aebmfw a-ebm-f `m-j-bp-ss B-Zn-a-apJw bq-wn-äv þ H- v (1) {]-[m-\-s -«kn-²m- Ä: aq-e-{zm-hnuw, X-angv, kw-kv-ir-xw F- o `m-j-bnâ \n pw B-hnÀ-`m-hw
|
|
- Calvin Moody
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 aebmfw a-ebm-f `m-j-bp-ss B-Zn-a-apJw bq-wn-äv þ H- v (1) {]-[m-\-s -«kn-²m- Ä: aq-e-{zm-hnuw, X-angv, kw-kv-ir-xw F- o `m-j-bnâ \n pw B-hnÀ-`m-hw t]- À 1 bq-wnäv 1.1. `m-tjmâ- - n-sb- p-dn- p-å ]-Þn-Xm-`n-{]m-b- -fm-wv ]T-\-hn-t[- b-am- p- Xv. a-ebm-f `m-j-bp-ss DÂ-]- n-sb- p-dn- v hy-xykv-x A-`n-{]m-b- -fm-wv ]-Þn-X- mà- n-s-bn-ep-åxv. {Zm-hn-U-tKm-{X- nâs]-«a-e-bm-f-`m-j-bp-ss hn-im-k-]-cn-wm-a- Ä- v A-\y- `m-j-iä ]-expw k-lm-b-i-am-bn- oà- n-«p v. F- mâ B-Zy-Ime- v {]-[m-\-ambpw k-lm-bn- n-«påxv X-angpw kw-kv-ir-x-hp-amwv. A-Xn-\m a-e-bm-f- n-sâ DÂ-]- n- p Im-c-W-am-bn- oà- `m-j-i-fm-wn-h-sb- v hy-xy-kv-x-ho- -W- n-eq-ss A-h-X-cn- n- m\pw A-Xn-\v D-t]m-Xv-_- e-iam-b bp-àn-iä D- -bn- m\pw \-½p-sS {]ap-j km-ln-xy-]-þn-x- mà {i-an- n-«p v. kw-kv- Ir-X- n-sâbpw X-an-gn-sâbpw kzm-[o-\i-àn a-e-bm-f- nâ Im-Wp- -txm-ssm- w kz-xx-kn-²-ambp-å hyàn-xzhpw a-e-bm-f- n-\p v. C-Xn \n-s Ãmw a-e-bm-f-`m-j-bp-ss DÂ-`-h-s -än {]- [m-\-ambpw \m-ev hm-z- -fm-wv D- m-bn-«p-åxv. 1. kw-kv-ir-x-p-\y-hm-zw 2. X-an-gv-P-\y-hm-Zw 3. an-{i-`m-jm-hm-zw 4. aq-e-{zm-hn-u-`m-jm-hm-zw I. kw-kv-ir-x-p-\y-hm-zw tz-h-`m-j-sb v bm-ym-øn-xn-ià I-cp-Xn-t m- kw-kv-ir-x- nâ \n- v P-\n- `m-j-bm-wv a-e-bm-f-sa- A-`n-{]m-b-am-Wv kw-kv-ir-x-p-\y-hm-z- n-\-sn-øm\w. kw-k-vir-xhpw a-e-bm-fhpw X½n am-xrþ]p{xn _-Ô-am-Wv C- q-«à I-ev-]n- n-cn- p- -Xv. eo-em-xn-e-i-im-c³ kw-kv-ir-x-p-\y-am-wv a-e-bm-fw F- [m-c-w B-Zy-am-bn Im-Wp -Xv eo-em-xn-e-i- n-emwv. a-ebm-f `m-j-bp-ss DÂ-]- n-sb -än {]-txy-i-am-sbm-cp NÀ- {]-kv-xp-x-{k-ù- nâ Im-Wp- n-sã- nepw kw-kvir-txm-zv-`-h- -fm-wv a-e-bm-fw Xp-S n-b {]m-tz-in-i-`m-j-iä F- H-cp Nn- mk-xn eo-em-xn-e-i-im-c-\p- m-bn-cp p. eoem-xne-iw c- mw-in-ev-]- nâ Du-l\o-b kw-kvir-x {]- IrXn kw-kvir-x `hm F 15þmw kq-{x- nâ B-Nm-cy³ C- mcyw kq-nn- n- p p. kw-kvir- X {]IrXn Du-ln- m-hp- i-ð-am-wv kw-kv-ir-x-`-hw F- m-wv kq-{xmà- w. C- mcyw C -s\ hni-zo-i-cn- mw: kw-kv-ir-xw A-\m-Znbm-b `m-j-bmwv. a-äp-å `m-j-bv- v B-Zn-bp v. A-h kwkv-ir-x- nâ \n pw D- m-b-xm-bn-cn- pw. A-h-bn Nn-e i-ð- -fnâ {]-Ir-Xn kw-kv-ir-xamsw v Du-ln- m³ I-gn-bpw. Ch-sb kw-kv-ir-x-`-h- -fm-bn I-ev-]n- p p. F- mâ aäp Nn-e i-ð- -fnâ {]-IrXn Du-ln- m³ ]-äm- co-xn-bnâ a-d-ªn-cn- pw. Ah-sb cq-v- -sf- p ]-dbp- p. txhà, ]n-, I-apIv, ImSv, Ip-Xn-c ap-x-em-b-h kw-kv-ir-x-`-h- -fm-sw- v B-Nm-cy³ ]-dbp p. Ch-bv- v {]-Ir-Xn tz-h, `n n, {I-ap-I, Im-SnIm, IpZp-c F- n-h-bm-wv. C s\ a-e-bm-fw kw-kv-ir-x-p-\y-sa- v hy-à-am- p- Xn-t\m-sSm- w X-s a-e-bm-fw kwkv-ir-x- nâ \n pw hy-xy-kv-x-am-sw pw ]-e k-µà-`- -fnâ B-Nm-cy³ kq-nn- n- p- p v. `m-jm-kw-kvi-rx-tbmtkm a-wn-{]-hmfw F- kq-{x- nâ `m-jm]-zw ti-c-f-`m-jm-]-z-am- NEO IAS , , Page 1
2 sw- v hy-à-am- n-bn-«p v. Iq-Sm-sX ti-c-f`m-j {Zm-hn-U-`m-j-I-fn \n pw B-hnÀ-`-hn- -XmsW- v ]-d-bp- -Xn-eq-sS-bpw, enw-k- n-sâbpw h-n-\- n-sâbpw Im-cy- nâ kw-kv-ir-x- n\pw ti-c-f-`m-j-bvv pw X-½n-ep-Å hy-xym-kw Im-Wn- p- k-µà-`- nepw a-e-bm-fw kw-kv-ir-x- nâ \n- pw hyxy-kv-x-am-sw- m-wv eo-em-xn-e-i-im-c³ kq-nn- n- p- Xv. tim-hp- n s\-sp- m-sn ti-c-f-iu-ap-zn F- {K-Ù- nâ tim-hp- n s\-sp- m-sn aw-k-f-tçm-i-am-bn sim-sp- n-cn- p {]-kv-xm-hw ]-e-scbpw sx-än-²-cn- n- n-«p v. kw-kvir-x ln-a-kn-cn K-fnXm {Zm-hn-U-hm-Wo I-fn-µ-Pm-anfXm ti-c-f-`m-jm-kwkm hn-lc-xp ta lrâ km-c-kz-zm-kwkm kw-kv-ir-x-am-ip- ln-a-hm-\nâ \n- v ]p-d-s -«v {Zm-hn-U hm- m-ip- Im-fnµn-tbm-Sv tnà- v H-gp- Ip- ti-c-f-`m-j-bm-ip- Kw-K, F-sâ lr-z-b-am-ip- k-ap-{z- nâ hn-l-cn- s«f- m-wv ImhymÀ w. a-e-bm-fw kw-kv-ir-x-p-\y-am-sw- v hm-zn- m³ h-s- pw-iq-dn-s\-t m-se-bp-åh-sc t{]-cn- n -Xv tim-hp- n-bp-ss A-e- m-c-`m-j-bmwv. A-e- m-c-`m-j-bnâ A-t±-lw B-ap-J-am-bn C s\-sbm- p ]-d-ªp-sh- -XÃmsX, C-Xn A-t±-l- n-\px-s th -{X D-d- p- m-bn-cp- psh- p txm- p- nã tim-hp- n-s\-sp- m-sn-bp-ss aw-k-f-tçm-i- n-\v kw-kv-ir-x-p-\y-]- -]m-xaã Im-Wp- -sx- v km-ln-xy-n-cn{xw {]-Øm-\- -fn-eq-ss F- {K-Ù- nâ C{]-Imcw tum.si.fw.tpmà-öv hy-à-am- p p. ti-c-f-iu-ap-zn-bnse `m-jm-k-aw F- A-[ym-b- nâ tim-hp- n-s\-sp- m-sn `m-tjmâ-`-hs -kw-_-ôn- v c- p-aq- v A-`n-{]m-b- Ä tc-j-s -Sp- n-bn-«p v. AsXÃmw kw-kv-ir-p-\yhmzs F-XnÀ- p- -Xp-amWv. kw-kvir-txm- mc-ww {]mbx... F- v Xp-S- p- tçm-i- nâ D mc-ww sim- v kw-kv-ir-t m-s-[n-iw tnà- -bp- m-bmepw `m-j-bp-ss co-xnbpw aäpw X-an-gv-apd-bvv- px-s F- -Xn-\p bm-sxm-cp kw-ibhpw CÃ-Xm-\pw F- n -s\ A-`n-{]m-b-s -Sp- p. C-Xv kw-kv-ir-x-p-\y-hm-z- n-s\-xncm-b h-kv-xp-x-bmwv. AXp-t]mse, B-cy-{Zm-hn-U-hm-Kv-Pm-Xm ticfo-tbm-àn-i-\yim... F- p Xp-S- p- tçm-i- n-eq-ss kw-kv-ir-x- n-sâbpw X-an-gnsâbpw I-eÀ- nâ \n- v a-e-bm-f`m-j D-Û-hn- -Xm-bn tim-hp- n s\-sp- m-sn A-\p-am-\n- p p. Cu ticf-s ]-c-ip-cm-a-t\m-sv \oà-sim- p IpSn-sIm- -hcm-b \-¼q-Xn-cn-amÀ B-cym-hÀ- - n-se B-cy-{_m-Ò-W-cpw, iq-{zm-zn-iä A-bÂ-tZ-i- -fn-se X-angpw B-bn-cp p. taâ-]-d-ª C- cp-iq-«- m-cp-ssbpw `m-j-iä X-½n I-eÀ- v \-½psS Cu a-wn-{]-hm-fhpw D- mbn F- n - s\ th-sdm-c-`n-{]m-bhpw tim-hp- n s\-sp- m-sn \-S- n-bn-«p v. C-{]-Im-cw X-an-gv-P-\y-hm-Zs bpw an-{i-`m-jm-hm-z-s bpw ]n- m- p- A-`n-{]m-b- Ä ti-c-f-iu-ap-zn-bnâ Im-Wm³ I-gnbpw. h-s- pw-iqà cm-p-cm-p-hའkw-kv-ir-x-p-\y-hm-zw H-cp hm-z-am-bn B-Zy-am-bn A-h-X-cn- n -Xv h-s- p-iqà cm-p-cm-p-hà-½bm-wv. km-ln-xo-kàh-kz nse `m-jm-kz-cq-]-\n-cq-]ww F- H- mw {]-I-c-W- nâ A-Xn- ZoÀ-L-am-bn A-t±lw Cu hnj-bw A-h-X-cn- n- n-cn- p p. hm- p-i-fp-ss _-Ô-s -bm-wv {]- [m\ -bp-àn-bm-bn A-t±-lw kzo-i-cn- n-cn- p- Xv. `m-c-xo-b-cp-ss hy-h-lm-c`m-j kw-kv-ir-x-am-bn- NEO IAS , , Page 2
3 cp- p-sh pw C-Xn \n- v k-i-e tz-io-b-`m-j-ifpw D- m-sb pw A-t±-lw kn-²m- n- p p. X- angpw a-e-bm-f-hp-sa-ãmw kw-kv-irx- nâ \n- v D-Û-hn- -Xm-sW- m-wv A-t±-l- n-sâ hmzw. a-ebm- -an-gv hy-h-lm-c-`m-j-bm-bn D-]-tbm-Kn- n-cp- P-\-k-aq-lw kw-kv-ir-x n-sâ kzm[o-\-h-e-b- nâ-s]-«v A-Xn-sâ hà- -am-ebpw ]-Z-k- -b-hpw kzo-i-cn- -txm-ss A- ph-sc D-]-tbm-Kn- n-cp- `m-j-bp-ss co-xn am-dn a-e-bm-f-am-bn Na-ªp F- \n-k-a-\- n-em-wv h-s- pw-iqà sn-s - p- Xv. Xsâ hm-zw k-aà- n- p- -Xn-\m-bn h-s- pw-iqà ap-t m-«p-h-bv- p- Im-cy -sf C-{]-Imcw kw{k-ln- mw. 1) A-Xn-Jcw, arzp, tlmjw, Du-jv-am- Ä, F- o A- -c- -fp-ss kzo-i-cw n-eq-ss kw-kv- Ir-X- n-sâ hà- am-e a-e-bm-fw kzo-i-cn- p. 2) a-e-bm-fw ]n- p-s-cp- k-ôn-hn-j-b- Ä kw-kv-ir- n-se t]m-se-bmwv. 3) kw-kv-ir- n-se-t m-se `m-j-bnepw G-gv hn-`-àn-i-fpw A-h-bv- v {]-txy-iw {]-Xy-b- -fpap v. 4) k-am-k-hn-j-b- nepw `m-j-bv- v kw-kv-irx-t m-sv _-Ôw Im-Wp- p v. 5) IÀ-½-Wn{]-tbm-K- nâ IÀ-½- n\pw IÀ- m-hn-\pw D-]-tbm-Kn- p- hn-`-àn-{]-xy-b- Ä kw-kv-ir-x- n-se co-xn-bmwv. 6) hn-ti-j-w-hn-ti-jy-s m-cp- w a-e-bm-f- n-sâ co-xnbã. kw-kv-ir- n-sâ-xmwv. N-¼p- - fnâ \n pw D- p-\o-en k-tµ-i- nâ \n pw D-Zm-l-c-W- Ä D-²-cn p-sim- v hn-ti-j-whn-ti-jy-s m-cp- w `m-j kzo-i-cn -Xv kw-kv-ir-x- nâ \n- m-sw- v h-s- pw-iqà Øm- ]n- p p. 7) hy-mi-c-w-{k-ù- Ä an- -hmdpw kw-kv-ir-x-hym-i-cw-s A-\p-k-cn- p- -Xn-\m a-ebm-fw kw-kv-ir-x-p-\y-am-sw- v h-s- pw-iqà ]-d-bp p. 8) a-wn-{]-hm-fw H-cp {]-Øm-\-sa- -\n-e-bnâ h-fà- p-]p-ãn-{]m-]n -Xv a-e-bm-f- nâ am-{xamwv. C-Xn-\p Imc-Ww a-e-bm-fw kw-kv-ir-x-p-\y-am-b-xm-sw- v h-s- pw-iqà ]-d-bp p. taâ- -d-ª \n-k-a-\- -fn-eq-ss a-e-bmfw kw-kv-ir-x-p-\y-am-sw- v Øm-]n- m³ h-s- pw- IqÀ {i-an- p p. F- mâ kw-kv-ir-xhpw a-e-bm-fhpw c- v tkm-{x- nâ-s]-sp- `m-j-i-fmwv. Hcp tkm-{x- nâ-s -«`m-j a-säm-cp tkm-{x- nâ-s -«`m-j-bp-ss D-Û-h- n-\v Im-c-W-am-Ip- p F -Xv bp-àn-k-laã. hym-i-c-w-]-c-ambpw ]-Z-L-S-\m-]-c-ambpw kw-kv-ir-xhpw a-e-bm-fhpw hyxym-kw Im-Wn- p- p- v. hm- p-i-fp-ss _-Ô-s A-Sn-Øm-\-am- n-bm-wv a-e-bm-f`m-j kwkv-ir-x-p-\y-am-sw- v h-s- pw-iqà hm-zn- p- Xv. F- mâ `m-jm-nà- -bnâ hm- p-i-fã, hymi-c-w L-S-\-bm-Wv \n-bma-iw F- A-Sn-Øm-\ X- z-s A-t±-lw hn-«p-i-f-bp- p. ImÄsUzÂ, G.BÀ.cm-P-cm-P-hÀ-½, B-äqÀ Ir-jv-W-]n-jm-c-Sn, tkm-z-hà-½ ap-x-em-b-hà A-t\-Iw D-Zml-c-W- Ä F-Sp- p-im-wn p-sim- v kw-kv-ir-xhpw {Zm-hn-Uhpw `n- -tkm-{x- nâ-s -«`m-j-ifm-sw pw a-e-bm-fw {ZmhnU tkm-{x- n-se H-cw-K-am-sW pw Øm-]n- -txm-ss kw-kv-ir-p-\y-hm- Z- n\pw {]-k-àn-bnãm-xmbn. II. X-an-gv-P-\y-hm-Zw `m-tjm-xv-]- n-sb- -än-bp-å kn-²m- - -fnâ G-ähpw {]-_-eam-b hm-z- fn-sem- mwv Xan-gv-P-\y-hmZw. {Zm-hn-U-`m-j-I-fn-sem m-b X-an-gn \n pw a-e-bm-fw D-Û-hn- p F- hm-z-amwv X-an-gv-P-\y-hmZw. X-angpw a-e-bm-fhpw X-½n am-xrþ]p{xn _-Ô-am-sW- v C- q-«à I-ev-]n- p- Xv. F-^v.U»yp. FÃn-kv a-e-bm-f-`m-j-bp-ss D-Û-h-s kw-_-ôn- v B-Zy-am-bn im-kv-{xo-b-]t-\w \nà-æ-ln -Xv F^v.U»p. FÃn-km-Wv se "A Dissertation on the Malayalam Language" F- {]_-Ôw NEO IAS , , Page 3
4 `m-jm-n-cn-{x-]t-\- n-se hn-e-s -«H-cp tc-j-bmwv. a-e-bm-fw sn- -an-gn-â \n- v D-S-se-Sp- -XmsW A-`n-{]m-b-am-Wv `m-tjm-xv-]- n-bp-am-bn _-Ô-s -«v FÃn-kn-\p- m-bn-cp- Xv. Z- n-tw- y³ `m-j-iä H-cp {]-txyi tkm-x- nâ-s]-«-h-bm-sw- v B-Zy-am-bn I-s - nb-xv FÃn-km-bncp- p. X-angv, sx-ep v, I- -Sw, a-e-bm-fw F- o `m-j-iä kw-kv-ir-x-`m-j-bnâ \n- v D-Û-hn- -Xsà pw F- mâ kw-kv-ir-x-`m-j-bp-am-bp-å Zr-V-_-Ô- n-sâ ^-eam-bn Cu `m-j-i-fnâ Nn-e- Xn-\v ]nâ- me- v Nn-e-am-ä- Ä h- n-«p-s pw FÃn-kv I-s n. a-ebm-f `m-j kw-kv-ir-x- nâ \n pw D-Û-hn- p F- hn-izm-k-am-wv FÃn-kn-sâ ]T-\- Ä- p ap-¼p-h-scbpw s]m-xpsh D- m-bn-cp- -Xv. F- mâ a-ebm-f kw-kv-ir-x- Ä X-½n-ep-Å _-Ôw ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am n-b FÃnkv a-e-bm-fw kw-kv-ir-x-p-\y-am-sw- ap³-[m-c-w Xn-cp- n F-gpXn. a-e-bm-fhpw X-angpw X½n Zr-Vam-b _-Ô-am-Wp-Å-sX- v FÃn-kv D-d- n- p ]-d-ªp. temi- v a-säm-cp `m-j-tbmspw CÃm- B-ß_-Ôw a-e-bm-f- n-\v X-angn-t\m-Sv D-s pw FÃn-kv I-s n. a-e-bm-f- n-sâ B-g-apÅ th-cp-iä X-an-gn I-s - m-sa pw FÃn-kv {]-Jym-]n p. tdm-_à-«v ImÄ-sUz (D-]-`m-jm-hmZw) 1856se {Zm-hn-U-`m-j-I-fp-sS Xm-c-X-ay hym-i-c-ww (A Comparative Grammer of the Dravidian or South Indian Languages) F- {K-Ù- nâ X-angv, a-e-bm-f `m-j-i-fp-ss _Ôs A-Sn-Øm-\-am- n D-]-`m-jm-hmZw ImÄ-sUz A-h-X-cn- n p. C-Xp-{]-Imcw X-an-gn-sâ H-cp D-]-`m-j-bm-Wv a-e-bm-fw. D-]-`m-jm-hm-Zw C-{]-Im-c-am-Wv: F-sâ A-`n-{]m-b- nâ, a-e-bm-fw X-angn-sâ A-Xn-{]m-No-\am-b H-cp im-j-bmwv. ]p-cp-j-t`-z-\n-cm-kw sim pw kw-kv-ir-x-]-z{]-tbm-k- _m-lpeyw sim pw B-Wv C-t mä A-Xp ap-jy-ambpw X-an-gn \n- p thà-xn-cn-ªp \nâ- p- Xv. AXp-sIm- v a-e-bmf-s {Zm-hn-U-tKm-{X- nâ-s -«H-cp kz-x-{ `m-j F- p IÂ- n- p- - Xn-s\- mä X-an-gn-sâ H-cp D-]-`m-j-sb- p I-cp-Xp-I-bm-Wv t`-zw X-an-gn\pw a-e-bm-f- n-\pw X- ½n BZy-Im-e- p- m-bn-cp- t\cn-b hy-xym-kw Im-e-{Ita-W h-ep-xm-sb- n-epw, ImÄ-sUz-ensâ A`n-{]m-b- nâ, X-an-gn-sâ h-f-sc-tb-sd am-äw-h- H-cp im-j-x-s -bm-wv a-e-bmfw. X-an-gnsâbpw a-e-bm-f- n-sâbpw B- -c-l-s-\-bnâ k-am-\-x-bp--s pw a-e-bm-fw X-an-gn-sâ ]p-{xn-bmsw pw ImÄ-sUz hm-zn- p- p. sx-ep v, I- -U F- o `m-j-i-sf- mä L-S-\-bn a-e-bm-f- `m-j-bv- v X-angn-t\m-Sv _-Ô-ap-s - A-`n-{]m-b-am-Wv ImÄ-sUz-en-sâXv. C- m-c-w- mâ a-ebm-fw X-an-gnsâ D-]-im-J-bm-sW- \n-k-a-\- nâ ImÄ-sUz F- n-t À p. FÃn-kn-sâ hm-z- -fp-ss Nph-Sv ]n-sn- v a-e-bm-f- n-sâ DÛ-hw X-an-gn \n- m-sw- v hmzn ImÄ-sUz X-sâ hm-zw k-aà- n- m³ In-g v F- ]Z-s D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn F-Sp- n-cn- p p. X-an-gv-\m-«n ]qà-æ-zn- n-s\ kq-nn- n- p- -Xn-\v In-g pw ]-Ýn-a-Zn- n-s\ Ip-dn- m³ taâ pw B-Wv D-]-tbm-Kn- p- Xv. X-an-gv-\m-Sn-s\ kw-_-ôn- n-s-t m-fw In-g-t m«v t]mhp-i F p h- mâ I-S In-g- mb-xp sim pw B `m-k-t - v `q-an-bp-ss ap-iä-]c- v A- ev-]m-ev-]w Xm-Wp t]m-ip- Xp-sIm pw Io-tgm-«v t]m-hp-i-bmwv. t\-sc a-dn v, ti-c-f- nâ Ing- v D-bÀ- pw taâ- v XmWpw In-S- p p. ]-t Zn- pi-sf Ip-dn- m³ X-an-gn-se A-tX ]-Z- Ä X-s -bm-wv C pw D-]-tbm-Kn- p- Xv. ti-c-f- n-se B-Zn-a \n-hm-kn-iä X-an-gv-\m-«n \n pw Ip-Sn-tb-dn ]mà- -h-cmb-xv sim- mwv Cu X-an-gv ]-Zw k-am-\am-b AÀ- - nâ ti-c-f- nepw D-]-tbm-Kn- p- -sx- v A-t±-lw hm-zn- p p. ImÄ-sUz-en-sâ hm-z- -sf G.BÀ. cm-p-cm-p-hà-½, FÂ.hn. cm-a-kzm-an-a- À F- o `mjm-]-þn-x- mà Aw-Ko-I-cn- p- p v. F- mâ ImÄ-sUz-ensâ In-g v taâ v F- o ]-Z- -fpss \n-jv-]- n- v hy-xy-kv-xam-b a-säm-cp \n-jv]- n s{]m-^.kn.fâ.bâ-wn \nà-t±-in- p- p v. ImÄ-sUz ]-d-bp- -t]m-se `q-an-im-kv-{x-]-cam-b {]-txy-ix-i-sfm- paã Cu ]-Z- -fpss \n-jv-]- n- p Im-cWw. kq-cy-sâ D-Z-bm-kv-X-a-b sf B-{i-bn- mwv Cu ]-Z- -fp- m-bn-«p- NEO IAS , , Page 4
5 Å-sX- v kn.fâ.bâ-wn hy-à-am- p p. kq-cy³ D-Zn- p -Xv Io-tg B-b-Xn-\m D-Zn- p- Zn v Ing pw ta-te sn- v A-kv-X-an- p- -Xn-\m A-kv-X-an- p- Zn v taâ- pw B-bn F- m-wv At±-lw A-`n-{]m-b-s -Sp- Xv. G.BÀ.cm-P-cm-P-hÀ-½ (sim-sp- -an-gv hmzw) 1896em-Wv s{]m-^.g.bà.cm-p-cm-p-hà-½-bpss ti-c-f-]m-wn-\o-bw ]p-d- p-h- Xv. AXnsâ ]otn-i-bnâ A¼-Xp ]p-d- -fn-em-bn a-e-bm-f-`m-j-bp-ss DÂ-]- n-sb- p-dn- v A-t±-lw khn-kvx-cw {]-Xn-]m-Zn- n-cn- p p. {]mtb-w ImÄ-sUz-en-sâ amà- - n-eq-ss-bm-wv A-t±-lw k- -cn- p- Xv. ImÄ-sUz sx-sãm- p kq-nn- n- p-itbm hn-i-zo-i-cn- p-itbm snbv-x ]-e kp{][m\ Im-cy- fpw hn-z-kv-²-am-bn -s ti-c-f-]m-wn-\n A-]-{K-Yn p. Ncn{X]c-amb sxfn-hp-iä \nc n ae-bmfw XangvP\y-am-sW v sxfn-bn `mjm-]-þn- X-\mWv G.-BÀ.-cm-P-cm-P-hÀ½. asse-\m-smb ae-bm-f- nse BZn-a-\n-hm-kn-IÄ Xan-gcpw AhcpsS `mj Xangpw Bbn-cp p F v ]d-ªp-sim- mwv G.-BÀ.-Xsâ simsp- -angv hmzw XpS- p- Xv. FÃm- m-e pw {KÙ-`mj AsÃ- nâ hcsamgn \mtsm-sn-`mj AsÃ- nâ hmsamgn Fs mcp hyxymkw FÃm PohÂ`m-j-I-fnepw D m-bn-cp- p. {KÙ-`m-jbv v sn angv F pw \mtsm-sn-`m-jbv v simsp- -angv F p-amwv t]cv. C -s\-bp- m-bn-cp ]e-xcw simsp an-gp-i-fnâ H v ae-bm-f-ambn ]cn-w-an p. F mwv tic-f-]m-wn-\n-bpss A`n- {]m-bw. Cu simsp- angn\v tziy-t`-z- Ä (Hcp `mj-bv p-ånâ \ne \nâ p `mjm-hy-xymks tziy-t`-z- Ä F v hnfn- p- p) D m-bn-cp- p. thwm-sv, Ip«\mSv, IpS-\m-Sv, ]qgn-\msv, IÀ m-\msv XpS n Xan-g-I- n-sâ-xmb A p \msp-i-fnâ kwkm-cn- n-cp simsp- -an-gp-i-fnsem v ae-bm-f-ambn ]cn-w-an p F mwv G.-B-dnsâ A`n-{]m-bw. C- mcyw k-aà- n- m³ G.BÀ._m-ly-hpw B`y- -c-hpam-b Im-c-W- Ä \n-c- p- p. {]kv-xp-x-imcyw hn-i-z-am-bn bq- Wnäv 1.2. DÄ-s -Sp- n-bn-«p v. FÂ.hn. cm-a-kzm-an A À (]qà-æ X-an-gvþa-ebm-f hmzw) G.B-dn-s\-t m-se X-s ImÄsUz-en-sâ \n-ba-s Aw-Ko-I-cn- p- ]-Þn-X-\mWv FÂ.hn. cm-a-kzm-an A À. a-ebm-f `m-j-bp-ss DÂ-]- n-sb- -än-bp-å kn-²m- - -fnâ {i-t²bam-b H- m-wv ]qà-æ X-an-gvþa-ebm-f hmzw. ]qà-æ-{zm-hn-u-`m-j-bnâ \n- v I- -Uhpw sxep pw thà-]n-cn-ª-xn-\p-ti-jw ]qà-æ X-an-gvþa-e-bm-fw F- H-cp s]m-xp-`m-jm Im-eL-«w D- mbn-cp- p-sh- mwv Cu kn-²m- w Nq- n- m-wn- p- Xv. ]qà-æ X-an-gvþa-e-bmf-s C-cp-`m-j-Ifp-sSbpw ]qà-æ-l-«-am-bn hn-i-zo-i-cn- p- -h-cnâ {]-ap-j-à FÂ.hn.BÀ, Im-an kz-e-_nâ, F- kv.hn. j pjw F- n-h-cmwv. Xm-c-X-aym-[n-jvTn-Xam-b {Zm-hn-U-`m-jm-]T-\- nâ FÂ.hn.B-dnsâ tkh\w K-W-\o-b-am-Wv. 'Evolution of Malayalam Morphology' F- {K-Ù- n-em-wv A-t±lw {]-[m-\-ambpw a-e-bm-f- n-sâ DZv-`-h-s - p-dn- v A-`n-{]m-b-s -«n-cn- p- Xv. cq-]-\n-jv-]m-z-\- n-sâ-bpw (Morphology) [z-\n-im-cy- n-sâbpw (Phonetics) A-Sn-Øm-\- nâ A-t±-lw X-an-gns\bpw a-e-bm-f-s bpw Xm-c-X-ay-s -Sp- p p. Cu c- p Im-cy- nepw a-e-bm-f- n-\v C-X-c {Zmhn-U-`m-j-I-fn h- v G-ähpw Iq-Sp-X A-Sp- w X-angn-t\m-Sm-sW pw {]mno-\ a-²y-im-e-x-angpw ]-g-b a-e-bm-fhpw G-Xm-s mcp-t]m-se-bm-sw pw A-t±-lw k-aà- n- p p. a-e-bm-f- n-sâ cq-]-\n-jv-]m-z-\-]-cam-b k-hn-ti-j-x-i-fn-e-[n-ihpw {]mno-\ a-²yim-e X-angn-t\m-Sv G-ähpw A-Sp- p _-Ô-s -«n-cn- p p. B-h-I-bn ]e-xn-sâbpw \n-jv-]mz-\w [z-\n-im-cy- n-sâbpw N-cn-{X- n-sâbpw A-Sn-Øm-\- nâ {]m-no-\-a-²y-im-e-x-an-gnâ \n pw km-[n- m-hp- -XmWv. F- n - s\ A-t±-lw A-`n-{]m-b-s -Sp p. NEO IAS , , Page 5
6 a-e-bm-f-`m-j-bp-ss DÛ-hw X-an-gn \n- p-aã IÀ- m-siw, sx-ep- v ap-x-em-b-h-sb-t m-se kz-x-{ -am-bn-«m-wv F- p-å A-`n-{]m-b-s J-Þn- n-«v FÂ.hn.BÀ X-an-gn X-s H-cp {]-txy- IZ-i-tbm-Sm-Wv {]m-no-\-a-e-bm-f- n-\v k-am-\-`m-hw D-Å-sX- v hy-h-øm-]n- n-cn- p p. G.Un. 5þmw ix-iw h-sc-bpå kw-lw Ir-Xn-I-fn Im-Wp- `mj-sb {]m-no-\-x-an-gv F pw A-Xn-\ptijw 10þmw i-x-iw-h-sc-bp-å X-an-gv-Ir-Xn-I-fn-se `mj-sb {]m-no-\-a-²y-im-e-x-an-gv F pw FÂ.hn.BÀ X-cw-Xn-cn- p p. C-Xn {]m-no-\-a-²y-im-e-x-angn-t\m-sv k-zr-iam-b co-xn-bnâ a-ebmfw h-fà- v ]-cn-w-an- p-ibpw A-`n-hr-²n-{]m-]n- p-ibpw sn-bv-xp-sh- v A-t±-lw A-`n-{]m-bs -Sp p. ]qàæ-{zm-hn-u-`m-j I- -Sw sx-ep- v -]qà-æ- X-an-gvþa-e-bm-fw {]m-no-\-x-an-gv X-an-gv {]m-no-\-a-²y-im-e-x-angv a-e-bmfw tum.tkm-z-hà-½sb-t]m-ep-å ]-Þn-X- mà FÂ.hn.B-dn-sâ hm-z -sf tnm-zy-w sn-bv-xn- «p v. a-e-bm-fw X-an-gn \n- pw t\c-s X-s ]n-cnªp-t]m-bn-«p-å H-cp `m-j-bm-sw- nâ AXn X-an-gn-\p h- Xp-t]m-se ]-cn-wm-a- Ä kw-`-hn- p-sh- på-xv bp-àn-k-l-aã. {]mno-\ a²yim-e X-an-gn a-e-bm-f- n-\v km-cq-]- -fm-bn A-t±-lw {]-ZÀ-in- n- n-«p-å cq-]-hn-ti-j- Ä an- -hmdpw {]mno-\ X-an-gn CÃm- -hbpw ]nâ- me- v DZ-bw sn-bv-xn-«p-å-h-bp-am-wv. ]n. i- -c³ \-¼ymÀ FÂ.hn.B-dn-\p-ti-jw s]m-xp-]qà-æ-l-«-s - p-dn- v hy-àam-b H-cp hm-zw ]p-d-s -Sp-hn- p -Xv ]n.i- -c³-\-¼ym-cmwv. aq-e-{zm-hn-u`m-j Im-e-t`Zw, tz-i-t`zw, tbm-k-t`-zw ap-xem-b At\-Iw Im-c-W- -fmâ X-angv, IÀ- m-siw, Xpfp, sx-ep v, IpS-Iv F- n- -s\ 5 {]-[m-\-im-j-ifm-bn ]n-cn-bp-i-bm-wp- m-bxv. C-Xn X-angv (ap- -angv) c m-bn- n-cn-ª-xnâ \n- m-wv a-e-bm-fap- m-b-sx- m-wv A-t±-l- n-sâ A-`n-{]mbw sn- -an-gn-sâ hy-h-øn-x-im-e- n-\p ap³- ]pxs a-e-bm-fw H-cp {]-txy-i `m-jm-xz-s k-¼m-zn- n-cp p F pw aq-e-{zm-hn-u-ip-spw-_- nse H-cw-Khpw ap- -an-gn-sâ ]p-{xnbpw sn- -an-gn-sâ k-tlm-z-cnbpw B-bn-«m-Wv a-e-bm-f`m-j \n-e-\nâ- p- Xv F pw A-t±-lw hn-i-zo-i-cn- p p. aq-e-{zm-hn-u`m-j ap- -an-gv IÀ- ms-iw Xpfp IpS-Iv sx-ep v sim-sp- -an-gv sn- -angv a-e-bmfw NEO IAS , , Page 6
7 X-an-gn-sâ D-]-`m-j-bm-Wv a-e-bm-fw F- p hm-zn- p- -hà D- -bn- p- {][m-\ \ym-b- fpw A-h-bv- p-å a-dp-]-sn-i-fpw C-{]-Im-cw kw-{k-ln- mw: 1. a-e-bm-f- n-se Nn-e ]-g-b Ir-XnIsf X-angv iðw-sim- m-wv hy-h-l-cn- p h- n-cp- Xv. I- -È I-hn-I-fn H-cmfm-b cm-a- -Wn- À F-gpXn-b {_-Òm-Þ-]pcm-W -nâ C-Xm Rm³ X-an-gm-bn-s m- -dn-bn- p-t ³ F- v {]-kv-xm-hn- n-cn- p p. cm-a-ncn-x IÀ- mhv X-an-gv- -hn B-Wv F- {]-kvxmhw {]-kvxp-x Im-hy- nâ Im-Wp- p v. X-an-g-I- nâ ]qà-h-ime- v H-tc `m-j-bm-wv kw-km-cn- n-cp- Xv. C-X{tX X-angv. X-angv F- ]-Zw {ZmhnU `m-j-iä- v sam- - nepw A-Xn-sâ sx- ³ `m-j-iä- v {]-txy-i-ambpw D-]- tbm-kn- n-cp- -Xm-bn a-\-ên-em- mw. 2. Kr-ly-]-Z- fpw `m-j-bp-ss {]m-cw-`-ime- v D- m-bn-«p-å a-äv A-Sn-Øm-\-]Z- -fpw (tncn, Ducv, timsv, txmsv, txm«w, Ipfw) X-an-gnepw a-e-bm-f- nepw H- p-x-s -bmwv. `m-j-i-fpss ]-c-kv-]-c_-ôw Im-Wn- m-t\ Cu A-`n-{]m-bw k-lm-bn- p- p-åq. 3. ]-Xn-äp- v, Nn-e- -Xn-Imcw, sf- p-dp-\q-dv ap-xem-b kw-l-im-e-ir-xn-iä c-nn -Xv ti-cfob I-hn-I-fmWv. A- v \m-«nâ D-]-tbm-Kn- n-cp- `m-jm-cq-]-amwv Cu Ir-Xn-I-fn Im-Wp- Xv. Cu hm-zhpw ZpÀ-_-e-amWv. ti-c-fo-bà kw-kv-ir-x- nepw Cw- o-jnepw Ir-Xn-IÄ c- Nn- n-«p v. A-XnÂ-\n- v ti-c-f- n-se `m-j kw-kv-ir-xtam Cw otjm B-Ip- nã-tãm. 4. in-em-im-k-\- -fn-se `m-j X-an-gmWv. s]m-xp-p-\- Ä- p-th- n-bp-å A-dn-bn- p-iä A-hcp-sSX-s `m-j-bnâ F-gp-Xm\-tà \ymbw? `-cw-iq-s- n-sâ `m-j-bm-bn-cp- p A-sX- {tx a-dp-]sn. AÃm-sX P-\- -fp-ss `m-jbã. kà- mà D- -c-hp-iä Cw- o-jnâ h-cp- - X-p-sIm v ti-c-f-b-cp-ss `m-j-bm-wv Cw- o-jv F- p ]-d-bm-\m-hp-i-tam? C-Ã. 5. cm-a-n-cn-x- n-se `m-j a-e-bm-f- n-sâ B-Zn-cq-]w {]-Xn-^-en- n- p p. ]-t cm-a-n-cn-xw A -s km-[m-c-w `mj-sb {]-Xn-\n-[o-I-cn- p- nã F- m-wv ]Þn-X axw. C- -dª Im-c-W- -fmâ X-an-gn-sâ D-]-`m-j-bà a-e-bm-f-sa- v kn-²n- p p. III. an-{i-`m-jm-hm-zw `m-tjmâ-]- n-sb- -än-bp-å kn-²m- - -fnâ A-Sp -Xv an-{i-`m-jm-hm-z-am-w.v kw-kv- IrXw, X-an-gv F- o c- p `m-j-i-fp-ss tnà- -bnâ \n pw a-e-bm-f-ap- m-bn F- hm-z-am-wv an- {i-`m-jm-hm-zw. C-fw-Ip-fw {]mno-\ a-ebm-f `mj-sb N-cn-{X- nsâ ]-Ým- -e- nâ ]cn-tim-[n- m³ B-Zy-am-bn {ian- ]-Þn-X-\m-Wv C-fw-Ipfw. s{]m-^. C-fw-Ip-f- n-sâ A-`n-{]m-b- nâ, a-e-\m-«v X-an-gn-s\ ae-bm-f-am- nb-xv kw-kv-ir-x- n-sâbpw {]m-ir-x- n-sâbpw t{]-c-w-bmwv. N-cn-{X-]-c-am-bn ]-d- ªmÂ, B-cy- m-cp-ss B-K-a-\hpw B-[n-]-Xy-hp-am-Wv a-e-bm-f- n-sâ B-hnÀ-`m-h- n-\p ImcWw. Cu kn-²m- - n-sâ hn-i-zo-i-c-whpw Øm-]-\-hp-amWv ti-c-f-`m-j-bp-ss hn-im-k-]-cn- Wm-a Ä F- {KÙw. C-hn-sS `m-j F- mâ X-angv. ti-c-f- n-se km-am-\y`m-j F- À w. AXpw kwkv-ir-xhpw H-cp `m-j-sb- \n-e-bnâ Cãw-t]m-se C-S-I-eÀ- n {]-tbm-kn- p -Xv `mjm-an-{iw. kwkv-ir-x-hn-`-ày- - Ä A-Xn [m-cm-f-ap- v. kw-kv-ir-xoir-x `m-jm{]-tbm-k- Ä \n-d-sb-imwpw. \n-b-a-cm-ln-xy-am-wv `m-jm-an-{i- n-sâ \n-baw. Ir-{Xn-a-Xz-am-Wv A-Xn-sâ kz-`mhw F n -s\ `m-jm-an-{i-s C-fw-Ip-fw hy-à-am- p p. `m-jm-]-cam-b Cu {]-txy-i-xi-sf Øm-]n- m³ N-cn-{X-]-cam-b h-kv-xp-x-ifpw C-fw-Ip-fw ap-t m-«p-h-bv- p p. A-t±-l- n-sâ A- `n-{]m-b- nâ simã-hà-jm-cw-`- n-\p ap-¼v {_m-ò-wà ti-c-f nâ Ip-Sn-tb-dn- mà- n-cp p. A- p-ap-xâ A-hÀ- v e-`n- {]m-am-wy-hpw 11þmw i-x-i- n-\p ti-jw e-`n- cm-{ão-b {]m-_-eyhpw NEO IAS , , Page 7
8 B-Wv a-e-\m-«v X-an-gv H-cp {]-txy-i `m-j-bm-bn am-dm³ Im-c-W-am-bXv. a-wn-{]-hm-f- n-se- -t]mse `mjmþkw-kvir-x ]-Z- -fp-ss lr-zyamb tbm-kw `m-jm-an-{i- nâ \nà-_-ô-anã. B-cy- mà am-xr-`m-jbm-b kw-kv-ir-xhpw X-t±-io-b-cp-sS hm-sam-gnbm-b X-angpw C-S-IeÀ- n cq-]-s -Sp nb an-{i-`mj-sb `m-jm-an-{i-sa pw hn-ti-jn- n- p p. B-Zy-Im-e-im-k-\- Ä, a-wn-{]-hm-f-ir- XnIÄ, IqSn-bm-«w C-h-bn-seÃmw an-{i-`m-j-bp-ss Aw-i- Ä Im-Wm-hp- -Xm-sW- v C-fw-Ip-fw A- `n-{]m-b-s -Sp p. C-fw-Ip-f- n-sâ an-{i-`m-jm-kn-²m -s G-sd- p-sd A-\p-Iq-en- p- -h-cp-ap- v. ssi-cfn-bp-ss I-Y bnâ s{]m-^.f³.ir-jv-w-]n-å C-{]-Im-cw A-`n-{]m-b-s -Sp- p. \-¼q-Xn-cn-amÀ tic-f- n-se X-an-gn-s\ X- -fp-ss B-hiyw {]-Xn -Zp-jn- n- -Xn-sâ ^-e-am-bn-«p m-b cq-]m- -c- -fm- Wv H-cp ]pxn-b `m-j-bv- v I-f-sam-cp- n-bxv. kz- w \m-«p-h-g - -tfm-sp-iqsn-b ti-c-f- -an-gv 700þm-am- n-\p ti-j-ap-å 500 hà-j- n\-iw B-cy-`m-j-I-fp-sS {]-_-e-k-½à-±w \n-an- w a-säm-cp `m-j-bmbn D-cp- n-cn-bp-ibpw D-cp- n-cn-ª-txm-ssm- w H-cp an-{i-`m-j-bm-bn- o-cp-ibpw sn-bv-xv a-e-bm-f-ambn. `m-jm im-kv-{x-kn-²m- - Ä- v hn-cp-²am-b A-`n-{]m-b-am-bn `m-jm-an-{i-hmz-s ]-Þn-X- mà I-W- m- p p. a-wn-{]hm-f a-e-bm-f- n-se kw-kvir-x _m-lpeyw I- p-{`-an- v {]m-am-wn- I- mcm-b {K-Ù-Im-c- mà t]mepw kw-kv-ir-x- nâ {Zm-hn-Uw I-eÀ- p m-b `m-j-bm-wv a-e-bmf-sa- v i- n- p-i-bp- m-bn-«p-s - v G.BÀ.cm-P-cm-P-hÀ-½ ti-c-f-]m-wn-\o-bw ]otn-i-bnâ tc- J-s -Sp- p p. c- p `m-j-i-fp-ss tnà- -bnâ aq- m-a-sxm-cp `m-j B-hnÀ-`-hn- -bn-sã- m-wv amivkv ap-åà Xp-S n-b `m-jm-im-kv-{x-ú- m-cp-ss A-`n-{]mbw. c- p `m-j-i-fp-ss k-¼à- waqew A-t\ym\yw ]-Z-k¼- v ssi-am-dp-ibpw c pw ]p-ãn-s Sp-I F- p-åxpw kà-æ-km-[m-c- W-amWv. ]-s, A-Xp-aq-ew c- p `m-j-i-fp-ssbpw hym-ic-ww C-S-I-eÀ- aq- m-a-sxm-cp `m-j D- m-hp-i F -Xv N-cn{Xtam `m-jm-im-kv{xtam Aw-Ko-I-cn- p-s m-cp kn-²m- aã. F- v C- mcy-s - p-dn- v tum.si.fw.tpmàöpw hn-aà-in- p p. a-wn-{]-hm-f-ir-xn-i-fpä-s -«km-ln-xohn-`m-k nâ AÃm-sX km-am-\yw-hy-h-lm-c- nâ an-{i`m-j \n-e-\n- n-cp- pã. IV. aq-e-{zm-hn-u-`m-jm-hm-zw aq-e-{zm-hn-u-sa- v t]cmb s]m-xphm-b `m-j-bnâ \n pw X-angv, sx-e v, I -Sw F- o {Zmhn-U-`m-j-IÄ thà-s]«p-t]m-bxp-t]m-se kz-x-{ -am-bn a-e-bm-fhpw D-cp- n-cn-ªp F- hm-zam-wv aq-e-{zm-hn-u-`m-jm-hmzw. X-angpw a-e-bm-fhpw X-½n k-tlm-z-c-_-ô-am-wv {]-kv-xp-x-hm-z- mà I-ev-]n- p- Xv. ]qà-æ-{zm-hnu-s H-cp hr- -am-bn I-cp-Xn-bm X-angv, sx-ep- v, IÀ- ms- Iw Xp-S n-b im-jiä-t]m-se Xm-bv- -Sn-bn \n- p t\-sc hn-i-kn- p-h- H-cp kz-x-{ -im-jbm-wv a-e-bmfw. Xm-bv- -Sn-bm-b ]qà-æ-{zm-hn-u-t m-sm-wv im-jm-`m-j-iä-s Ãmw t\-cn-«p-å _- Ôw. AXn-\m im-jm-hm-z-sa pw C-Xn-s\ hn-fn- mw. Kp- À«v a-e-bm-f-`mj-sb kw-_-ôn- v im-kv-{xo-bam-b K-thj-Ww BZyw \-S- nb-xv tum.kp- À- «m-wv. 1851 {]-kn-²o-i-cn- a-e-bm-f-`m-jm-hymi-c-w n-sâ B-Zy-`m-K- n-epw 1872  {]-kn-²s -Sp- n-b a-e-bm-fwþcw- o-jv \nl- p hn-sâ B-ap-J- n-ep-am-wv A-t±-lw `-m-tjm-xv-]- n-sb kw-_-ôn- p- X-sâ \n-co- -W- Ä A-h-X-cn- n- n-«p-åxv. a-e-bm-f-`m-jm-hym-i-c-w' nâ At±-lw C -s\ F-gp-Xp p: a-ebm-f `m-jm {Z-an-fw F- p-å X-an-gn-sâ H-cp im-j-bm-ip p. AXp sx-ep v, IÀ- m-siw, Xp-fp, Ip-S-Iv ap-xem-b im-j-i-sf- mä A-[n-Iw X-an-g-cp-sS kq-{x- - tfm-sv H- p-h-cn-i-bmâ, D-]-`m-j-b-t{X : F- nepw {_m-òwà Cu ti-cf-s A-S- n-hmwv, NEO IAS , , Page 8
9 A\m-Nm-c -sf \-S- m- n \m-«n-se iq-{z-cp-am-bn tnà- p t]m-b-xn-\mâ, kwkvir-x i-ð- fpw hm-n-i- fpw hf-sc \pg-ªp h v, `m-j-bp-ss aq-e-cq]-s ]-e-hn-[- nepw am-än-bn-cn- p p. C-hnsS {Z-anfw F ]Zw-sIm- v X-angv, sx-ep v, IÀ- m-siw, a-e-bm-fw F n-h hn-`-pn- -s -Sp- -Xn-\p ap-¼p- m-bn-cp- `m-jsb (aq-e-{zm-hn-u-`m-jsb) B-Wv D-t±-in- n-cn- p- sx v aq-e-{zmhn-u-`m-jm-hm-z- mà A-`n-{]m-b-s -Sp p. a-e-bm-fwþcw- o-jv \nl- p hn-sâ B-ap-J- nâ Kp- À-«v ]-d-bp -Xv C-{]-Im-c-am-Wv: a-ebm-f i-ð- -sfbpw X-an-gv i-ð- -sfbpw thà-xn-cn p-sim- v H-c-XnÀ- ntc-j h-c-bv p-i {]-bm-k-amwv. Cu c- p {]m-no-\-`m-j-ifpw {]-txy-i-`m-j-i-sf- - Xn-t\- mä {Zm-hn-U-tKm-{X- nâ-s -«H-tc-`m-j-bp-sS D-]-`m-j-I-sf- \n-e-bn-em-wv hn-`n- - - fmbxv. C-{]-Im-cw aq-e-{zm-hn-u-`m-jm-hmz-s ]n- m- p- A-`n-{]m-b-am-Wv Kp- À-«n Im-Wp- Xv. B-äqÀ-Ir-jv-W-]n-jm-c-Sn (kz-x-{ -Xm-hmZw) aq-e-{zm-hn-u-`m-j-i-fp-ss H-cp kz-x-{ -im-j-bm-wv a-e-bm-fw F- A-`n-{]m-bw {]-_-eam-b Hc-Sn-Øm-\- n-â B-Zy-am-b-n Ah-X-cn- n -Xv B-äqÀ-Ir-jv-W-]n-jm-c-Sn-bmWv. ti-c-f-`m-jm-n-cn- {Xw F- {K-Ù- nepw a-ebm-f `m-jbpw km-ln-xy-hpwþh-cp ]T\w F- {]-_-Ô- nepw kz-x-{ -Xm-hm-Zw' DÄ-s -Sp- n-bn-«p v. IÀ- m-siw, sx-ep v, X-an-gv ap-xem-b `m-j-i-sf-t m-se ]qà-æ-{zm-hn-u- nâ \n pw t\-cn-«p-zv-`-hn- -Xm-Wv a-e-bm-fw F- -Xm-Wv kz-x-{ -Xm-hm-Z- n-sâ A- -xk-. ]qà-æ-{zm-hn-u- n-sâ H-cp kz-x-{ -im-j-bm-wv X-an-sg- nâ AXp-t]m-seX-s Xn- I pw kz-x-{ amb a-säm-cp im-j-bm-wv a-e-bm-fw F- p kz-x-{ -Xm-hm-Zn-IÄ hn-iz-kn- p p. B-äq-cn-sâ A-`n-{]m-b-a-\p-k-cn- v {Zm-hn-U-`m-j-IÄ-s Ãmw Iq-Sn H-cp aq-e`m-j D- m-bncp p. A-Xn-s\ ap- --an-gv F- m-wv hn-fn- n-cp- Xv. C- v X-an-gv F- -dn-b-s -Sp- `mj aq-e-{zm-hn- U-`m-j-bp-sS H-cp im-j- am-{x-amwv. B im-j-bp-ss hn-ti-j-t]à sn- -an-gv F- m-ip p. {]mtzin-i {Zmhn-U-`m-j-I-sf-sbÃmw X-anÄ F- p hn-fn- n-cp- -Xn-\v sx-fnhmwv a-e-\m-«p-x-an-gv sx-ep- p-\m-«px-an-gv I-cn-\m-«p-X-an-gv F- o {]-tbm-k Ä. eo-em-xn-e-i- n-se X-an-Ä i-ð- n-\v a-ebm-f `m-j F m-wà w. Np-cp- - nâ B-Zn-Ime- v {Zm-hn-U-am-b-Xn-s\Ãmw ]-d-ªp-h- n-cp- hm- m-wv X-anÄ F pw B i-ðw sim- m-wv A -s {Zm-hn-U-P-\- Ä-s Ãmw-Iq-Sn-bp-Å `mjbm-b aq-e-{zm-hn-u-`mj-sb kq-nn- n- n-cp- -sx pw I-cp-Xmw. a-e-{zm-hn-u-`m-jbm-b ap- -an-gn-\v tz-i-t`-z-a-\p-k-cn v hy-xym-kw h- v ]-e im-j-i-fm-bn ]n-cnªp. `q-an-im-kv-{x-]-chpw km-aq-ln-ihpw kmw-kv-i-cn-i-hpam-b {]-txy-i-x-i-fp-ss ^-e-am-bn aq-e-{zm-hn-u`m-j kw-km-cn- -s -Sp- tz-i- -fnâ A-h kzx-{ -`m-j-i-fm-bn h-f-cp-hm³ Xp-S n. sx-ep- p-\m-«p X-an-gv sx-ep- mbn. I-cn-\m- «p X-an-gv I- -S-bm-bn Np-cp- n. A-{]-Im-cw X-s -bm-wv a-e-bm-fhpw D- m-b-sx- v B-äqÀ hm-zn- p p. aqe-{zm-hn-u-`m-j (ap- -angv) a-e-\m-«p-x-an-gv sn- -an-gv I-cn-\m-«p-X-an-gv sx-ep- p-\m-«px-angv a-e-bm-fw X-an-gv I -Sw sx-ep v NEO IAS , , Page 9
10 B-äq-cn-sâ hm-z-ap-j- -sf C-{]-Im-cw kw-{k-ln- mw: (1) {Zm-hn-U-aq-e-`m-jbm-b ap- -an-gv {Zm-hn-U-{]-tZ-i- -fn-seãmw km-am-t\y-\ {]-N-cn- ncp p. (2) aq-e-{zm-hn-u`m-j im-j-i-fm-bn ]n-cn-ª-t m-gp m-b ti-c-f- n-se {Zm-hn-U-imJ-sb aqe-{zm-hn-u-`m-j-bp-ss t]cm-b X-angv kw-ú-sim- p hy-h-l-cn- n-cp p. (3) a-e-bm-f- n-se ]-Zm- A Im-cw X-an-gnse sf Im-c-s - mä {]m-no-\-`m-jm-kz-`mhw Iq-Sp-X hn-izm-ky-am-bn \n-e-\nà- p p. C-Xn-\p-Zm-l-c-Wm-bn sxmâ- m- n-b- nsebpw \- q-en-sebpw kq-{x- Ä B-äqÀ Nq- n- m-wn- p p. (4) ]p-cp-j-{]-xy-b- Ä tnà- -hbpw tn-cm- -h-bpam-b {In-b-IÄ ]qà-æþ{zm-hn-u- n-ep- m-bn-cp- -h-bnâ, ]p-cp-j-{]-xy-bw tnà- -h X-an-gpw, tn-cm- -h a-e-bm-fhpw \n-e-\nà- p p. (5) X-an-gm-bn-s m- -dn-bn- p-t ³ F- p Xp-S n-b {]m-no-\{]-tbm-k- -fn-se X-an-gn\v `mj F- mwv, sn- -angv F- à AÀ w. (6) Kr-ly-]-Z- -fn-se km-zriyw `m-tjm-xv-]- n-hm-z- n-\p sx-fnhã. (7) {]m-no-\-ir-xn-i-fn-se X-an-gv A-Xn-{]-k-c- n-\v A-h-bp-sS DÂ-]- n-tz-i- n-se `m-jm-khn-ti-j-x-i-fm-wv Im-cWw. A-h-bn A-[n-I-sa- - n-sâbpw c-n-bn-xm- Ä Z n-w ti-c-fo-b-cm-bn-cp p. A-h-cp-sS am-xr`m-j X-an-gm-bn-cp p. Z- n-w-tic-fw X-an-g-cp-sS B{I-a-W- n\pw A-[o-i-Xz- n\pw \n-c- -cw hn-t[-b-am-bn-cp- p. B-äq-cn-sâ bp-àn-i-tfm-sv hn-tbm-pn- p- ]-Þn-X- m-cp v. F- nepw A-t±-l- n-sâ \n-ka\-s tum.si.fw.tpmàöv, tum.tkm-z-hà-½, tne-\m-«v A-Nyp-Xta-t\m³ F- n-hà A-\p-Iqen- p p. D-ÅqÀ F-kv ]-c-ta-iz-c- À a-e-bm-fw aq-e-{zm-hn-u-`m-j-bp-ss kz-x-{ -im-j-bm-wv F- hm-zw D-ÅqÀ ti-c-f-km-ln-xy- Ncn-{X- n  DÄ-s -Sp- n-bn-«p v. ]-g- -an-gv F- v D-ÅqÀ \m-a-ic-ww snbv-x aq-e-{zm-hn-u`m-j Im-em- -c- nâ D- -c-{zm-hn-u-sa pw Z- n-w-{zm-hn-u-sa pw c- p im-j-i-fm-bn ]n-cn-sª- v DÅqÀ ]-d-bp p. C-h-bn D- -c-im-j-bnâ-s]-«`m-j-i-fm-wv IÀ- m-s-ihpw sx-ep- pw. D- -c- {Zm-hn-Uw I- -S-sa pw sx-ep-s pw c- m-bn ]n-cn-ª-t mä tncþtnm-fþ]m-þy cm-pm- - mcp-ss `-c-w- n³ Io-gn Z- n-w-{zm-hn-u`m-j Iq-Sp-X hn-i-kn- p-i-bmwp- m-bxv. _n.kn. aq mw \q-äm-t m-ss Z n-w {Zm-hn-U-im-J-bn km-lnxyw B-hnÀ-`-hn p. A-t mä A-Xn-\p-th- n hymi-c-w-im-kv-{x-\n-_-²am-b sn- -an-gv F- Ir-{Xn-a-{K-Ù`m-j ]-Þn-X- mà- v hy-h- Øm]-\w sn-t - n-h p. A-Xn-\p ap-¼v ]-Ýn-a-L-«- n-\p In-g pw ]-Sn-ªm-dp-ap-Å {]-tz-i- - fnâ H-tc `mj (Z- -nw-{zm-hnuw) X-s -bm-bn-cp- p kw-`m-j-w- n-\p D-]-tbm-Kn- p h- -sx- nepw A-Xn-\v c- p Ø-e- -fnepw kz-ev-]w hy-xym-k- -fp- m-bn-cp p. tic-f- n-se sim-sp- an-gv tnm-fm-zn tzi- -fn-se sim-sp- -an-gnâ \n- p `n- -am-bn-cp- p. tnm-fm-zn-tz-i- fn-se sim-sp- -an-gv {Ita-W sn- -an-gv-\m-«nâ sn- -an-gn-sâ A-Xn-{]k-cw _m-[n- hy-h-lm-c-`m-j-bnâ e-bn pt]m-bn. F- mâ tic-fw h-f-sc- m-e-t - v ]-g-b Z- -n-w-{zm-hnu-s Nn-e hy-àn-xz- -tfm-sp Iq-Sn ]p-eà- n-s m- p t]m p. B `m-j A\- -c Im-e- -fnâ sn- -an-gv-\m-«n-se hy-h-lm-c-`mj-bnâ \n- v A[n-I-a-[n-Iw AI- v H-cp kz-x-{ -`m-j-bm-bn ]-cn-w-an- p F- p-am-wv D-Åq-cn-sâ hmzw. C- v Xan-gv-\m-«n-se hy-h-lm-c-`m-jbm-b Cu X-angv kz-x-{ -am-bn cq-]-s -Sp- -Xn-\v ap³-]v NEO IAS , , Page 10
11 X-s aq-e-{zm-hn-u- nâ \n pw a-e-bm-fw thà-]n-c-nªn-cp- p F- v ti-c-f-km-ln-xy-n-cn-{x- nâ D-ÅqÀ Øm-]n- p- p v. C-Xn-s\ Xm-sg sim-sp- n-cn- p- a-e-bm-f- n-sâ DÂ-]- ntc- J h-gn sh-fn-hm- mw. aqe-{zm-hn-u-`mj D c{zmhnu`mj Z nw{zmhnu`mj sx-ep v I S Xangv ae-bmfw a-e-bm-fw aq-e-{zm-hn-u- n-sâ kz-x-{ -im-j-bm-wv F- hm-z- n-\v D-Åq-À \-S n-b ]T-\- -fpss sh-fn- - nâ cq-]-s -«hm-z- Ä C-\n- -d-bp- -h-bmwv; (1) B-Xn-\n-â A-Im-cw sf-im-c-am-bv Xn-cn- Xp F- p sxm-ev-im- n-bw F-gp- -Xn-Im-cw 399þmw kq-{x- nâ Im-Wp p. B-Zy-Ime- p i-ð- -fp-ss H-Sp-hn \n- n-cp- A Im-cw ]n- osv X-an-gn sf Im-c-am-bn am-dn F- m-wv kq-{xmà w. a-e-bm-fw þ a-e, X-e X-an-gv þ a-sse, Xsse C-{]-Im-cw a-e-bmfw Cu hn-j-b- nâ ]qà-æ-cq]-s \n-e-\nà- p p. (2) B, Cu F- o Np-s«-gp- p-iä X-an-gn I-hn-X-bn am-{x-ta h-cq F- m-wv sxm-ev-im- n-bcp-ss A-`n-{]mbw. a-e-bm-f- nâ A-h-bv- v hy-h-lm-c-`m-j-bnepw {]-th-i-\-ap v. C-Xv a-ebm-f- n-sâ {]-mà-\-x-bv- v sx-fn-hm-bn D-ÅqÀ ]-d-bp p. (3) ]qà-æ-ime- v X-an-gn {In-bm-]Z- -tfm-sp enw-kh-n-\ {]-Xy-b- Ä tnà p-i ]-Xn-hnÃmbn-cp p. sn- -an-gnâ C-Xv ]n- o-sv h- p-tnà- -XmWv. a-e-bm-fw þ A-h³ h p, A-hÀ t]mbn X-an-gv þ A-h³ h- m³, A-hÀ t]m-bmà C-{]-Im-cw a-e-bm-fw enw-k-h-n-\-{]-xy-b- n-sâ Im-cy- nepw aq-e-{zm-hn-u-s -bm-wv ]n- p- S-cp- Xv. (4) kw-l-ime v D p F-s m-cp hà- -am-\im-e {]-Xy-bw D- m-bn-cp- p F pw B {]- Xybw ]-cwà, tim-hqà-in-gmà, \- o-cà ap-xem-b ]-g-b I-hn-IÄ {]-tbm-kn- n-«p-s pw A-Xp a-e-bm-f- nâ D p F- cq-]- nâ C pw \n-e-\n- p t]m-cp- p-s pw ]pd\m-\qän³ ]-g-ssa F- {K-Ù- nâ Im-Wp- -Xm-bn D-ÅqÀ ]-d-bp p. I- -S- nâ C-Xv D p hmbpw sx-ep- nâ DXp D-XvNp F- o cq-]- Ä kzo-i-cn pw Im-Wp- -Xm-bn DÅqÀ ]-d-bp p. (5) Bbv-X F-gp- p sn- -an-gnâ {]-txy-i-am-bn kw-kv-ir-x- n-se hn-kà -s A-\p-I-cn- p Iq-Sn-t À- Xpw ]-g- -an-gnâ CÃm- Xpw BWv. a-e-bm-f- nâ Bbv-X F-gp- v ]-Zy- nâ-t]mepw ] pw C pw CÃ. NEO IAS , , Page 11
12 (6) C F- `q-x-im-e-{]-xy-b- n\p b Im-cmK-aw h- C-b F- cq-]-am-wv ]- v X-an-gn D- m-bn-cp- Xv. \ Im-cmK-aw h C\ F- cq-]-am-wv C -s X-an-gn {]m-tb-w {]tbm-kn- p-im-wp- Xv. F- mâ C- m-cy- nâ a-e-bm-fw C pw ]n- p-s-cp -Xv ]-g-b cq- ]-am-wv. a-e-bm-fw þ ]-g-in-b, A-S n-b X-an-gv þ ]-g-in-\, A-S n-\ (7) h-cp-hm³ t]m-ip-hm³ ap-xe-mb ]-Z- -fn-ep-å B³ F- ]n³-hn-\-sb- {]-Xy-bw ]-g- -an-gnâ D- m-bn-cp- Xpw C -s X-an-gn {K-Ù-`m-j-bn am{xw A-]qÀ-Æ-am-bn-Im-Wp- -Xp-amWv. F- mâ a-e-bm-f- nâ C-Xv kà-æ-km-[m-c-w-am-bn {]-tbm-kn- p p. (8) a-e-bm-f- nâ {]-tbm-kn- p- axn F- ]-Zw ]-c-w-cp-ssbpw aäpw kw-l-ir-xn-i-fnâ ImWp- p-s - nepw ]nâ- me- v B `m-j-bnâ ep-]v-x-am-bn-t mbn. F- mâ A-Xp a-ebm-f- nâ C pw \n-e-hn-en-cn- p p. sxãv ap-xem-b ]-Z- fpw C- q-«- nâ DÄ-s -«- XmWv. (9) \n-sâ F- AÀ- - nâ \n³ F- p am-{x-ta ap³-ime- p X-an-gn {]-tbm-k-ap- m-bncp- påq. D³ F- cq-]w ]n- o-sv h- -XmWv. a-e-bm-f- nâ \n³ F- ]-Zw am-{x-am-wv C pw {]-tbm-kn- p- Xv. (10) AXp-t]m-se ]qà-æ-`m-j-bnse B-bn, B-hpw F- o {]-tbm-k- Ä X-an-gn B-In, BIpw F- n- -s\-bm-wv D-]-tbm-Kn- p- Xv. F- mâ C- m-cy- nepw a-e-bm-fw aq-e-`mj-sb-x-s -bm-wv ]n- p-s-cp- Xv. (11) ti-c-f-]m-wn-\n-bp-ss B-dp-\-b- -fnâ DÄ-s -Sp- A-\p-\m-kn-Im-Xn-{]-k-chpw X-hÀ-t m-]- aà-±hpw Aw-Ko-I-cn- m³ _p-²n-ap-«m-sw pw sn- -an-gn-sâ B-hnÀ-`m-h- n\pw ap³- ]pxs Cu t`-z- Ä Z- n-w-{zm-hn-u-`m-j-bnâ h- p tnà- n-cp- p F pw A-\p- \mkni {]-[m-\-am-bn-cp B `m-j-bn-se ]qà-æ cq-]- -sf-bm-wv a-e-bm-fw {]-ZÀ-in- n- p- -sx- pw I-\I-k-ss`- n-å A-`n-{]m-b-s -Sp- p v. R p, Rm, Rm-bn-dp ap-xem-b ]- Z- Ä C pw X-an-gn \-S- p v. A-Xn-\m sf p, A p, Ipâp, Ip p, \-c¼p, Rc- ¼p F- o ]-Z-Zz-b- -fnâ sf p, Ipâp, \c-¼p C-h-bm-Wv {]m-no-\- -sf- p J-Þn- p ]- d-bm-hp- XÃ. F- v D-ÅqÀ A-`n-{]m-b-s -Sp p. (12) d-d F- hà- - n-sâ ]-g-b D- mc-ww C pw i-cn-bm-bn \n-e-\n-dp- n-t m-cp -Xp a-ebm-f-am-ip p. X-an-gn AXp d-dv d F- p am-dn-t m-bn-cn- p p. (13) \nem, a-ssg, sh-bnâ, C-cpÄ F- o ]Z- -tfmsv A- p F- C-S\n-e tn-cp-sa- p sxmev-im- n-b- nâ hn-[n-bp-s - nepw B hn-[n A-\p-k-cn- p-å {]-tbm-k- Ä C pw \-S- m- p -Xv a-e-bm-f- nâ-am-{x-amwv. (14) X-an-gÀ- v C pw ti-«mä ]-e-t mgpw \n-l- p-hn-sâ k-lm-bw Iq-Sm-sX a-\-ên-em-im- hbpw F- mâ ti-c-fo-bà- p \n-txym-]-tbm-k- n-en-cn- p- -hbpw X- n-an- w A-\mbmtk-\ {K-ln- m-hp- -h-bpam-b A-t\-Iw {]m-no-\-]-z- Ä ]-g-b sn- -an-gv-ir-xn-i-fnâ Im-Wp- p v. D-Zm-l-c-W- n\v, Xp- - mc³ (Xp- Â- m-c³), ]osn-ssi (]o-sn-i), A- msn (A- m-sn), s]mxn (`m-þw), ]ämbw (]- m-bw), CuSp (]-W-bw), A-S-bv-, aq-cn, Nn-dp ³ (sn-dp ³) I-fcn, txmwn, Ip- mbw, NnXÂ, ]mbâ. tum.si.tkm-z-hའX-an-gn \n- pw a-e-bm-f-ap- m-bn F- hmz-s tum.tkm-z-hà-½ Aw-Ko-I-cn- p- nã. a- e-bm-fw {Zm-hn-U-tKm-{X- nâ \n pw ]n-cnªv a-e-\m-«nâ {]-txy-i- fm-b ]-cn-xx-øn-xn-i-fnâ NEO IAS , , Page 12
13 hfà- n-«p-å-xm-sw- B-äq-cn-sâ A-`n-{]mb-s tkm-z-hà-½ Aw-Ko-I-cn- p p. tkm-z-hà-½-bpss ti-c-f-`m-jm-hn-úm-\o-bw F- Ir-Xn-bn `m-tjmâ-]- n-sb- p-dn- p-å A-`n-{]m-bw DÄs -Sp- n-bn-«p v. H-cp Po-hÂ-`m-j-bp-sS ]qà-æ-cq-]w \nà- -bn- p- -Xn-\v {K-Ù-`m-j-tb- mä hyh-lm-c-`m-j-bm-wv \mw B-[m-c-am-t - -sx v tkm-z-hà-½ ]-d-bp p. F- mâ hn-zym-`ym-k-`m-jbp-ss t`zw- sim- v km-ln-xy-{k-ù- -fnepw cm-py-`-c-wkw-_-ôam-b Øn-Xn-hn-ti-j- Ä- v hnt[-b-am-bn {]Nm-cm-[n-Iy-ap-Å `m-j-bnâ hn\y-kv-x- -fm-bn-«p-å in-em-im-k-\- -fnepw {K-Ù-h-cn- I-fnepw aäpw b-ymà- am-b tz-i-`m-j-bnâ Im-Wm- ]-e hy-xn-bm-\- fpw kw-`m-hy- -fm-ibmâ Ah-sb B-kv-]-Z-am- n `m-j-bp-ss ]qà-æ-cq-]w hn-[n-\nà -bw sn- p -Xv an- -hm-dpw A- km-[y-am-sw- v tkm-z-hà-½ A-`n-{]m-b-s -Sp p. A-Xn-{]m-No-\am-b Im-e- nâ-t]mepw ti-c-f- n-se `m-j a-e-bm-f-am-bn-cp- p F- Ãm-sX Xantgm X-an-gn-sâ H-cp D-]-im-Jtbm B-bn-cp- p-sh- v hn-nm-cn- p -Xv A-kw-K-X-amWv F- n -s\ A-t±-lw {]-kv-xm-hn- p p. X-angpw a-e-bm-fhpw F- ioà-j- nâ A-t±-lw C -s\ F-gpXn: a-e-bm-fw a-äp {Zmhn-U `m-j-i-sf- mä X- angn-t\m-sp IqSp-X NmÀ- {]-ZÀ-in- n- p- -Xn-\p Imc-Ww a-e-bm-f- n\pw X-an-gn\pw k-am-\am-b H-cp ]qà-æ-z-i-bp- m-bn-cp- p F- -Xn-sâ ^-e-a-t{x. ]nâ- me- p c- p `m-j-i-fn-em-bn ]n-cn- ª-Xn-\p-ti-jw hà- -hn-im-c-hn-j-b-i-am-bn X-an-gnepw a-e-bm-f- nepw Nn-e hn-`- -kz-`m-h- Ä {]-XnjvT t\-sn-bn-«p-s - på-xp hn-kv-a-cn- m-hp- XÃ. hà -hn-im-c-hn-j-b-i-am-bn X-an-gn\pw a-e-bm-f- n\pw X-½n-ep-Å hy-xym-k- -Ä 1. ap³-hn-\-sb- - -fp-tsbpw A¼v, ImSv, ]m-«v Xp-S n-b \m-a-]-z- -fp-ts-bpw, sim- v, Hm-Sv XpS n-b K-Xn-I-fp-tSbpw aäpw H-Sp-hn D- -cn- -s -Sp- ti-{µo-ir-x-kz-c- n-\v a-e-bm-f- nâ X-an-gn D-Å-Xn-s\ A-t]- n- v Ip-d- p-iq-sn Xp-d- p-å H-cp \n-e D v. 2. X-an-gn ]-Zm-h-km-\- nâ D-Å sf- Im-c- n-\v F-Xn-cm-bn a-e-bm-f- nâ A- Im-c-am-Wp ImWp- -Xv. 3. X-an-gn A-\p-\m-kn-Iam-b hy-rv-p-\-s - p-sà- v ]n m-te h-cp- I- Im-chpw N -Imchpw X Im-chpw a-e-bm-f- nâ A-\p-\m-kn-Iam-b cq-]- nâ A-h-Øm-\w sn- p- -Xn-\v ]- e D-Zm-l-c-W- fpw D vv. a-cw-iä=a-c Ä; am- =am- ; I- n = I-ªn 4. X-an-gnepw IÀ- m-s-i- nepw hy-h-lm-c-`m-j-bnâ g Im-c- n-sâ Øm-\w Iq-Sn f- Im-cw A-]- l-cn- p-i-gn-ªn-«p v. a-e-bm-f- n-emi-s«{]m-no-\am-b g -Im-cw A-tX-co-Xn-bn -s h-csam-gn-bnâ am-{x-aã hm-sam-gn-bnepw ]p-eà- p-t]m-cp- p. 5. X-an-gn ]-Sp-I, I-«p-I, F- o [m-xp- Ä tnà- p-å cq-]- Ä- v F-Xn-cm-bn a-e-bm-f- nâs]sp-i, si«p, F- n -s\ A- Im-c- n-\v F -Im-cw h- n-«p-å cq-]- fm-wv km-[m-c-w-ambn \-S- n-en-cn- p- Xv. D-Zm:þ A-I-s «p, ]p-d-s «p, si«n. 6. X-an-gn {]-Xn-{Km-ln-Im-{]-Xy-bm- -c- -fm-bn A-h-s\bv, A-h-sfbv, a-c-s bv, F- n s\ sf- Im-cw tnà- v F-gp-X-s -«p t]m-cp- cq-]- Ä- v a-e-bm-f- nâ A-hs\, A-hsf, Fs, ac-s F- n -s\ F- Im-cm- -c-am-bp-å H-cp co-xn-bm-wv FÀ-s -«n-cn- p- Xv. h-kv- Xp-ØnXn-t\m- n-bmâ X-an-gn {]-Xn-{Km-ln-Xm-{]-Xybw Fbv F- -Xm-sW- v hn-i-zo-`-hn- pw. 7. ]p-cp-j-{]-xy-bm- - fm-b {In-bm-cq-]- Ä hy-h-lm-c-`m-j-bnâ \-ã-s -«n-«p-å H-cp Zi-sbbmWv a-e-bm-fw {]-ZÀ-in- n- p- -Xv. 8. tiä- p, hcp, sim-sp- p F- n -s\ \n-tbm-p-i-{]-im-c- nepw I-S-bv-  \-\- m-te X-ebv -cw s]m-sn- p, sim-sp- m-te In-«p IÅ-t\ IÅ-sâ A-S-h-dn-bq, F- n- s\ A-h- NEO IAS , , Page 13
14 [m-c-wmà- am-b G F- \n-]m-xw tnà- p-å hm n-t\m-sv A-\z-bn- p- Ir-Xn-bnepw a-ebm-f- nâ Im-Wp Du X-an-gn C-sÃ- p Im-Wmw. 9. \n-tbm-p-i-{]-im-c- n-sâ a-[y-a-_-lp-h-n-\- nâ h-cp-hn³, h-cn³, D- p-hn³, D- n³ F- n -s\ C³ tnà- p-å cq-]w a-e-bm-f- n-eãm-sx X-an-gn Im-Wm-hp- -XÃ. 10. A-\p-Úm-b-I-{]-Im-c- nâ sn- -emw, h-c-emw, C-cp- emw F- n -s\ X-an-gn-ep-Å cq-]- Ä- v F-Xn-cm-bn sn- mw, h-cmw, C-cn- mw F- n s\ 'Bw' tnà- cq-]- -fm-wv km-[m-c- W-hy-h-lm-c- nâ a-e-bm-fw {]-ZÀ-in- n- p- -Xv. {Zm-hn-`m-j-I-fn a-e-bm-fhpw X-angpw X-½n Iq-Sp-X A-Sp- w {]-I-Sn- n- p-t¼mgpw hà- -hn-j-b-i-c-am-bn X-an-gn\pw a-e-bm-f- n\pw X-½n G-sd hy-xym-k- -fp v. X-an-gn \n- m-wv a-e-bm-fw D- m-b-sx- v ]-d-bp-hm³ th- n-s-t m-fw e- y-anã. F-{XX-s {]m-no-\am-b a-e-bm-f-tc-j-bnepw a-e-bm-f- n-\v X-an-gv ap-xem-b a-äp {Zm-hn-U-`mj-I-fn \n pw {]-txy-iam-b H-cp hy-ànxzw sx-fn-ªp-im-wp-ix-s sn- p- p. hy-h-lm-c-`mj-bp-ss {]m-no-\-z-ii-sf an- -hmdpw ]-cn-c- n p-t]m-cp ssi-eniä, ]-g-s mãpiä, I-Sw-I-Y- IÄ ap-x-em-b-h a-e-\m-«p-`m-j-i-fp-ss {]-txy-i-xi-sf D-Zm-l-cn- p-hm³ a-tä-xn-s\- mfpw Iq-Sp- X {]-K-ev-`- -fm-wv F- -t±-lw Nq- n- m-«p p. F- n -s\ a-e-bm-f- n-sâ {]m-no-\x-sb hyà-am- p- Xpw aq-e-{zm-hn-u-`m-jm-hmz-s ]n- m- p- Xpw a-äp-p-\y-hm-z -sf Aw-Ko-I-cn- m- -Xpamb \n-e-]m-sm-wv `m-tjm-â-]- n-bp-am-bn _-Ô-s -«v tkm-z-hà-½ ap-t m«p-h-bv- p- Xv. kn.f-â. Bâ-Wn `m-jm-]t-\ Ä F- hym-i-c-w-ir-xn-bnâ s{]m-^.kn.fâ.bâ-wn ti-c-f-`m-j-bp-ss DÛh-s kw-_-ôn- v C-{]-Im-cw tc-j-s -Sp- p- p. aq-e-{zm-hn-u- nâ \n- pw sx-ep- p I- - S- Ä thà-]n-cn-ªp-t]m-b-xn-\p-ti-jw X-an-gv a-e-bm-f- -fp-ss H-cp ]qàæ-z-i D- m-bn-cp p. C- Xns\ ]-g- -an-gv A-sÃ- nâ t{]m-t«m X-an-gv F- p hn-fn- mw. Cu ]-g- -an-gnâ \n- m-wv a-e-bmfhpw C- -s X-angpw D- m-bxv. X-an-gv im-j-bnâ km-ln-xy`m-j hn-i-kn- n- p- -Xn-\v ap-¼på Im-e-amWv Cu ]-g- -an-gv L«w. F.Un. 3þmw \q-äm-t m-sp-iq-sn X-an-gn km-ln-xy`m-j cq-]w {]m- ]n- p-i-gnªp. B-bn-\mÂ, {In-kv-Xz-Ð B-cw-`-L-«-am-bn-cn -Ww ]-g- -an-gv Imew. Cu Im-ew ap- X ae-\m-«p X-an-gv A-Xn-sâ h-gn pw tnm-fþ]m-þn- -an-gp-iä A-Xn-sâ h-gn pw hn-im-kw B-cw-`n- n-cn- Ww.. {In-kv-Xz-Ðm-cw-`-Im-e-L-«-t m-sp-iq-sn ]-g- -an-gnâ \n- p kw-`m-j-w-x-e- nâ a-e-\m-sp-xan-gv D-cp- n-cn-ªp-sh pw kz- w {]-txy-i-x-i-sfãmw tz-iy-t`-z-a-\p-k-cn- v A-Xn Iq-Snbpw Ipdªpw {Ita-W hn-i-kn- p-sh pw D-Å kn-²m- -am-wv a-e-bm-f-`m-j-bp-ss DÂ-]- n-sb kw_-ôn- v im-kv-{x-k-½-x-am-ip p F- n -s\ `m-tjmâ`-hw hy-à-am- p- kn.fâ.bâ- Wn, `mj-bp-ss kw-{i-a-w Im-eL-«w hy-à-am- p- p. kw-`m-j-w-x-e- nâ ]-g- -an-gnâ \n- pw a-e-bm-fw thà-xn-cn-ªv hn-i-kn- n-cn- m-sa- n-epw G-sd- m-e-t - v km-ln-xy`m-j sn- antgm kw-kv-ir-xtam B-bn-cp p. X-an-gv-\m-Sp-am-bp-Å _-Ôw X-an-gn-sâ {]m-am-wy- n\pw B-cy- m-cp-ambp-å _Ôw kw-kv-ir-x- n-sâ DÂ- À-j n\pw Im-c-W-ambn. simã-hà-jm-cw-`-t m-ss tnm-f-cm-py-t m-sp-å _-Ôw in-yn-e-am-bn. A-Xn-sâ ^-e-am-bn cm-p-`m-jbm-b sn- -an-gn-te- p hy-h-lm-c`mj \p-g-ªp-i-b-dp-hm³ Xp-S- p-ibpw hy-h-lm-c`m-j {Ita-W sn- -an-gn-s\ A-Sn-as -Sp- p-ibpw sn-bv-xp. ]n- o-sv kw-kv-ir- n-sâ B-{I-a-W- n-\v hn-t[-bam-b `m-j kw-kv-ir-xs bpw txmâ-]n p-sim- v hy-ànxzw t\-sp-i-bm-wp- m-b-sx- v s{]m-^.kn.fâ.bâ-wn A- `n-{]m-b-s -Sp p. F.Un. 9þmw \q-äm- p-h-sc-bp-å Ime-s ]-c-x-{ -L-«sa- pw 9 ap-xâ 17 h- NEO IAS , , Page 14
15 sc-bp-å \qäm- pi-sf kw-{i-a-w-l-«-sa- pw 17\p ti-jw kz-x-{ -L-«-sa pw C-t±-lw Xn-cn- p p. C-Xm-Wv kn.fâ. B-â-Wn-bp-sS `m-jm-kw-{i-a-w-hmzw. tum.si.fw. tpmà-öv {Zm-hn-U-tKm-{X- nâ \n pw ]n-cn-ªv ti-c-f- n-se {]-txy-i ]-cn-xx-øn-xn-i-fnâ cq]wsim- p h-fà- -Xpw, X-angv, sx-ep- v, I -Sw F- o `m-j-i-sf-t m-se hy-àn-xzhpw A-Xn Ip-dbm- {]m-no-\-xbpw A-h-Im-i-s -Sm-hp- -Xpam-b H-cp `m-j-bm-wv a-e-bm-fw F- v `m-tjmâ-]- n-sb- p-dn- v km-ln-xy-n-cn{xw {]-Øm-\- -fn-eq-ss F- Ir-Xn-bn a-ebm-f `m-j-bp-ss hyàn-xzhpw {]m-no-\-x-bpw F- A-²ym-b- nâ tum.si.fw. tpmà-öv A-`n-{]m-b-s -Sp p. CXn-\m-bn C-t±-lw \n-c- p- bp-àn-ifpw sx-fn-hp-ifpw C-{]-Im-cw kw-{k-ln- mw: 1. `m-j-bp-ss P- -tlxp:- H-cp `m-j aq-e-ip-spw-_- nâ \n- p thà-s]-«p hf-sc I-gn-ª-ti-j-ta a-säm- m-bn A-Xp ]-cn-hà -\w sn- p- påq. A-Xph-sc kz- am-b A-ØnXzw `m-j-bv- p- mbn-cn- nã. aq-e`m-j BZyw `m-jm-t`-z- -fmbpw ]n- o-sv hn-`n- -`m-j-i-fmbpw Xo-cp -Xv G-dn-b- Iqdpw `q-an-im-kv-{x-]-cam-b Im-c-W- -fmemwv. k-ly-]à-æ-xhpw A-d-_n- -Sepw ti-c-f- nâ IpSn-tb-dn- mà P-\ -sf a-äp-å-h-cnâ \n- pw Ipd- v A-I-än-\nÀ n. \n-c- -cam-b k-¼à- - n-\v X-S-k-ap- m-ip-t¼mä `m-j-bnâ {]-txy-i-x-iä s]m-«n- n-fpà- v `m-jm-t`-z- -fm-bn ]-cn- W-an- p p. X-an-gv F- \n-e-bnâ hym-i-c-w-kz-cq-]w i-cn pw D-d -Xv {In-kv-Xp-hÀ-jm-cw-`- n-\- Sp- m-sw- m-wv ]-Þn-Xm-`n-{]mbw. A-Xn-\v A-t\-Iw i-x-hà-j- Ä ap-¼v a-e-\m-«nâ a-\p-jyhm-k-ap- m-bn-cp- -Xn-\v G-sd sx-fn-hp v. A-Xn-\m a-e-\m-«p-hm-knbm-b {Zm-hnU-sâ ]qà-æ-{zmhn-u-`m-j-bm-wv a-e-bm-fw F- hy-h-lm-c-`m-j-bm-bn ]-cn-w-an- -sx- p K-Wn- p-i-bm-wv `m-jm-ka-kn-²m- - n-\p tbm-pn- -sx- v A-t±-lw hm-zn- p p. 2. eo-em-xn-e-iw:- a-e-bm-f-`m-j-bp-ss hy-àn-xz-s kv]ã-am- p- ]-e {]-kv-xm-h-\-ifpw eo-em- Xn-e-I- n-ep v. X-an-gva-Wn kw-kv-ir-x-]-hn-gw timà- n-tâ³ hr- am-\ sn- q-t  F- - Xn X-an-gv F- Xp-sIm- v ti-c-f-`m-j-sb-bm-wv kq-nn- n- p- Xv. Iq-SmsX ti-c-fo-b-sc-bpw {Zmhn-U-sc- p ]-d-bm-sa- p-åxp-sim- v A-h-cp-sS `m-j-bv- v {Zm-hn-U-]-Z- n-sâ A-]-{`w-iam-b X- an-gv F p t]-cv ]-d-bp p F- v k-aà- n- p-ibpw sn- p p. {]-kv-xp-x-k-µà-`- nâ ti-c-f-`mj-bpss hy-ànxzw Im-Wn- m³ eo-em-xn-e-i-im-c³ 14 D-Zm-l-c-W- Ä Nq- n- m-wn- p- p v. tic-f-]m-wn-\n 6 \-b- -fn-em-bn Nq- n- m-wn- an- hy-xym-k- -fpw 14þmw \q-äm- nâ -s eo-em-xn-e-i-im-c³ kq-nn- n- -Xn \n pw A- p a-e-bm-f- n-sâ hym-ic-ww A-{X-bv- v D-d-s - p a-\-ên-em- mw. X-angv F- {]-tbm-kw km-am-\y-hm-nn-bm-bn-«m-wv A-t±-lw {]-tbm-kn- p- Xv. eo-em-xn-e-i-im-e- n-\p hf-sc ap-¼px-s kw-kv-ir-x-t m-sv tn-c- tbmky-x e-`n- - - h- w ti-c-f`m-j h-fà- n-cp- p-sh pw C-Xn \n pw {K-ln- mw. 3. ti-c-f- n-se X-an-gÀ:þ ti-c-f- nâ \m-\m-`m-k- -fn-em-bn ho-«nâ X-angpw sh-fn-bnâ a-e-bmfhpw kw-km-cn- p- -h-cp- v. 8þmw i-x-i- n-\pw 10þmw i-x-i- n\pw CSbv v `«À k-aq-lw tic-f- nâ {]-th-in- n-cp- -Xm-bn Fw. {io-\nhmk B- - mà A-`n-{]m-b-s -Sp p. Iq-Sm-sX hn.\m-k-a- F-gp-Xn-b Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ tì-äv am-\p-h-enâ A-hn-sS-bp-Å A-t\-Iw Pm-Xn-I-sf- pdn- v ]cm-aà-in- p-t¼mä, X-an-gv-\m-«n \n- p h- X-«m³, X ³, I-½mf³, I- m³, IÂ- - ³ F n-h-sc- p-dn- p ]-d-bp p. C-h-cp-sS-sbÃmw ]qà-æn-i- mà Ip-Sn-tb-dn- mà- Ime- v tic-f- nse `m-jbpw A-h-cp-sS `m-jbpw H- p-xs (X-angv) B-bn-cp-s - nâ, c- p X-c- n-ep-å NEO IAS , , Page 15
16 ]cn-wm-a- Ä kw-`-hn- p-hm³ \n-hr- n-bnã. A-Xn-\m 10 i-x-i- n-\p-ap-¼på tnm-f-`m-jbpw tic-f-`m-jbpw c- m-bn-cp- p F- \n-k-a-\- nâ \mw F- p p. 4. ]-g-s mãp-ifpw ssi-en-ifpw:þ a-e-bm-f- nepw X-an-gnepw D-Å G-Xm\pw ]-g-s mãpi-sf Xm-c-Xayw sn-bv-x-xnâ \n pw a-\-ên-em- p- h-kv-xp-x-iä C-hbm-Wv. H-tc B-i-bhpw H-tc Bhn-jv-Im-c-k-{¼-Zm-b-hp-ap-Å ]-g-s mãp-iä X-an-gnepw a-e-bm-f- nepw [m-cm-f-ap v. `m-j-bnâ am-{x-ta Ip-d- p-hy-xym-k-apåq. H-tc B-i-bhpw hn-`n- am-b B-hn-jv-Im-c-k-{¼-Zm-b-hp-ap-Å ]-gs mãp-ifpw D v. B-i-bhpw B-hn-jv-Im-c-k-{¼-Zm-bhpw hy-xy-kv-x-am-bn-«p-å hn-`m-k-hp-ap v. Cu h-ip- p-i-fn-seãmw [m-cm-f-am-bn ]-g-s mãp-iä D-Å-Xn-\m c- p `m-j-iä pw ]-g-b Imew-apX-te kz-x-{ -am-b h-fà- -bp- m-bn-cp- p-sh- v hy-à-am-ip p. hym-i-c-w-]-cam-b Im-cy- -fnâ a-e-bm-fw ]-g-s mãpiä, X-angn-t\m-Sv H-cp X-c- nepw Iq-Sp-X km-ao-]y-ap-å-h-bmbpw Im-Wp- nã. C -s hm-iy-ls-\-tbm-sv FÃm-hn-[- nepw s]m-cp- -ap-å H-cp co-xn ]-g-s mãp- I-fn Im-Wp- p-sh -Xv a-e-bm-f-`m-j-bp-ss {]m-no-\x-sb sx-fn-bn- p- {]-[m-\-s -«L-S-IamWv. 5. im-k-\- Ä:þ ]-Xn-aq- mw-ix-iw h-sc ti-c-f- nâ D- m-bn-«p-å im-k-\- -fnâ G-Xm\pw ae-bm-fw im-k-\- -fp v. Xn-cp-h-\- -]p-cw ayq-kn-bw t¹äv, a-e-bm-fw en-]n-bn-ep-å B-äqÀ imk\w, Nm- - qà imk-\w C-h D-Zm-l-c-W-amWv. X-an-gn-sâbpw kw-kv-ir-x- n-sâbpw kzm- [o-\i-àn A-ev-]-sam-s `m-j-bnâ Im-Wp- p- v. 6. kà-æ-\m-a-nn-ó- -fp-ss A-`mhw:- A-h³ h- m³, A-hÄ h- mä, \o- Ä h- oà F n s\ X-an-gn Hmtcm kà-æ-\m-a- n\pw tn-cp- Hmtcm {I-nbm-cq-]-ap v. a-e-bm-fw H-gn- på a-säãm {Zm-hn-U-`m-j-I-fn-sebpw Øn-Xn C-Xp-X-s -bmwv. a-e-bm-f- nâ {In-b G-I cq-]- am-bn \nev- p p. kà-æ-\mann-l-\- -fpss Cu A-`m-h-s -bm-wv ti-c-f-]m-wn-\n a-e-bm-f- nse ]pcp-j-t`-z-\n-cmkw F- p hy-h-l-cn- p- Xv. aq-e-ip-spw-_- nâ ]p-cp-j-{]-xy-b- Ä tnà- p- k-{¼-zm-bw km-am-\y-am-bn \n-c- p- -Xn-\p-ap¼v, a-e-bm-fw A-hn-sS \n pw ]n-cn-ªp. ]-Zy-km-ln-Xy- nâ A- n- m-bn-im-wp- {]-tbm-k- Ä X-an-gv km-ln-xy- nâ \n pw e-`n- H- cp Ir-{Xn-a-X-bmWv. A-Xn-\m ]p-cp-j-t`-z-\n-cm-k-sa- p ]-d-b-s -Sp- hy-i-c-w-hy-h-ø Hcp \ncm-k aã `mj-bp-ss {]m-no-\x-sb sx-fn-bn- p- Hcp A-`mhw am-{x-amwv. 7. `m-j-bn-se kw-kvir-x {]-`m-hw:þ {Zm-hn-U-`m-j-I-fn kw-kv-ir-x-{]-`m-hw G-ähpw Iq-Sp-X Im-Wp- `m-j-bm-wv a-e-bmfw. C-Xn-\p-Im-c-W- Ä ]-e-xmwv. H- v a-e-bm-f- n-sâ kzo-im-cy k ²-X. c- m-a-xm-bn a-äp -{Zm-hn-U-`mj-I-tfm-fw k-¼p-ã-aãm-xn-cp- A-h-Ø-bn kw-kv- IrXs kzmk-xw sn- m³ Iq-Sp-X XmÂ-]-cyw `m-j {]-ZÀ-in- n- n-cn- mw. F.Un. 5þmw i-x-i- n-\- p-d-am-wv {Zm-hn-U-`m-j-I-fn kw-kv-ir-x- n-sâ kzm-[o-\i-àn K-Wy-am-bn- m-wp- Xv. a- e-bmfw Cu Im-e-L-«- n-\p-ti-j-am-wv X-an-gn \n- v H-cp-]-im-J-bm-bn- n-cn-ª-sx- nâ X-an-gns\-t m-se a-e-bm-fhpw kw-kv-ir-s hà-ön- p-i-gn-bp-am-bn-cp- p. F- mâ H-cp km-ln-xy`m-j F \n-e-bnâ hen-b h-fà- -{]m-]n- p- -Xn-\p-ap-t¼ a-e-bm-fw kw-kv-ir-x-hp-am-bn k-t½-fn- psh- p hnnm-cn-t - n-bn-cn- p p. A-Xmb-Xv ]qà-æ-{zm-hn-u`m-j X-angv, I -Sw F- n -s\ cq- ]w-{]m-]n p hn-i-kn- -Xn-\p-ap-¼v a-e-bm-fw thà-]n-cn-ªp-sh- -Xn-\v kw-kv-ir-x-{]-`m-hhpw H-cp Nq- p-]-e-i-bmwv. 8. hà- -hn-j-b-iam-b ]-cnk-w\:þ a-e-bm-fhpw X-angpw X-½n hà- -hn-j-b-i-am-bn ]-e hyxym-k- -fp-ap v. an- hy-xym-k- -fnepw a-e-bm-f- n-sâ \n-e-bm-wv {]m-no-\-sa- p sx-fn-bn- m³ Ign-bpw. a-sse, Xsse F- p X-an-gn sf-im-cw tnà- p- n-s v, a-e-bm-fw a-e, X-e F- n -s\ A-Im-cm- -am-bn \nà- p p. ]qà-æ-cq-]w A-Im-c-sa- p sx-fn-bn- m³ I-gn-bpw. NEO IAS , , Page 16
17 hà- -am-\-im-e-nn-ów Ip-dn- p- D p ]-g-b X-an-gn-epw, A-ev-]w cq-]-t`-z-t m-sp-iqsn (D p) C- -s a-e-bm-f- nepw D v. D vp F- v ]-g-b I- -S- nepw D-Xvp F- p ]g-b sx-ep- nepw Im-Wp Xv Cu {]-Xy-bw X-s -bm-wv C pw ]qà-æ-cq-]w kw-c- n- p-hcp Xv a-e-bm-fw am-{x-amwv. sxmâ- m- n-b- n-se Nn-e hym-i-c-w-hy-h-ø-x-iä a-e-bm-f- nâ Im-Wm³ I-gn-bpw. A v F- C-S-\n-e-tNÀ p-sim v sh-bn-e v a-g-b v F- n- -s\-bp-å {]-tbm- Kw a-e-bm-f- nâ kà-æ-km-[m-c-w-amwv. C -s X-an-gn CÃ. ]qà-æ-cq-]- -fnâ ]- expw C pw a-e-bm-f-am-wv kw-c- n- p-h-cp- -Xv F- -Xn-\p a-säm-cp sx-fn-hm-bn C-Xn-s\ KWn mw. Ip-fn- m³, t]m-im³ F- n- -s\-bp-å {]-tbm-k- -fnse B³ {]-Xy-bw a-e-bm-f- nâ D-]-tbm-Kn- p-h-cp- p v. C-Xp X-an-gn hf-sc ZpÀÃ-`-am-bn km-ln-xy-`m-j-bnâ Im-Wp-sa- Ãm-sX kw-`m-j-w-`m-j-bnâ CÃ. X-an-gn \-in p-t]m-b Cu {]-Xy-bw a-e-bm-fw C pw ]p-eà- n-h-cp p. ä F- hà- - n-sâ ]-g-b D- mc-ww ip-²am-b \n-e-bnâ C pw \n-e-\nà n-t]m-cp -Xv a-e-bm-f-am-ip p. C-c-«n- p-t¼mä < Im-chpw d Im-chpw tnà- m-wv X-an-gn C- p-å {]-tbmkw. CXp-t]mse g Im-c \ Im-c- Ä pw ip-²-am-b D- m-c-w-hy-h-ø a-e-bm-f- nâ- -s -bm-wv Im-Wp- Xv. 9. Nn-e {]m-no-\-]-z- Ä:þ ti-c-f- nâ \n-txym-]-tbm-k- n-en-cn- p- -h-bpw, X-an-gÀ- p km-[mc-w-k-xn-bnâ a-\-ên-em-im- -h-bpw, F- mâ {]m-no-\-x-an-gv-km-ln-xy- nâ {]-tbm-kn- n-«p-å-hbpam-b Nn-e ]-Z- -fpap v. ImWw, ]o-sn-i, hnfn, ]p-gp-, H-cp-]mSv, t\-cnxp, ]\n, ]Ån, ]p-ecn, Nm-thdv, \o-«v F n-h D-Zm-l-cWw. 10. kz-x-{ -kw-kv-im-cw:þ A-t\-Iw \q-äm- p-iä kz-x-{ -am-bn I-gn-ªp-IqSn-b H-cp k-ap-zm-bamwv ti-c-fo-bà F- -Xn-\p [m-cm-fw sx-fn-hp-i-fp- v. a-e-bm-fn-bp-ss h-kv-{x-[m-c-whpw Zm-b-{Iahpw B-Nm-c- fpw I-em-{]-I-S-\- fpw ]-b-äp-ap-d-ifpw Nn-In-Õm-co-Xn-Ifpw a-äp ]-e Im-cy- fpw hy-àn-xzap-å H-cp kw-kv-im-c- n-sâ Nn-e {]-Xn-^-e-\- Ä am-{x-amwv. A -s\ kz-x-{ -ambn, h-fà- p-h- H-cp P-\-X-bv- v kz- am-b H-cp `m-j-bn-ãm-xn-cn- p-i-bnã. Cu P-\-X ap- txm A-Xne-[n-Itam i-x-hà-j- -fn-em-bn {Ita-W h-fà- n-s m- p-h- H-cp hy-h-lm-c-`m-j-bm-wv a-ebmfw. F-^v.U-»yp.FÃn-kv {Zm-hn-U-tKm-{X-]T-\- n\pw a-ebm-f ]T-\- n\pw \ÂIn-b kw-`m-h-\iä 1. G-Xm- v 23 simã-t m-fw C- ybn-ep- m-bn-cp- F-^v.U-»yp.FÃn-kv a-{zm-kv sk-âv tpmà-pv ti-mtf-pnâ {]n³-kn- -fm-bn-cn-s hn-tz-in-ifm-b kn-hnâ kà-æo-kv D-tZym- KØsc {]m-tzini `m-jbm-b X-an-gv im-kv-{xo-b-am-bn ]Tn- n p-i F- D- -c-hm-zn- -am- Wv D- m-bn-cp- Xv. hnzymà- n-i-sf im-kv-{xo-b-am-bn X-an-gv ]Tn- n- p- -Xn-\m-bn FÃm Z- n-tw- y³ `m-j-i-sfbpw FÃn-kv ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am n. H- w kw-kv-ir-xhpw A-t±-lw ]T-\-hn-t[b-am n. Z- n-tw- y³ `mj-i-tfm-ssm- w X-s kw-kv-ir-x-`m-j-bnepw Xn-I- ª ]mþnxyw FÃn-kn-\p- m-bn-cp p. 2. X-angv, sx-ep v, I- Sw, a-e-bm-fw F- o {]ap-j {Zmhn-U `m-j-i-sf-sbãmw B-g- nâ ]Tn `m-jm-im-kv-{x-hn-z-kv-[-\m-bn-cp- p {^m³-kn-kv ssh-äv FÃn-kv. \ho-\ `m-jm-im-kv-{xho- -W- nâ \n p-sim- v Z- n-tw- y³ `m-ji-sf B-Zy-am-bn ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am n-b ]-Þn-X-\mWv. NEO IAS , , Page 17
18 3. {Zm-hn-U-`m-jI-sf Ip-dn- v ]Tn- B-Zy-s Xm-c-X-aym-ß-I hymi-c-w ]-Þn-X-\m-Wv FÃnkv. C- m-c-w- mâ Xm-c-X-aym-ß-I {Zm-hn-U-`m-jm-im-kv-{X- n-sâ ]n-xm-hv F- -t±lw Adn-b-s -Sp p. 4. a-ebm-f `m-j kw-kv-ir- nâ \n pw D-Û-hn- p F- hn-izm-k-am-wv FÃn-kn-sâ ]T-\- Ä p ap-¼p-h-scbpw s]m-xp-sh D- m-bn-cp- Xv. F- mâ a-e-bm-f-s bpw kw-kv-ir-xs bpw B-g- nâ ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am n-b FÃn-kv a-e-bm-fw kw-kv-ir-x-p-\y-am-sw- ap³- [m-c-w Xn-cp n. 5. X-angv, sx-ep v, I- Sw, a-e-bm-fw F o `m-j-iä kw-kv-ir-x-`m-j-bnâ \n- v D-Û-hn- -Xsà pw F- m-â kw-kv-ir-x-`m-j-bp-am-bp-å Zr-V_-Ô- n-sâ ^-e-ambn Cu `m-j-i-fnâ Nne-Xn-\v ]nâ- m-e v Nn-e am-ä- Ä h- n-«p-s pw FÃn-kv I-s n. 6. temi- v a-säm-cp `m-j-tbmspw CÃm- B-ß_-Ôw a-e-bm-f- n-\v X-angn-t\m-Sv D-s - v FÃnkv I-s n. a-e-bm-f- n-sâ B-g-ap-Å th-cp-iä X-an-gn I-s - m-sa pw F- Ãnkv {]-Jym-]n p. C- -c- nâ a-e-bm-fhpw X-angpw X-½n Zr-Vam-b _-Ô-am-Wv D-ÅsX- v FÃnkv Dd- n- p ]-d-ªp. 7. {ZmhnU `m-ji-sf A-Sn-Øm-\-am- n-bp-å c- v {]-[m-\-s -«{]-_-Ô- -fm-wv FÃn-kn-sâ kw`m-h-\-bm-bn e-`n- n-«p-å-xv. 1815þ A-t±-lw sx-ep- p `mj-sb X-an-gvþI- -S `m-j-i-fpambn Xm-c-X-ay ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am- n F-gpXn-b {]-_-Ô-am-Wv H- m-a-t Xv. A Dissertation on the Malayalam Language F- {]-_-Ô-am-Wv A-t±-l- n-sâ c- ma-s kw-`mh-\. 8. Z- n-tw- y³ `m-j-iä H-cp {]-txyi tkm-{x- nâ-s]-«-h-bm-sw v B-Zy-am-bn I-s - nbxv FÃ-nkm-bn-cp p. Cu tkm-{x- n-\v {Zm-hn-U-tKm{Xw F v \m-a-ic-ww sn-bv-xxpw FÃn-kmWv. 9. A Dissertation on the Malayalam Language F- {K-Ù- nâ a-ebm-f `m-j X-an-gvP-\y-am- Wv At±-lw hm-zn- p p. a-e-bm-f-`m-j-bp-ss D-Ûh-s kw-_-ôn- v B-Zy-am-bn \-S n-b imkv-{xo-b ]T-\-am-Wv {]-kvxp-x {]-_Ôw. 10. i-cnbm-b X-angv, sim-sp- -angv, a-e-\m-«p-x-an-gv F- n -s\ X-an-gn-sâ aq- v D-]-`m-j-I-fn-se ]Z sf Xm-c-X-ay-hn-t[-b-am- p-i-bm-wv FÃn-kv sn-bv-xxv. C-{]-Im-cw Xm-cX-ay ]T-\- n- \v hnt[-b-am n-b FÃn-kv sim-sp- -an-gn-sâ ]-e cq-] L-S-I- -sfbpw a-e-\m-«p-x-an-gnâ I- s - p-ibpw sn-bvxp. ap³imehàj tnmzy Ä 1. aq-e-{zm-hn-u- nâ \n- v t\-cn-«p ]n-cn-ªp h- -Xm-Wv a-ebm-f `m-j F- v Nn-e ]-Þn-X- mà A-`n-{]m-b-s -«n-«p- v. A-h-cp-sS hm-z- -fp-ss kzo-imcy-x ]cn-tim-[n- pi. (2016-C) 2. ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpss DXv]- nsb Ipdn- på DÅq-cnsâ A`n-{]mbw F v? NÀ -sn pi. (2015-C) 3. `mtjm-xv] n NÀ -bnâ kwkvirxp\y-hm-z- mà D -bn- p {][m\ hmz-ap-j- Ä Fs Ãmw? (2015) 4. aqe-{zm-hn-u-`m-j-bpss kzx-{ -im-j-bmwv ae-bmfw F v hmzn- p ]Þn-X- mà Bscms? Ah-cpsS hmzw kw{k-ln- p-i. (2014) 5. `mtjm-û-hs Ipdn- på tkmz-hà½bpss A`n-{]mbw hne-bn-cp- p-i. (2013) 6. F^v.-U-»yp.FÃnkv {Zmhn-U-tKm-{X-]-T-\- n\pw ae-bmf ]T-\- n\pw \ÂInb kw`m-h\ hne-bn-cp- p-i. (2012-C) 7. ae-bm-f- n-t\msv HuXv]- n-i-ambn Xan-gn\v _Ôw I n- m-\n-sã pw AXv aqe-{zm-hn-u- nâ \n v t\cn«v ]ncnªv h -Xm-sW\ pw Nne ]Þn-X- mà hmzn- n-«p- v. Ah-cpsS hmz- -fpss kzoim-cyx ]cn-tim-[n- p-i. (2010) NEO IAS , , Page 18
STUDENT EMPOWERMENT FOR ENVIRONMENTAL DEVELOPMENT SEED FORMAT FOR SEED FINAL REPORT
STUDENT EMPOWERMENT FOR ENVIRONMENTAL DEVELOPMENT SEED FORMAT FOR SEED FINAL REPORT 2017-18 2017þ18 hàj-s ko-uv {]-hà- -\- -fp-ss A n-a dn-t mà-«v k-aà- n- p- -Xn-\p-Å amà-k-\nà-tz-i Ä 1. 2017 Pq A- mw
More informationC ybn thcpd- n- p ^mkn-ãv kºzvhyhÿ
\nco- Ww [ C-Xv A-k-ln-jv-Wp-X-bp-sS cq-]-øn-epw A-{I-a-Øn-s cq-]-øn-epw {]-Xn-^-en- mw [ t\m v \ntcm-[\w, Pn.-F-kv.Sn, \oxn BtbmKv C ybn thcpd- n- p ^mkn-ãv kºzvhyhÿ ^m-kn-ãv A[n-Imchyhÿ `-c-w-iq-s-øn-s
More informations]s -t mkvxp kaqlw H n p
kxy-k- -X-tbmsS! kss[cyw!! kq va-x-tbmss!!! hmb-\- mtcm-ssm w Hcp NphSp ap n Published from Kottarakkara on 15-04-2018 2018 April 15 MONTHLY Registered News paper VOL. 7 Issue No. 09 Kottarakkara Page
More informationD-IvÂ-þ-D-d-bv-\ kw-`-hw: bm-ymà- y-sa- v?
05 ]-{Xm-[n-]À- v- ]-d-bm-\p-å-xvbp-àn-hm-zn-i-fp-ts-x-ã im-kv-{xm-h-t_m-[w! 1439 k^à ]p-kv-x-i-w 16 e- w 03 ]wàn-iä 04 hm-b-\- m-cp-ss- kw-hm-zw- 50 hnip-²- ]mx 10 ap-kv-x-^m X³-hoÀ D-IvÂ-þ-D-d-bv-\ kw-`-hw:
More informationhmà- m-hn-j-bhpw B-Jym-\-t`-Zhpw
102 A[ym-bw 5 hmà- m-hn-j-bhpw B-Jym-\-t`-Zhpw A-dn-hv A-\p-`-h-am- p-i-sb- {]m-yan-i Im-gv-N- m-sv hmà- -bnâ {]-Xn- ^-en- n- p- Zu-Xy-am-Wv hmà- m-h-xm-c-i³ hmà- m-jym-\- n-eq-ss \nà-h-ln- m³ {i-an- p-
More informationD -S w 2 FUn-t m-dn-b 3 P\-d sk{i- -dn-bpss t]pv 4 {Kojva EXp... {KojvaNcy. 13 ]cn-c- -W-Øns ap K-W-\-Iƒ.. 17 GI-{[p-h-ssh-Zyw Btcm-Ky-ta-Je...
B]vX Bbp th-z-am-kni Monthly Journal of Ayurveda Medical Association of India March 2012 Vol.19 Issue 3 EDITORIAL BOARD Chief Editor Dr. Sanil Kumar Managing Editor Dr. K.V.Syamlal Printer & Plublisher
More information{]m - -\mkw-k-aw Xn-cp-h- -bn
kxy-k- -X-tbmsS! kss[cyw!! kq va-x-tbmss!!! hmb-\- mtcm-ssm w Hcp NphSp ap n Published from Kottarakkara on 15-03-2018 2018 March 15 MONTHLY Registered News paper VOL. 7 Issue No. 08 Kottarakkara Page
More informationsk -Ip-am-dn-s A-`n-ap-J t_mw-_v
VOL.9 ISSUE 28 JULY Member E-Edition THE A-Z MAG OF US MALAYALEE For Private Circulation JULY 08, 2017 1 UNITED STATES PRESS AGENCY 08, 2017 www.azchavattomonline.com Azchavattom Inc., P.O. Box 823, Sugar
More informationhmcni C- y-bp-ss B-tcm-Ky-I-c-am-b \n-e-\n -]v B-{K-ln- tz-io-b t\-xm- -sf- mw {i-an- n-cp- -Xv H-cp {]-txy-i hn-`m-k-øn-s
1 hcn kwjy hmcni 22 BKÃv 2014 ]pkvxiw- 13 hn-zym-`ym-kw: c-l-kya-p- -Iƒ c-l-ky-an- m-sx `m-c-xo-b P-\-Xm-]m - n- v hn-zym-`ym-kw N-cn-{Xw F- n-hbn c-l-ky A-P- -I-fp- v F- -Xv s]m-xp-hn D-b - p-h- B-tcm-]-W-ß-fm-Wv.
More informationkrjvsn ns sszhntimt±-iyw (Jp -Bs imkv{xhymjym\w)
krjvsn ns sszhntimt±-iyw (Jp -Bs imkv{xhymjym\w) s{]m^. ]n. F. hmlnzv sf.]n.f v. Sh t]mtãm^okv tdmuv, Xriq 1 t^m : 0487 2426476, 9847367074, 9447201551 No parts of these publication may be reprodiced,
More informationCONTENTS. 24 A-Xym -Ø-h-hpw A-tim-I-hpw 27 io-x-im-ew h-cp-tºm-ƒ C-\n-bpw hm-bn- -s -Sm-Ø
Open Your Eyes 9 \m-sf-sb t\m- n- m-wm 12 t\-{x-hym-bm-aw 15 dn-{^m-iv- o-hv k -P-dn 16 tlm-an-tbm- -Xn-bp-sS I-Æn-eq-sS 18 se -kpw s{^-bn-apw 20 k -th-{μn-bm-wmw \-b-\w {]-[m-\w 22 an-gn-i-fp-ss ku-μ-cyw
More information\yq hnj t^m F sn-bn- nmv thƒ-uv. sk]v w-_
1 sk]v w-_ 2016 \yp hn-j t^m F sn-bv- n-mv thƒ-uv ]p-kv-x-iw 16 e- w 13 sk]v w-_ 2016 Xm-fp-Iƒ a-dn- p-tºmƒ 4 5 10 12 13 15 17 19 21 25 FUn-t m-dn-b tum.tpm-kv ]m-d- -S-hn A`n-ap-Jw P\-{]n-b-s\m w tiw
More informationHcp bpkw Ahkm\n p. kwbp {]m \ G{]n 10\v. C UybpsS At mkvxe tum. t]mƒ ]n \nxyxbn. km n. ]m-ã kmw-ip- n Nm-t m \n-e-ºq
Hcp bpkw Ahkm\n p ]m-ã sp ]m-ã si. Pn tpm-k-^v tpm- ap-f- p-g: N - v Hm-^v tkm- Uv C C -Uy ti-c-fm tã- v Iu -kn sk-{i- -dn-bm-bn ]m- Ã sp tpm-k-^v ho- pw sxsc- -Sp- -s - p. tã- v Hm-h -knb- d-h. kn kn
More informationss{ikvxh Fgp-Øp-]pc \yqkv
ss{ikvxh Fgp-Øp-]pc \yqkv Hm sse sszzhm-cni Vol: 7 l Book No. 1 l 2017 August 16 kzmx{ y Zn\m-iw-k-Iƒ \-h-`m-c-x \nà½nxn- m-bn H- p-tn-cp-i : cm-jv{s-]-xn ]n-s- p a-cn- -Xv 71 Ip-cp- p-iƒ- t]pv : 2 \yp-u
More information2 FUn-t m-dn-b 3 P\-d sk{i- -dn-bpss t]pv 5 sxmgn P-\y-k-Zm-Xp-cX. 21 DØ-c-] w Bbp thzw \ΩpsS ss]xr-i-kzøv. efn-xmw-_ni
B]vX Bbp th-z-am-kni Monthly Journal of Ayurveda Medical Association of India May 2012 Vol.19 Issue 5 EDITORIAL BOARD Chief Editor Dr. Sanil Kumar 09946986421 Managing Editor Dr. K.V.Syamlal 09349944767
More informationSticky News. Also our Facebook page is now live.
Sk Nw k j v #07 WINTER 2011 Fm Ow C W! W w bk w v b v m m b k w v m m Y w m m w v v m! T P C Sm B, T C, Gvv H K R w b v M C S A Fbk w v YI v v w m bk m b m w A H O w bk w w v w m m b m v qk w I w k ABC
More informationNcn-{X- nâ \n pw. 70 a n-e y _-[ n-cà! \nd-hy-xym-k- n-s\-xnsc ]mìà s ³ {_qt«m GRACE HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS WANTED.
Zn fullfilling tkmä the great commission... hn À NOVEMBER 2017 VOLUME 5 ISSUE 3 Ncn-{X- nâ \n pw _ nk nb p w FU nb p w a mä p p A cw Bßc bv v hmà m]{xni C-d m-\ nâ I q-«k v-\ m-\ w e-ï³: tem-i N-cn-{X-
More informationA L A BA M A L A W R E V IE W
A L A BA M A L A W R E V IE W Volume 52 Fall 2000 Number 1 B E F O R E D I S A B I L I T Y C I V I L R I G HT S : C I V I L W A R P E N S I O N S A N D TH E P O L I T I C S O F D I S A B I L I T Y I N
More informationThe Evolution of Outsourcing
Uvy f R I DCmm@URI S H Pj H Pm Uvy f R I 2009 T Ev f O M L. V Uvy f R I, V99@m.m Fw wk : ://mm../ P f B Cmm Rmm C V, M L., "T Ev f O" (2009). S H Pj. P 144. ://mm..//144://mm..//144 T A b y f f by H Pm
More informationExecutive Summary of Climate Change MALAYALAM. Reconsidered
Executive Summary of Climate Change MALAYALAM Reconsidered Climate Change Reconsidered Lead Authors Craig Idso (USA), S. Fred Singer (USA) Contributors and Reviewers Warren Anderson (USA), J. Scott Armstrong
More informationD ON MY HONOR, I WILL TRY.. AISI S E R S O DASS A B BR AM OWNI S E R S I GIRL SCOUTS! JUN SENIO IORS CAD E TTES
ON MY HONOR, I WILL TRY.. DAISI ES AMBASSADORS BROWNI ES I JUNIORS 2017-2018 GIRL SCOUTS! CAD E TTES SENIORS Wm! W' I? W'v Pm G, v, m m G S x. I, y' m w x m, v, v v G S G W M. T v wm.. I y v y q q m, 888.474.9686
More informationKpW-ta-³-a-IÄ hyxy-kv-x-xsb A-S-bm-f-s -Sp- p- p
_nkn\-êv s{]m-ss^â hy-xy-kv-x-amip-i F- mâ A-Xn-\À w a-äp-å-h-tc- mä an-i- -Xm-bn F-s - nepw \Â-Ip-hm³ R- Ä- v km-[n pw F- m-wv. C-Xph-sc-bpÅ Io-gvh-g- - -fnâ- \n pw hy-xy-kv-x-am-bn, D-bÀ Kp-W-ta³-a B-kz-Zn-
More informationP a g e 5 1 of R e p o r t P B 4 / 0 9
P a g e 5 1 of R e p o r t P B 4 / 0 9 J A R T a l s o c o n c l u d e d t h a t a l t h o u g h t h e i n t e n t o f N e l s o n s r e h a b i l i t a t i o n p l a n i s t o e n h a n c e c o n n e
More informationkphntiji bm{xbmbn ho-sv k-μ -in- p-am-bn-cp- p. X-s a-c-w hm -Ø A-dn- v H- _m-a C-ß-s\ Szn- v sn-bv-xp. ""Ata-cn- -bn-se
kphntiji bm{xbmbn {]Imiv ]n. timin tim-sn- -W- n-\v P-\- ß-tfm-Sv kp-hn-ti-jw {]-kw-kn- v kp-hn-ti-j-sø A- -cm - - Øn P-\-Io-I-cn- _n- n-{k-lman-s\-t m-se a-s m-cp kp-hn-tij-i N-cn-{X-Øn C-. kp-hnti-j-k-xy-øn-s
More informationIcn-kvam- niv apt w s]s -t mkvxp {]ÿm-\sø _e-s -SpØn: _nj]v dmt^
20 sabv 2018 hmeyw. 24 e w. 10 MEMBER: NEWS PAPERS ASSOCIATION OF INDIA hne Bcm-[-\m-Km-\-߃ kwko-x-ta-f-i-fm- -cpxv tim- -bw: B-cm-[-\-bn kw-kotxm-]-i-c-w-ß-fp-ss i-_v-zw hnizm-kn-i-fp-ss i-_v-z-sø- mƒ
More informationT h e C S E T I P r o j e c t
T h e P r o j e c t T H E P R O J E C T T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S A r t i c l e P a g e C o m p r e h e n s i v e A s s es s m e n t o f t h e U F O / E T I P h e n o m e n o n M a y 1 9 9 1 1 E T
More informationList of Products and Services from A to Z
S B D P C :K F m IT 4 9( ) 6 98 7 5 89 9 I m. m @. T w : x F P S. S C q m q m : w ( 2 3 V) W S P -T m m w b ydnhk -C y w S C D y w w y yw x b M P L b m 2 1 9 L P S m A Z W b w y w mb xb ( / A) ( w b /
More informationFgp- p-]pc. Hm sse³ IpSpw_ amkni. F-Ãm- {]n-b- hm-b-\- m-à- pw{in-kvxp-a-kv -]p-xp-h-õcm-iw-ki-ä!- ss{ikvxh DECEMBER 2018
Fgp- p-]pc ss{ikvxh Hm sse³ IpSpw_ amkni 8 2 0 1 9 F-Ãm- {]n-b- hm-b-\- m-à- pw{in-kvxp-a-kv -]p-xp-h-õcm-iw-ki-ä!- Hcp Hm sse³ IpSpw_ amkni Vol: I Issue: 10 DEC. 2018 (For Private Circulation Only) CHIEF
More informationDHWANI MAY - DECEMBER 2018
59 60 DHWANI EDITORIAL BOARD Chief Editor: Noble Thomas Senior Editor: Surendran Nair Executive Editor: Thomas Karthanal Content Editor: Vinod Kondoor Associate Editor: Akash Abraham Literary Editor: Shalini
More informationEarly Years in Colorado
Rp m H V I 6 p - Bb W M M M B L W M b w b B W C w m p w bm 7 Nw m m m p b p m w p E Y C W m D w w Em W m 7- A m m 7 w b m p V A Gw C M Am W P w C Am H m C q Dpm A m p w m m b W I w b-w C M B b m p W Nw
More informationExecutive Committee and Officers ( )
Gifted and Talented International V o l u m e 2 4, N u m b e r 2, D e c e m b e r, 2 0 0 9. G i f t e d a n d T a l e n t e d I n t e r n a t i o n a2 l 4 ( 2), D e c e m b e r, 2 0 0 9. 1 T h e W o r
More informationFw. F³. Imc-tÈcn. website:
Fw. F³. Imc-tÈcn apgp-h³ t]cv: aplvbp±o³ \Sp nbnâ. 1951 þâ timgnt msv PnÃ-bnse Imc-tÈ-cn-bn P\n- p. _m F³.-kn. apl-½zv lmpn. D½: si.-kn. Bbn-i- p-«n. ae-bm-f- nâ Fw.-F., Fw.-^nÂ., ]nf v.-un. _ncp-z- Ä.
More informationh : sh +i F J a n W i m +i F D eh, 1 ; 5 i A cl m i n i sh» si N «q a : 1? ek ser P t r \. e a & im a n alaa p ( M Scanned by CamScanner
m m i s t r * j i ega>x I Bi 5 n ì r s w «s m I L nk r n A F o n n l 5 o 5 i n l D eh 1 ; 5 i A cl m i n i sh» si N «q a : 1? { D v i H R o s c q \ l o o m ( t 9 8 6) im a n alaa p ( M n h k Em l A ma
More information>> Taste from our extensive collection. >> Meet the chefs and producers. >> Connect with our team to chat
P j S h 2016 Sy, Mch 20 TH 10 m - 5 m My, Mch 21 ST 10 m - 4 m Wh S Cv C >> T m xv cc vy w >> M h ch c bh m w m vv c >> Cc wh m ch b wy c w y b Shw b q. R h Mch 18h www.wvchw.cm Ah c m h Gk wy my wh c
More information]nkn-\m v 2018 Pqsse 5 8 hsc t_mã Hcpßn
]nkn-\m v 2018 Pqsse 5 8 hsc t_mã Hcpßn ]mã s_ty tpm k I ho-\ t_mã : A-ta-cn- -bn-epw Im-\-U-bn-ep-ap- s]-s -t m-kv- Xv k-`-i-fp-ss sf-iy-iq- m-bv-a-bmb ]n.-kn.-f.-f.-si.-bp-ss 2018 tim -^-d -kv t_m-ã
More informationsf.]n.kn ^m-an-en tim -{^ -kv a-s-ßn-h-c-hn-s -bpw ]p-xp- -Øn-s -bpw kw-k-aw ]n.-kn ^m-an-en tim -{^ kn-s
20 hmeyw. \hw_ 24 e w. 22 MEMBER: NEWS PAPERS ASSOCIATION OF INDIA tim bw: am txmωm«olmbpss ss]xriw Dd- n- p-ibpw AtX-k-abw {_m W ss]-xr- Iw Dd- n- p-ibpw sntø- Xv k`-bpss ]pxp- -Øn\v AXy- m-t]- n-x-am-sw
More informationGUIDE. mirfieldshow.com. Sponsored by. Orange Design Studio.
GUIDE mfhw.m Sp b O D S. Fh F m F C 1 3 5 7 9 b f M MIRFIELD COAT OF ARMS Th m w ff Fb 26, 1935. Th m f h mp f h w m h m. Th p S Jh H, wh pp h Pp h 13h h b f h ph hh. Hv W H Wh h? O, h wm mh, hp h f h.
More informationWhitney Grummon. She kick started a fire in my soul Teaching me a tool to cleanse my mind That ll last a life time. That s how I will remember
W Gmm S kk f m T m m m T f m T I mmb N m p f p f f G L A f b k, b k v M k b p:, bb m, m f m, v. A b m, f mm mm f v b G p. S m m z pp pv pm f, k mk, f v M. I m, I m, fm k p x. S f 45 m m CMS, I p mf,. B
More information`-b-sø Io-gv-s -Sp-Øpw: d-h. tum. tpm si.am-xyp
20 2015 sk]v- w_ hmeyw. 20 e w. 18 hne `.4.00 Published from Thiruvalla on 20-09-2015 sf-.]n.kn. an-uv-sh-ãv do-pn-b k-tω-f-\w ]m-ã jm-pn Zm-\n-tb D-Zv-Lm-S-\w sn-bv-xp {]-kw-kn- p- p. t^m-t m: ^n- n cm-pp,
More informationFor personal use only
F y Cy R Lm ACN 140 087 261 353 Rkby R Sb WA 6008 www.y.m. 9 h A 2018 CANYON GRANTED THE MINIM MARTAP BAUXITE PROJECT IN CAMEROON HIGHLIGHTS: Th Gvm f Cm h Cy x m m h Mm M Bx Pj Cm Pv w f h Pj f vy, hh,
More informationam-[y-a-߃ k-xy-øn-s s]- -Iw D-b -Ø-Ww: tum. sk-_m-kv- y t]mƒ
20 hmeyw. P\phcn 2019 25 e w. 02 ka-im-eni ]{XnI MEMBER: NEWS PAPERS ASSOCIATION OF INDIA hne ` 4.00 am-[y-a-߃ k-xy-øn-s s]- -Iw D-b -Ø-Ww: tum. sk-_m-kv- y t]mƒ si._n. sf-k- v Ipº-\mSv: "Xn- -bp-ss,
More informationTHE MIDWAY & GAMES GRADE 4 SOCIAL STUDIES DEEP IN THE HEART OF TEXAS THE TEXAS STAR ILLUMINATED
THE MIDWY & GMES GRDE 4 SOCI STUDIES DEEP IN THE HERT OF TEXS THE TEXS STR IUMINTED T Mw TECHER G F SOCIIES STUD Dp H f Tx T Tx S Im I w: z pc mb p f. Smmz f S. U v pm c c cq fm b Tx. C w f Tx S., c v
More informationTrade Patterns, Production networks, and Trade and employment in the Asia-US region
Trade Patterns, Production networks, and Trade and employment in the Asia-U region atoshi Inomata Institute of Developing Economies ETRO Development of cross-national production linkages, 1985-2005 1985
More information]mã _n\p tpm v. ti-c-f-øn-se s]-s -t mkv-xp
20 2015 Pq MEMBER NEWS PAPERS ASSOCIATION OF INDIA e-mail: maruppacha@yahoo.com Tel. +91 469 2634321 hmeyw. 20 e w. 11 hne `.4.00 Published from Thiruvalla on 20-06-2015 ka-im-eni ]{XnI A-ta-cn- -bn a-e-bm-f-h-k-
More informations]-s -t m-kvx-tcmsv am v tnmzn- p
1 05 ka-im-eni ]{XnI www.marupacha.com MEMBER NEWS PAPERS ASSOCIATION OF INDIA BKÃv 2014 e-mail: maruppacha@yahoo.com www.marupacha.com Tel. +91 469 2634321 hmeyw. 18 e w. 15 hne `.4.00 Published from
More informationC-X pw N-c n-{ X. _ m- v e n-t -P v I y m-s ¼-b v³: k¼qàw Ab q«awkxzw bmymàyyam m³ klicn pi. D-½³ N m-ï n. AwK-X z w D-d- m- n
2013 s^{_phcn 1 ticf k m X-t±-i-kz-bw-`-cW hip v e w 40þ41 Ab q«awkxz Iyms¼-bn³ {]txyi ]Xn v. P\p-hcnþs^{_p-hcn 2013 www.kudumbashree.org D-½³ N m-ï n a p-j y-a-{ n C-X pw N-c n-{ X h n-p-b-a mi-s «]
More information]pgi-sf c- n- m H-cp ]p-xn-b]- -Xn
2018 APRIL 238 VOLUME 21 ISSUE No. 238 Published from THIRUVALLA on 01-04-2018 ]pgi-sf c- n- m H-cp ]p-xn-b]- -Xn A-{_-lmw s_ -l l-cn-x-tk-\ ÿm-]-i {]-kn-u v- P-e-kw-`-c-W-Øn-\m-bn ]p-gbn Ip-fw-Ip-Øp-I,
More informationSupporting youth mental health & suicide prevention programs. Your schools mental health awareness journey begins here...
Sg y m & v gm Y m w jy bg... C... 1. Wm 2. O Pg 3. Pg mb 4. Z2 y 5. A L Sy 6. FAQS 7. M 8. M f 9. M H Sv 10. USB g m v f z2 y 11. Ax M Cmmy S PA Am Cmmy Sk L P fm Pym fm Q C Avy My B Fy & P A f z2 v w
More informationaounb ao v P\phcn 19\v
FIvkv{]kv sldmƒuv 1 Christian Cultural newspaper For Private circulation only 12 Pages Vol. XI Issue 51 2018 November-December 95--- maxv Ipº-\mSv I h j Ip-º-\m-Sv: C- ym s]-s -t m-kv- Xv ssz-h-k-`-bp-ss
More informationM $ 4 65\ K;$ 5, 65\ M $ C! 4 /2 K;$ M $ /+5\ 8$ A5 =+0,7 ;* C! 4.4/ =! K;$,7 $,+7; ;J zy U;K z< mj ]!.,,+7;
V 3U. T, SK I 1393/08/21 :,F! 1393/10/29 ::!n> 2 1 /M + - /E+4q; Z R :'!3Qi M $,7 8$ 4,!AK 4 4/ * /;K "FA ƒf\,7 /;G2 @;J\ M $ 4 65\ K;$ 5, 65\ M $ C! 4 /2 K;$ M $ /+5\ 8$ A5 =+0,7 ;* C! 4.4/ =! K;$,7 $,+7;
More informationC m-anse \yq\-]- -amwv. sf.-f-kv : {^m kn-kv ]m
20 2016 sk]v w-_ hmeyw. 21 e w. 18 hne `.4.00 ka-im-eni ]{XnI MEMBER NEWS PAPERS ASSOCIATION OF INDIA e-mail: maruppacha@yahoo.com www.marupacha.com Tel. +91 469 2634321 Published from Thiruvalla on 20-09-2016
More information5 H o w t o u s e t h e h o b 1 8
P l a s r a d h i s m a n u a l f i r s. D a r C u s m r, W w u l d l i k y u bb a si n p r hf r m a n cf r m y u r p r d u c h a h a s b n m a n u f a c u r d m d r n f a c i l iu n id s r s r i c q u
More informationOH BOY! Story. N a r r a t iv e a n d o bj e c t s th ea t e r Fo r a l l a g e s, fr o m th e a ge of 9
OH BOY! O h Boy!, was or igin a lly cr eat ed in F r en ch an d was a m a jor s u cc ess on t h e Fr en ch st a ge f or young au di enc es. It h a s b een s een by ap pr ox i ma t ely 175,000 sp ect at
More informationhmb-\- mtcm-ssm w Hcp NphSp ap n Published from Kottarakkara on VOL. 7 Issue No. 06 Kottarakkara Page 8 Annual Subscription ` 150/-
kxy-k- -X-tbmsS! kss[cyw!! kq va-x-tbmss!!! hmb-\- mtcm-ssm w Hcp NphSp ap n Published from Kottarakkara on 15-01-2018 2018 January 15 MONTHLY Registered News paper VOL. 7 Issue No. 06 Kottarakkara Page
More information176 5 t h Fl oo r. 337 P o ly me r Ma te ri al s
A g la di ou s F. L. 462 E l ec tr on ic D ev el op me nt A i ng er A.W.S. 371 C. A. M. A l ex an de r 236 A d mi ni st ra ti on R. H. (M rs ) A n dr ew s P. V. 326 O p ti ca l Tr an sm is si on A p ps
More informationFAIR FOOD GRADE 8 SOCIAL STUDIES ICONIC EDIBLES LIGHTS CAMERA ACTION!
FAIR FOO GRAE 8 SOCIA IES ICONIC EIBES IGHTS CAMERA ACTION! F F G Egh Icc Eb gh Cm Ac! I h w: cm c fm b q f h S F f Tx. Az h cb f v c hc gp. cb vpm h c h q Amc c. W, pc, cm b cc b f h Tx S F. m w f j v
More informationParts Manual. EPIC II Critical Care Bed REF 2031
EPIC II Critical Care Bed REF 2031 Parts Manual For parts or technical assistance call: USA: 1-800-327-0770 2013/05 B.0 2031-109-006 REV B www.stryker.com Table of Contents English Product Labels... 4
More informationsk]v w-_ \yq hnj t^m F sn-bn- nmv thƒ-uv
1 sk] w-_ 2017 C- -gn- kzm-x-{ y-zn-\-øn-s X-te-Znh-kw ti-c-f kwÿm-\ sk-{i- -dn-tb- n-\p ap-ºn km-[mc-w Im-Wm-Ø H-cp D-]hm-k ka-cw \-S p. kzm-x- { y-øn-s 70 h -j-߃ ]q -Øn-bm-Ip-tºmgpw A- h-k-w-\-bn I-gn-bp-,
More informationTracing High-z Galaxy Kinematics
T H- Gxy K v b k q Ey Wk THE KMOS 3D TEAM PI: NM Fö Sb D W, JT M, S Wy, E Wy, K B, A B, R B, G B, J C, R Dv, M Fb, M F, R G, S Kk, J Kk, P L, D L, I Mv, E N, D R, R S, S S, LJ T, K Tk, P v Dkk, + I C T!
More informationEDITORIAL BOARD: Dr. T.P. Abraham Pr. K.T. Thomas, Pr. V.J. Thomaskutty, Pr. Roy Cherian, Pr. Abraham Mannamaruthi (Editor)
k`m hm -Ø-Iƒ F m am-k-hpw 5 mw Xo-b-Xn- p-apºv Hm-^o-kn F-Øn-t - -XmWv tej-\߃, A-`n-{]m-b߃, hm -Ø-Iƒ Xp-S-ßn-b-h A-b-bv-t - hn-emkw EDITORIAL BOARD: Dr. T.P. Abraham Pr. K.T. Thomas, Pr. V.J. Thomaskutty,
More information-$! " #$%&! ' () * +,,,)* -./ ( 01! 6 %&! +,,.: - 1?* 'F! %&! '3*4 -$ ):7 +,,
((((( +,-. ()* $%&' "#! : :!, %& ' ()*+ $ " -$! " #$%&! ' () * +,,,)* -. ( 01! '% 6):7 -$'1& '*6 )78 %&! +,, 79.& 2* '3*4 0 (A 6>* & ' BC D$!E.?@$* '*! ;4 6 %&! +,,.: - 1?* 'F! %&! '3*4 -$ ):7
More informationFICH~:s lciithyo\l~~trio~es.
PB FCNyM UNLP T g vg wk b b y y g b y F wk v b m b v gz w my y m g E bv b g y v q y q q ó y P mv gz y b v m q m mó g FCH CTHYOTROES P W P -C b } k < HP- qe q< - - < - m T
More informationDispelling Myths. The PLEA. More Joy in Heaven! Vol. 30 No. 2. Win a class set of Morley Callaghan s. See page 8. Teachers: more joy
P: Dp M T PLEA V. 30 N. 2 T p m bj m v b. U, m q m mp. I mp m z ppm b w v p mm m. T m p, wv, m p w - v pv, m- v. T T PLEA k U Tw Skw E Lw 30 m w C p m wk, b b m q m. T: F m m pp p p, k U P, PLEA m p k.
More informationI N A C O M P L E X W O R L D
IS L A M I C E C O N O M I C S I N A C O M P L E X W O R L D E x p l o r a t i o n s i n A g-b eanste d S i m u l a t i o n S a m i A l-s u w a i l e m 1 4 2 9 H 2 0 0 8 I s l a m i c D e v e l o p m e
More informationZp-cp-]-tbm-Kw A]-I-S-Icw
ssj-pp txm-a-kv Rm-d-bv- I-gn- \q- m- n-s G- -hpw h-en-b {]-txy-i-x hn-h-c km-t - Xn-I cw-k-øv D- m-b Ip-Xn- v Nm- -am-wv. C- -s\- v A-[n-jvTn-X-amb km-t -Xn-I-hn-Zy-bv- pw A-Xns hn-im-k-øn-\pw c- v h-i-ßfm-wp-
More informationRESOURCE, SUPPORT, AND DEVELOPMENT, INC
RESOURCE, SUPPORT, AND DEVELOPMENT, INC BOARD OF DIRECTORS Pd Pk E. K V-Pd B R S L Bd-Sw Ld Tk Nk Edwd A DB Dv S ADMINISTRATIVE TEAM Pvd v dvd w db B, Hd, Lww, d Rd Ld, M A Pb R.S.D., I Smm 2006 Vm 5 CEO
More information3 in1. Instruction Booklet. Total Juicer JM3000
3 1 T J JM3000 I Bk Thk y y h! Sh y & wh R : www..m/ R & Rvw y www.jm.m Sh y hv y q wh y w, Cm Sv L 1-800-231-9786 (US C). P h. 2 P R Sv h U C Bk. IMPORTANT SAFEGUARDS A Jm wh y y m. Wh, y h wy h, h w:
More informationAugust - November 2013 Class Schedule
A - Nv 2013 C S S w m w mm v w m m w Hw v M w w m m! Im m w S M O 21 $15 P A I F D: S O 26 Tm: 9-1 F: $15 w/ $25 w v C w m Hmm TM Sv TM U w A m w S P Fm TM W w mv w z v Sv P m m D: F D 6 & S D 7 Tm: 9
More informationTHE GUILD OF RAILWAY RINGERS
THE GUILD OF RAILWAY RINGERS WH EELTAPPER SUMME R 2 008 AGM TO WEST YORKSHIRE (LEE DS) FRIDAY 4TH - SUNDAY 6TH J ULY 2008 T AGM G w wk 4-6 J w W Yk, L. F g - p g pg 2. S: I w: T p L 09:22 / 09:37, g Bm
More information`G 12 */" T A5&2/, ]&>b ; A%/=W, 62 S 35&.1?& S + ( A; 2 ]/0 ; 5 ; L) ( >>S.
01(( +,-. ()*) $%&' "#! : : % $& - "#$ :, (!" -&. #0 12 + 34 2567 () *+ '!" #$%& ; 2 "1? + @)&2 A5&2 () 25& 89:2 *2 72, B97I J$K
More informationDiscovery Guide. Beautiful, mysterious woman pursued by gunmen. Sounds like a spy story...
Dv G W C T Gp, A T Af Hk T 39 Sp. M Mx Hk p j p v, f M P v...(!) Af Hk T 39 Sp, B,,, UNMISSABLE! T - f 4 p v 150 f-p f x v. Bf, k 4 p v 150. H k f f x? D,,,, v? W k, pf p f p? W f f f? W k k p? T p xp
More informationCoolsicles. Chicken Tenders. Hearty Beef Stew
Cck T M B Cck P Cc Hy B Sw D Ec, Ec pp y y cc y w C F K TM c p b y by N Fz R F Ac (NFRA) pp w cc pc Y M Ip (YMI). T p y cc w $50 pp y c ( ). C F K TM p c b cc, p c, b pyc cvy. I w y wk b pv w v w pc w
More informationTable of Contents. AAU is Where you begin has everything to do with where you finish Why should I Join AAU?... 4
Tb U W b v w w 3 W I J U? G S U Mmb Im 5 U Vb Pm Ovvw 7 H Ev W b U Mmb? Ex v Pm (B) U I Pm Smm 3 S G Y S 5 U Vb R G 7 N mm S N Ev D 9 S WHERE YOU BEGIN HS EVERYTHING TO DO WITH WHERE YOU FINISH W v b
More informationIN HIS PRESENCE UNITE YOUR PRAYERS WITH THE PRAYERS OF JESUS
IN HIS PRESENCE UNITE YOUR PRAYERS WITH THE PRAYERS OF ESUS 9 I p m m 10 A I d m Ad m m m 11 H F p m b pw m m m m b w 14 I m wd d wd d m wd m I m wd 15 M p m wd b p m m 16 T wd I m 17 S m b ; wd 18 A m
More informationBlues. G.S.P.T. Blue. U7233 Blue with a green face and slightly red flop. H.S. Indo Blue
Bs C Bs C p.s.p.t. B U7233 B wh fc shy fp. H.S. I B U7235 O s sh b h fc fp. vs cs bh s mc cs. Apps vy y wh s mm k s bs. Occ B U7046 B wh fc fp. Az B U7048 B wh vy fc fp. L.S. B U7276 Us cs mx cccy whs,
More informationsf.]n.kn Im-\-U- do-pn-b- cq]o-ir-x-ambn {]-kn-u v: ]m-ã s]-\n-tb sn-dn-bm, sk-{i- -dn: ]m-ã s_- n am-xyp
- sf.]n.kn Im-\-U- do-pn-b- cq]o-ir-x-ambn {]-kn-u v: ]m-ã s]-\n-tb sn-dn-bm, sk-{i- -dn: ]m-ã s_- n am-xyp Im-\-U do-pn-b `m-c-hm-ln-iƒ sf.]n.kn P-\-d {]-kn-u- v ]m-ã tp- -_v tpm-wn-t\m-ssm- w ssm-dm
More information\yq hnj t^m F sn-bn- nmv thƒ-uv 1 G{]n 2017
1 \yq hnj t^m F sn-bn- nmv thƒ-uv 1 G{]n 2017 ti-c-f-øn-se s]m-xp-hn-zym-`ym-k ta-j-e i- ns -Sp-Øp-I C-t m-g-sø k - m-cn-s {]-Jym-]n-X e- y-ß-fn-sem- m-wv.`-c-w-i -Øm- -fp-ss A-{i- -aq-ew A-t[m-K-Xn-bn-em-bn-cp-
More informationZv-LmS-\w sn-øp-i-bm-bn-cp- p A-t±lw. hn-iz-zo-]w A-hm -Uv kn-f-kvf-kv sk-{i -dn dh.-
20 \hw-_ hmeyw. 22 e w. 20 hne `.4.00 Published from Thiruvalla on 20-11- MEMBER NEWS PAPERS ASSOCIATION OF INDIA e-mail: maruppacha@yahoo.com Tel. +91 469 2634321 {InkvXy FIvkvt]m U ln-bn kam-]n p {InkvXy
More informationf;g,7k ;! / C+!< 8R+^1 ;0$ Z\ \ K S;4 i!;g + 5 ;* \ C! 1+M, /A+1+> 0 /A+>! 8 J 4! 9,7 )F C!.4 ;* )F /0 u+\ 30< #4 8 J C!
393/09/0 393//07 :,F! ::!n> b]( a.q 5 O +D5 S ١ ; ;* :'!3Qi C+0;$ < "P 4 ; M V! M V! ; a 4 / ;0$ f;g,7k ;! / C+!< 8R+^ ;0$ Z\ \ K S;4 "* < 8c0 5 *
More information0# E % D 0 D - C AB
5-70,- 393 %& 44 03& / / %0& / / 405 4 90//7-90/8/3 ) /7 0% 0 - @AB 5? 07 5 >0< 98 % =< < ; 98 07 &? % B % - G %0A 0@ % F0 % 08 403 08 M3 @ K0 J? F0 4< - G @ I 0 QR 4 @ 8 >5 5 % 08 OF0 80P 0O 0N 0@ 80SP
More informationFoothill Productions
Mk Gm F P F P fm - m-m p mpy. F P pv p v : m p p f fm v v vpy ppy p m p b/mk vpm. T m f b : Pv y py jb mk w ppy vp pf -w mmy vb m p v p py m. Pv m w vp p f b. E fy y pf v m v pm. V Iy 12345 EL MONTE ROAD
More informationI M P O R T A N T S A F E T Y I N S T R U C T I O N S W h e n u s i n g t h i s e l e c t r o n i c d e v i c e, b a s i c p r e c a u t i o n s s h o
I M P O R T A N T S A F E T Y I N S T R U C T I O N S W h e n u s i n g t h i s e l e c t r o n i c d e v i c e, b a s i c p r e c a u t i o n s s h o u l d a l w a y s b e t a k e n, i n c l u d f o l
More informationtbip: sszhw PU nâ tdmbv F v-te-\n-b³ kà
tbip: sszhw PU nâ tdmbv F v-te-\n-b³ kà Ccp-]Xp \qäm- p-i-tfmfw a\pjysc AÛp-X-s -Sp nbh-\mbn-cp p \ktd pimc-\mb tbip. Ahsâ kvt\ln-x- mà Ahs\ kvt\ln- bpw a\p-jy-cpss ]m]- -fnâ \n p c n- p ]m]-cln-x-\mb
More informationStrategies to Prevent Amplified Mold Growth in Schools. Glenn Neuschwender P.G., President Enviroscience Consultants, Inc.
Pv Ap M Gw G Nw PG, P Ev C, I!" Bk G U L H U & W Nw p A Iv T W T L Nw E W Lv z 30 F F M b b N (p:// p =BENB & x & _ 60 NJ, w k N O I T A 4 TEAM DUC D/E N COVE A B RING G IL pp WHER LON 241 2 E 8 C q Y
More information]mã n.-fkv. G{_lmw hns-hmßn
05 s^{_phcn 2018 hmeyw. 23 e w. 03 MEMBER: NEWS PAPERS ASSOCIATION OF INDIA hne ` 4.00 ka-im-eni ]{XnI maruppacha@yahoo.com www.marupacha.com Published from Thiruvalla on 05-02-2018 ]mã n.-fkv. G{_lmw
More informationExpress. Instruction Booklet. whole juicer JMB1000
Ex h j JMB1000 I Bk Thk y y h! Sh y & h R :..m/ R & Rv y.jm.m Sh y hv y q h y, Cm Sv L 1-800-231-9786 (US C). P h. 2 P R Sv h U C Bk. IMPORTANT SAFEGUARDS A Jm h y y m. Wh, y h y h, h : R v : Rmv y k h
More informationEmulate the testimony of the people of faith -Part :2
Emulate the testimony of the people of faith -Part :2 (5) Sara (kmdm)þ F{_m:(11:11,12) Dev]:(16:1,2), Dev]:(21:1þ7) sszh- nsâ kvt\ln-x³ F p hnfn- -s «A{_m-ansâ Iq«-h-Imin BIpI F `mkyw F\n v e`n- pi am{x-aã
More informationaivt]em Kpl bn{km-tb-en-tâxv
1 05 ka-im-eni ]{XnI www.marupacha.com MEMBER NEWS PAPERS ASSOCIATION OF INDIA 2017 HtŒm_ e-mail: maruppacha@yahoo.com hmeyw. 22 e w. 19 www.marupacha.com hne `.4.00 Tel. +91 469 2634321 \yq-u -ln: F-s
More informationANSWER KEY. Page 1 Page 2 cake key pie boat glue cat sled pig fox sun dog fish zebra. Page 3. Page 7. Page 6
P 1 P 2 y sd fx s d fsh z ys P 3 P 4 my, ms, m, m, m, m P 6 d d P 7 m y P 5 m m s P 10 y y y P 8 P 9 s sh, s, ss, sd sds, s, sh sv s s P 11 s P 12,, m, m, m,, dd P 13 m f m P 18 h m s P 22 f fx f fsh fm
More informationO W 1 L L LiXWJER. Memorial. W. M. Lawton Shone Bright. Park Planted. Legionaires. Yesterday. Met at Lowell
? BU M N N B W XW ; / W M G N U Y 93 VUM XXXV ] N 6 M W M B M B M N Y M M 27 93 G W B U ( ) $78752 ( 92683;) M /MM 5 B 238 j59m B jj? j x U «B B $73535 B U x M B $25 25 7878 35796 5 858 9886382 $7353665
More informationP a g e 3 6 of R e p o r t P B 4 / 0 9
P a g e 3 6 of R e p o r t P B 4 / 0 9 p r o t e c t h um a n h e a l t h a n d p r o p e r t y fr om t h e d a n g e rs i n h e r e n t i n m i n i n g o p e r a t i o n s s u c h a s a q u a r r y. J
More informationplaysmri smri.in ss]-xr-i Im-bn-Ihn-t\m-Z Ä \-ap- p I-fn mw \-½p-sS kz- w I-fnIÄ Indian Heritage Games Taking India to the world
smri.in playsmri ss]-xr-i Im-bn-Ihn-t\m-Z Ä \-ap- p I-fn mw \-½p-sS kz- w I-fnIÄ Indian Heritage Games Taking India to the world Hm-tcm cm-py- n-\pw, P-\-hn-`m-K- n\pw A-h-cp-sS kz- am-b `- -W-co-Xn- I-fpw,
More informationlàpn-iä kw_-ôn kanxn
]Xnaq mw ticf \nb-a-k` làpn-iä kw_-ôn kanxn (2014-2016) Bdm-aXv dnt mà«v tic-f- nse `qanbpss Xcw-Xn-cn-hp-ambn _Ô-s «Umäm _m v X m-dm- p- Xv kw_ôn v ( 2014 Pqsse 17þmw XobXn kaà n- -Xv) ticf \n-ba-k`m
More informationChair Susan Pilkington called the meeting to order.
PGE PRK D RECREO DVOR COMMEE REGUR MEEG MUE MOD, JU, Ru M h P P d R d Cmm hd : m Ju,, h Cu Chmb C H P, z Ch u P dd, Mmb B C, Gm Cu D W Bd mmb b: m D, d Md z ud mmb : C M, J C P Cmmu Dm D, Km Jh Pub W M,
More informationTESA IP40 protection against dust (TLC) Connector for a forward thinking approach to your overall quality control system
V : 30.0.20 P x VA www.p. V 22 - EN N P p k, Cp y w A V IP0: A IP0, E b p y, y 7, E! P I v p b A E k w p b f 3 p, w IP7, w-c p. A b PC k w EA IP7 B IP7 p q - I EA Lk C (LC) f fw k pp y v qy y A w y w p
More informationDiscovery Guide. And now, the fight you came for. Welcome to Center Theatre Group and The Royale by Marco Ramirez
Dvy G W C T G T Ry by M Rz S y 1900 w bk w w w Jy S Jk w y : b w vyw w. T w y vv b y b w w. Tk k b b. W w b x w b y b? w y k y v? w b? bw? y w? D y v w w b? b w? T b bx y wy. R vw w yw M Rz v w w. Tk b
More informationWhat areas are affected? Bucklands. Beach. Eastern. Beach. Half Moon Bay. Mellons. Bay. Howick. Highland. Cockle Bay. Park. Shelly. Botany Downs.
? F S cb c w v w b w. c b vc w b c. ffc? w f c b w? Y b vc c I c b w c vc f vw vw w fqc, w 1. v w 2, wc fw b fqc b cc j c. Y Nw b Nw b Nw b c P w S c P c w P S P b O O 2: w P 3: f b f c, cc wb f f w v
More informationTHE SUPREME COURT OF MAURITIUS REASONS FOR DECISION OF THE LORDS OF THE JUDICIAL COMMITTEE OF THE PRIVY COUNCIL OF THE
Pvy C App N. 42 f 1999 Smy Dmgm App v. T S Rp FROM THE SUPREME COURT OF MAURITIUS --------------- REASONS FOR DECISION OF THE LORDS OF THE JUDICIAL COMMITTEE OF THE PRIVY COUNCIL OF THE 22 My 2000, Dv
More informationCANADIAN RAILROAD HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION
NDN RROD HSOR SSOON NOEOED NOEORD MONRE ND MONREND E ::fs S R:: ROH :; OH NO NO 63 - -- --- - ---------- ---- -- -- - 956 G ::6 ; - R HY NO E OF N N :S!;G NG : MGg R M g R H w b H m 92 py - B : p j Dg
More information2014 HIvtSm_À, hne `40. IqSv 2014 HIvtSm_À. ae_ mdnsâ Bc m-a- ns e ]\ n-\ oà] pj v] w.
2014 HIvtSm_À, hne `40 18 IqSv 2014 HIvtSm_À {]Xo bpss XWsemcp nb I q-«v-a m-b ae_ mdnsâ Bc m-a- ns e ]\ n-\ oà] pj v] w www.koodumagazine.com Indo Arab Manpower believes finding the right fit is critical
More information