n g l i s h a n d G e r m a n. I n t h S p a n i s h h e c o u l d s a y a n y -f 5 i g u r e n u m b e r. H e c o u l d a n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n : w h a t d a y d o e s M2a4r c h f a l l o n? A n d h e a n s w e r e d c o r r ec t l y, f o r e x a m p l e, o n S a t u r d a y. H e s h o w e d g r e a t i n t e r e s t i n t r a f f i c s i g n s, l e t t e r s, n u m b e r s, s y m b o l s i n g e n e r a l, w a y s o f m e a s u r i n g t i m e, t h e s u n, t h e m o o n a n d t h e s t a r s. O n t h e p i a n o h e w a s a b l e t o r e p r o d u c e q u i t e c o m p l e x m e l o d i e s w i t h a t r u l y s u r p r i s i n g c a p a c i t y f o r p h r a s i n g f o r ( 3 h i ys e aargs e a n d 9 m o n t h s ) a vh i n g o n l y r e c e n t l y h e a r d t h e m. H e c o u l d d i s t i n g u i s h t h e s o u n d o f a l m o s t a l l t h e i n s t r u m e n t s o f a n o r c h e s t r a. H e w a s a b l e t o r e a d s i m p l e p i e c e s w r i t t e n i n t h e k e y o f G w i t h i n t o n a t i o n, a l t h o u g h w i t h o u t m e l o d y. H e w a s a b l e t o p l a y s i m p l e p i e c e s o n t h e p i a n o a p p r o p r i a t e f o r c h i l d r e n o v e r 7 y e a r s o l d. W h e n h e w a s a s k e d a b o u t t h e n a m e o f t h e t h r e e s o n g s h e m o s t l i k e d, h e a n s w e r e d : T h e N e w W o r l d S y m p h o n y b y D v o r a k ( f i r s t m o v e m e n t ) ; V a r i a t i o n s o n a t h e m e b y H a y d n ( B r a h m s ) a n d T h e S u n Si as d w h i c h h e h a d l e a r n t a t s c h o o l. W h e n t h e c h i l d w a s a s k e d a b o u t t h e s e, h e h u m m e d t h e m a n d h i s m o t h e r w r o t e t h e n a m e. H e i d e n t i f i e d t h e m b y t h e a u t h o r a n d t h e i r o r d e r o n t h e r e c o r d. T h e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s r e f l e c t t h o s e o b s e r v e d i n s o m e i m p o r t a n t h if si tg ou r ie c s. T a k e f o r e x a m p l e, F r a n c i s G a l t o n. H e r e i s a n e x a m p l e f r o m a l e t t e r w r i t t e n a l i t t l e b e f o r e h i s f i f t h b i r t h d a y : M y d e a r e s t A d e l a, I a m f o u r y e a r s o l d a n d I c a n r e a d a n y b o o k i n E n g l i s h. I c a n s a y a l l t h e n o u n s, a d j e c t i v e s a n d a c t i v e v e r b s i n al s a t wi en l l a s r e c i t i n g 5 0 l i n e s o f L a t i n p o e t r y. I c a n a d d a n y q u a n t i t y a n d m u l t i p l y b y 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 1 0, a n d 1 1. I c a n a l s o s a y t h e m o n e t a r y t a b l e, r e a d a l i t t l e F r e n c h a n d I k n o w t i( mc eo s l o m, , p. 5 1 ). T h e v o c a b u l a r y l e v e l a t t a i n e d b y cthhiel d r e n i n s o m e o f t h e t e s t s w a s a s f o l l o w s : G i f t e d a nd T a l e n t e d I n t e r n a t i o n a l 2 4 ( 2 ), D e c e m b e r,
12 T a b l e 2 : E q u i v a l e n t a g e s i n v o c a b u l aer sy t s t. C h i l d A g e W E C H S L E R S C A L E ( V O C A B U L A R Y ) T h e W o r l d C o u n c i l f o r G i f t e d a n d T a l e n t e d C h i l d r e n S T A N F O R D - B I N E T ( F o r m L - M ) ( V O C A B U L A R Y ) T V T P ( P E A B O D Y ) A 3 y e a r s 6 m o n t h s, I Q y e a r s 8 y e a r s 1 0 m o n t h s B 3 y e a r s 9 m on t h s, I Q y e a r s 6 y e a r s 5 y e a r s 0 m o n t h s C 4 y e a r s 8 m o n t h s, I Q y e a r s 6 m o n t h s 8 y e a r s 7 y e a r s 1 m o n t h D 4 y e a r s 1 0 m o n t h s, I Q y e a r s 6 m o n t h s 8 y e a r s 8 y e a r s 0 m o n t h s E 6 y e a r s 5 m o n t h s, I Q y e a r s 6 m o n t h s 1 2 y e a r s 9 y e a r s 8 m o nt h s F 7 y e a r s 1 m o n t h, I Q y e a r s 2 m o n t h s 1 2 y e a r s 9 y e a r s 3 m o n t h s G 8 y e a r s 5 m o n t h s, I Q y e a r s 1 0 m o n t h s U p p e r A d u l t s I I H 8 y e a r s 7 m o n t h s, I Q y e a r s 1 0 m o n t h s M e d i u m A d u l t s 1 6 y e a r s 2 m o n t h s I 9 y e a r s 3 m o n t h s, I Q y e a r s 1 0 m o n t h s U p p e r A d u l t s I 1 9 y e a r s 2 m o n t h s J 1 0 y e a r s 1 m o n t h, I Q y e a r s 1 0 m o n t h s U p p e r A d u l t s I I 1 5 y e a r s 2 m o n t h s R e g a r d i n g t h e s u b j e c t o f r e a d i n g, p r e c o c i o u s r e a d e r s h a v e b e e n d e f i n e d a s t h o s e c h i l d r e n w h o h a v e m a d e s u b s t a n t i a l p r o g r e s s irne a d i n g c o m p r e h e n s i o n b e f o r e s t a r t i n g t h e f i r s t y e a r a t s c h o o l ( J a c k s o n, D o n a l d s o n a n d C l e l a n d, ). M i l l s a n d J a c k s o n ( ) s u g g e s t e d t h a t i n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r e n c e s i n r e a d i n g c o m p r e h e n s i o n c a n b e p r e d i c t e d f r o m t h e t e s t s c a r r i e d o u t 5 o r 6 y e a r s l y p. r e Tv hi eo y u a l s o p o i n t o u t t h a t v e r b a l a b i l i t y t u r n s o u t t o b e a n e q u a l l y g o o d p r e d i c t o r ( e. g., P e r l e t h, ). A c c o r d i n g J a c k s o n ( ), t h e a b i l i t y t o r e a d a t s u c h a p r e c o c i o u s a g e d e m o n s t r a t e s t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r h i g h l y g i f t e d p e r f o r m a n c e. I n t h i s c o n xt t e, R o b i n s o n ( ) p o i n t s o u t t h a t t h e c h i l d r e n s h e s t u d i e d w e r e c o m p e t e n t r e a d e r s b e f o r e s t a r t i n g i n f a n t s s c h o o l a n d t y p i c a l l y p o s s e s s e d a h i g h I Q, w h i c h t e n d e d t o w a r d s a n a v e r a g e o f S h e a l s o f o u n d p r e c o c i o u s r e a d e r s t e n d e d t o m a i n t a i n a n a d v a on vt ea r g e t h e i r p e e r s w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e i r s k i l l s i n r- e adl it nh g o u g h l e s s d r a m a t i c a l - l y a n d g e n e r a l l y t h e y p e r f o r m w e l l a t s c h o o l. S h e m a i n t a i n e d t h a t i f t h e s e p u p i l s w e r e n o t a d e q u a t e l y t a u g h t t o r e a d v e r y e a r l y o n a n d w h e n t h e i r c o m p a n i o n s a r e b e g i n n i ntg o r e a d, n o t o n l y a b r a k e o n t h e g r o w t h o f t h e i r a b i l i t i e s c o u l d o c c u r, b u t a l s o a p r o f o u n d d i s c o u r a g e m e n t w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e e d u c a t i o n a l s y s t e m c o u l d d e v e l o p. T h e p r e c o c i o u s l e a r n i n g o f r e a d i n g i n t h e s e p r e c o c i o u s c h i l d r e n i s n o t c a u s e d b y t h e i n s i s t e n c e o f t h e p a r e n t s. N o t a l l g i f t e d c h i l d r e n w h o a r e r e a d y t o r e a d a c t u a l l y r e a d. M a n y p a r e n t s r e s i s t r e s p o n d i n g t o q u e s t i o n s a n d a n i n t e r e s t i n r e a d i n g o f t h e i r c h i l d r e n, a f t e r a d v i c e f r o m t e a c h e r s w h o a r g u e t h a t t h i s c o u l d b e h a r m f u l i n t h e i r a c a d e m i c n g l ei an r ns iu b s e q u e n t y e a r s. G i f t e d c h i l d r e n w h o r e a d e a r l y l e a r n t o r e a d i n c i d e n t a l l y a n d u n g u i d e d a n d i t i s c u r i o s i t y w h i c h l e a d s t h e m t o l e a r n. O f t h e 1 0 c a s e s i n t h e s a m p l e, o n e b e g a n t o r e c o g n i z e l e t t e r s a t 1 y e a r, 2 m o n t h s, a n o t h e r a t 1 y e a r, 8 m o n t h s d a ns i x s t a r t e d t o r e c o g n i z e l e t t e r s a t t h e a g e o f 2. I n a n o t h e r c a s e, t h e d a t a i s n o t a v a i l a b l e a n d i n t h e t w o r e m a i n i n g, o n e b e g a n t o r e c o g n i z e l e t t e r s a t 3 y e a r s a n d 6 m o n t h s a n d t h e o t h e r a t 4. T h e y l e a r n t o r e a d f u n c t i o n a l l y, g a t h e r i n g k n o w l e d g e t oa f i n c el ro g o t y p e s a n d a n a g r a m s. T h e y p l y c o n t i n u o u s q u e s t i o n s, e. g W. h, a t d o e s i t s a y h e r e? T y p i c a l l y t h e y d o n o t a s k a b o u t s i n g l e l e t t e r s r a t h e r w h o l e w o r d s ( a l t h o u g h c u r i o u s l y o n e c h i l d l e a r n e d b y a s k i n g a b o u t t h e l e t t e r s a n d n o t t h e w o r d s ) : A t 3 y e a r s nad 1 0 m o n t h s h e l e a r n t t o r e a d b y h i m s e l f b y a s k i n g w h a t e a c h c a p i t a l l e t t e r w a s. B e f o r e r e a d i n g, h e u s e d t o s p e l l e v e r y t h i n g h e s a w w r i t t e n. N o b o d y t a u g h t h i m t o w r i t e, h e d i d i t v e r y b a d l y b u t h e l i k e d t o d o i t. F r o m 3 y e a r s o f a g e h i s f a v o r i t t o y s h a v e b e e n b o o k s, p a p e r a n d p e n c i l s. I n T e r m a n s ( ) s a m p l e, p r e c o c i t y w a s v e r y s i g n i f i c a n t l y e v i d e n t c o n c e r n i n g l e a r n i n g t o r e a d : 4 2 % o f t h e v e r y g i f t e d ( I Q o v e r ) l e a r n e d t o r e a d b e f o r e 5 y e a r s o l d, c o m p a r e d t o % o f t h e t o t a l f o r t h e g r o u p s t u d i e( dg i f t e d a n d h i g h l y g i f t e d o v e r ). F r o m t h e s t a t i s t i c a l p o i n t o f v i e w t h i s d i f f e r e n c e i s v e r y s i g n i f i c a n t. 96 G i f te d a n d T a l e n t e d I n t e r n a t i o n a l 2 4 (2 ), D e c e m b e r,
13 I n t h e g i r l s, t h e p e r c e n t a g e i s o f 2 5 % c o m p a r e d t o 1 8 % o f t h e t o t a l o f t h e g r o u p s t u d i e d ( a l l v e r y g i f t e d ). T h e p r o p o r t i o n o f i n d i v i d u a l s r be ea fd oi rn e g t h e a g e o f 4 i s t w o ½ t i m e s m o r e a m o n g t h e v e r y g i f t e d ( I Q o f o r m o r e ) t h a n t h e g r o u p o f g i f t e d i n g e n e r a l. I n r e s e a r c h a i m e d a t i d e n t i f y i n g t h e m o s t u s e f u l v a r i a b l e s r e g a r d i n g e a r l y a n d r e l i a b l e s c r e e n i n g o f g i f t e d p u p i l s, r e a d i n g a b o o k e a st i lty h e a g e o f 4 w a s t h e v a r i a b l e w i t h t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l o f s i g n i f i c a n c e. T h i s v a r i a b l e c a n b e s e e n i n % o f t h e c a s e s o f g i f t e d c h i l d r e n i n t h e s t u d y. A n o t h e r i m p o r t a n t v a r i a b l e o b s e r v e d i s t h e e x i s t e n c e o f a q u a l i t a t i v e d i f f e r e n c e a m o n g c h i l d r e n w i t h an I Q o f a n d c h i l d r e n w i t h a n I Q o f m o r e t h a n T h e s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e m w a s f o u n d t o b e t h e l e a r n i n g o f t h e a l p h a b e t a t 2 ½ y e a r s o l d i n c h i l d r e n w h o s e I Q i s o v e r ( B e n i t o a n d M o r o, , p. 2 4 ). I n t h e s a m p l e, f o u r o f t h e c h i ls dtra er n t e d r e a d i n g a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 ½, a n o t h e r a t 3 y e a r s 1 0 m o n t h s, a n o t h e r t h r e e b e g a n a t 4 a n d t h e r e m a i n d e r a t 5 y e a r s o l d. A l l o f t h e m, w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f t h e e l d e s t c h i l d i n t h e s a m p l e, s h o w e d a n i n t e n s e i n t e r e s t i n r e a d i n g a n d a h i g h r e a d. i ni g n sf pa ec et d, t h e t w o c h i l d r e n w h o r e a d l a t e s t, b e g a n t o r e a d v e r y q u i c k l y s h o r t l y a f t e r : A t a b o u t 5 y e a r s a n d 6 m o n t h s, i n c l a s s t h e y t o o k h i m t o t h e l i b r a r y s o t h a t h e w a s o c c u p i e d w h i l e t h e o t h e r c l a s s m a t e s l e a r n t t o r e a d. H e l e a r n t t o r e a d i n o n e w ei en k s e c o n d g r a d e o f p r e s c h o o l. A t 6 y e a r s o l d, o n s c h o o l d a y s, h e w o u l d r e a d a s h o r t s t o r y b e f o r e b r e a k f a s t. H e l i k e d t h e b o o k s f r o m t h e c o l l e c t i o n S t e a m B o a t. H e e v e n r e a d w h i l e h e w a t c h e d T V. T h e o n l y c h i l d i n t h e g r o u p w h o s h o w e d n o i n t e n s e i nt eir n e s r e a d i n g w a s a g e d 1 0 y e a r s a n d I m o n t h. E v e n s o, h e w a s a v e r y q u i c k r e a d e Ar t : 7 h e r e a d m o r e t h a n w o r d s p e r m i n u t e. T h e m o s t p r e c o c i o u s c h i l d l e a r n e d t o r e a d a t 2 y e a r s a n d 3 m o n t h s. A t t h e a g e o f 2 y e a r s a n d 1 0 m o n t h s, h e c o u l d r e a d 5 2 w o r d s epr m i n u t e. H e c o u l d w r i t e s o m e w o r d s d i c t a t e d t o h i m, m a i n l y i n c a p i t a l l e t t e r s a n d i n t h e r e a d i n g c o m p r e h e n s i o n t e s t f o r l e v e l 1 o f p r i m a r y s c h o o l h e o b t a i n e d a s c o r e o f 8 o n a s c a l e o f 1 t o 1 0. H e l e a r n e d t o r e a d b y a s k i n g w h a t w a s w r i t t e n o n t hie n ntohte i csetsr e e t. I n s p i t e o f t h e f a c t t h a t e x t r a o r d i n a r y m a t h e m a t i c a l s k i l l s a r e o f t e n c o n s i d e r e d a s v e r y i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r s i n t h e e a r l y i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f i n t e l l e c t u a l l y g i f t e d c h i l d r e n ( S t a p f, , p ), t h e r e h a s b e e n l i t t l e r e s e a r c h r e g a r d i ne g e tx ht r a o r d i n a r y m a t h e m a t i c a l a b i l i t i e s o f t h e y o u n g e s t c h i l d r e n. T h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e s t u d i e s h a v e b e e n c a r r i e d o u t w i t h p u p i l s o v e r 1 0 y e a rp s e r ol le d t. h,( L e h w a l d a n d B r o w d e r, ). M a r j o r a n a n d N e l s o n ( ) r e p o r t e d s o m e i n d i c a t o r s f o r t h e e a r l fy i ci ad te in ot n i o f c h i l d r e n w i t h a t a l e n t f o r m a t h e m a t i c s, s u c h a s a p r e f e r e n c e f o r l o g i c a l e l e m e n t s o f c o n n e c t i o n i n i t s l a n g u a g e, t h e i n t e r e s t i n a n d d e d i c a t i o n t o g e o m e t r i c a l d r a w i n g s o r s y s t e m s o f o r d e r a n d t h e g r e a t s a t i s f a c t i o n o b t a i n e d f r o m p u z z l e s a n d b lu di i n g t o y s. H o w e v e r, n o e m p i r i c a l e v i d e n c e e x i s t s t o s u p p o r t t h e s a i d i n d i c a t o r s P e( r l e t h, L e h w a l d a n d B r o w d e r, ). I n s o m e o f t h e s e c a s e s, e v e n i n b a b i e s, p a r e n t s o b s e r v e d a t e n d e n c y t o s t r u c t u r e t h e e n v i r o n m e n t. I n t h e i r g a m e s, f o r e x a m p l e, t h e y mfio grhm t s e r i e s a n d o r d e r t h i n g s l o g i c a l l y, p l a c i n g t h e i r t o y s i n r o w s, c i r c l e s, a c c o r d i n g t o s i z e a n d s h a p e : S i n c e h e b e g a n t o m o v e h i s a r m s, h e p l a c e d e v e r y t h i n g i n r o w s ( h i s d u m m y, r u b b e r d o l l, e t c. ). A s h e g o t o l d e r, a l l h i s g a m e s w e r e b a s e d o n lpl u thti is n g t oay s i n a r o w a n d o r d e r i n g t h e m b y t y p e s. T h e i n t e r e s t i n j i g s a w s h a s b e e n v e r y s i g n i f i c a n t. O f t h e t e n c h i l d r e n s t u d i e d, f i v e w o r k e d w i t h 2 0 p i e c e s a t 2 y e a r s o l d a n d f o u r a t 3 y e a r s. O n l y o n e s h o w e d n o s p e c i a l f o n d n e s s f - o r h e t hp er m e. f e r r e d w o r d g r i d s. S o m e o f t h e a c c o u n t s f r o m p a r e n t s w h o s e c h i l d r e n h a d l e a r n e d t o -pdio e c2e 0 j i g s a w s a t 2 y e a r s o l d i n c l u d e : H e s h o w e d g r e a t e r i n t e r e s t i n n u m b e r s. A s f o r j i g s a w s, h e d i d t h e m q u i c k l y a n d o n c e h e u n d e r s t o o d h o w t o d o t h e m, h e m o v e d o n t o a n o t h eo r n e. H e n e v e r d i d o n e t w i c e. T h e t o y s w h i c h h e p l a y e d w i t h w e r e a l w a y s j i g s a w s. H e h a d o t h e r t o y s : c a r s, d o l l s, b u i l d i n g t o y s, e t c, b u t h e h a r d l y p l a y e d w i t h t h e m, o n l y i f w e i n s i s t e d. H e d i d t h e m f a c e d o w n, c o v e r i n g t h e p i c t u r e. H e l i k e d j i g s a w s a ub t o S p a i n a n d t h a t s h o w h i s i n t e r e s t b e g a n i n g e o g r a p h y : t h e n a t i o n s, c o n t i n e n t s a n d t h e g l o b e o f t h e e a r t h. A t t h e a g e o f 3 h e d i d t h e m w i t h 5 0 o r 6 0 p i e c e s. A l l t e n c h i l d r e n s h o w e d a v e r y d e e p l e v e lo f a p t i t u d e f o r m a t h e m a t i c s. M o s t w e r e e x c e p t i o n a l a n d o n e h a d a p r o d i g i o u s a p t i t u d e : i. e. e q hu e a l e d t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f a n a d u l t i n m a t h e m a t i c a l r e a s o n i n g b e f o r e h e w a s 1 0 y e a r s o l d. G i f t e d a nd T a l e n t e d I n t e r n a t i o n a l 2 4 ( 2 ), D e c e m b e r,
14 T a b l e 3 : E q u i v a l e n t a g e s i n c a l c u l u s a n d n u m e r i c a l r e a s o n i n g. T h e W o r l d C o u n c i l f o r G i f t e d a n d T a l e n t e d C h i l d r e n C h i l d A G E W E C H S L E R S T A N F O R D - B I N E T M S C A C a l c u l u s S C A L E A r i t h m e t i c ( F o r m L - M ) N u m e r i c a l R e a s o n i n g A 3 y e a r s 6 m o n t h s I Q y e a r s 7 y e a r s 6 m o n t h s B 3 y e a r s 9 m o n t h s I Q y e a r s 6 m o n t h s 6 y e a r s 7 y e a r s a p p r o x i m a t e l y C 4 y e a r s 8 m o n t h s I Q y e a r s 6 m o n t h s + 6 y e a r s 8 y e a r s a p p r o x i m a t e l y D 4 y e a r s 1 0 m o n t h s I Q y e a r s 6 m o n t h s 9 y e a r s + 8 y e a r s 6 m o n t h s E 6 y e a r s 5 m o n t h s I Q y e a r s 1 0 m o n t h s 9 y e a r s + 8 y e a r s 6 m o n t h s F 7 y e a r s 1 m o n t h I Q y e a r s 1 0 m o n t h s U p p e r A d u l t s I + 8 y e a r s 6 m o n t h s G 8 y e a r s 5 m o n t h s I Q y e a r s 1 0 m o n t h s U p p e r A d u l t s I I I H 8 y e a r s 7 m o n t h s I Q y e a r s 1 0 m o n t h s M e d i u m A d u l t s I 9 y e a r s 3 m o n t h s I Q y e a r s 1 0 m o n t h s U p p e r A d u l t s I J 1 0 y e a r s 1 m o n t h I Q y e a r s 1 0 m o n t h s U p p e r A d u l t s I I I I n f o u r c h i l d r e n, a n e x t r a o r d i n a r y c a p a c i t y f o r m a mt ai tc hs e c o u l d b e o b s e r v e d : A ( 3 y e a r s a n d 6 m o n t h s ), D ( 4 y e a r s a n d 1 0 m o n t h s ) F, ( 7 y e a r s a n d 1 m o n t h ) a n G d ( 8 y e a r s a n d 5 m o n t h s ). I n t h e l a t t e r c a s e, h e h a d a p r o d i g i o u s a b i l i t y : A t 1 3 o r 1 4 m o n t h s, h e l o v e d t o a r r a n g e g e o m e t r i c a l s h a p e s. A t 1 4 m ho e n t ch os u l d m a k e a p e r f e c t p y r a m i d. A t 1 8 m o n t h s, h e w a n t e d a b o o k w i t h n u m b e r s a n d h e a s k e d a b o u t t h e n u m b e r s o f a l l t h e h o u s e s. A t 2 y e a r s o l d, h e h a d m a s t e r e d a l l t h e n u m b e r s. A t 3, h e m a s t e r e d q u a n t i t i e s o f m i l l i o n s. B e f o r e h e w a s 4, h e c o u l d c o u n t b a c k w a r d s f r o m o n e t h o u s a n d a n d a t t h e s a m e a g e h e w a s a b l e t o r e s o l v e p r o b l e m s i n h i s h e a d w i t h 2 o r m o r e o p e r a t i o n s. A t 5, h e k n e w t h e s u r f a c e a r e a a n d p o p u l a t i o n o f m a n y S p a n i s h p r o v i n c e s. H e l e a r n t t h e m u l t i p l i c a t i o n t a b l e s w i t h a c a l c u l a t o r a t 5. B y h i m s e l f, h e s t a r t e d t o u n d e r s t a n d h o w t h e t a b l e s w o r k e d. A t 8 a n d a h a l f, t h e a g e t h a t w h i c h h e a t t e n d e d t h e C e n t r e, h e c o u l d r e s o l v e p r o b l e m s f r o m g r a8 d e o f s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l a n d v e r y q u i c k l y. W h e n h e w a s t e s t e d t h e e x a m i n e r s w e r e s u r p r i s e d b y t h e w a y h e l od o kae t t h e m a n d h i s n u m e r i c a l c a p a c i t y. I t w a s a m a z i n g h o w h e r e s o l v e d t h e p r o b l- e pm es r f o r m i n g t h e C a l c u l u s T e s t o f t h e T E A - 3 w i t h o u t u s i n g p a p e r t o d o t h e o p e r a t i o n s a n d d o i n g e v e r y t h i n g m e n t a l l y. H e w a s i n t h e 9 9 t h p e r c e n t i l e o n t h e s c a l e c o r r e s p o n d i no g t th e p r e- u n i v e r s i t y s c h o o l c o u r s e. B u t w h a t r e a l l y w a s s u r p r i s i n g w a s h o w h e s o l v e d t h e r e a s o n i n g p r o b l e m p e r t a i n i n g t o t h e U p p e r A d u l t L e v e l I I I o f t h e S t a n f o r d T e s t : I n m y g a r d e n t h e r e w a s a p l a n t w h i c h w a s 8 c e n t i m e t e r s h i g h. A t t h e e n d o f o n e y e a r I m e a s u r e d i t a n d i t w a s 1 2 c e n t i m e t e r s h i g h, a t 2 y e a r s i t r e a c h e d 1 8 c e n t i m e t e r s a n d a t t h e e n d o f t h e t h i r d y e a r i t w a s 2 7 c e n t i m e t e r s. W h a t h e i g h t d o y o u t h i n k i t w o u l d r e a c h a t t h e e n d o f t h e f o u r t h y e a r?. A f t e r 7 s e c o n d s h e g a v e t h e c o r r e c t a n s w e r h. e n W a s k e d h o w h e h a d d o n e i t, h e a n s w e r e d t h a t i t w a s e a s y o n c e h e r e a l i z e d t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n e a c h o f t h e n u m b e r s w a s 1. 5 : 8 x 1. 5 = x 1. 5 = x 1. 5 = x 1. 5 = A t t h e t i m e h e w a s b e g i n n i n g t h i r d g r a d e a n d c l ai sn s j u s t b e g i n n i n g t o l e a r n h o w t o d i v i d e. A s i n d i c a t e d o n p r e v i o u s o c c a s i o n s, t y p i c a l l y i n t e l l e c t u a l l y g i f t e d c h i l d r e n f r o m t h e a g e o f 6 s h o w m e t a - c o g n i t i v e a b i l i t i e s i n t h e r e s o l u t i o n o f m a t h e m a t i c a l p r o b l e m s ( B e n i t o, ). H o w e v e r, e x t r a o r d i n a r i l y f tg ei d c h i l d r e n e v e n a s y o u n g a s 4 y e a r s a n d 1 0 m o n t h s d e m o n s t r a t e t h e e m e r g e n c e o f t h i s s k i l l. F o r e x a m p l e, wd h ew n a s a s k e d, I f y o u b u y a b a l l t h a t c o s t s 2 0 E u r o s a n d y o u p a y w i t h h o w m u c h h a v e y o u l e f t? H e a n s w e r e d 8 0!. B e f o r e s e t t i n g t h e s t o p c h w, a t t h e c h i l d h a d a l r e a d y g i v e n t h e r i g h t a n s w e r, a l t h o u g h i n t h i s c a s e i t d i d n o t a p p e a r t o b e d u e t o a n a u t o m a t i c 98 G i f te d a n d T a l e n t e d I n t e r n a t i o n a l 2 4 (2 ), D e c e m b e r,
15 t h o u g h t. H e k n e w o n s o m e o c c a s i o n s, a t l e a s t, w h a t r e a s o n i n g h e h a d f o l l o w e d t o r e s o l v e t h e p r o b l e m. I n t h e q u a n t i t a t i v e c o n c e p t s c o m p o n e no tf t h e C o g n i t i v e A p t i t u d e s T e s t, h e d i d n o t c o u n t t h e p o i n t s o n e b y o n e, b u t r a t h e r a t a g l a n c e. H e r a p i d l y a d d e d u p a n d t o o k a w a y n u m b e r s w i t h m o r e t h a n 3 f i g u r e s i n h i s h e a d a n d n o t w i t h t h e u s e o f p a p e r. W h e n a s k e d h o w h e d i d i t, h e r e si p o n d e d : t h i n k a b o u t t h e m, o n e p l u s o n e, a n d I a d d t h e m u p b u t w i t h o u t p a p e r. F o r e x a m p l e : 4 p l u s 6 e q u a l s 1 0. T h e y o u n g e s t o f t h e c h i l d r e n h a d a w a y o f t h i n k i n g a b o u t p r o b l e m s o l v i n g t h a t i s u s u a l i n s o m e g i f t e d c h i l d r e n u p t o 5 y e a r s o l d, i. e. a u t o m a t i c a l l y aunt d awniy t h ao p p a r e n t t h o u g h t. A f t e r r e a d i n g t h e p r o b l e m, t h e y g i v e t h e c o r r e c t a n s w e r. W h e n t h e y a r e v e r y y o u n g, i f t h e y s t a r t c o u n t i n g o n t h e i r f i n g e r s t h e y w o u l d m a k e a m i s t a k e. F o r e x a m p l e, w h e n a s k e d h o w m a n y c u b e s a r e o n t h e t a b l e a t a g l a n c e t h e y w o u l d y s 1a 1. O n t h e o t h e r h a n d, i f a s k e d t o c o u n t t h e c u b e s o n e b y o n e, t h e y w o u l d o f t e n c o m m i t a m i s t a k e. T h e y o u n g e s t o f 3 y e a r s t o o k o n l y 2 s e c o n d s t o r e s p o n d t o a p r o b l e m s u c h a s t h e f o l l o w i n g I: f y o u h a v e 9 E u r o s a n d y o u l o s e 2, h o w m a n y h a v e y o u l e f t?. A n o t h e r c h i l d H, ( 8 y e a r s a n d 7 m o n t h s ), a l t h o u g h g r e a t l y i n t e r e s t e d i n m a t h e m a t i c s h a d a r e a l p a s s i o n f o r c h e m i s t r y : A t a b o u t 6 y e a r s o l d, h e l e a r n t a t m i d n i g h t, w i t h h i s b r o t h e r, a n d i n a l i t t l e o v e r a n h o u r s o m e t h i n g a s a r i d a s t h e V a l e n c e c h e m i s t r y l et s a b b e c a u s e h e w a n t e d t o l e a r n h o w t o f o r m u l a t e. A t t h e s a m e a g e, o n e o f t h e t h i n g s w h i c h m o s t a m a z e d m e a b o u t m y s o n, a n d w h i c h a c t u a l l y f r i g h t e n e d m e, w a s t h e s p e e d a n d e a s e w i t h w h i c h l e l e a r n t t h e b a s i c r u l e s o f f o r m u l a t i o n. B e t w e e n a p p r o x i m a t e l y ah n o u r a n d a q u a r t e r a n d a n h o u r ½ h e w a s f o r m u l a t i n g a c i d s, t a u g h t b y h i s b r o t h e r. T h e g e n e r a l i d e a t h a t c r e a t i v i t y a n d i n t e l l i g e n c e a r e d i s t i n c t a b i l i t i e s i s f o u n d e d o n t h e b a s i s o f t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l c o r r e l a t i o n s o b t a i n e d b e t w e e n t h e t w o a b i l i t ei re es n t a t l edv ie fl fs o f g e n e r a l i n t e l l i g e n c e. C r e a t i v i t y c a n c o r r e l a t e g w, i tb h u t a t t h eh i g h e s t l e v e l s o f g e n e r a l i n t e l l i g e n c e, t h e c o r r e l a t i o n i s l o w e r. T h e u l t i m a t e r e a s o n i s t h a t, e v e n w h e n a h i g h l e v e l o f g e n e r a l i n t e l l i g e n c e i s n e c e s s a r y c o n d i t i o n f o r i ghh c r e a t i v i t y, t h e f i r s t d o e s n o t g u a r a n t e e t h e s e c o n d. M a n y i n t e l l i g e n t i n d i v i d u a l s l a c k t r u l y c r e a t i v e c a p a c i t i e s ( B u s s a n d P o l e y, , p. 5 8 ). F i g u r e 1: I n t e l l i g e n c e a n d C r e a t i v i t y. C u r r e n t l y, i t i s w i d e l y a c c e p t e d t h a t a t l e a s t a n o r m a l n c ie n ti es l ln ie gc e s s a r y t o b e c r e a t i v e. A c c o r d i n g t o E r i k a L a n d a u, t h e r e i s n o s i g n i f i c a n t c r e a t i v i t y w i t h o u t a h i g h I Q o f a b o u t ( B e n i t o, ). T e r m a n ( ) o b s e r v e d h o w t h e i n t e l l e c t u a l l y g i f t e d p r e s e n t e d o t h e r e x c e p t i o n a l f e a t u r e s s u c h a s c r e a t i v i t y a n d a l etn t. I t m a y a l s o b e n o t e d t h a t G a r c i a Y a g ü e a n d o t h e r s ( , p ) c o n s i d e r e d t h e s e p a r a t i o n m a d e b e t w e e n i n t e l l e c t u a l g i f t s, c r e a t i v i t y a n d s p e c i a l t a l e n t s t o b e G i f t e d a nd T a l e n t e d I n t e r n a t i o n a l 2 4 ( 2 ), D e c e m b e r,
16 T h e W o r l d C o u n c i l f o r G i f t e d a n d T a l e n t e d C h i l d r e n u n j u s t i f i a b l e. I n f a c t, i t s e e m s p r o b a b l e t h a t, w h e n w e m a n a g e, i n t h e f u t u r e y, w th o i c ih d eg ne tn ie fs a r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a c e r t a i n c o g n i t i v e c a p a c i t y, t h e y w i l l b e t h e s a m e o n e s t h a t c o n d i t i o n o t h e r c o g n i t i v e a b i l i t i e s ( P l o m i n a n d D e F r i e s, , p. 2 0 ). T h e 1 0 c h i l d r e n i n t h e c u r r e n t s t u d y g r o u p s h o w e d g r e a t c r e a t i v i t y w h i c h w a s c l e an r l y s h o w i n t h e i r d i f f e r e n t f i e l d s o f i n t e r e s t a n d t h e i r a p t i t u d e s. F o r e x a m p l e : I n t h e c a s e oa f ( 3 y e a r s 6 m o n t h s ) : S t a r t i n g f r o m a l l h i s k n o w l e d g e a n d t h e f e w f i l m s h e h a d s e e n, h e s p e n t a l l t h e d a y i m a g i n i n g w h a t a g a l a c t i c w a r r i o r w a s w h o s e l a s e r h ta rd o y t o d e s t h e m o t h e r s h i p A Z , b e c a u s e t h e s p a c e c o n d e n s e r a n d t h o u s a n d s o f s i m i l a r a d v e n t u r e s. A t o t h e r t i m e s h e w o u l d b e a n a r c h a e o l o g i s t w h o w a s s e a r c h i n g f o r t h e m u m m y o f e t c.. B ( 3 y e a r s a n d 9 m o n t h s ) : H e h a d n o i m a g i n a r y f r i e n d s b u t h e h i m s e l f a dd o p dt ie f f e r e n t p e r s o n a l i t i e s : s o m e d a y s h e g o t u p a s T a r z a n, o t h e r s h i s g r a n d m o t h e r, o t h e r s t h e l e t t e r / R /, e t c. H e i n v e n t e d n a m e s f o r t h e d o l l s a n d e v e n e v e r y d a y o b j e c t s. H e t o o k o n d i f f e r e n t p e r s o n a l i t i e s a n d o f t e n c h a n g e d t h e i d e n t i t y o f t h e o b j e c t s o p al ne d a pr eo u n d h i m. H ( 8 y e a r s a n d 7 m o n t h s ) : H e l i k e d t o m a k e c o m i c s t o r i e s b y d r a w i n g t h e m a n d t o i n v e n t r e a l t h i n g s : f o r e x a m p l e, a t 6 y e a r s a n d 5 m o n t h s, o n e d a y w i t h a r e m o t e c o n t r o l c a r, a r o p e, a k n i f e, s o m e b o o k s w h i c h h e l d d o w n t h e r e m o t e c o n t r on l d as o m e o t h e r t h i n g s, h e a r r a n g e d e v e r y t h i n g i n s u c h a w a y t h a t, w h e n a c e r t a i n p l a c e w a s p r e s s e d, i t w a s l i k e a t r a p a n d t h e c a r c r a s h e d i n t o y o u ( i t d i d n t a l w a y s w o r k b e c a u s e t h e k n i f e w a s a l i t t l e b l u n t a n d i t d i d n t a l w a y s c u t t h e r o p e. F ( 7 y e a r s ad n 1 m o n t h ) : H e l i k e d t o i n v e n t s t o r i e s v e r y m u c h. I n h i s d r a w i n g s h e t r i e d t o r e f l e c t t h e r e a l s i t u a t i o n o f t h e p e r s o n a g e s : t h e h a i r b l o w n b y t h e w i n d, c a n d l e s b e h i n d w i n d o w s, s w e a t o n t h e f a c e o f p e o p l e w o r k i n g, e t c.. G ( 8 y e a r s a n d 5 m o n t h s ) : H e d r e a m t o f b u i l d i n g h i s o w n h o u s e a n d c a r, e t c. H e k n e w t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e m a k e s o f c a r o n t h e m a r k e t, a s w e l l a s t h e i r t e c h n i c a l f e a t u r e s a n d p r i c e. H e w a s i n t e r e s t e d i n k n o w i n g t h e p r i c e s o f f l a t s a n d h o u s e s, d e s i g n i n g h i s o w n h o u s e a n d t h e l a y o u t, f u r n i s h iin t g, d r a w i n g u p t h e p l a n s, e t c.. A l l i n t e l l e c t u a l l y g i f t e d c h i l d r e n a r e, i n g e n e r a l, c r e a t i v e i n t h e i r e a r l y y e a r s. A s p r e v i o i n d i c a t e d, t h e r e i s n o r e a l c r e a t i v i t y w i t h o u t a h i g h I Q o f a t l e a s t : b e l o w t h i s l e v e l, t h e c o r r e l a d e c r e a s e s. B u t on w h a t d o e s i t d e p e n d t h e f a c t t h a t i n t h e i r a d o l e s c e n c e, m a t u r i t y a n d p r o f e s s i o n a l l i f e t h e y b e c o m e h i g h l y c r e a t i v e p e o p l e? A n a n s w e r t o t h i s q u e s t i o n w i l l b e p r o v i d e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n. P e r s o n a l, a c a d e m i c a n d s o c i a l a d a p t a t i o n C o n t r a r y t o w h a t mgi h t b e s u p p o s e d, t h e p e r s o n a l, a c a d e m i c, s o c i a l a n d f a m i l y a d a p t a t i o n w i t h i n t h e c u r r e n t s a m p l e w a s g o o d, w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f t h e t w o y o u n g e s t c h i l d r e n. T h e y h a d d i f f i c u l t i e s a d a p t i n g w h i c h c o u l d b e o b s e r v e d b o t h i n t h e s c h o o l e n v i r o n m e n t a s w e lh l e i r a s i n t r e l a t i o n s w i t h t h e i r c l a s s m a t e s. C o m p l e t e l y i n a p p r o p r i a t e t e a c h i n g m e t h o d s w e r e e v i d e n t a t t h a t a g e. H o w e v e r, t h e y w e r e t o o y o u n g t o ( a r t i c u l a t e t h e i r p r o b l e m s? ), w o r k o u t a s o l u t i o n t o t h e i r p r o b l e m s a n d r e c e i v e u n d e r s t a n d i n g. F o r e x a m p l e, A s p a r e n t s s a i d w h i l e t h e i r s o n w a s v a l u Te hd e : b i g p r o b l e m o f t h e c h i l d o f 3 y e a r s a n d 6 m o n t h s w a s t o a d a p t t o t h e s c h o o l b e c a u s e o u t s i d e o f i t h e r e l a t e d w i t h a n y b o d y w h o u n d e r s t o o d h i m a n d d e d i c a t e d t i m e t o h i s g a m e s a n d h i s b o o k s, b u t i n t h e c l a s s r o o m, h e w hhea n d o f n e c e s s i t y t o r e l a t e w i t h t h o s e o f h i s o w n a g e w h o d i d n t h a v e t h e s a m e l e v e l o f l a n g u a g e, c o n c e r n s o r e m o t i o n a l d e v e l o p m e n t, h e w a s a l o n e r a n d g o t b o r e d p a i n t i n g a l l d a y a n d p l a y i n g s t u p i d g a m e s a s h e s a i d. H e d i d n t f e e l a t e a s e, h e dk ie d n f it g hlt i n g w i t h t h e o t h e r c h i l d r e n f o r b a l l s a n d h e d i d n t p a r t i c i p a t e i n a n y a c t i v i t y i n w h i c h t h e w i n n e r w a s t h e s t r o n g e s t. T h e m e n t a l m a t u r i t y o f t h e c h i l d l e d h i m t o a c c e p t w i t h r e s i g n a t i o n t h a t h e h a d t o b e i n c l a s s i n t h e m o r n i n g a n d h e e v etn h act l a iim t e d w a s h i s w o r k, I d o i t t h e s a m e a s y o u, w h y d o n t t h e y p a y m e f o r i t?. T h e w o r s t o f a l l w a s t h a t h e d i d n t h a v e f r i e n d s a l t h o u g h h e w a n t e d t o m i x w i t h t h e o t h e r s. I n c l a s s h e d i d n t p a r t i c i p a t e b e c a u s e a s t h e c h i l d r e n d i d n t s i t s t i l l a n d n oty he ad t hai nm, h e p r e f e r r e d n o t t o s p e a k a t a l l s o a s n o t t o a d d t o t h e r a c k e t a n d u n d e r s t a n d e v e n l e s s. T h e t e a c h e r g i v e s t h e c l a s s o n l y t o m e b e c a u s e t h e o t h e r s d o n t p a y a t t e n t i o n. B u t I a l r e a d y k n o w a l l t h e t h i n g s s h e s a y s. T h e t e n d e n c y o f t o h e l ac uh gi h l d r e n t w h e n t h e y h e a r d h i m s a y s t r a n g e t h i n g s h a d g i v e n h i m a c e r t a i n c o m p l e x o f t h e y r e l a u g h i n g a t 100 G i f te d a n d T a l e n t e d I n t e r n a t i o n a l 2 4 (2 ), D e c e m b e r,
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