C- y - k-º-ø-n-s - ]pxn-b- i- n-ti-{µw

Transcription

1 1 C- y - k-º-ø-n-s - ]pxn-b- i- n-ti-{µw 2 dn{iq- vsa v hk w 7 VOL. 5 ISSUE 3 PRICE Rs. 10/- t aw Iq p- p; IS-hpw 10

2 2 ]pxn-b- i- n-ti-{µw- C- y - k-º-ø-n-s - a-\p-jyhn-`-h-ti-jn- A-gn-a-Xn- -Y-I-fp-sS-bpw- B-tcm-]-W- {]- Xym-tcm-]-W-ß-fp-sS-bpw- ko-k-wn-em-wv - cm- Pyw.- F- m- {i- -bpw- A-Ø-cw- hn-j-b-ßfn-epw- I-Y-I-fn-epw.- ]-t - B-`y- -c-cw-k-sø- Cu- tim-fnf- -߃- \-Ωp-sS- hn-h-c- kmº-øn-i-_- -ß-sf- _m-[n- n- n-.- F- p-am-{x-a-,- A- [n-i-am-cp-ssbpw- {i- -bn -s]-sm-sx- h-enb- Im-cy-߃- B- cw-k-øv- \-S- p- p- v.- B-kn-bm - D-S-º-Sn-bp-sS-bpw- Km- n-s -bpwt]-cn-ep- - tim-em-l-e-sam- p-an- m-sx- ]- e- {]-[m-\- D-S-º-Sn-I-fpw- D- m-bn-cn- p- p.- C-\n-bpw- ]-e-xpw- X-øm-dm-bn- h-cp p.- P- m-t\m-spw- a-te-jy-tbm-sp-ap- - D-S-ºSn- Iƒ- H- p-h- p-i-gn- p.- bq-tdm-]y - bq-wnbt\m-sp- - N - - A-h-km-\-L- -Øn-em-Wv.- km-[m-c-w- h-m-wn-py- D-S-º-Sn-Iƒ- t]mse-bm-wv- C-h-sb- C-t m-gpw- ]-ecpw- Im- Wp- -Xv.- bp-]n-f- k - m - sim- p-h- tz-i-o-b- {Km-ao-W- sxm-gn-ep-d- v- ]- -Xn-sb- F-gp-]-Xp-I-fn-se- "tpm-en- v- `- -Ww'- ]- -Xn-I-ƒ- t]m-se- I- -Xn-\v- Xp-e-y-am-b- A- _- -am-ipw- A-Xv.- hm-wn-py- D-S-º-Sn-I-fp-sS- cq-]-hpw- kz- `m-h-hpw- amdn-bn-cn- p- p.- Ip-sd N-c p-ifp-ss- C-d- p-a-xn- p- -a- - C- v- C-Ø-cw- I- cm-dp-i-fn-se- {]-[m-\-hn-j-bw.- A-h-bpw- D- v- F-t - D- q.- aq-e-[-\-\n-t -]w,- tkh-\- ta-j-e,- s{]m-^-j-w-ep-i-fp-ss- Ip-Sntb- w- Xp-S-ßn-b- ]-e- L-S-I-ß-fp-am-Wv- C- t m-g-sø- D-S-º-Sn-I-fp-sS- {]-[m-\- `m-kw.- am-dn-b- tem-i-øn-se- am-dn-b- `m-c-x-øns - ]p-xn-b- Np-hSp-h-bv-]p-I-fm-Wv- C-h-bn - Im-Wp- -Xv.- P- m-\p-am-bp- - k-a-{k-km-º-øn-i- ]- m-fn-ø- D-S-º-Sn- (Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement-CEPA)- X-s - ]cn-tim-[n- p-i.- C- y-bp-ss- C-d- p-a-x-n- C-\-ß-fn - 90 i-x-am-\-hpw- P- m- \v- Xp-d- v- \ -In.- A-h-bp-sS- Uyq- n- 90 i- X-am-\w- Ip-d-bpw.- P- m - X-ß-fp-sS- C-d- p-a-x-n- C-\-ß-fn - 95 i-x-am-\-hpw- Xp-d- p-\ -In.- A-h-bp-sS- Uyq- n- 97 i-x-am- \w- Ip-d-bpw.- t] v- Im-em-h-[n- I-gn- - Hu-j-[-ß-fp-sS- Im-cy-Øn - C y - I- º-\-n-Iƒ- v- Pm- -\o-kv- I-º-\n-I-fp-tS-Xn- \v- Xp-ey-am-b- ]-cn-k-w-\.- A-Xm-b-Xv- Np- w- \- -Im-sX- A-h- P- m-\n - hn mw.- C- y- v- ss-iv-kv- -bn -kv,- B-`-c-W-߃,- cm-k-h-kv-xp- ƒ,- s]-t{sm- si-an- -kv,- kn-a v- Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bv- pw- I-b- p-a-xn- km- [y-x- Iq-Spw.- C- y-bp-ss- `- y- F-Æ,- kp- K- -hy-rv-p-\-߃,- tkm-x-ºv,- _-kp-a-xn- A-cn,- ]-g-߃,- ssh-\p-i-fpw- a-zy-ß-fpw,- hm-l-\-߃,- hm-l-\-`m-k-߃- Xp-S-ßn-bh-bv- v- th- -{X- kw-c- -Ww- D-d- p-h-cp- Øp- p-s - v- K-h -sa pw- ]-d-bp- p.- Cu- I-cm - h-gn- C- y- P- m - hym-]mcw- h -jw- 10 _ney - tum-f-dn - \n- v- 2014Hm-sS- h -jw- 25 _n-ey-wn-se-øpw- F- m-wv- {]-Xo- -.- ]-t - A-X- - Cu- I-cm-dn-s - {]m-[m- \yw.- C- y-bn - \n- p- - s{]-m-^-j-wep-iƒ- v- P- m-\n-te- v- D-Zm-c-am-b- {]-thi-\w- A-\p-h-Zn- m - I-cm - hy-h-ÿ- snøp- p.- \-gv-kp-am,- sj-^p-am,- Cw- o-jv- A-[ym-]-I,- A- u- p-am,- Sq-dn-kv- vssk-up-iƒ,- ]-c-k-y-s{]m-^-j-w-ep-iƒ,- tbm-k-]-cn-io-e-i,- X-_-e-hm-b-\- m,- \ - Ø-I,- F- n-\o-b -am,- I-ºyq- - hn-z-kv- [,- am-t\-pv-sa v- I -kƒ- p-am,- K-thj-I - Xp-S-ßn- \n-c-h-[n- hn-`m-k-߃- v- C- Xv- h-gn- P- m-\n-te- v- Iq-Sp-X - F-fp- w- {]-th-i-\w- In- pw.- C-hn-sS- H-cp- ]-iv-nm-ø-ew- a-\- n-emt - -Xp- v e-h-km-\n- p- - Z-i-I- Øn - C- y-bn-se- sxm-gn - sn-øm-hp- - {]m-b- m-cp-ss- k-w-jy- 11 tim-sn-i- v- h - [n- pw.- A-tX-k-a-bw- P- m-\n - sxm-gn-se- Sp- m-hp- - {]m-b- m-cp-ss- F-Æw- 35 e- w- I- v- Ip-d-bpw.- C- y- C-t m-gpw- sn-dp- -am-wv.- i-cm-icn- {]m-bw- 30\v- Xm-sg.- P- m - hr- -cp-sscm-py-am-bn- am-dn-s m- n-cn- p- p.- P-\-kw- Jym- h-f - - s\-k- o-hv.- A-Xm-b-Xv- a-cn- p- -{X- t] - P-\n- p- n-.- C- y-bp-ss- h-e-n-b- P-\-kw-Jy- \-ap- vt\- -am-hp-i-b-m-wv.- \-ap- v - sxm-gn-se-sp- m - ]- p- - {]m-b-øn-ep- - Bƒ- m-cp-ss- F- Æw- Iq-Sn-h-cn-I-bm-Wv.- A-Xp-Ip-d- p-h-cp- - \m-sp-i-fn-te- v- \-Ωp-sS- Bƒ- m-sc- A-b- m-\pw- h-gn-xp-d- p-i-bm-wv- ]p-xn-bhm-wn-py- D-S-º-Sn-Iƒ- sn-øp- -Xv.- P- m-\p-am-bp- - I-cm-dn - am-{x-a- - C- y-bp-ss- s{]m-^-j-w-ep-iƒ- v- D-Zm-c-amb- hn-k- ku-i-cy-øn-\v- hy-h-ÿ-bp -Xv.- a-te-jyb-p-am-bp- - k-a-{k-km-º-øn-i- k- l-i-c-w- D-S-º-Sn- (Comprehensive Economic Co-operation Agreement- CECA)-bpw- C-tX- ]m-x-bn-em-w-v.- sa-un- - su,- A- u- nw-kv,- Hm-U-n- nw-kv,- B - n-ss-iv-n,- \-K-cm-kq-{X-Ww,- F- n- \o-b-dnw-kv,- sf-sn-,- amt\pv-sa v- Xp-S-ßn-bcw-K-ß-fn - C y-bn - \n- p- - s{]m-^j-w-ep-iƒ- v- a-te-jy-bn - ho-k- hy-hÿ- D-Zm-c-am- pw-.- I- -h-s- km-[y-x-bpw- a-tejy-bn-te- vh -[n- p- p- v.- am-º-gw,- t]-c-bv- -,- h-mg -gw,- _-kp-a-xn- A-cn,- Sq-ho-e-dp-Iƒ,- {S- p-iƒ,- tim- - h-kv-{x-߃- Xp-S-ßn-bh-bp-sS- I-b- p-a-xn- Iq- m - I-cm - hy-hÿ- sn-øp- p.- C- y-bn-te- p- - a-te-jy - I-b- p-a- Xn-bpw- h -[n- pw.- ]m-tam-bn - Uyq- n-bn- m-sx- (C-t m-gpw- A-ß-s\-Ø-s )- C-d- p-a-xn- sn-øpw.- a-te-jy-bn - \n- v- - kn- - n-iv- Xp-Wn-bn-ep- - h-kv-{x-߃- C-d- p-a-xn-bpw- Np- -an- m-sx-bm-ipw.- c- v- D-S-º-Sn-I-fn-se-bpw- a-s m-cp- {]-[m- \-L-S-Iw- aq-e-[-\-\n-t -]w- t{]-m- m-ln- n- p- -Xm-Wv.- C- y- v- hn-tz-i-aq-e-[-\w- B-h-iy-ap- v.- A-Xp-\ -Im - P- m-\pw- a- te-jy- pw- I-gn-bpw.- A-Xn-\v- D-Zm-c-am-b- hyh-ÿ-iƒ- C- y- \ -Ipw.- Xn-cn- v- -B- cm-py-ß-fn - aq-e-[-\w- ap- S- m - C- y - I-º-\n-Iƒ- pw- A-h-k- c-ap- v.- C- y-bn - A-Sn-ÿm-\- ku-i-c-y-ta-je-bn - ]-Ww- ap-s- m - a-te-jy - I-º- \n-i-sf- t{]-c-n- n- p- - hn-[w- H-cp- C - {^m-kv-{s-iv-n - D- m- m-\pw- [-m-c-w-bm-bn.- C- y - d-n-b - F-kv-t - v- I-º-\n-Iƒ- va-te-jy-bn-se- \n -am-w- I-º-\-n-I-fn - 51 i-x-am-\w- Hm-l-cn-sb-Sp- m-\pw- A-\p-hm- Zw- e-`n- p.- P- m-\p-am-bn- \m-ep-h -jw- \o- - N - -s m-sp-hn-em-wv- I-cm-dm-b-Xv.- a-te-jy-bpam-bpw- G-I-tZ-iw- A-{X-X-s - Im-ew- N - - \-S- p.- B-kn-bm-\n - Aw-K-am-Wv- a- te-jy.- F- m - B-kn-bm - I-cm-dn - N- c- p-hm-wn-py-im-cyw- am-{x-ta- D- q.- aq-e- [-\-hpw- tkh-\-ta-j-ebpw- kw-_- n- - N - -Iƒ- C-\n- Xp-S-ßm-\-n-cn p- -tx-bp- q.- B-kn-bm-\n-se- {]-_-e- Aw-K-am-ba-tejybp-am-bn- C- m-cy-߃- Iq-Sn- Dƒ- (tijw t]p-v 18)

3 3 h-f - -bn - I- Æp-h- v- -n.kn.- am-xypa-g- s]-ø-n- m - C-{µ-t\m-Spw- sf-iz-cyw- Iq- m - a-lm-e- v -an-tbm-spw- {]m -Yn- p-sim- m-wv- {]-W-_v- ap-j -Pn- _-P- v- {]-kw-kw- B-cw-`n- -Xv.- a-g- s]-bv-xm - \- - hn-f-hv- In- pw,- Im -jn-i- D -]m-z-\-w- Iq-Sp-w,- hn-e- Ip-d-bpw.- sf-iz-cyw- h -[n- m - km-º-øn- I-h-f - - Iq-Spw.- sxm-gn - h -[n- pw,- ap- J -Pn- \- - a{ n-sb- p- t]-sc-sp- pw.- s]m-xp-_-p- v - H-Øn-cn-tb-sd- tam-l-߃- Dƒ-s m- p- -Xm-Wv.- G- -hpw- {]-[m-\-w- Consulting Editor Dr. P.K. Abraham Editor T.C. Mathew tcmathew@gmail.com Managing Editor Jayesh.V.Sudhakar jayeshhin@yahoo.co.in Media Consultancy Current Business Inc cm-pyw- 9 i-x-am-\w- hf- - - ssih-cn- pw- F- -Xp-X-s.- A-ß-s\- h-cptºmƒ e- w- tim-sn-cq-]-bm-bn-cn- pw- C- y-bp-ss- Pn-Un-]n.- sh-dpw- A- -v- i-xam-\w- hn-e- -b- -ta- A-Sp-Ø-h -j-tø- va-{ n- I-W- m- p- p- q.- h-f - - Iq-Sn-bm - am-{x-ta- ap-j -Pn-bpsS- I-W- p-iq- -ep-iƒ- i-cn-bm-iq.- h-cp-am- \w- K-Wy-am-bn- Iq-Sp-sa- pw- sn-e-hv- A-{X- I- v- Iq-Sn-s - pw- a-{ n- I-W- m- p- p.- sa-m-øw- sn-e-hn i-x-am-\w- am-{xwh -[-\-tb- A-t±-lw- \n -t±-in- p- p- q.- I-gn- - h -j-ß-fn-se- h-f - -txm-xn - \n- v- Xp-temw- Ip-dhm-Wn-Xv.- sn-e-hv- \n-b- { n- m - {]-txy-i-a-m-b- \-S-]-Sn-I-sfm- p-w- F-Sp-Øn- p-an-.- B- \n-e-bv- v- sn-e-hp- I- W- p-iq- - sx- m-\p- - km-[y-x-bm-wv - Iq- Sp-X -.- ap-j -Pn- h-cp-am-\-øn - h-en-b- h-f - - {]-Xo- n- p- -Xv- {]-[m-\-am-bpw- \n-ip- Xn-bn-\ß-fn-em-Wv.- C-s m- w e- wtim-sn- In- n-b- I-º-\n- \n-ip-xn- A-Sp-Øh -jw e- -am-ip-sa- v- IW- m- p- p.- B-Zm-b-\n-Ip-Xn- ]-n-cn-hv e- -Øn - \n- pw e- -Øn-te- v- Iq-Sp-sa- m-wv- A-t±-l-Øn-s - {]-Xym-i.- C-sX- mw- kw-`hn- m - sam-øw- \n-ip-xn- ]n-cn-hv e- w- tim-sn-bm-ipw.- Cu- h -j-tø-xn-t\- mƒ- H- -c-e- w- tim-sn- A-[n-Iw.- h-chp-sn-e-hp-i-fp-ss- Cu- A-an-X- {]- Xo- - k-^-eam-bm-epw- C-s - n-epw- ap- J Pn-bp-sS- _-P- v- cm-py-øv- h-f - - v- k- lm-b-i-am-sw- v- F- m-h-cpw- I-W- m- p- p.- km-aq-ly-tk-h-\-ta-j-e- v- h-en-b- Du- - \ -In-b-Xv- A-[-:-ÿn-X hn-`m-k-ßfp-ss- ap-t - -Øn-\v- k-lm-bn- pw.- hn-zym- `ym-kw,- B-tcm-Kyw Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bn-ep- - h- en-b- ap-x -ap-s- v- G-Xm-\pw- h -j-߃- _-P n - hº {]Jym-]-\-ß-fn, sr n- p \nip-xn-ifn, Bthiw sim n- p \nipxn Hgn-hp-I-fp-an. p-ti-jw- cm-py-øv- Db - - Po-hn-X-\n-ehm-c-hpw- an-i- - hcp-am-\- txm-xpw- D- m- p-sa- v- F- m-h-cpw {]-Xo- n- p- p.- A- tx-k-a-bw,- A-Sn-ÿm-\- ku-i-cy- hn-i-k- \-Øn-\v- \ -In-bn- p- - ap- n-b- ]-cn-k-w- \- hy-h-km-b- h-f - -bneq-ss- ]p-tcm-k-xnssih-cn- m-\p- - \m-sn-s - tam-l-øn-\-vk-lm-b-i-am-wv.- A-Sn-ÿ-m-\- ku-i-cyt_m- p-i-fn - hn-tz-i-\n-t -]- ÿm-]-\- ߃- v- \n-t -]- ]-cn-[n- h -[n- n- n- p- v.- C-Xv- Cu- cw-k-tø- v- Iq-Sp-X - aq-e-[-\w- F-Øn- pw.- H- w- X-s tim-sn-cq-]- bp-ss- \n-ip-xn-bn- m- t_m- p-iƒ- C-d- m - A-Sn-ÿm-\- ku-i-cy-ta-j-e- v- A-\p-hm-Zhpw- \ -In.- C-Xp-c- pw- Cu- cw-k-sø- aqe-[-\- Z-u -e-`y-øn-\v- ]-cn-lm-c-ap- m- psa- v- {]-Xo- n- mw.- _-P- n - [-\-a-{ n- {]-I-Sn- n- - H-cp- tamlw- C- y-bp-ss- ^m-œ-dn- D -]m-z-\w- K-Wyam-bn- h -[n- n- -Ww- F- -Xm-Wv. C-t mƒ- Pn-Un-]n-bp-sS- 16 i-x-am-\-ta- ^m-œ-dn- D - ]m-z-\-øn - \n- pw- D- q.- ssn-\- m-is - C-Xv- 40 i-x-am-\-am-wv.- H-cp- Z-i-Iw- sim- v- ^m-œd-n- D -]m-z-\-øn-s - ]- v- 25 i- X-am-\-am-bn- D-b -Ø-W-sa- m-wv- ap-j Pn- B-{K-ln- p -Xv.- C-Xn-\m-bn- hy-h-km-b- hm-wn-py- a-{ m-e-bw- Xm-a-kn-bm-sX- H-cpk-a-{K- D -]m-z-\- \-bw- {]-Jym-]n- p-sa- v- [-\-a-{ n- A-dn-b-n- p.- Iq-Sp-X - ^-m-œdn- D -]m-z-\w- D m-bm - am-{x-ta- cm-py- Øv- bp-h-x-e-ap-d- v- sxm-gn - D-d- m- m - I-gn-bq.- _-P n - hº {]Jym-]-\-ß-fn, sr n- p \nip-xn-i-fn, Bthiw sim n- p \nipxn Hgn-hp-I-fp-an. Cu- _-P- n-s - ^-e-am-bn- G hpw A[nIw kt m-jn- pi BwK hmsn Poh-\- mcpw 80 hbkv Ign hr cpw {]mb-øn-ep- -h-cp-amwv. P\-kw- Jy-bn ]Ip-Xn-h-cp kv{xoi-fm-is _wkm-fn \n p {]W_vZm Xß-tfmSv Hcp \oxnbpw Im n-bn-s v Bt -]n- p p. s]mxp-_-p- n P\w {]txyiw t\m n-bn-cp- Xv s]t{sm-fnbw taj-esb kw_- n {]Jym-]-\-ß-fm-bn-cp p. ]t, H p-ap- m-bn. Hcp-]t, ] nta-jy-bn-sebpw hs- B{^n- -bnsebpw {]iv\-߃ A[nIw cq -am-ins v Kh sa v Icp-Xp- p- mhmw. AX-s - n s]t{sm-fnbw Iº-\n-IfpsS \jvsw kw_- n v IqSp-X BIpeX Kh sa v ImWn-t - -Xm-bn-cp p. s]mxpth {]Xo- n- Xv {IqtUm-bn-ens Cd- p-axn Np w Ipd-bv p-sa- mwv. Aßs\ snbvxm Iº-\n-Iƒ v \jvsw Ipdbv mw. AXp- m-bn. H-cp- ]-t - A- m-cm-{ - hn-e-bn-se- h -[-\- - \p-k-cn- v- C-hn-sS-bpw- hn-e-iq- mw- F- v- {]- W-_v- I-cp-Xp- p- -m-hmw.- ]-t - s]-t{smfn-bw- a{ n- P-bv-]m - sd-õn-bpw- Im-_n-\- n-se- ]-e- ko-\n-b - k-l-{]-h -Ø-I-c-pw-

4 4 s]-t{sm-fn-s - t]m-epw- hn-e-iq- p- -Xn-\v- F-Xn-cm-Wv.- B- \ne- v- Uo-k,- F -]n-pn- Xp-S-ßn- ISp-Ø- \- -ap- m- p- a- n-\-ß-fp-ss- Im-cyw- ]-d-tb- Xn-.- _-P- n timsn-cq-]-tb- s]-t{sm-fn-bw- k-_v-kn-un- C-\-Øn - A-Sp-Ø-h -j-tø- v- h-i-bn-cp-øn-bn- p- q.- C- s m- w tim-sn- \o- n-sh- - ÿm-\-øm-wn-xv.- a-{ nbp-ss- a-\- n-en-cp- v- F-s - v- B - pw- ]n-sn-bn-.- s]m-xpta-j-em- s]-t{sm-f-n-bw- I-º-\-n-Iƒ- _-P- v- I-gn- -txm-ss- hne-iq- -W-sa- - B-h-iy-hp-am-bn- a-{ n- sd-õn-sb- k-ao-]n- n- p- v.- s]-t{smƒ- en- -dn-\v- \m-ev- cq-]-sb- n-epw- Iq- -W-sa- m- Wv- A-h-cp-sS- hm-zw.- s]-t{sm-fn-bw- k-_v-kn-un-bp-ss- Im-c-y-Øn - ap -Im-e-Øvt_m- p-iƒ- sim-sp- p- - kw-hn-[m-\-am-wv- D- m-bn-cp- -Xv.- A-Xv- `m-hn-bn - k - m - _m-[y-x- h -[n- n- p- - H-cp- Imcy-am-Wv.- ap-j -Pn- h- -t mƒ- t_m- v- ]-cn-]m-sn- \n -Øn.- H-F -Pn-kn-bpw- Hm-bn - C- y-bpw- h-ln- p- - k-_v-kn- Un- I-gn- v- ti-{µ-k- - m-cn-s - Np-a-en - h-cp- - `m-cwt\-cn- v- ]-W-am-bn- \ -Ip-I- F -Xm- n- \-bw.- k - m - [-\\n-e- kw-_- n- v- Ir-Xy-am-b- Nn-{Xw- e-`n- m - Cuk-ao-]-\w- k-lm-bn- p- p.- snømø as mcp Imcyhpw _P- n-ep v. Ign- h jw ]d- Xv amµy-im-e-øvip-d \nip-xn-iƒ L w L -ambn ]p\x-ÿm-]n- p-sa- mwv. Ign h jw c p ix-am\w \nipxn Iq n. AX-\p-k-cn v Cs m- hpw c pi-x-am\w Iqt - -Xm-bn-cp p.axp snbvxn. snøm-ø- Xn\p ImcWw hne- -b w. Uyq n-iq- n-bm A{X-I v hne-iqspw. AXv Hgn-hm- m-\mbn Uyq n Iq m-xn-cp p. thsdmcp h {]Jym-]\w Icp-Xn-sb- nepw AXpw h n. ` ykpc m ] -Xn-bm-bn-cp p AXv. ` ykpc m _n v sim p-h-cp-sa v {]W_v ]d p. ]t, AXn\p ]Ww hi-bn-cp-øn-bn- n. ` y k_vknun \S- p-h jsø 60,600 timsn cq]-x-s -bmwv te pw {]W_v hi-bn-cp-øn- p- Xv. Hcp-]t, ` y kpc m] Xn \nb-a-\n am-w-sa mw Ign v ASp-Ø-h jta \S- m-ip-i-bp q F mipw {]W_v Icp- Xp- Xv. h {]-Jym-]-\-߃ Cs - nepw Ign- -h jw _P v Bhn-jvI-cn {KmaoW Du CØ-h-Wbpw XpS p. {Kma-hn-I-k\w, Im jni hf, kmaqly t aw F nh-bv mwv _P- nse ap nb hi-bn-cp-ø-ep-iƒ. ] Xn sne-hns 36 ix-am-\hpw kmaqly tkh\ taj-e-bnem-sw- Xv FSp-Øp-]-d-bWw. BtcmKyw, {]my-ani hnzym- `ymkw, t a s] j-\p-iƒ, B\p-Iq-ey-߃ F n-hb-s-ßnb Cu kmaqly hi-bn-cp-ø-ep-iƒ kaq-l-ønse Ahi hn`m-k-ß-sfbpw Ah-K-Wn- -s - -h-scbpw apjy- [m-c-bn-te v sim p-h-cm-\p bxv\-ønse kp{]-[m\ `mk-amwv. BwK hmsn {]h Ø-I-cpsS thx\w Cc- n- n p, ssiødn kwl-ß-fpss IS- _m-[yx Fgp-Xn-Ø- p p. Im jni IS-߃ p ]eni k_vknun c n \n v aq v ix-am-\-am n Db Øp p, h\n-x-i-fpss kzbw klm-b-kw-l-߃ v hmbv] \ Im ti{µ \n[n D m- p p. ssat{im ^n\m kv Iº-\n-Iƒ v aqe- [\ \nt -]-Øn\v \n[n D m- p p F n-ß-s\-bp \S-]-Sn-Iƒ Kh sa ns IÆv Fhn-sS-bm-sW v hy -am- p p. \_m Uv hgn {KmaoW tdmup-iƒ p hmbv]m ] Xn hni-kn- n- m KWyamb XpI hi-bn-cp-øn-bn- p v. {KmaoW tdmuv \n amww, `h-\-\n amww, sshzyp- Xo-I-cWw, Pe-tk-N\w XpS-ßn-bh Dƒs -Sp "`mcxv \n am ' ] -Xn-Iƒ v 58,000 timsn cq]-bmwv hi-bn-cp-øn-bxv. Ign- -h j-tø- mƒ 10,000 timsn A[nIw. hnzym-`yk taj-e-bn 24 ix-am\w h [-\-bp v. AXn Xs {]myani hnzym-`ym-k-øn\v 40 ix-am-\-amwv h [\. ] n-i-pmxn h K hnzym Yn-Iƒ v 9, 10 mkp-i-fn kvtimf jn v G s -Sp-Øp ] Xn Ah-cpsS hnzym-`ymk hf bv v \n Wm-bI ] v hln pw. Cßs\ t a taj-e-bn Imcy-ambn hi-bn-cp-ønb [\-a{ n ASn-ÿm\ kui-cy-hn-i-k-\-øn\v Ht sd \S-]-Sn-Iƒ FSp-Øn- p v. \nipxn Cf-hp-Ifpw hntzi \nt -]sø BI jn- p- Xpw F mw B taj-e-bn Hcp IpXn- p-nm- -Øn\v klm-bn-s p hcpw. ASn-ÿm\ kui-cy-hn-i-k-\-øn\v Cd- p IS-]-{X-߃ hmßm hntzi \nt ] ÿm]-\-ßsf A\p-h-Zn- Xpw Cu cwkøv ]W e`yx h [n- n- p p. Iº-\n-Iƒ v hntz-iøv t_m p-iƒ Cd- m e`n A\p-aXn cmpy-øn\v hntzi \mwyw \ Ip-I-am-{X-a aqe-[\ Zu e`yw Ipd-bv p-ibpw snøpw. CsX mw snøp-tºmgpw _P v Bh-iy-amb [\-Imcy A -S w ]men- p- p v. Cu am v 31 \v Ah-km-\n- p h jw e w timsn-cq-]-bmwv Kh sa ns snehv. ASp-Ø-h jw AXv e w timsn BIpw. AXn-s\m w [\-IΩn h [n- p- n. Cs m- sø timsn-cq-]-bn \n v timsntb BIp- p q IΩn. CXv cmpysø Pn.Un.]n.bpsS 5.1 ix-am-\-øn \n v 4.6 ix-am-\- Øn-te v Ipdbpw F mwv {]Xo ix-am\w h -XmWv [\-IΩn. c p-h jw-sim v 1.8 ix-am\w Ipd p BIp-tºm-tg v [\-IΩn 3.5 ix-am-\-ambn XmgvØp-I-bmWv {]W-_ns e yw. ASp-Ø-h jw Kh sa ns ] Xn sne-hn 18 ix-am\w h [-\-bmwv Dt±-in- p- Xv e w timsn-bn \n v 4.42 e w timsn-bn-te v. AtX kabw ] -Xn-bn-Xc snehv 10 ix-am-\-øn Xmsgtb IqSp- p q. CXv Bim-hl-amb kqn-\-i-fmwv \ Ip- Xv. Cu h jw 7,86,888 timsn-cq] samøw \nipxn ]ncn-s -Sp-Ø-t mƒ ASpØ h jw ]ncn- m-\p-t±-in- p- Xv 9,32,440 timsn cq]-bmwv. AXv cmpysø kº-øns ]Øp-i-X-am-\-Øn-tesd hcpw. Iº\n \nip-xnbmwv Kh sa n\v G hpw A[nIw hcp-am\w \ Ip- Xv 3,59,990 timsn cq]. BZmb \nip-xn-bmbn 1,72,026 timsnbpw FIvsskkv Uyq n-bmbn 1,64,116 timsnbpw _P v H -t\m- -Øn (timsn cq]) IW v _P v {]Xo ]pxp- nb {]Xo _P v {]Xo 1. dh\yq hchv \nipxn hchv \nip-xn-bn-xcw aqe-[\ hchv (5+6+7) ISw Xncn- -Shv a n\w IS-sa-Sp v BsI hchv (1+4) ] -Xn-bn-Xc snehv dh\yq snehv ]eni aqe-[\ snehv ] Xn snehv dh\yq snehv aqe-[\ snehv BsI snehv (9+13) BsI dh\yq snehv(10+14) BsI aqe-[\ snehv(12+15) dh\yqiωn(pnun-]n-bpssix-am\w) (5.2) (4.0) (3.4) (3.4) 20. [\-IΩn (PnUn-]n-bpsS ix-am\w) (6.4) (5.5) (5.1) (4.6) IÃwkv Uyq n-bmbn 1,51,700 timsnbpw tkh\ \nip-xn-bmbn 82,000 timsnbpw ti{µ-k-h sa n\v ASpØ kmº-øni h jw e`n pw. s]mxp-ta-jem ÿm]- \-ß-fpsS em`-hn-ln-x-ambn 42,624 timsn-cq-]bpw Hmlcn hn -gn v 40,000 timsnbpw {]Xo- n- p p. IS-_m-[y-X-bmbn 4,47,836 timsn-cq] e`n pw. {]Xn-tcm[ sne-hn Imcy-amb h [-\-bn. dh\yq C\-Øn {]Xn-tcm-[-a- { m-e-b-øn\v 95,216 timsnbpw aqe-[-\-c-\-øn 69,199 timsn cq]bpw BWv \o n hbv p- Xv. Bhiyw h m, XpI h [n- n- m-sa v a{ n ]d- n- p v. ap h j-ß-fn {]Xn-tcm[ _P v h jm-h-k\w an w hcp-øn-bncp-s - nepw CØ-hW Aßs\ kw`-hn- n- n. IqSp-X Bbp-[-ßfpw D]-I-c-W-ßfpw hmßn-bxp Xs ImcWw. ASpØ h j-tø v k_vkn-un-bmb-n 1,43,570 timsn-cq-]tb hi-bn-cp-øn-bn- p q. Ign _P- n 1,16,224 timsn hi-bn-cp-øn-bxv ]pxp- nb FÃn-ta- n 1,64,153 timsn-bm-bn- p v. B \nebv v ASp-Ø-h jhpw ]pxp- nb FÃn-ta v KWy-ambn IqSp-sa- p-i-cpxmw. samøw 2.68 e w timsn-cq-]-bmwv ti{µw ]eni C\-Øn sne-hm- p- Xv. s] j-\p-th n 54,521 timsn thww. cmpy-øns Id v A u v IΩn Ipd-bv m-\mbn IqSp-X hntz-i-\mwyw Ctßm p hcm _P v hgn-sbm-cp- p- p v. ayqnz ^ p-i-fnepw C {^m-kv{s- IvN Iº\n t_m p-i-fnepw a pw hntzi \nt ] ÿm]-\-߃ v IqSp- X XpI \nt -]n- m A\p-hmZw \ In-bXv CXn-\m-bn- mwv. F m, XXv mew CXv klm-b-i-am-sw- nepw Fs - nepw sndnb {]tim-]-\-ap- m-iptºmƒ AØcw \nt -]-߃ Xncn- p-t]m-sb p hcpw. CØcw NpSp-]Ww (tlm v awn) BI jn- p- Xv th {X hnthi ]q W-amtWm F v kwi-bn- Ww. Btcm-]-W-ßfpw a pw hgn Kh sa ns\ \njv{in-b-am- m {]Xn-]- - Øn\v Ign-s v ]ecpw Icp-Xp- p v. ]e kp{]-[m\ \nb-a-\n am-w-ßfpw CXp-aqew aps-ßn- n-s- p-i-bmwv. \nipxn ]cn-jvim-c-øn-\p Nc v tkh\ \nipxn A\n- n-x-xz-øn-ep-ambn. F m, Aß-s\-sbm- p-a Imcy-߃ F v hcp-øm [\-a{ n {ian- n- p v. C jz-d kv, s] j, _m nwkv ]cn-jvim-cßfpw Iº\n \nba t`z-k-xnbpw ]pxnb _m p-iƒ A\p-h-Zn- -ep-sams {]kw- K-Øn ]cm-a in- n- p v. Ch-bn ]e-xn-s bpw _n p-iƒ Cuk-tΩ-f-\- Øn Xs Ah-X-cn- n- p-sa- mwv a{ n ]d- Xv. kmº-øn-i-]-cn-jvim-c-߃ hn]-wn-bpss XmXv]-cy-Øn\v A\p-k-cn v apt m- p-sim- p-t]m-ip-sa v hy -am- m a{ n {ian p. {]W-_ns _P- n\v hyh-kmb temiw Bth-i-tØmsS kzoi-cww \ Inb-t mƒ Hmlcn hn]-wn-bn kωn{i {]Xn-I-c-W-am-bn-cp p. Hc-h-k-c-Øn sk skivkv 550 t]mbn n-tesd Db s - nepw _P- n-\p-tijw Bchw ASßp-I-bm-bn-cp p. Ht sd hn`m-k-߃ v Imcy-amb t\ w _P- n-ep-s - nepw Hcp hn`m-k-øn\pw ]q W kwxr-]vxn-bn F -XmWv {it bw. cmjv{sob t\ -Øn-\p-th n _P- ns\ D]-tbm-Kn- m a{ n Xp\n- n-s pw ]dbmw. F m, sxc-s -Sp v \S- p kwÿm-\-ß-fnse Nne ] -Xn-Iƒ FSpØp ]d v Xms\mcp cmjv{sob- m-c-\m-sw v At±lw sxfn-bn- p-ibpw snbvxp.

5 5 60 hbkv Ign- m \nipxn Cfhv BZm-b-\n-Ip-Xn-bpsS Hgn-hp-]-cn[n Db Øp-Ibpw apxn ]uc- m p B\p-Iq-ey߃ h [n- n- p-i-bpw-sn-bvxp-sim- mwv ti{µ [\-a{ n {]W_v apj Pn s]mxp _P v Ah-X-cn- n- Xv. F m, kv{xoiƒ v _P v Hcm-\p-Iq-eyhpw \ In-bn. C-f-hp-I-fp-sS- Im-cy-Øn km-[-m-c-w- hy- n-i-tfm-sp-w- {]-W-_v- ap-j -Pn- Im-cy-am-b- ]-cn-k-w-\- Im-Wn- n-.- F- m - \nip- Xn-Zm-b-I-cn-se- Xm-gv- - m-_n-ep- - i-º-f- m-sc- B-iz-kn- n- p- - kp-{]-[m-\-am-b- Nn-e- \-S- ]-Sn-Iƒ- A-t±-lw- F-Sp-Øn- p-ap- v.- G- -hpw- {]-[m-\w- A- v- e- w- cq-]- h-sc- i-º-fw- hm-ßp- - Bƒ- m - dn-t - - k-a - n-t - -Xn- - F- - \n -t±-i-am-wv.- i-º-f-h-cp-am-\w- am-{x-ap- - A- v- e- -Øn - Xm-sg- h-cp-am-\-ap- -h - t{km-x- n - \n-ip- Xn- A-S-t - h-cm-wv.- Sn-Un-F-kn-\m-bn- A-h - H-cp- X-h-W- X-ß-fp-sS- hcp-am-\-øn-s - I-W- p-iƒ- k-a - n- p- p- v.- B- \n-e- v- th-sd- hc-p-am-\-an- m-ø- i-º-f- m - sam-øw- h-cp-am-\w- A- -v- e- -Øn - Xm-sg-bm-sW- n - dn-t - A-S-t - -Xn- - F- v- s]m-xp- _-P- n - ]-d-bp- p.- Pq-Wn - C-Xv- \-S- m-ipw.- Sn-Un-F-kv- ]n-sn- p-tºmƒ- \ -Ip- - t^m-dw- 16 Sm-Iv-kv- dn-t -Wmbn- I-W- m- p-w.- a- v- h-cp-am-\-ap- -h - Sn-Un-F-kn-s - Iq-sS- A- m-cy-w- Iq-Sn- tc-j-s -SpØn- \n-ip-xn- A-S- m - ho- pw- d-n-t - \ -ti- -Xn-.- F- m - Sn-Un-Fkn-s - Iq-sS- A-Xv- ]-d- n- n-s - n dn-t - \ -Ip-I-bpw- sn-ø-ww.- Cu- ku-i-cyw- ssk-\y-ønep- -h - pw- \ -Ipsa- v- {]-Xy- -\n-ip-xn- t_m -Uv- snb -am - kp-[o - N-{µ- A-dn-bn- p.- B-Zm-b-\n-Ip-Xn-bn - ap-xn - - ]u-c- m - m-wv- G- -hpw- A-[n-Iw- em-`w- In- p- -Xv.- 80 h-bn-\v- ap-i-fn-ep- -h - v- A- v- e- w- cq-]-h-sc- H-gn-hv- \ -In-b-Xn-\m cq-]- \n-ip-xn- em- `-ap- m-ip-w.- 65 h-b- n-\pw- 80h-b-kn-\pw- C-S-bn-e-p- -h - v- \n-ip-xn- _m-[y-x-bn cq-]- bp-ss- In-gn-th- h-cp- p- q.- 60\pw- 65\pw- C-S- v- {]m-b-ap- -h - v cq-]-bp-ss- B-Zm-bw- e-`n- pw.- h-\n-x-iƒ- v- {]-txy-i-am-bn- t\- -an-.- cm-py-sø- c- v-tim-sn- sxm-æq- n-aq- v- e- w- \n-ip-xn- Zm-b-I-cn i-x-am-\-ta ap-xn - - ]u-c- m-cm-bn- D- m-bn-cp- p- q se- I-W- m-wn-xv.- C-tX- i-x-am-\-øp-i- Xp-S - m C-t mƒ Xm-sg- t] - m-wv- ap-xn - - ]u-c- m-cp-ss- C-f-hp-Iƒ- h -[n- n- -Xp-sIm- v- t\- -ap- m-ip-i.- BZm-b-\n-Ip-Xn-bpsS Hgn-hp-]-cn[n 1,60,000 \n v 1,80,000 cq]-bn-te v Db Øn. CXphgn \nip-xn-zm-b-i v 2000 cq]-bpss B\p-Iqeyw e`n pw. kv{xoiƒ p Hgn-hp-]-cn[n 1,90,000 Xs XpScpw. apxn ]uc- m p Hgn-hp-]-cn[n 2,40,000 \n v 2,50,000 cq]-bm n. apxn -]u-c- \mbn IW- m- m-\p {]mbw 60 B n-ip-d p. CXp-hsc 65 hb-km-bn-cp p. apxn ]uc- m-cn 80 hbkp Ign- -hsc hfsc apxn (very senior) F ]pxnb hn`mkw krjvsn v Ah v IqSp-X Cfhv \ In. hfsc apxn ]uc- m v A p e w cq]-h-sc-bp hcp-am-\-øn\v \nipxn \ ti- -Xn. A p-e- -Øn\p api-fn F p e w cq]-h-scbp hcp-am-\-øn\v 20 % h pw AXn\p api-fn-ep- -Xn\v 30% h pw BWv \nipxn \ ti- Xv. ]pxnb kmº-øni h j-ønse hcp-am-\-øn\v \ ti BZmb \nipxn \nc- p- Iƒ 1. kv{xoifpw 60 hbkv Ign- -hcpw Hgn-tI-bp- -h v 1,80,000 cq] hsc \nip-xn-bn. 1,80,001 apx 5,00,000 hsc 10% 5,00,001 apx 8,00,000 hsc 20 % 8,00,001 apx 30 % hb-kn Xmsg-bp kv{xoiƒ v 1,90,000 cq] hsc \nip-xn-bn. 1,90,001 apx 5,00,000 hsc 10% 5,00,001 apx 8,00,000 hsc 20 % 8,00,001 apx 30 % {]mb-øn-ep- -h v 2,50,000 cq] hsc \nip-xn-bn. 2,50,001 apx 5,00,000 hsc 10% 5,00,001 apx 8,00,000 hsc 20 % 8,00,001 apx 30 % hb-kn\v api-fn 5,00,000 cq] hsc \nip-xn-bn. 5,00,001 apx 8,00,000 hsc 20 % 8,00,001 apx 30 % Iº-\n-\n-IpXn Iº\n \nip-xn-bn sndn-b-am- -ßtf hcp-øn-bn- p q. \nip-xn-bpss 7.5% Bbn-cp k Nm Pv 5% Bbn Ipd p. CXv k Nm Pp-Iƒ C m-xm- p \S-]-Sn-I-fpsS XpS- -am-sw v a{ n ]d p. k Nm Pp-Ifpw sk p-ifpw kwÿm- \-߃ v hnlnxw \ ti- mø C\-amWv. AtX-k-abw \nip-xn-xpi kwÿm-\-߃ pw hoxw h p-sim-sp- Ww. Iº-\n-I-fpsS an\naw Bƒ t\ v SmIvkv (M.A.T am v) 18 ix-am-\-øn \n v 18.5 % Bbn- q n. {]mtbm-kn-i-ambn \nipxn _m[y-x-bn hen-b-am w hcn. dne-b kv XpSßn Iº\n \nip-xn-bnse Hgn-hp-Iƒ ]c-am-h[n D]-tbm-Kn- p-h-cp Iº-\n-Iƒ mwv CXv _m[- I-am-IpI. {]txyi kmº-øn-i-ta-je (sk v)ifn-ep Iº-\n-Iƒ pw am v _m[-i-am n. tic-f- Øn kvam v kn n, C t^m-]m v XpS-ßnb sk p-iƒ v CXp _m[-i-amipw. sk p-ifn Iº-\n-Iƒ v a v \nc-h[n B\p-Iq-ey-߃ \ In-bn- p- -Xn-\m Iº\n \nip-xn-bn \n p Hgn-hp-IqSn \ ti- -Xn-s - mwv {]Wm_v apj Pn-bpsS ] w. sk p-iƒ v \ Ip \nip-xn-c-fhv hfsc IqSp-X-em-sW v ]ct Bt -]-ap-b -Xn-\p adp-]-snbpw IqSn-bmbn CXns\ ImWmw. hntz-i-ß-fn Iº-\n-Iƒ Gs -Sp- p-itbm XpS-ßp-Itbm snøp C y Iº-\n-Isf t{]m m-ln- n- m _P v {ian p. hntz-isø D] Iº-\n-I-fn \n v sim p-h-cp em` hnln-x-øn\v \ Ip \nipxn 15% Bbn sh n- p-d- p-sim- m-wnxv. Sm m tamt mgvkv, Sm m Ão, ln Um tim, dne-b kv XpS-ßnb hº Iº-\n-Iƒ v CXv t\ -amipw. C y Iº-\n-Iƒ v hntz-iøv hf-cm\pw CXv klm-b-amipw. Ign- -h jw C {^m-kv{s-ivn t_m p-i-fnse 20,000 cq]-h-sc-bp \nt -]-Øn\v 80 kn {]Im-c-ap \nipxn Hgnhv A\p-h-Zn- n-cp p. Hcp h j-tø v am{xw \ Inb Cu Hgnhv Hcp sim -tø- p-iqsn \o n-bn- p v. {]Xy- -\n-ip-xn-bn 11,500 timsn cq]-bpss \jvsw hcp-øp- -XmWv _P v \n tz-i߃. F-Iv-sskk-v- Uyq- n- 130 C\-߃ v Hcp ix-am\w ti{µ FIvsskkv Uyq n NpaØn. Ch \ntxym-]-tbm-kkm-[-\-ß-f- m-ø-xn-\m hne-\n-e-hm-c-øn Imcy-amb am w D m-hn. ` Ww, C \w, kz Ww, sh n, cxv\- - p-iƒ, F nh Hgn-sI-bp km[-\-߃ mwv Cu \nipxn. F m, {_m Uv snbvx kz Wm-`-c-W-߃ pw cxv\-߃ pw Hcp-i-X-am\w Uyq n \ IWw. {_m Uv snbvx hkv{x-߃ pw sdun-sabvuv hkv{x-߃ pw ]Øp ix-am\w Uyq n NpaØn. Ct mƒ Cu Uyq n Ds - nepw Iº-\n-Iƒ v AXv AS- m-xn-cn mw. Uyq n AS- m sk hm v {IUn v FSp- m-hp KpW-hp-ap v. AXm-bXv Uyq n AXn Xs hne-iq- m Imc-W-am-I-W-sa- n. Iº-\n-Iƒ v Cu Uyq n XpI Xß-fpsS a v FIvsskkv _m[y- X-I-fp-ambn X n- n-gn mw. Cu B\p-Iqeyw h InS Iº-\n-Iƒ v am{xta {]tbm-p-\-s Sq. sndp-ins Iº-\n-Iƒ v A{X t\ -an. AXn-\m sndp-ins {_m Up-Iƒ v hne-iqspw. sndp-in-s- msc klm-bn- m-\mbn Ah v sndp-ins hyh-kmb Hgnhv \ Ip-sa v a{ n Dd- p-\ In. Ib- p-axn snøp- -hbv v Uyq n _m[-i-a. IÃwkv Uyq n-bnepw a{ n am w hcp-øn-bn- n. `mhn-bn Bkn-bm cmpy-ß-fnse \nc- n-te v Uyq n XmgvtØ- -Xp v. B\n-ebv v Ct mƒ Uyq n h [n- n- p- -Xn Imcyan-s v a{ n-i-cp-xp p. AXn-\m Db IÃwkv Uyq n ]Øp-i-X-am\w XpScpw. Xmgv \nc- p-i-fn 2, 2.5, 3 F n-ß-s\-bp- m-bn-cp \nc- p-iƒ 2.5 ix-am-\-ambn \n -bn p. Akw-kvIrX kn ns Cd- p-axn Np w 30 ix-am-\-øn \n v 5 ix-am-\-am- n- pd p. XpWn, cmk-h-kvxp- ƒ, IS-emkv XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS DXv]m-Z-\-hp-ambn _ -s Ipsd C\-ß-fpsS Cd- p-axn Np w 5 \n v 2.5 ix-am-\-am n. sãbn ekv Ão kv{im ns Cd- p-axn Np w ]q W-ambn FSp-Øp-I-f p. kndn- p-ifpw kqnn-ifpw \n an- m-\p-]-tbm- Kn- p Akw-kvIrX ]Zm Y-߃ v Uyq n Ipd p. samss_ t^m \n am-w-øn-\p LS-I-h-kvXp- -fp-ssbpw `mk-ß-fp-ssbpw \nipxn Cfhv Hcp h j-tø v IqSn \o n. C Iv sp v, tek {]n -dp-i-fp-ssbpw `mk-ß-fp-ssbpw FIvsskkv Uyq n ]Øp-i-X-am-\-Øn \n v 5 B n. Ccpºv Abn-cns Ib- p-axn Np w 5 apx 15 hsc ix-am-\-am-bn-cp- Xv 20 ix-am-\-am n Iq n. ssn\-bmwv C y-bn \n v G hpw A[nIw Ccpºv Abncv hmßp- Xv. I Wm-S-I-Ønse _n.sp.]n. a{ n-am-cmb sdõn ktlm-z-c-ß-fp-ts-xmwv Abncp Ib- p-a-xn-bnse G hpw henb kzim-cy-ta-jem ÿm]\w. Ign- -h jw Im jn-i-ta-j-ebv v Bh-iy-amb bt{ m-]-i-c-w-ß-fpss Cd- p-axn Np w 5 ix-am-\-ambn Ipd- n-cp p. AXv CØ-hW 2.5 ix-am-\-ambn XmgvØn. b{ -ß-fpsS `mk-߃ v \nipxn Cfhv _m[-i-amwv. ssat{im Cdn-tK-j-\p-th kma-{kn-i-fpss Cd- paxn Np w 7.5 \n v A p ix-am-\-am n. s\ ns Xhn-Sn \n p ]næm- ns Cd- p-a-xn- p w FSp-Øp-I-f p. Imen-Øo- - bn D]-tbm-Kn- p- -Xm-WnXv. cmpyøv Imen-Øo e`y-ax Iq m-\mbn XhnSv ]næm- ns Ib- p-a-xn v ]Øp-i-X-am\w Uyq nbpw NpaØn. ` y-h-kvxp- ƒ tism-ip- Xp XS-bm hml-\-ß-fnepw tkmuu-wp-i-fnepw D]-tbm-Kn- p ioxo-i-cw kwhn-[m-\-߃ v \nipxn Hgn-hm n. timƒuv tãmtd-pp-iƒ, am - p- Iƒ,thb lukp-iƒ, F n-hn-s-ß-fn D]-tbm-Kn- p I h-b s_ p-i-fp-ssbpw Uyq n Hgn-hm n. sshzyp-xn-sim v {]h Øn- p hml-\-߃ v IÃwkv Uyq n Hgnhpw FIvsskkv Uyq n Ingnhpw A\p-h-Zn- n-cp p. CXv Cd- p-axn snøp _m -dn-iƒ pw A\p-h-Zn p. ssl{u-p sk (^yph sk ) D]-tbm-Kn- p hml-\-߃ v ]Øp-i-X-am\w FIvsskkv Uyq n \ In-bm axn. sshzyp-xnbpw s]t{smfpw amdn amdn D]-tbm-Kn- mhp ssl{_nuv hml-\-ß-fpss Cd- p-axn Np w FSpØp If p. FIvsskkv Uyq n 5 ix-am-\-am-bn-ip-d p. s]t{sm-fn \n v sshzyp-xn-bn-te v F Pn am p- -Xn-\p I h j In p-iƒ v Uyq n ]Øn \n v A p ix-am-\-am n. F.C.Un. sse p-i-fpss FIvssk-kvUyq n A p ix-am-\-am-bn-ip-d p. Cd- p-axn Np w Hgn-hm n. kutcm P-hn-f- p-i-fpss IÃwkv Uy n ]Øn \n v A p ix-am-\-am n. Ne- n{x \n am-w-øn\v D]-tbm-Kn- p If ^n-en-ap-i-fpss Cd- p-axn Np w FSp-Øp- I-f p. kn\n-am-hy-h-km-bsø klm-bn- m-\m-wnxv. {]kp-iƒ p Ipd Cd- p-a-xn-np w ]mbv nwkv b{ -߃ pw _m[-i-am n. Nµ- \-Øncn \n am-w-øn-\p apf-bpss Cd- p-a-xn-np w 30 \n v 10 ix-am-\-am n. tlmantbm- Xn Huj[ \n am-w-߃ p emivtsm-kns Cd- p-axn Np w 25 \n v 10 ixam-\-am n. km\n- dn \m]vin-\p-iƒ, Ip n-iƒ pw apxn -h p-ap Ub- -dp-iƒ F n-hbpss FIvsskkv Uyq n 10 \n v Hcp-i-X-am-\-am n. Bbncw cq]-bn IqSp-X apdn-hm-s-i-bp tlm -ep-i-fnse Xma-k-Øn\v tkh\ \nipxn G s -SpØn. CXn\v 50 % \nipxn Ingnhv A\p-h-Zn- -Xn-\m {]mtbm-kni \nc v 5% Bbncn pw. azyw hnf-ºp F.kn. dtãm-d p-iƒ v ]Øp-i-X-am\w tkh\ \nipxn hcpw. F m, CXn\v 70% Ingnhv D -Xn-\m {]mtbm-kni \nc v aq v ix-am-\-am-bn-cn pw. tcmk-]-cn-tim-[-\-iƒ pw tkh-\-\n-ipxn NpaØn. Chn-sSbpw 50 % Ingnhv A\p-h-Zn- p- -Xn-\m {]mtbm-kni \nc v A p ix-am-\-am-bn-cn pw. CXv k m Bip-]-{Xn-I-fn _m[-i-a. ti{µo-irx Fb I o-j-\nwkv D Xpw 25 tesd InS- -I-fp- -Xp-amb Bip- ]-{Xn-I-fnse NnIn- bv pw tkh\ \nipxn \ IWw. Ahn-sSbpw {]mtbm-kni \nc v A p ix-am-\-am-bn-cn pw. hnam-\-bm-{x- m IqSp-X tkh-\-\n-ipxn \ IWw. B`y- c bm{xbv v 50 cq]bpw A m-cm-jv{s-bm-{xbv v 250 cq]-bp-amwv Ct m-wan mkv bm{x- m \ ti- Xv. Db mkp-i-fn-ep- -h Sn v \nc- ns ]Øp-i-X-am\w tkh-\-\n-ipxn \ IWw. sse^v C jz-d kv Iº-\n-I-fpsS \nt ] ] -Xn-Iƒ v tkh-\-\n-ipxn NpaØn. CXv C jz-d kv {]oanbw h [n- n pw. ]tcm \nip-xn-i-fn \n v samøw 11,300 timsn-cq-]-bmwv A[n-I-ambn e`n- pi.

6 6 Hm-l-cn-hn-]-W-n-bn-te- v- hn-tz-i-]- Ww- H-gp-Ipw- sp-]n- {]txy-i-ambn H p-an-. F m F mw D v. {]W_v apj Pn-bpsS se bqwn-b _P n Hmlcn hn]-wn v \ncm-i P\-I-ambn H p-an-. F m kmº-øn-i-h-f -bv mbn {]Jym-]n- n- pff \S-]-Sn-Iƒ ]tcm- -ambn hn]-wn v KpWw snøp-ibpw snøpw. Cu _P v aqew hn]wn Xmtgbv p t]mip-hm-\pff km[yx Ipd-hm-Wv. a v Imc-W߃sIm v hn]wn apt m v Ib-dm-Xncn- mw. F n t]mepw hfsc \ms-io-b-amb Hcp {]Jym-]\w _P- n-ep- v. t\cn p hn]-wnsb _m[n- p- -sx-s - nepw Zo L-Im-e-Øn hn]-wn v A\p-Iq-eamb kwk-xn-bm-wv. hntz-i-\n-t -]-Iÿm-]-\-ßsf ayqnz ^ n \nt ]w \S-Øp-hm A\p-h-Zn- -Xm-Wn- Xv. CXv IqSp-X ]Ww C y hn]-wnbn FØp-hm klm-bn- pw. ayqnz ^ p-iƒ v hy n-kx hntz-i-\n-t -]-Isc t\cn p kao-]n v ]Ww kzcq-]n- mw. Cu taje hnikn p hcp-hm Iptd ka-b-sa-sp- p-sa- nepw AXv hen-sbmcp am -Øns XpS- -am-wv. C y ayqnz ^ p-iƒ v hen-sbmcp _nkn-\kv Ah-k-c-amWv Xpd p In p- -Xv. AXm-bXv hntz-i-\nt -]-I-ÿm-]-\-ßfn IqSn A msxbpw C y Hmlcn hn]-wn-bn-tebv v \nt -]-sam-gp-in-sb-øm If-sam-cp-ßp- I-bmWv ]pxnb Xocp-am-\-Øn-eq-sS. hn]-wnbpw hntz-i-\n-t -]-I-ÿm-]- \-ßfpw hfsc t]mko- o-thmss ImWp kwk-xn-bmwv [\-Im-cy-ta-J-e-bnse A - S- w. [\-IΩn \S- p-h j-øn 5.1 ixam-\-øn-tebv v Xmgv Xpw ASpØ h jw 4.6 ix-am-\-øn-tebv pw AXn-\- Sp-Ø-h jw 4.1 ix-am-\-øn-tebv v FØn- p-hm\pw e y-an- n-cn- p- Xv \nt -]-I-cpsS Bi- -Isf KWy-ambn Ipd- n- p- v. \mwy-s -cp w Ipd-bv p- (14 Xp-S - -)- a{ n IW- m- p- p. CXv {]Xo- n- -Xn-t\- mƒ Ipd \ne-bn-em-wv [\-IΩn aq p ix-am-\-øn-tebv v XmgvØm-\mWv e y-an-sp- -Xv. Hmlcn hn]-wn-bpss G hpw Bi- -I-fn-sem- mb [\-IΩn Ipd-bp-I-bm-sW- mwv kmº-øni k th hy -am- p- -Xv [\-IΩn Pn Un ]nbpss 79.3 ix-am-\-am-bn-cp- Xv ixam-\-ambpw ix-am-\-ambpw Xmgp-sa- mwv IW- m- p- -Xv. CXv hn]- Wn-bpsS s]mxp-a-t\m-`mhw t]mko- ohv B p-sa v Icp-Xp- p. [\-I-Ωn-bn G hpw Bi {]I- Sn- n- p- Xv hntz-i-\n-t -]-Ik-Ym-]-\- ß-fm-Wv. Ah-cpsS Bi- bv v Ipdhp hcp kml-n-cy-øn IqSp-X \nt ]w C y hn]-wn-bn-tebv v FØm-\p-ff km[y-x-tb-sd-bm-wv Ie- h j-øn 1.34 e w timsn cq]-bpss \nt ]w \S-Ønb hntz-i-\n- Xv Fß-s\-b- mwv \nt -]-I C\n ImØn-cn- p- -Xv. tim ]-td v k m Pv Ipd- Xpw hn]- Wn t]mko- o-hmbn kzoi-cn- p \n t±i-am-wv. CXp-hgn Iº-\n-I-fpsS ssihiw IqSp-X ]W-sa-Øpw. k m Pv ]q Wambn ]n h-en- -W-sa- m-wv Iº\n taje--i-fpss Bhiyw. Ct m-gsø 7.5 ix-am-\- Øn \n v 5 ix-am-\-ambn Ipd- n-cn- p-ibm-wv. ASp- Ø-h jw Un Sn kn hcp- txmss k m Pv FSpØp Ifbm-\p-ff km[y-x-tb-sdbm-wv. Iº\n \nipxn 30 ix-am-\-ambn XpS-cp-I-bm-Wv. CXnepw tim ]-td v taj-ebv pw hn]-wn pw ]cm-xn-bn-. C {^mkv{s-ivn t_m p-ifnse \nt - ]-Øn\v hntz-i-\n-t -]-I-ÿm-]-\- ߃ p- m-bn-cp ]cn[n \men-c n h [n- n v 4 timsn tumf-dm- n-bxv ASnÿm-\-ku-I-cy-ta-J-esb i -am- pw. ASn-ÿm-\-ku-I-cy-ta-J-ebv v ]Ww kzcq-]n- p- Xv IqSp-X Ffp- -am-bn. ASn-ÿm-\-ku-I-cy-ta-J-ebv v Khs v \evip ap K-W-\bpw Cu taje-bnse Iº-\n-Iƒ pw cmpy-øn\p _-P- v- t]m-kn- o-hv- t -]-I-ÿm-]-\-߃ hnev]-\- m-cm-wv. P\p-h-cn-bn 6330 timsn cq]- bpss s\ v hnev]\ \S-Ønb AhcpsS s^{_p-hcn 25 hsc-bp-ff s\ v hnev]\ timsn cq]-bm-wv. Ig h jß-fnse kmº-øn-i-h-f ASpØ h jhpw XpS-cp-sa _P v {]Jym-]-\- ߃ hntz-i-\n-t ]w cmpyøv h [n- n- p- -Xn-\p-ff \S-]-Sn-Ifpw C y- hn]-wn-bn-tebv v IqSp-X hntz-i-\n-t - ]-sa-øp-hm\ns-bm- pw. Nne-t mƒ Ht m ct m Izm -dp-iƒ IqSn hntz-i-\n-t - ]-I-ÿm-]-\-߃ shbn v B Uv hm v kao-]\w kzoi-cn- p-hm-\m-wn-s. F mbmepw Zo L-Im-e-Øn C y hn]- Wn-bn Ah v h {]Xo- bpw Bfl-hn-izm-k-hp-ap- v. hntz-i-\n-t -]-I-ÿm-]-\-ß-sf C y hn-]-wn-bn-tebv v IS- - p- - Xn \n v ]n n-cn- n- p as mcp {][m\ kwkxn \mwy-s -cp- -am-wv. \mwy-s -cp sø \nb-{ n- p-hm s]mxp-thbpw KpWw snøpw. CXv hn]- Wn-bnepw t]mko- ohv Ne-\-߃ D m- pw. CXp-ambn _ -s kna v, sshzypxn XpS-ßnb taj-e-iƒ pw CXv KpW-am-Ipw. Nne Akw-kvIr-X-h-kvXp- fpssbpw D]-I-c-W-ß-fp-tSbpw Cd- p-axn Uyq n Ipd- Xv AXmXp taj-e-i-fnse Iº-\n-Iƒ v KpW-am-Ipw. ASn-ÿm-\- ku-i-cy-ta-jebv v ap nb ]c-k-w-\- bmwv Khs v \evinbn- p-f-f-xv. ]vfm snehmb 5.92 e w timsn cq]n-bn 2.72 e w timsn cq]bpw {Sm kvt]m v, ]h XpSßnb taj-e- Iƒ mwv hibn-cp-øn-bn- p-f- f-xv. CXv Xo -bmbpw Cu taj-e-bntebpw _ - s taj-e-ifn-tebpw Iº- \n-iƒ v KpWw \evipw. Kh-s ns IS-sa-Sp v {]Xo- n- - Xn-t\- mƒ Ipd- Xv Xo -bmbpw kº- ZvL-S-\bv v KpW-I-c-am-Wv. \S- p-h jw 4.47 e w timsn cq] I-S-sa-SpØ ÿm\øv e w timsn cq]-bmwv IS-sa-Sp- p-i. IqSp-X hn`hw CXp-hgn Iº-\n-Iƒ v e`y-am-ipw. Khs v skiyq-cn- n-iƒ hmßp- -Xn-\v _m p-i-fp-ss-ta-epff kω ±w Ipd-bpw. hmbv] simsp- p-hm IqSp-X XpI _m p-iƒ p e`n- p-ibpw snøpw. CXv ]tc- -ambn ]en-i-\n-c- p-iƒ Ipd-bphm\pw Imc-W-am-Ipw. hntz-i-\n-t ]w t{]m m-ln- n- p- - Xn-\p-ff \S-]-Sn-Iƒ FSp- p-sa v _P- n {]Jym-]n- n- p- v. F nepw hy - amb {]Jym-]-\-ap- m-i-øxv dos -bn Dƒs -ss-bp-ff ]e taj-e-i-fn-tebpw Hml-cn-IfpsS at\m-`m-hsø _m[n- p. hntz-i-\n-t ]w h [n- p- Xp kw_- n v hni-z-amb N \SØn hcn-i-bm- Wv Kh-s v. Xma-kn-bmsX {]Jym-]-\- ߃ D m-ipw. dos -bn, C jp-d kv taj-e-i-fn t\cn- p-ff hntz-i-\n-t ]w h [n- n- p- Xp kw_- n {]Jym-]- \-߃ D m-ip-sa v {]Xo- -bp- m-bncp- p. Ign _P- n {]Jym-]n- n-cp ]pxnb _m p-iƒ p-ff ssek kv ]pxnb kmº-øn-i-h j-øn {]mh Øn-I-am-Ip-sa {]Xo- -bmwv _P v \evip- -Xv. dnk hv _m v ]pd- Øp-hn N m t] -dns ASn-ÿm-\- Øn \S-]-Sn-Iƒ D m-ip-sa v {]Xo- n- mw. kmaq-ly-ta-j-e-iƒ pw {KmaoW taje-iƒ pw Im jni taj-e-iƒ pw {]Jym-]n- n- p-f-f-]- -Xn-Ifpw ]tcm- -ambn hn]-wntbbpw hyh-km-b-tøbpw klmbn- p- -Xm-Wv. {Kmao-W-ta-J-e-bnse hcpam\w h [\ D]-t`mKw h [n- n- p-ibpw hyh-km-b-ta-j-esb ]pjvsn-s -Sp-Øp- Ibpw snøpw. _P- nse {]Jym-]-\-߃ IS-emkn \n v {]rhr-øn-]-y-øn-tebv v \oßnbn-cp- p-sh- n hn]-wn-bn AXns i amb {]Xn-^-e\w ImWmam-bn-cp- p. {]Jym-]-\-ßsf t]mko- ohmbn FSp-Øp-sh- kqn-\-am-{x-amwv _P v Zn\-ß-fnse {]I-S-\-Øn-eqsS hn]wn \evin-bn- p-f-f-xv. Ch {]hr-ønbn-tebv v \oßn-bm hn]-wn ]pxnb Db-c-ß-fn-tebv v \oßpw. km[n- m C y hn]-wn-bn-te-bv pff hntzi ]W-sam-gp v h [n- pw. Pq Pqsse-tbmsS sk skivkv kqnni t]mbn n-tebv v FØp-sa v G t{_m nwkv ^ v amt\-p ^m\n tij A`n-{]m-b-s -Sp- p. Ct mƒ hn]-wn-bpss ]n C 15 BWv. F nepw hn]-wn-bpss \o sø kzm[o-\n- p {][m\ LS-I-߃ \mwy-s -cp- hpw ]en-i-\n-c- nse \o hp-am-sw v At±lw Iq n-t p- p. \mwy-s -cp w Xmgp-I-bm-sW- n AXv hn]-wn-bpss sk n-sa n\v t]mko- ohv LS-I-am-bn-cn- pw. \mwy-s -cp w Ipd-bp- n-s - n sk skivkv t]mbn n ho p-sa-øp-sa pw tij ]d-bp- p. _P- n\ptijw hn]wn i -amb Xncn- p-h-chv \S-Øp-sa- mwv Im hn tãmiv t{_m nwkv Iº-\n-bpsS sshkv {]kn-u v Aw_-coj _en-k-bpss A`n- {]m-bw. _P v {]Xo G hpw Xmgv \ne-bn-em-wv. AXn-\m Xs AXn-\ptijw _P v hn]wn kulr-z-ambn amdntb- m-sa- mwv _en-k-bpss hne-bn-cp- Ø. _P v t]mko- ohv BsW- n \n^v n \ne-hm-c-øn-tebv v GXm\pw BgvN-Iƒ p-f-fn FØpsa pw At±lw Iq n-t p- p. _P v sk n-sa v Nm P BsW- mwv sf sf F^v Fens \n a Pbn-\ns A`n-{]m-bw. {]txy-in pw [\- IΩn \nb-{ n- p- -Xn\p km[n- -Xn\p ]pdta Kh-s ns IS-sa-Sp pw Ipd- n-cn- p-i-bmsw pw At±lw ]d-bp- p. F m-bmepw hn]-wn 5000 t]mbn v Np -f-hn I tkm-fn-tu-j t\sp-sa- mwv {]Xo- n- p- -Xv. hn]-wn-bnse Xncp-Ø-en \nt -]w \S-Øp-I-sb t]mw hgnsb \nt -]-I\v apºn-ep-f-fp. Zo L-Im-e-Øn ani dnt C y hn]-wn-bn \n v {]Xo- n- mw. Ct mgsø td v _u v ÿnxn-bn \n v ]pd-øp-h-cp-hm GXm\pw Izm -dp-i-sf- nepw hn]-wn v th n hcpw.

7 C y \mem-asø henb hml\hn]-wn-bmipw aq p h j-øn-\p- n C y \mem-asø henb bm{xm hml\ hn]-wnbmbn Db-cpw. AXn-\Iw 2000 timsn tumf-dns (91000 timsn cq]) aqe-[-\-\nt ]w D m-i-ww. ]pxnb F p-]øv hml-\-\n ΩmW πm p-iƒ D m-ti- - Xpap- v. aq p h j-øn-\- pdw 35 e w bm{xm-hm-l-\-߃ C y-bn hn -gn- psa v BtKm-f-I kƒ kn-bmb _qkv B Uv tim \nk-an- p- p. Atacn, ssn\, P m F n-h-bmipw C y p ap n D m-hp-i C y-bn 20 e w bm{xm hml-\-߃ hn p. Cu h j-axv 24 7 sfsn-bn Cs m w dn{iq- vsa v hk w cmpysø sfsn taje Cs m w henb IpXn- n\v Hcp-ßp- p. AX-\p-k-cn v IqSp-X t]sc tpmen-s -Sp- p-ibpw snøpw. sfsn taj-e-bnse G hpw henb A p-i-º-\n-iƒ tn v Cs m w 1.8 e w t]sc dn{iq v snøp-sa- m-wv kq-n-\ \p tijw C{X Bth-i-I-camb dn{iq- vsa v kµ `w D m-bn- n-. c p ZiIw sim v IÆ- n- p hf -bmwv C y sfsn hyh-km-b- Øn-\p- m-b-xv tihew H -c-e w t]tc Cu taj-e-bn-ep- m-bn-cp- p- q. sshspsi Bi aq [-\y-øn-emb 1999 CXv A p-e- -Øn-te p Ibdn. Ct mƒ 20 e w t] sfsn cwkøp tpmen-sb-sp- p- p \mep e w t] v sfsn Iº-\n-Iƒ tpmen \ In. ]nt -h jw dn{iq- vsa v 2.5 e -ambn XmWp e -Øn-te pw 10 shdpw Hcp e -Øn-te pw dn{iq- vsa v CSn- p. Cs m w samøw sfsn dn{iq- vsa v \mep e w FØp-sa- mwv {]Xo-. C y Iº-\n-Iƒ p ]pdta sf_n-fw, BIvk-, F v]n, sp ]mivsv, CUn-Fkv XpS-ßnb BtKm-f-`o-a- mcpw dn{iq- vsa v txmxv h [n- n- p. sfsn apx hml-\-\n ΩmWw hsc hnhn[ taj-e-i-fn km n- y-ap alo{µ {Kq v Cs m- w {]^-j-w-ep-isf dn{iq v snøp-sa v {]Xo- n- p- p. bp-fkv hml-\- hn-]wn DW p \mep-h j-øn\p tijw Ata-cn- hml\ hn]-wn v Db bp.-fkv hml-\-hn-]wn 11 ix-am\w hf t\sn. samøw hn ]\ 116 e w hml-\-߃. Unkw-_-dn 16 amk-øn-\n-s-bnse G hpw ani hn ]-\-bm- Wp- m-b-xv. Cu DW hv \ne \n m 2011 se hn ]\ 130 e w IS- p-sa p Iº-\n-Iƒ Icp-Xp- p. P\-d tamt mgvkpw t^m Up-amWv H pw c pw ÿm\-ß-fn. ssmtbm aq ma-xm-bn Nne kpc- m-hn-j-b-߃ h -txm-ss-bmwv ssmtbm- -bpss H mw ÿm\w t]mb-xv. Ign- -h jhpw ssmtbm- bv p hn ]\ IqSn-bn-. F nepw e zdn Im {_m Up-I-fn H mw ÿm\w ssmtbm- -bpss seivk-kn\p Xs. c m-axv _nfw-u-ªyp. BtKm-f-hm-l\ hn ]-\-bn ssmtbm Xs -bmwv H m-a-xv. e -am-ipw. Ct mƒ temi-øn Ggmw ÿm\w C y-bv p- v. 15 apx 20 hsc ixam\w hm jni hf -bmwv hn ]-\-bn-ep- -Xv C y-bnse bm{xm-hm-l\ hn ]\ 30 ix-am\w h [n- -Xmbn td nwkv GP kn-bmb ^n v IW- m- p- p. Unkw-_-dn amcp-xn, lyp mbn XpS-ßnbh 50 ix-am-\-øn-tesd hf t\sn-b-xm-wv. amcpxn 54 ix-am\w hf tbmss 1.38 e w Imdp-Iƒ hn p. lyp m-bn-bpss hn ]\ \n v Bbn. Cs m w C y-bn 50 ]pxnb Im tamu-ep-iƒ Ah-X-cn- n- p-sa- mwv {]Xo-. Ign- -h jw Hcp Uk-\n-tesd tamu-ep-iƒ Cd-ßn. ssmtbm C n-tbmkvenh-bp-ambn timw]mivsv Im hn]-wn-bn-en-d-ßpw. 3.8 e w apx 5.5 e w cq] hscbmwv hne. tlm -bpss {_ntbm 4.5 e w Bdp e w taj-e-bn hcpw. amcp-xn-bpss ]pxnb kzn^v n\v \mep apx 5.6 e w hscbmipw hne. tdh-bpss F -FIvkvPn A p-e w cq]bv p hcpw. e zdn Imdmb Inkmjn-bp-am-bmWv amcpxn kpkpin Cs m w hn]-wn-bn Cd-ßp-I. Fkv.-FIvkv t^kn\p ]pxnb Uok F Pn \ Ipw. lyq mbn sfss- n\pw PnFw _o n\pw Uok tamu hcpw. kq e zdn hn`m-k-øn sa kn-sukv Xß-fpsS ta_miv ]p\-c-h-x-cn- n- pw. Bdp-tIm-Sn-bmIpw hne. HmUn-bpsS HmUn 8 Dw (hne 75 e w) Cs m w FØpw. t]m sj ]\-tac H -c-t msn cq] hnebv p In pw. kmwtkymw-kns simdm tum, alo{µ B Uv alo{µbn \n v 17 apx 20 hsc e w cq]bv v \nc-øn-en-d-ßpw. t^mivkv hmk 28 e w cq]bv v XnKzm Cd- pw. Sqho-e-dn tlm -bpss kn _n B 250 B, 250 kn n hn`m-k-øn {]oanbw tamu-embn FØpw. _nfwuªyqhpw sisn-fωpw C ybn-te v Cs m w FØpw. hml-\-hn ]-\-bn 31 ix-am\w h [\ 2010 C y-bnse hml-\-hn ]\ 31 ix-am\w IqSn. Cu h t\ w Cs m w Bh Øn- m Ign-bn-s - mwv an Iº-\n-Ifpw Icp-Xp- -Xv. Ign h jsø hf kmº-øn-i-cw-k-øp- m-hn-s [mc-w-bmwv CXn\p ]n n. ]en-i-h [-\bpw D ] hne- -b w aqe-ap hml-\-hne h [-\bpw Cs m w hn ]\ Ipd-bv p-sa p Iº-\n-Iƒ Icp-Xp- p e w Imdp-I-fmWv C y-bn hn -Xv. AtX kabw ssn\-bn-em-is 138 e -hpw. C y-bn samøw hml-\-hn ]\ 31 ix-am\w IqSn-b-t mƒ Im hn ]\ h [n Xv 29 ix-am-\w. amcp-xn-bpss h [\ 26 ix-am-\-am-bn-cp- p. hmwn-py-hm-l-\-hn ]\ 27 ix-am\amwv h [n- -Xv.

8 8 P ms\ am n ssn\ \º Sp AXv- Hu-tZym-Kn-I-am-bn.- ssn-\- c- mw- ÿm-\-tø- p- I-b-dn.- A-hn-sS- B-bn-cp- - P- m - aq- mw- ÿm-\-tø- v- Xm-Wp.- hm -jn-i-k-º-øv- A-Y-hm- sam-ø- B-`y- -c- D -]m-z-\w- (Pn-Un-]n-)- h- p- - I-W- n - ssn-\ P- ms\- ]n- - n.- I-gn- - h -jw- ssn-\- bp-ss- Pn-Un-]n {Sn-ey- - (e- wtim-sn-)- tum-f.- P- m-t -Xv {Sn- ey-.- \m-ep- Z-i-I-am-bn- \n-e- \n-dp-øn-bncp- - c- mw- ÿm-\-am-wv- P- m - \-jv- S-am- n-bn- p- -Xv.- I-gn- - h -jw- ssn- \ i-x-am-\w- h-f - -t mƒ- P- ms - h-f i-x-am-\w.- I-gn- - h - j-sø- A-h-km-\- Izm - -dn - P- m-\v i-x-am-\w- Np-cp-ß-em-Wv- kw-`-hn- - Xv.- A-tX- k-a-bw- ssn-\ i-x-am- \w- h-f-cp-i-bm-bn-cp- p.- ]-Xn-\m-ep-{Sn-ey-Wn-te-sd- h-ep- -ap- - A-ta-cn- -bp-ts-xm-wv- tem-i-øn-se- G- -hpw- h-en-b- Pn-Un-]n- C- y-bp-ss- Pn- Un-]n {Sn-ey-Wn-epw- Xm-sg- bm-wv tim-sn- P-\-ß-fp- - ssn-\- c- mw- ÿm-\-tø- v- F-Øn-sb- n-epw- B-tfm-l-cn- Pn-Un-]n-bn - h-f-sc- ]n- nem-wv tum-f-td- D- q.- A-tX- k- a-bw- A-ta-cn- -bn-se- B-tfm-l-cn- h-cpam-\w tum-f.- P- m-\p-ap- v- ssn- \- m-c-s - ]-Øn-c- n- B-tfm-l-cn- h-cpam-\w.- C- y-bp-ss- B-tfm-l-cn- h-cp-am- \w- ssn-\-bp-ss- \m-en-sem- p- am-{xw.- c- mw- ÿm-\w- \-jv-s-am-bn- F- v- A-dn-hm-b- Zn-h-kw- Pm- -\o-kv- Hm-l-cnhn-]-Wn- kq-nn-i i-x-am-\w- D-b-cp- I-bm-Wv- sn-bv-x-xv.- \m-emw- Izm - -dnse- Np-cp-ß - B-Zyw- `-b-s - n-cp- -Xnepw- Ip-d-hm-b-Xm-Wv- Im-c-Ww seh-f - -sb- - n- ip-`-{]-xo- - Iq-Sn-b-Xpw- Im-c-W-am-Wv.- ssm-tbm-,- sim-am-sv-kp- Xp-S-ßn-b- h-en-b- Pm- -\o-kv- I-º-\n-Iƒ- C-s m- w- I-b- p-a-xn- K-Wy-am-bn- Iq-Spsa- pw- A-Xp-h-gn- em-`w- h -[n- p-sa- pw- {]-Xo- n- p- p.- C-s m- w- B-Zy-Izm - -dn i-x-am-\w- Pm- -\o-kv- Pn-Un-]nh-f-cp-sa- m-wv- _v-fqw-s_ -Kv- k -th-bnse- \n-k-a-\w.- h -jm-h-km-\- tøm-ss i-x-am-\w- h-f - - {]-Xo- n- mw.- c- p- Z-i-I-am-bn- h-f - - bn- m-ø- \n-e-bn-em-wv- Pm- -\o-kv- k-º-zv-l-s-\.- F-gp-]-Xp-I-fn-epw- F- - ]-Xp-I-fn-epw- A-km-am-\y- th-k-øn-ep- - I-b- p-a-xnh-f - -tbm-sp- Iq-Sn- h - h-f - - t\-snb- P- m - H-c-h-k-c-Øn - A-ta-cn- sb- I-S-Øn-sh- p-sa- p- h-sc- ]-e-cpw- I-cp-Xn.- Pm- -\o-kv- Z-i-I-sØ- - n- am- {X-a- - Pm- -\o-kv- i-x-i-sø- - n- h-sc- ]p-kv-x-i-߃- D- m-bn.- ]-t,- F- -]-Xp-I-fn-se- A-Xn-th- K- h-f - - Hm-l-cn-I-fn-epw- dn-b - F- tã- n-ep-sa- mw- h-en-b- Ip-an-f-Iƒ- p- Im-c-W-am-bn.- 90 I-fp-sS- B-Zyw \p- k-ao-]-tø- p- ]m- p- \n-ss - Hm-l-cn- kq-nn-i.- A- p- tsm- n-tbmbn-se- Cw-]o-cn-b - sim- m-c-øn-s - hne- A-ta-cn- -bn-se- Im-en-t^m -Wn-bkw-ÿm-\-Øn-s - ap-gp-h - hn-e-tb- mfpw- Iq-Sp-X-em-bn.- s]m-sp- -t\- Ip-an-f- X-I - p.- dnb - F-tÃ- pw- Hm-l-cn-I-fpw- Iq- p-ip- Øn.- \n-c- -c-am-b- hn-e-bn-sn-hn - Pn-Un- ]n-bpw- Xm-Wp.- I-b- p-a-xn-bpw- hym-]mc-an- -hpw- Xp-S -s - n-epw- cm-pyw- ]-Wtim-j-W- (D-e-f-l-a-tion-)- Øn-s - ]n- Sn-bn-em-bn.- I-gn- - H-cp- Z-i-I-Øn - P- m-s - km-º-øn-i-h-f - - {]-Xn-h -jw i- X-am-\-am-bn-cp- p.- B-e- m-cn-i-am-bn- ]- d- m - H-cp- \-jv-s-z-i-i-am-bn-cp- p- A- Xv.- bq-tdm- n-se- P -Ω-\n- pw- C-tXtXm-Xn-em-bn-cp- p- Z-i-I-Øn-se- h-f - -sb- n-epw- P -a-\n- v- ]-W-tim-j- Ww- t]m-ep- - {]-iv-\-߃- t\-cn-ts- n- h- n-.- b-ym - -Øn - Pm- -\o-kv- {]-iv-\whn-im-e-am-b- km-º-øn-i- \-b-ß-fp-sstbm- ]-cn-]m-sn-i-fp-ss-tbm- ^-e-am-bn-cp- n-.- a-dn- v- P- \-kw-jy-bp-ts-xm-bn-cp- p.- Pm- -\o-kv- P-\-kw-Jy- Npcp-ßp-I-bm-Wv.- Np-cp-ßp- -X-\p-k-cn- v- hr- -cp-sstxm-xv- Iq-Sp- p,- tpm-ensb-sp- p- -h-cp-ss- F-Æw- Ip-d-bp- p Z-i- I-Øn - P- m-\n - tpmen-sb-sp- m-hp- - {]m-b- Øn-ep- - h-cp-ss- kw-jy- 35 e- w- I- v- Ip-d-bp- a-t{x.- P-\-kw-Jy- ({]-txy-in- pw- sxm-gn-se- Sp- p- -h-cp-ss- kw-jy-)- Ip-d-bp- -X- \p-k-cn- v- P- m-s - km-º-øn-i- {]m-[m- \y-hpw- i- n-bpw- Ip-d-bp-I-bm-Wv.- A- Xm-Wn-t mƒ- Im-Wp- -Xv.- A-ta-cn- sb-t m-se- Iq-Sp-X - hn-tz-in-i-sf- B- I -jn- m - am-{x-ta- ho- pw- D-b - bp-ss- h-gn-bn- em-im - P- m-\p- I-gn-bq.- P- m-s - Cu- K-Xn- X-s -bm-wv- P - a-\n,- C- -en- Xp-S-ßn- P-\-kw-Jy- h -[n- ]W-hn-Nmcw n. kn. amxyp m-ø- {]-ap-j- bq-tdm-]y - k-º-zv-l- S-\-Iƒ- pw- h-cm - t]m-ip- - sx- m- Wv- sk- - t^m- - bq-tdm-]y - t]mfn-kn- Ã-Uo-kn-s - U-b-d-Iv-S - P-\-d - Um-\n-tb - t{km-kv- Cu-bn-sS- A-`n-{]mb- s - -Xv.- A-ta-cn- -bpw- bp.-si-bpw- {^m - kpw- C- m-cy-øn - C-t mƒ- sa- -s - - \n-e-bn-em-wv.- Im-c-Ww- A-hn-Sß-fn - tpm-en-sb-sp- p- - {]m-b-ønep- -h - h -[n- p- p- v.- STATEMENT ABOUT OWNERSHIP AND OTHER PAR- TICULARS OF VOICE OF WEALTH MONTHLY Form IV (See rules 8) 1. Place of Publication : Kochi 2. Periodicity of its Publication : Monthly 3. Printer s Name : George Alexander Muthoot Nationality : Indian Address : G343, Panampilly Nagar, Kochi Publisher s name : George Alexander Muthoot Nationality : Indian Address : G343, Panampilly Nagar, Kochi Editor s Name : T. C. Mathew Nationality : Indian Address : Thanickal, Kadalikad P O, Muvattupuzha, Name and address of : George Alexander individuals who own the Muthoot, G343, newspaper and particulars of Panampilly shareholders who own more Nagar, Kochi-36 than one percent of the total capital I, George Alexander Muthoot, hereby declare that the particulars given above are true to the best of my knowledge and belief. Sd/- Date George Alexander Muthoot

9 9 C ybpw Hcp D]t`m rhnekqnni Ct mƒ Xømdm nbncn p p. km[\ßfpss am{xa tkh\ßfpssbpw hne \nehmcw tn ØmWv Cu kqnni se hne\nehmcw B[mcam nbmbxn\m kaimeni PohnXmhiyßsf IqSpX \ mbn {]Xn^en n m CXn\p Ignbpw. PohnXs ehv IW m m ]pxnb hnekqnni hne b hpw ]Ws cp hpw kw_ n IWs Sp v F pw ZpjvIcamWv. km[mcw P\Øn\v an t mgpw Zp {KlhpamWXv. H sbm km[\ßfpssbpw tkh\ßfpssbpw hne h mwv km[mcw m hne\nehmcw IW m pi. t]m n \n v snehm p XpI Cc nbmbmepw hne b W v hcptºmƒ ]tøm ]Xn\t m ixam\w am{xw Ib w. CXp km[mcw P\ßsf Nn m pg Ønem p p. hnekqnnibpss IW piƒ hcptºmƒ Ah icnbs p hnebncpøm\pw AXp t{]cn n p p. GXm\pw km[\߃ am{xw h hnekqnni F Imcyw A[nIrX th {X hnizoicn mdn. PohnXØn D]tbmKn p sx p IcpXp samøw km[\ßfpss IWs SpØmWv kqnni Xømdm p Xv. Ah Hmtcm pw samøw snehns F{X`mKamsW p \n Æ bn p p. DZmlcWambn ` Ww, AXv Hcp h jsø snehns F{X `mkw hcpsa p t\m p p. AtXt]mse C \w, sshzypxn, bm{x, acp v, hkv{xw XpSßnb a v Bhiy߃ p snehpw \n Æbn p p. Hmtcm n\pw samøw PohnXs ehnep A\p]mXw F{Xtbm A{Xbpambncn pw AXns hne hyxymkw sim p hcp snehv hyxymkw. DZmlcWambn sshzypxn s ehv samøw PohnXs ehns A pixam\amsw ncn s. sshzypxnhne Cc n m t]mepw kqnnibn hcp am w A pixam \amwv. s]t{smfn\p PohnXØn (t\cn pw ]tcm ambpw) aq p ixam\w ] ps n AXns hne 20 ixam\w IqSptºmƒ samøw kqnni 0.6 ixam\ta IqSq. B\p]mXnI {]m[m\yw (Weightage) \ In Xømdm p kqnniifpss sb mw kz`mhanxmwv. C ybnse {][m\hne kqnniisf mw C{]Imcw D hbmwv. cmpyøv CXphsc A p {][m\hne kqnniifmwv D mbn cp Xv. H psamøhne kqnnibpw \mseæw D]t`m rhne kqnnibpw. samøhnekqnni (WPI) t]cv kqnn n p Xp t]mse Xs samøhnesb B[mcam nbmwv. hml\hn ]\ hf Ipd p t]mb h jøns Bthiw C mø XpS w se hml\hn]wnbpss P\phcn {]IS\w AXmWv. Im hn]wn 13.7 ixam\w hf ImWn t mƒ SqhoedpIƒ 20 ixam\øn e[niw hf p. amcpxn kpkpinbpss hn ]\ ixam\w hf v 1,09,743 Bbn. lyp mbnbpss ImcyØn hn ]\ XmgpIbmbncp p. 1.7 ixam\w Ipdhv FÆamWv lyp mbnbpss P\phcn hn ]\. Sm mbpss hn ]\ 14 ixam\w hf v seøn. alo{µ 15 ixam\w hf tbmss FÆØnseØn. Sqhoedn SnhnFkv tamt mgvkn\v 29 ixam\w hf tbmss FÆw hn m\mbn. lotdm tlm FÆw hn p. hf 20 ixam\w. ]enibpw hnebpw IqSnbXmWv hn ]\bn hf IpdhmIm ImcWw. Ign h jw hsc se hne B[mcam nbmbncp p B kqnni. Ct mƒ AXv se hne h m n. t\csø 435 km[\ßfpss hne t\m nbncp ÿm\øv 676 km[\ßfpss hnebmwv ]pxnb kqnnibnep Xv. ]gb kqnnisb At] n v Ct mgsø PohnX s ehnt\msv IqSpX ASpØp \n p XmWv ]pxnb kqnni. CXn\p ]pdtabmwv \mev D]t`m rhnekqnniiƒ (CPI) Nn dhne B[mcam nbmwv Cu kqnniiƒ Xømdm p Xv. CXp \mseæap v. I jisømgnemfniƒ, {KmaoWsXmgnemfnIƒ, hyhkmb sxmgnemfniƒ, \Kcßfnse ImbntI XcsXmgnemfnIƒ F nßs\ \mep hn`mk߃ v hyxykvxamb kqnniiƒ. tziob kmw]nƒ k th {]Imcw Hmtcm hn`mkøns bpw PohnXØn D]tbmKn p km[\kma{kniƒ IW m n AhbpsS B\p]mXnI {]m[m\yw \n bn mwv Cu kqnniiƒ Xømdm p Xv. C{Xbpw kqnniiƒ D mbncp s nepw cmpyøv Hcp icnbmb D]t`m rhnekqnni C mbncp p. hniknx cmpyßsf mw D]t`m r hnekqnni B[mcam nbmwv hne b hpw \mwys cp hpw s]cn-kvtim v si.-b.-_n-pn-tam \n Æbn p Xv. C ybmis samøhnekqnni B[mcam nbpw. CXp am m\mbn C ybpw Hcp D]t`m rhnekqnni Ct mƒ Xømdm nbncn p p. km[\ßfpss am{xa tkh\ßfpssbpw hne \nehmcw tn ØmWv Cu kqnni se hne \nehmcw B[mcam n bmbxn\m kaimeni PohnXmhiy ßsf IqSpX \ mbn {]Xn^en n m CXn\p Ignbpw. kwÿm\߃ p sht sdbmwv kqnni IW m pi. {KmaoWtaJ ebv pw \Kc߃ pw thsd thsd kqnni D v. Ch kwtbmpn n v H kqnnibm p p se icmicn hne \nehmcw 100 F p k ]n p Xømdm nb kqnnibpss 2011 P\phcnbnse IW piƒ ]pdøp hn n p v se icmicntb mƒ {KmataJebn GgpiXam\hpw \KctaJebn \mep ixam\hpw samøw hcptºmƒ BdpiXam\hpw hne IqSn F mwv AXp ImWn p Xv. F m CXp hm jni hne b tømx. AXp e`n m 2012 P\phcn IgnbWw. At mtg Hcp h jw ap ]sø hnebn \n v F{X Ibdn F dnbm\miq. AXphsc amkhy Xnbm\w am{xw IrXyambn Adnbmw. {Kmaßfn 225 km[\ßfpssbpw \Kcßfn 250 km[\ßfpssbpw hnebmwv kqnnibv mbn FSp p Xv. A phn`mkw km[\tkh\߃ CXn\mbn ]cnkwn p p. ` Ww, ]m\ob߃, ]pibne F nh Dƒs XmWv G hpw {][m\w. 50 ixam\w BWv CXns shbnt Pv. AXmbXv icmicn C y mcs PohnXs ehn 50 ixam\w Chbv msw mwv. hnzym`ymkw, KXmKXw, BtcmKyc F nh Dƒs ]ehi hn`mkøn\v ixam\w B\p]mXnI{]m[m\yw. ]m nsøn\v 9.5 ixam\w {]m[m\yap v. C \w shfn w hn`mkøn\pw 9.5 ixam\w {]m[m\yap v. hkv{xw sncp v InS F nh Dƒs hn`mkøn\v 4.7 ixam\w BWv ] v. ]pxnb kn]nsf ASpØ h jw apx dnk hv _m pw a pw \bcq]oicwøn\v D]tbmKn pw. samøhne kqnni t]mse CXpw Ãm nãnivkv a{ mebamwv Xømdm pi. ]gb kn]nsfiƒ sxmgn a{ mebw XpS pw Xømdm pw. thx\w, ma_ø, XpSßnbhbv v B kqnniifmwv D]tbmKn p Xv. tkh\tajebnse C\߃ IqSn s]spønbn p Xn\m ]pxnb kn]nsf PohnXs ehns icnbmb \nz i\amipsa mwv {]Xo.

10 10 t aw Iq p- p; IS-hpw n.kn amxyp hmkvzm\-ß-fpss s]cp-ag. t a-]- -Xn- I-fpsS AXn-hrjvSn. sxc-s -Sp v ap n I- p _P v \n anxn. cmjv{so-b-a-cymz ewln p F XmWv FSpØp ]d-tb Imcyw. \nb-a-k- `msxc-s -Sp v tabv ]Ip-Xn p ap ]v \S- -Ww. ]pxnb [\-Imcyh jw tihew H -c-am-ksø `c-wta Cu a{ n-k-`-bv p- q. ]ns ]pxnb a{ nk` thww. Aß-s\-sbm-c-h-ÿ-bn ]pxnb {]Jym-]-\-ßtfm hmkvzm-\-ßtfm C mø _P- mwv Ah-X-cn- n-t - -Xv. ]t acymz ]men-t -s v CS-Xp-ap- -Wn-bpw [\-a{ n tum. Sn.Fw txmakv sfk pw Xocp-am-\n- p. AXn-\m hmkvzm-\-s -cp-a-g-bmbn Hcp _P v Ah- X-cn- n- p. sfkiv 753 timsn cq]-bpss A[nI sne-hp-i-fmwv _P- n {]Jym- ]n- Xv. t a-]- -Xn-I-fpsS hym]-\hpw t a s] j-\p-i-fpss h [-\bp-sams -bmwv CXn {][m\w. Ah-sb mw \ -Xp-Xs. F m AXn\p X hcp-am\w Iq m Hcp \n t±-i-hp-an-. AXm-bXp sxc-s -Sp v ap n I v Iptd-tbsd B\p-Iq-ey-߃ hmcn-t mcn {]Jym-]n- p. Bscbpw hnj-an- n- m-xn-cn- m \nipxn h [-\-sbm pw {]Jym-]n- -Xp-an-. F m-hcpw kt m-jn v Xs ap - Wn p thm v snø-w-sa v tum. sfkiv B{K-ln- p- p. ap Im-eØpw sxc-s -Sp n\p sxm p-ap ]v _P- p-iƒ Ah-X-cn- n- mdp- v. ]t, ]pxnb ] -Xn-Ifpw ]cn- ]m-sn-ifpw D m-im-dn-. snehp Iq epw D m-im-dn. tum. sfkiv B Iogvhg- -aßp am n h p. At mƒ F p kw`-hn p? sne-hn-\-\p-k-cn p hcp-am\w IqSm-Ø- Xn-\m IΩn IqSn, ISw IqSn. kwÿm- \sø P\-ß-fpsS Npa-ense `mcw IqSn. IΩn-bn-te pw IW- p-i-fn-te pw IS- pw-ap ]v Hcp Imcyw. _P- n Imcyamb \nipxn am -ß-fn-. F p-s]m-sn, ssph-h-fw, sn - v, {Ij aw, aæv, ss\tem Ib, πmãniv Ib, ti_nƒ Sn hn, NqSm-dm-s n XpS-ßnb Iptd C\-߃ v \nipxn Ipdbv pitbm C mxm pitbm snbvxp. CsX mw _ -s hyh-km-b-ßsf kwc- n- m snbvx-xm-wv. P\-߃ v D]-Im-c-hp-ap- -Xm-Wv. Ah-bpsS IqsS aq p hn`m-k-ß-sf- qsn tum. sfkiv Xtem-Sn. api-fn ]d- h t]mse \ma-a{x hcp-am\w In p hn`m-k-ßf Ah. _mdp-iƒ lukvt_m- p-iƒ, kz Æ- -S-Iƒ F nh-bv mwv Xtem-S. Ahbv v \nipxn timw]u- nwkv \nc v KWy-ambn Ipd p simsp-øp. Xte-h jw HSp- n-b-xns \n n-x-i-x-am\w Iq n \nipxn HSp- nbm hni-z-amb IW p ]cn-tim-[\ Hgnhm- m-sa- -XmWv timw]u- nw-kns t\ w. AXm-bXv I -h-sw F{X IqSnbmepw \nipxn HSp-t XpI timw]u- nwkv \nc v A\p-k-cn- p- Xp am{xw. B \nc v Ipd-bv pi F p ]d- m ho pw \nip-xn-bn-fhv F w. BcmWv ]d- Xv CS-Xp-] w apxem-fn-am s -Xn-cm-sW v? ]mh-s - -h-cpss t a-s] j \qdp-cq] Iq nbt mƒ _m apx-em-fn pw kz W-ap-X-em-fn pw \ In \nip-xn-bn-f-hv. CXmWv tkmjyenãv \oxn. _P- n Hcp khn-ti-j-{]-jym-]-\-ap- Xv \h-pmx inip- -fpss t]cn ]Xn- \m-bncw cq] \nt -]n- p ] -Xn-bm- Wv. {_n -\n Iptd h jw ap ]v Bcw- `n- -Xm-W-Xv. P\-\-tØmXv Ipd- p-hcp kml-n-cy-øn `mhnbn snehv [\-a{ n tum. Sn.Fw txmakv sfkiv Ipd- p hcm-hp Hcn-\-am-Wn-Xv. Ct mƒ icm-icn \mep-e w BWv tic-f-ønse hm jni P\-\-tØmXv. Ch-cn _n]n- F hn`m-k-øn\p 10,000 cq]bpw F]n- F hn`m-k-øn\p 5000 cq]bpw BWv ÿnc-\n-t -]-ambn \ Ip-I. 18 hb-km- Ip-tºmƒ As - n πkvsp Ign-bptºmƒ Cu XpI ]en-i-b-s w Ip n p In pw. ]Xn-\m-bncw cq]-bpss \nt ]w At m-tg v 70,000 cq]-sb- nepw Bbn- ticf k m ]ncn- p \nip-xn-sim v Chn-SsØ iº-fhpw s] j\pw ap ImesØSp-ØXpw Ct mƒ FSp- p -Xpamb IS-Øns ]en-ibpw simsp- m ] p- n-. Aß-s\-bm n h p snehpw hc-hpw. a p kwÿm\-߃ pw Ch-sbm-s -Xs henb sne-hp-iƒ. ]t Ah-bv p henb hcp-am\ C\-ß-fp-ap v. [mcmfw hyh-km-b߃ {]h Øn- p- Xp hgn \nipxn hchv IqSp-X In p p. p- m-ipw. kwÿm\øp 40 ix-am\w IpSpw-_- ßsf _n]n-f B m-\mwv Kh sa v Dt±-in- p- -Xv. AXm-bXv P\n- p Ip n-i-fn 40 ix-am\w (Dt±iw 1.6 e w) _n]n-f. _m n 2.4 e w F]n-F. _n]n-f-ense 1.6 e - Øn\p 10,000 cq] h v 160 timsn cq] thww. F]n-F-ense 2.4 e -Øn\v 5000 cq] h v 120 timsn cq]bpw. BsI 280 timsn cq]. t a-cmjv{sw (Welfare state) F k ]-Øns XpS -bmwv CsX- mw. Kh sa v P\-ß-fn alm-`q-cn-]- - Øn\pw th -sx mw \ Ip kwhn- [m-\-ambn amdp- -XmWv t a-cm-jv{sw. s] j-\mbpw C jp-d kmbpw Btcm- Ky-kp-c- -bmbpw ` y-kp-c- -bmbpw hnzym-`ymk kpc- -bm-bp-sams th sx mw k m \ Ip-I. AXns `mkamwv \h-pm-x-in-ip-hn-\p Cu ]Xn-\mbncw cq]-bpss ] -Xn. CXn\p XpS w Ipdn {_n Cu ] -Xn-bn \ Ip XpI CubnsS sh n- p-d- n-cp p. B\p-Iq-ey-Øn\p th n {]khw {_n -\n-em- p CS-]mSv IqSn-bXv AXns Imc-W-ß-fn-sem- m-wv. Ab kwÿm-\-߃ Cu ] -Xn \S- m- p- n-s - n tic-f-ønte p "{]kh-sq-dnkw' D m-iptam F pw kwi-bn- -Ww. hnhn[ t a]- -Xn-Iƒ h [n- n- p- -txm-ssm w ticføn 42 e w IpSpw- _-ßsf _n]n-f B p-sa pw tum. sfkiv {]Jym-]n- p. kwÿm\ Kh sa v \S-Ønb k th {]Im-c-ap _n]n-f enãn t]mepw 32 e w IpSpw-_-ßtf D q. ti{µw t\csø AwKo-I-cn- n-cp Xv 11 e w IpSpw-_- ßsf am{xw. AXm-Wnt mƒ 42 e am n Intem-{Km-an\p c p cq]bv v Acn \ Im t]mip- -Xv. ChnsS kwk-x-amb Hcp tnmzy-ap- v. C{X-Imew ChnsS Ch-sc mw tn p `cn- n v Zmcn{Zyw IqSp-I-bmtWm snbvxxv? F p-sim- mwv Zcn-{Z-cpsS FÆw IqSp- -Xv.? IayqWnkv pw tim {Kkpw amdn amdn `cn- n pw Zcn-{Z-kwJy IqSp-I-bm-sW p ]d-bm c p Iq pw Hcp Dfp- p-an-. Zcn-{Z-kwJy Iq m sxmgn A\p-k-cn- p PmXn hn`m-k-ßsf samøw Zcn-{Zcmbn {]Jym-]n- p {Iqc-amb ]cn-lmkhpw \S-Øp- p. k m-cns B\p-Iq-ey-߃ hmcnt mcn \ In thm v t\sm-\p cm{ ob-a- cw am{x-amwv Cu _n]n-f h [n- n- -en D -Xv. Cu kxyw Bcpw Xpd p ]d-bp- n-. ImcWw B\p-Iqeyw Ipd p-t] p axn F A{]n-b-kXyw ]d v thm v \jvs-s -Sp-Øm Bcpw Xøm-dn-. Cu kao-]-\-amwv ticf k m-cns [\-\n-esb Cu hn[-am- n-b-xv. \nipxnbmbn ]ncn-s -Sp- p ]Ww {][m\s aq p sne-hn-\-߃ p t]mepw XnI-bp- n-. iº-fw, s] j, ]eni F o aq n-\-߃ pw IqSn ASpØ [\-Im-cy-h jw th Xv timsn cq]. kwÿm-\-øns kz w \nipxn hcp-am\w timsn cq] am{xw. ticf k m ]ncn- p \nip-xnsim v Chn-SsØ iº-fhpw s] j\pw ap ImesØSp-ØXpw Ct mƒ FSp- p -Xp-amb IS-Øns ]en-ibpw simsp- m ] p- n-. Aß-s\-bm n h p snehpw hc-hpw. a p kwÿm\-߃ pw Ch-sbm-s -Xs henb sne-hp-iƒ. ]t Ah-bv p henb hcp-am\ C\- ß-fp-ap v. [mcmfw hyh-km-b-߃ {]h Øn- p- Xp hgn \nipxn hchv IqSp-X In p p kwÿm\- ß-fn dh\yq IΩn D m-bn-cp- h _wkmfpw ] m_pw tic-f-hp-am-swt m pi. a p- -h-bvs mw dh\yq an w h p. tum. sfk v, Xm dh\yq an _P v D m- p-sa v 2006 ]d- - XmWv. CØ-hW dh\yq IΩn Cc- n-tbm-

11 Ct mƒ ImWp Xv t{kmxv^vtfj 11 ]Z\n ΩnXn G hpw Ffp amb `mjbmwv Cw ojv. AXn\p ]e ImcW߃ D mimw. AX ChnsS hnjbw. ]pxnsbmcp ]Zw ]cnnbs p, t{kmxv^vtfj (Growthflation) t{kmøpw C ^vtfj\pw (]Ws cp w inflation) Iq nt Øp ]Zw. t\csø D mbncp ÃmKv^vtfjs\ (stagflation) Hm Ωn n p XmWv ]Zw. kmºøni hf C møt mgpw (stagnation) ]Ws cp w h [n p Xns\ kqnn n mbncp p AXv. 1970Ifnse hniknx cmpyßfpss Ahÿ hnizoicn p Xn\mbncp p CXv. Ct mƒ t{kmxv^vtfj\pw ]m mxyahÿ hnizoicn m Xs. hf tbmssm w hcp AanX]Ws cp sø hntijn n pibmwv CXphgn. kao]\mƒ hsc Atacn bnepw a pw hf bpw sxmgnepw IqSp n mbncp p. Ign Pqssebv p tijamwv hf i amsw pw \ne\n p XmsW pw Dd mbxv bpfkv hf 2.9 ixam\ap mbn. Cs m w s^ud dnk hv AS w F m KthjWÿm]\ßfpw 3.4 ixam\øn IqSnb hf Dd msw p ]dbpibpw snøp p. sxmgnepw, sndnb txmxnemsw nepw IqSn hcp p. At mgmwv \nc camb hne b w AYhm ]Ws cp w `ojwnbmbxv. D ] hneiƒ Ibdps]m n p ]mbp p kw`cn Xns Bh Ø\amWv ImWp Xv. {IqUv Hmbnepw I cnbpw [m\yßfpw temlßfpw cmkhkvxp fpsams Hcp \nb{ Whpan msx Ibdp p. snºv Ncn{XØnemZyambn SÆn\p ]Xn\mbncw tumfdn\p apifnembn. Sn tumf IS t mƒ \n 30,000 te v ASp p p. s{_ v {IqUv 105 tumfdnseøn. d_ hne SÆn\v 6400 tumf IS p. tim 4500 tumfdpw. ]mtambn 1300 tumf Ihn t m ] kmcbpw tkmxºpw tnmfhpw Acnbpsams 2008 s\ adnis pibmwv. CXp c pw tncp Ahÿsb hntijn n m\mwv Ct mƒ t{kmxv^vtfj AhXcn n ncn p Xv. hf bpss `mkamwv ]Ws cp w F mwv kn m w. ]t AanXamb txmxnep ]Ws cp w Ct mƒ ImWp \mwys cp w Aßs\ hf bpss Dt]m ] a F mwv hymjym\w. ]ecpw Cu ]Ws cp Øns DØchmZnØw bp.fkv s^ud dnk hn\p AXns snb am s_ s_ Wm nbpssbpw taemwv NpaØp Xv. amµyøns Xo{hX Ipdbv m\pw thkw Itcdm\pambn s^uv Izm nt ohv CuknwKv F t]cn IΩn Ww ASn nd nbncp p. Cu Pq Ahkm\n ptºmtg v 2.6 {Sney tumfdmwv Cßs\ ASn nd pi. _m v Hm^v Cw pw kam\amb Imcy߃ snbvxp. IS {X߃ Xncn phmßn hn]wnbn ]We`yX Iq nb Cu \S]Snbpw DZmcamb k m \bßfpw (IΩn Iq ) C sø A\nb{ nxamb ]Ws cp Ønte p \bn p F mwv hna ii ]dbp Xv. ]eni XoscØmgvØn \ndpønb \S]Snbpw ]Ws cp Ønte mwv \bn Xv. hniknx cmpyßfn C{]Imcw h [n ]Ww \thmzb, hnikzc cmpyßfn sn v BkvXnIƒ pw (HmlcnIƒ, dnb Ftà v) D ] ߃ pw (s]t{smfnbw apx [m\y߃ hsc) hne Iq n. Cu hne b amwv hf bpss Imeambt mtg v hniknxcmpyßfnte v ]Ws cp ambn Xncns Øp Xv. ] ntajy cmjv{sob timemleßfpw Imemhÿ pg ßfpw CXn\p NqSpIq n. GXmbmepw hniknx cmpyßfnse ti{µ _m pisf mw Bi bnemwv. ]Ws cp w \nb{ n m ]eni\nc v Ft mƒ Iq Ww F kwibta Ah p q. s^uns s_ Wm nbpw _m v Hm^v Cw ns am hn InwKpw bqtdm]y sk {S _m ns gm v t mzv {Xnsjbpw AXp kqnn n p Ign p. G{]nen XpSßp Izm dn bp.fkv, bqtdm]y, {_n ojv ]eni\nc piƒ Iq pw F IW piq enemwv Ct mƒ hntzi\mwbhn]wniƒ. ChnsS {it bamb Hcp Imcyap v se BtKmfamµyØn\p tijap BtKmfkmºØnILS\bpsS kz`mhhntijw CXnepw {]ISamhpIbmWv. ap s]ms hniknx ]m mxycmpyßsf ]ns pibmbncp p temiw AXv am n. \thmzb (Emerging) cmpyßfmbn hniknx cmpyßsf \bn p Xv. ]Ws cp sø t\cnsp ImcyØnepw AXp kw`hn p p. ssn\bpw C ypw {_koepw C tumt\jybpsams ]eni Iq n gn p. ssn\ aq pamkøn\p n aq p XhW ]eni \nc pw Hcph jøn\p n GgpXhW _m pifpss IcpX \nt ]tømxpw Iq n. C y ]eni\nc ns\ kzm[o\n p dot]m \nc v F pxhwbmbn c p ixam\w h [n n p. {_koepw ]e XhW ]eni Iq n. Hmkvt{Senbbpw CubnsS ]eni Iq p Xns\ n kqn\ \ In. C\n hniknx cmpy߃ p ]n mse hcmsx Xcan. f-am-b-t mƒ ti{µ \b-ß-sfbpw [\- Imcy IΩo-j-s\bpw Ip -s -Sp-Øp p. bym Y hnjbw aqe-[\\nt ]- Øn-emWv. A p- h j-øn-\p- n FSp-Øp-]-d-bm-hp Hcp hyh-km-bhpw ChnsS kzimcy taj-e-bn XpS-ßn-bn- n. A p sim w apºv Icm-dmb kvam Sv kn n ]pxnb Icmdpw ]pxp- nb Icm-dp-sam-s -bmbn Ign- -tx-bp q. inem-^-e-i-øn-\p-ta Hcp Xcn ticf k m-cns hc-hn-\-߃ ( ) C\w timsn cq] 1. hm v/ hn ]\ \nipxn Ãmw]v, cpn-kvt{s-j FIvsskkv hml-\-\n-ipxn BUw-_c/ hnt\m-z-\n-ipxn \nip-xn-bn-xc hchv ti{µ-\n-ipxn hnlnxw ti{µ-{km p-iƒ h\w J\\w ]en-ibpw em`-ho-xhpw a n-\-߃ IS-sa-Sp v ticf k m-cns sne-hn-\-߃ 1. iºfw s] j ]eni BsI dh\yq snehv BsI aqe-[-\-sn-ehv samøw snehv tim {Io- p-t]mepw hown. ]e hyhkmb\n tz-i-ßfpw Bi-b-߃ am{x-ambn-cp p. ti{µ s]mxp-ta-j-e-bn am{xamwv Fs - nepw \nt -]-߃ D mbxv. aqe-[\ \nt ]w hcm-ø-xn\m \nipxn h [\ th {X D m-bn. AXn-\m IΩn IqSp p. hcp-am\w IqSp- n-s - nepw snehv Iq p- -Xn Hcp ]ni- p-an. CØ-hW iºf ]cn-jvimcw \S- m- p-i-bmwv. AXns snehv F{X-sbt m? Aøm-bncw timsn cq]. s] j\nse A[n-I-s -ehv CXn\p ]pdsa. ^e-sa- mwv? dh\yq IΩn 3736 timsn cq]-bn \n v 6019 timsn cq]-bmbn IpXn- p-i-bdp p. kwÿm-\-øns [-\IΩn (AXmbXv A[nI IShpw _m[y-xbpw) 7660 timsn-bn \n v timsn cq]-bn-te v FSp-Øp-NmSn. Aßs\ hcp-tºmƒ kwÿm\k m-cns samøw ISw 2012 am v 31 mw XobXn timsn cq]- bmipw. Cu am v 31 se timsn cq]-bn \n v cq] A[nIw. Btfm-lcn cq] IS-amIpw ASpØ h jw am v 31\p- m-ipi. CS- Xp-ap- Wn k m 2006 A[n-Im-cta p-tºmƒ D- m-bn-cp ISw timsn-bm-bn-cp p. AXmWv A[n-Im-c-samgn-bp-tºmƒ timsn-bn-te v h [n- n- m t]mip- Xv. iºf ]cn-jvimcw \S- m- p- Xns snehv Aøm-bncw timsn cq]. s] j\nse A[n-I-s -ehv CXn\p ]pdsa iºf snehv timsn cq] timsn cq]bpw. h [\ 6995 timsn cq]. 44 ix-am\w h [}. Cu k m-cns {]Ya h jw 6586 timsn cq] iº-f-s -e-hp- m-bn-cp- - XmWv ASpØ [\Im-cy-h jw timsn-bm-ip- Xv. A p-h jw-sim v ]Xn-\m-bncw timsn-bpss h [\. AXn ]IpXn Ct m-gsø iºf ]cn-jvimcw hgn ṡ] j _m[yx ASp-Ø-h jw 7311 timsn cq]-bmipw. Cs m- -tø- mƒ 1523 timsn A[nIw. ]en-ibv v ASp-Ø-h jw 6255 timsn cq] thww. aq pw IqSn timsn cq]. tdmuv hni-k\øn\v `c-w-im-eøv H pw snbvxn-s - nepw Unssk\ tdmup-i-f-s- -ap Hcp kz]v\ ] Xn At±lw _P- n Ah-X-cn- n- p- p v. Ckvem-anIv _m v XpSßn AXn \n p timsn cq] hmbv]-sb-spøv tdmuv ]Wn-bpI. ] Xn \ Xv. ]t, Ckvem-anI _m n\p ]en-i-bn. em`hoxw BImw. tdmuv \n am-w-øn FhnsS em`w? tsmƒ ]ncn- Ww. AXp tum. sfkiv ]d- n. tsmƒ ]ncn-hp-isf FXn p ]m n \bw am ntbm F pw sfkiv hy -am- nbn. tsmƒ ]ncn-hn- msx Cu kz]v\-]- Xn \S-Øm-\p hgn-sbm pw sfkiv \n tz-in- n- p-an. Ckvem-anIv _m n\v C\nbpw ssek tkm A\p-a-Xntbm Bbn- n-s - Xv thtd Imcyw. Hcp kz]v\w t]mse sfkiv AXßp ]d- p-h- tx D q-sh- p-th- W-sa- nepw IcpXmw.

12 12 Ask not what we ve done for IT The stock response when a captain of Indian industry is asked what he has done for India is, why? Why must industry do something when it is paying taxes and duties. The commonsense logic behind the response is that industry must do what it is good at: employing people, making products, selling them, etc. Government must do what it is supposed to be good at: using the taxes collected for the greater common good. The question has gained special currency in the Information Technology era. Why should IT do more than what it already has? The answer, says Nobel laureate Professor Amartya Sen, lies in historical reciprocity and a categorical imperative. The country has made huge contributions, even though they are not often clearly recognised, to help the development and flowering of the IT industry in India, and it is not silly to ask what in return the IT might do for India. This is the full text of Prof. Sen s speech at NASSCOM 2007, the annual meeting of the National Association of Software Companies in india. Some admirations come from near, others from very far. My respect and reverence for the IT industry in general and the extraordinarily dynamic and triumphant Indian IT industry in particular have come, by necessity, from some distance, since I am a dabbler in things far away from IT services and software. When the invitation came to attend this year s NASSCOM meeting and the leadership forum, I thought that this either indicated some mixing up of my identity ( wake up, wake up, I wanted to say, I teach non-it subjects at a university! ), or alternatively, it reflected generous interest of NASSCOM leaders to reach out (or as my students say, hang out ) beyond their principality. Of the two possibilities, identity confusion is the more exciting. My late friend Isaiah Berlin, the philosopher, recounted to me his exciting experiences when he was invited to a musical gathering under the mistaken impression that he was Irving Berlin, the musical composer, rather than Isaiah Berlin, the political philosopher. Apparently, the assembled gathering was somewhat disappointed by Isaiah Berlin s inability to respond to repeated requests to provide some insights into the melodies from Annie Get Your Gun or Call Me Madam. And, of course, Sen is a more common name than Berlin, offering more opportunity of identity confounding. Indeed, I was once asked in a gathering of very energetic and very globally minded Ugandan students this happened at the Makerere College in Kampala whether I, Amartya Sen, was any relation of Sun Yat Sen. I had to tell my interlocutor, No, but we are trying Carmine Gallo hard. It is, however, the second possibility not identity confusion on which I want to speak this afternoon, that is about the possibility of the IT industry to reach out beyond its principality. I want to talk not, of course, about my being here at this NASSCOM meeting, but about the case for the IT industry to bring its influences somewhat beyond what can be seen as its traditional domain. Of course, the idea of what counts as traditional is hard to articulate in the case of a field of enterprise as new as information technology. Indeed, a little over a century ago, in 1885, when the Indian National Congress had its first meeting in Bombay, which was attended by among others Jamsetji Tata (he would establish his new Swadeshi mills next year), Jamsetji would have been, I imagine, a little puzzled if he were told that the enterprise he was pioneering would soon include a huge operation in software and IT indeed the largest in the country (my friend S. Ramadorai, who heads it, is here). The importance of information has, of course, been acknowledged over many millennia, but the ideas of IT technology and software are quintessential contributions of contemporary modernity not something with any ageless recognition. Indeed, the entire idea of a National Association of Software and Service Companies (that is, NASSCOM) would have appeared quite mysterious to the pioneering industrial leader of India. As it happens, the domain of IT is still evolving, and I would like to argue for taking an even broader view than has already got established. My point is not that the IT industry should do something for the country at large, for that it does anyway. It already makes enormous contributions: it generates significant incomes for a great many Indians; it has encouraged attention to technical excellence as a general requirement across the board; it has established exacting standards of economic success in the country; it has encouraged many bright students to go technical rather than merely contemplative; and it has inspired Indian industrialists to face the world economy as a potentially big participant, not a tiny little bit-player. My point, rather, is that it can do even more, indeed in some ways, much more. This is partly because the reach of information is so wide and all-inclusive, but also because the prosperity and commanding stature of the IT leaders and activists give them voice, power and ability to help the direction of Indian economic and social development. Let me begin by asking a question that no one here will, I think, ask (because everyone I meet here seems so polite and well-behaved): why should the Indian IT industry have any sense of obligation to do things more things for India, more than what happens automatically from its normal operations (as a by-product of business success, rather than as a deliberated goal to be advanced, among other demands and necessities)? Why assume there is any obligation at all for IT to do anything other than minding its own business? I think part of the answer lies in reciprocity. The country has made huge contributions, even though they are not often clearly recognised, to help the development and flowering of the IT industry in India, and it is not silly to ask what in return the IT might do for India. But how has the country helped? Perhaps most immediately, the IT sector has benefitted from the visionary move, originally championed by Jawaharlal Nehru, to develop centres of excellent technical education in India, such as the IITs, to be followed by the Institutes of Management and other initiatives, aimed at enhancing the quality and reach of Indian professional and specialized education. Despite Nehru s moving rhetoric in favour of literacy for all (which was plentifully present even in his celebrated speech on the eve of independence on 14 August 1947 the speech on India s tryst with destiny ), he in fact did shockingly little for literacy. I would suggest that Jawaharlal Nehru did not really think through how to ensure the practical realization of his goal of literacy for all, in which he did believe with sincerity and conviction, but not with any sense of practicality. It was, however, entirely different as far as technical education is concerned here Nehru s sense of ways and means nicely supplemented his fervent passion. India was not only the first poor country in the world to choose a robustly democratic from of governance, it also was the first country with grinding poverty to give priority to the development of technical skill and the state-of-art education in technology. And from this the IT sector has benefited a lot, since the entire industry is so dependent on the availability, quality and reach of technical education. However, IT s links with India s past goes back much further than that. The nature of Indian society and traditions have tended to support the pursuit of specialized excellence in general and the development of IT in particular. There has been a historic respect for distinctive skills, seeing it even as a social contribution in itself. Indeed, even the nasty caste system, which has so afflicted the possibility of social equity in India, has tended greatly to rely on and exploit the tra

13 13 ditional reverence for specialized skill, which, in its regimented form, has been used to add to the barriers of societal stratification. There is a tradition here that can be taken in many different directions, and it is a matter of much satisfaction that the IT industry s use of the same respect is remarkably positive and potentially open and inclusive. I will come back to that question of inclusiveness later on (it is an important subject on which there is a case for more deliberation and action), but before that let me comment on a few other connections, since they are often missed, between the success of IT in India and some particular features of India s past. Going well beyond respect for specialized skill, there is also a general attitude of openness in India to influences from far and near of admiring excellence no matter where it is produced. This is particularly important since the IT success of India did draw initially, as indeed was inevitable, on what was going on with much accomplishment abroad. The experiences of the Silicon valley, in particular, was very important for the yearning of skilled and discerning Indians to learn from others and then to make good use of it. While many Indians have a deep preference for what we can see as total local immersion and even succumb to evidently strong temptations to denigrate things happening abroad (and this attitude rears its ugly head from time to time in contemporary Indian politics as well), there has also been for thousand of years a very robust tradition here of admiring, using and learning from excellence anywhere in the world. The IT technical experts may not readily perceive that there is a remarkable similarity between (1) their own valuational commitment to learn what they can from anywhere which has good ideas to offer, and (2) the open and welcoming attitude to departures originating elsewhere which Rabindranath Tagore articulated with compelling clarity in a letter to a friend (in a letter to Charlie Andrews in fact) in the 1920s, at the height of our struggle of for national independence: Whatever we understand and enjoy in human products instantly becomes ours, wherever they might have their origin. I am proud of my humanity when I can acknowledge the poets and artists of other countries as my own. Let me feel with unalloyed gladness that the all the great glories of man are mine. Therefore it hurts me deeply when the cry of rejection rings loud against the West in my country with the clamour that Western education can only injure us. It is, of course, to the credit of Western centres of excellence in education and practice that they were so welcoming to learners from abroad (I think America and Europe do not always get enough recognition for its liberal priorities in this field, despite their narrow-minded national and local priorities in other areas), but it is also important to see that the interest and initiative of bright Indians to learn from abroad for domestic use was strongly founded on an open-minded willingness to comprehend, as Tagore put it, that whatever we understand and enjoy in human products instantly becomes ours, wherever they might have their origin. I want to point to one further connection between the development and achievements of Indian IT and the Indian intellectual traditions on which Indian IT draws. I don t refer here only to the love of mathematics that has inspired so many young Indians throughout history, and which is important in many different ways, for the efficacy IT operations. The general maths-friendliness of Indian intellectuals is relevant here: according to some accounts, the mathematician Bhaskara even tried to convince his daughter Lilavati that if she came to master mathematical puzzles then she would be highly popular when she went to parties, which seems to me be, to say the least, a little doubtful. But aside from being fascinated by maths, Indian intellectuals have also typically been very excited about arguments in general: it is a subject on which I have even indulged in writing a book (incidentally, in my last trip to Mumbai I was very impressed to be offered a cut-price pirated edition of my book, The Argumentative Indian, by a street vendor near the airport, who also had the exquisite taste of explaining to me that this book was quite good and from him, also very cheap ). IT is a hugely interactive operation and in many ways Indian IT has depended on what we can call TI, that is, talkative Indians. It is not hard to see how a tradition of being thrilled by intellectual altercations tend to do a lot to prepare someone to the challenges of IT interactions. Given what the country has done for Indian IT, it is not silly to ask: what specially can the IT industry do for India (other than what happens automatically without any deliberate pursuit of nonbusiness ends)? This seems to me to be right, but I would also like to emphasize that historical reciprocity is not the only perhaps not even the most important reason for being interested in the social obligations of the IT industry. Many considerations arise there. There is, of course, the elementary issue of the obligation of those who make it vis-a-vis those who do not manage quite so well, which is a very basic ethical demand that, it can be argued, society places upon us. This raises immediately the question what any prosperous group may owe to others not so well placed. This is not only a reflective demand for social deliberation part of what Immanuel Kant called a categorical imperative but it is also a part of enlightened business operation. There is, as it happens, a very well established tradition in a part of Indian business to do just that, particularly well exemplified by the Tatas for example, through various socially valuable activities such as building hospitals, research centres and other social institutions of high distinction. I am impressed to see that many of the major IT leaders seem to be very seized of this challenge. If that possible role is obvious enough, there is some need to understand better other roles in which the IT industry can make a very big difference in India. As it happens the key to the success of IT, namely accessability, systematization and use of information is also very central to social evaluation and societal change. There is, in fact, a very foundational connection between information and social obligation, since the moral and of course the political need to pay attention to others depends greatly on our knowledge and information about them. Indeed, already in the 1770s (more than two hundred years ago), that remarkable Scottish philosopher, David Hume, had noted the importance of increased intercourse in expanding the reach of our sense of justice. He had put the issue thus (in his chapter Of Justice, in An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals):.again suppose that several distinct societies maintain a kind of intercourse for mutual convenience and advantage, the boundaries of justice still grow larger, in proportion to the largeness of men s views, and the force of their mutual connexions. History, experience, reason sufficiently instruct us in this natural progress of human sentiments, and in the gradual enlargement of our regards to justice, in proportion as we become acquainted with the extensive utility of that virtue. Negligence of suffering of others is sustainable, given human interest in justice and equity, only when we know little about that suffering. More information in itself goes a long way to breaking that chain of apathy and indifference. This foundational connection also gives the information industry a huge opportunity to help India by trying to make its contribution to the systematization, digestion and dissemination of diverse clusters of information in India about the lives of the underdogs of society those who do not have realistic opportunity of getting basic schooling, essential health care, elementary nutritional entitlements, and rudimentary equality across the barriers of class and gender. This can also be said about problems of underdeveloped physical infrastructure (water, electricity, roads, etc.), as well as social infrastructure, that restrain the broad mass of Indians from moving ahead. There are particular causal connections also here: an enterprise that hugely depends on the excellence of education for its success as the IT sector clearly does has good reason to consider its broad responsibility to Indian education in general. I do not know enough about the IT operations to see whether all this can be turned into a business proposition as well. But my point is that even if it cannot be so transformed, it is something that the IT sector has good reason to consider doing. Can there be a group initiative in any of these fields? Can NASSCOM itself play a catalytic role here? Informational issues are thoroughly rampant in morality and politics, and in many direct and indirect ways, the preoccupation of the IT enterprise links closely with the foundations of political and moral assessment and adjudication. Even though in this presentation I am mainly concentrating on domestic issues, I should mention in passing that the role of information and informed understanding can also be very large in the pursuit of global peace and in defeating ill-reasoned violence. When we consider how many of the brutalities in the world today are linked with ignorant hostility to cultures and practices abroad, we can appreciate the contribution of informational limitation, among other causal factors, in cross-border belligerence. I could have talked about that too, in developing some ideas presented in my last book (Identity and Violence), but given my time limits I will resist that temptation. I return now to the domestic scene. In emphasizing the role of the moral domain for the IT sector to feel some responsibility towards making India a more equitable country, I do not want to give the impression that there is not also a prudential case for going in that direction. One of the huge obstacles to the domestic development of the IT sector is the size of the local market, which is still quite small, despite all the recent expansions. Indian IT has done very well in making excellent use of the global market, but competition there is likely to be increasingly fierce. Other countries are trying to learn from the experience not only of America and Europe but also from India, and while India has some peculiar advantages in the IT field (which I have already discussed), the barriers may well be gradually removed in many countries indeed even in many poor countries in the world. China, which has a much larger domestic market already and will continue to expand that market very fast, is not as vulnerable as we may be, in this particular respect. As it happens, one of the reasons for the larger domestic reach of IT in China is its much wider base of good basic schooling. So, what is an issue of equity, on one side, is also a matter of central importance for prudential reasoning about domestic economic expansion, on the other. The same goes for a much wider base of elementary health care in China, though this, as it happens, has been going through some turmoil since the Chinese economic reforms of 1979 which effectively abolished free health care for all, through insisting on privately purchased health insurance. It is a subject on which I have written elsewhere, so I will not go further into it here, other than noting that the Chinese authorities are quite receptive now of critical scrutiny of the present system of health care that China has ended up having. This, in fact, is in sharp contrast with the past when we had made similar criticisms earlier, and I do know that very serious critical scrutiny is currently going on in Beijing on this, in a very constructive way. I expect major changes to happen in China in a more inclusive direction before long. Excessive reliance on private health care in India for the most elementary problems of ill-health and disease (resulting mostly from the limited size, reach and operational efficiency of public health facilities) is similarly a barrier to the availability and entitlement to health care for all Indians, and this obstacle urgently needs removing. These are all subjects on which the IT sector is well placed to provide considerable enlightenment and guidance. As it happens, the IT sector itself will indirectly benefit (for reasons I have already outlined) from playing a constructive and deliberated role in widening the base of social and physical infrastructure. But the more immediate and also the more foundational reason relates, I think, to demands from the moral domain to which the IT sector has reasons to respond. This is so, I have argued, for a variety of reasons, varying from Indian IT s unequal current success and its debt to India s traditions and priorities, on one side, to and this is often unrecognised but happens to be extremely important the central role of information in moral reasoning, on the other. There is indeed, I would argue, something of a socially connected obligation here, the recognition of which could make a huge difference to the future of India.

14 14 _-P- v- t]m-kn- o-hv- _P v Zn\-Øn h\y-amb hyxn-bm-\- ß-fn-eqsSbmWv hn]wn IS p t]mb- Xv. A sø hym]m-c-øn-s\m-sp-hn t\cnb h [-\-tbm-ss-bmwv hn]wn t mk-v snbvxn- p-f-fxv. sk skivkv _P v Zn\-Øn 122 t]mbn pw \n^v n 30 t]mbn pw sa -s - mwv Ivtfmkv snbvx- Xv. _P v Zn\-Øn 577 t]mbn v hyxnbm-\w sk skivknep m-b-t mƒ \n^v n-bn 167 t]mbn ns hyxn-bm-\- amwv Zriy-am-b-Xv. hn]-wn-bpss at\m-`mhsø XI p hn[-ønepff \n t±i-ß-sfm pw H t\m -Øn ImWm-\n-. F m s]mxpth hf bv p klm-bn- p _P-s \ne-bn `mhnbn hn]-wn-bn t]mko- ohv at\m-`mhw i n-s -Sm-\mWv km[y-x \p-tijw hn]-wn-bn 12 ixam-\-tømfw CSn-hp- m-bn- p- v. s^{_ph-cn-bn sk skivkv kqnni 504 t]mbn pw \n^v n kqnni 173 t]mbn pamwv Ipd- -Xv. _P v \n t±-i-߃ Ct m-gsø kml-n-cy-øn IpØ-s\- bp-ff CSn-hn-\p-ff km[y-x-iƒ Ipd-t - psa mwv Icp-Xp- -Xv. ASp-Ø-h jw e y-an-sp 9 ix-am\w hf -bn C y kº-zvl-s\ FØ-W-sa- n Xo -bmbpw Iº-\n-Iƒ sa -s {]I- S\w ImgvN hbv -Ww. F m-bmepw C y kº-zvl-s\ se kmº-øn-i- p-g- -߃ p apºp-ff hf m \nebn-tebv v Xncn- p-h- n-cn- p-i-bm-sw- nepw ]pxnb Nne {]iv\siwn-iƒ Hcp-ßp-I-bm-Wv. Ipd-bp t\cn- p-ff hntz-i-\n-t -]w, ImX taj-e-bnepw ASn-ÿm-\-ku-Icy-ta-J-e-bnepw tijn h [n- n- Ipdbp- -Xv, ]en-i-\n-c- nse h [-\, \mwys -cp Ønse Db, DXv] ßfpsS hne h [\ XpS-ßnbhbmWv kº-zvl- S-\-bpsS hf bv v hneßp-x-sn-bm-ip- - Xv. CXn ]exn\pw ]cn-lmcw ImWp hn[-øn-ep-ff Nne \n t±-i-ß-sf- new _P- n-ep- v. _P v t]mko- ohv BsW- nepw {lkz-im-e-øn hn]wn sa -s -S-W-sa- n-. BtKmf hn]-wn-bn {IqtUmbn hne Db-cp- -Xp-X-s -bmwv Imc-Ww. Ad_v cmpy-ß-fnse P\m-[n-]-Xy-{]-t m- `-W-ßsf-Øp-S v {IqtUm-bn hne _mc-en\v 98 tumf-dmbn Db p. C ybpss {IqtUm-bn Bh-iy-Øns ap m ]t mfw Cd- p-axn snøpibm- Wv. CXp-hgn \mwy-s -cp w KWy-ambn h [n- p-ibpw C y km-øn-i-h-f bpss ]mfw sx n- p-ibpw snøpw. as mcp Bi i -am-bn- \nev p \mwy-s -cp amwv. P\p-h-cn-bn \mwys -cp w 8.23 ix-am-\-am-wv. Unkw-_-dn 8.43 ix-am-\hpw \hw-_-dn 8.08 ix-am- \-hp-am-bn-cp p CXv. ` y-\m-wy-s -cp- - Ønse h [-\-bmwv s]mxp-\m-wy-s cp w Db p \nev p-hm\pff {][m\ Imc-W-ß-fn-sem- v. Ct mƒ C -\-hnebpw ]Xnsb Db-cp-I-bm-Wv. CXv s]mxp- \m-wy-s -cp w ho pw Db-cp-hm CSbm- pw. ` y-\m-wy-s -cp w s^{_p-hcn 12- \v Ah-km-\n hmc-øn ixam-\hpw C \ hne kqnni ixam-\-hp-am-bn. ap hm-c-øn-enxv bym-{iaw ix-am-\hpw ix-am-\-hp-am-bn-cp- p. F nepw am t mss H -b- -Øntebv v ` y-\m-wy-s -cp w Ipd-bp-sa- mwv Bkq-{X-W- -Ωo-j D]m-[y- Aep-hm-en-b-bpsS hne-bn-cp-ø. \mwy-s -cp- sø t\cn-sp-hm dnk hv _m v P\p-hcn Ah-km\w ]eni-\n-c- p-i-fn Ac ix-am\w h [\ \S-Øn-bn-cp- p. CXv _m p-i-fpss Unt m-kn- v, hmbv]m ]en-i-iƒ Db-cp- -Xn-tebv v FØn \nev p-i-bm-wv. CXv Iº-\n-I-fpsS {]h Ø-\-s -ehv Db Øp- -Xn\v Imc-W-am-Ipw. BZy c v Izm -dp-i-fn 8.9 ixam\w hf t\snb C y kº-zvl- S\bpsS aq mw Izm -dnse hf 8.2 ix-am-\-ambn Ipd- p. ap h j-antx Ime-b-f-hn-enXv 7.3 i-x-am-\-am-bn-cp- p. \S- p-h j-øn 8.6 ix-am\w hf bmwv [\-a{ n _P- n {]Xo- n- p- -Xv. AXm-bXv \memw Izm -dn 8.4 ix-am\w hf {]Xo- n- p- p. CXp km[y-am-bm aq mw Izm -dnse hf - Hmlcn hn]wn tpmbn ^nen v p-d-hn-\p-tijw ho pw kº-zvl-s\ Xncn- p-h-chv \S-Øp-I-bm-Wv. C y-bpss Ib- p-axn hcp-am\w P\ph-cn-bn 32.5 ix-am\w hf -tbmss 2060 timsn tumf-dn-se-øn-bn- p- v. hniknx cmpy-ß-fn \n p-ff Unam- mwv Imc-Ww. \S- p-h jw Ib- p-axn hcpam\w timsn tumf-dn\p api-fn-se- Øp-sa v hmwnpy sk{i- dn cmlq Jpf-f ]d-bp- p. aq mw Izm -dn hymh-km-bn-i-hf, {]txy-in pw am\p-^m-ivn-dnwkv taj-e-bnse hf -bn h CSn-hp- mbxv kmº-øn-i-h-f sb thkw Ipdbp- p-sa `b-ap- v. hymh-km-bn-tim- Xv]m-Z\ hf BZy-Izm -dn 11.9 ixam-\-am-bn-cp- Xv aq mw Izm -dn 5.3 ix-am-\-ambn Xmgv n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. Unkw-_-dnse hymh-km-bn-tim-xv]m-z\w 1.6 ix-am-\-am-wv. Ccp-]Xp amksø G hpw Xmgv hf -bm-wn-xv. Cu s{s Un\v am w D m-hp-tam-sb- Xv hn]wn D p t\m p- Imcy-am-Wv. C y kº-zvl-s\ ix-am-\hpw ASpØ h jw 9 ix-am- \hpw hf t\sp-sa v {][m-\-a-{ nbpss kmº-øn-i-imcy D]-tZ-iI Iu kn hne-bn-cp-øp p. ]W-\- bw, [\-IΩn \nb-{ Ww F n-h-bn-eqss \mwy-s -cp- sø sacp- p-hm Ig-bpsa pw Iu kn hne-bn-cp-øp- p. \mwy-s -cp w am t mss 7 ix-am-\-ambn Ipd-bp-sa pw Iu kn IW- m- p- p. \S- p-h jhpw ASpØ h jhpw C y Pn Un ]n hf ix-am- \-am-bn-cn- p-sa v thƒuv _m ns hnebn-cp-ø ]d-bp p. C y Iº-\n-IfpsS Hmtcm Izm -dn-tebpw hf C ybpss i -amb hf -bpss hy -amb kqn-\-bm-sw v thƒuv _m v A`n- {]m-b-s -Sp- p. am t mss \mwy-s cp w 7 ix-am-\-øn-tebv v Xmgp-sa pw thƒuv _m v {]Xo- n- p- p. C- y-bpss Pn Un ]n hf ix-am-\-am-bn-cn- p-sa v sk t^m tamwn- -dnwkv C y -twman ( kn Fw sf C) Ah-cpsS G hpw ]pxnb hne-bn-cp-ø-en A`n-{]m-b-s - Sp- p. BZy-]-Ip-Xn-bn Pn Un ]n 8.9 ix-am\w hf t\sn-bn-cp- p. c mw ]Ip-Xn-bnepw sa -s hf -bmwv kn Fw sf C {]Xo- n- p- -Xv Xs C y Pn Un ]n hf ssn\-bpss apºn FØp-sa- mwv aqunkv A\-en- niv ko\n-b C twm-anãv am v tdm_n k A`n-{]m-bs -Sp- -Xv. Ign aq p Izm -dp-i-fn C y F p ix-am-\-øn\p api-fn hf t\sn-bn-cn- p-i-bm-wv ixam\w hf -bn-tebv v C y \oßp-ibm-sw pw At±lw Nq n- m- p- p. Hmlcn hn]wn _P v Zn\-Øn Ib- p-axn 16.2 ix-am-\hpw kzimcy D]- t`mkw 9 ix-am-\hpw _nkn-\kv C sh- Ãvsa v 6 ix-am-\hpw hf t\sn-bn- p v C y-bn \memw Izm -dn Pn Un ]n hf Ipd-s - nepw Ct mgpw F p ix-am-\-øn\p api-fn-emwv hf. \mwy-s -cp w ]nsn p \n Øm- \p-ff \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kmº-øn-i-h-f bpw IqSp-X sxmgnepw hcp-am-\hpw D]-t`m- Khpw _nkn-\kv \nt -]hpw h [n- n- p-sa- mwv tdm_n k-wns hne-bncp-ø. CXn-\n-S-bnepw C y Iº-\n-Iƒ Hmtcm Izm Ign-bp-tºmgpw \ne i ns -Sp-Øp-I-bm-Wv. Db-cp sne-hn-t\bpw \mwy-s -cp- -tøbpw t\cn-sp-hm ]Tn- p-ibpw snøp- p. Unkw-_-dn-e-h-km- \n Izm -dn ap h j-tø- mƒ 20 ix-am-\-tømfw hf A m-zm-b-ønepw hn p-h-c-hnepw t\sp-hm C y Iº- \n-iƒ v Ign- n- p- v. \mwy-s -cp- hpw ]en-i-\n-c pw a v sne-hp-ifpw h [n- n pw Cu Iº-\n-I-fpsS {]h Ø- \-e-`m-am Pn hyxym-k-an- msx XpS-cp- I-bm-Wv. Poh-\- m-cptsbpw a v \S-]-Sn- {I-a-ß-fp-tSbpw Imcy- -a-amb D]-tbm-KamWv em`-am Pn \ne-\n Øp-hm Iº- \n-isf klm-bn- -Xv. CsXm-sSm w ÿm]n- X-tijn h [n- n- p- -Xn-\p-ff \S-]-Sn- Ifpw Iº-\n-Iƒ sims m p hcn-i-bm- Wv. sa -s am Pn-\n ÿm]n-x-tijn h [n- n- p- Xv Xo -bmbpw Iº-\n-IfpsS em`- -ax h [n- n- pw. AkwkvIr-X-h-kvXp- -fpss D]-tbm-K-Ønse snehv Ncn-{X-Ønse G hpw Db \ne-bmb ix-am-\-øn\p Xmsg- Øs \ne-sim-f-fp-i-bm-sw p am{x-a Ign h j-tø- mƒ Ipd-hp-amWv Xm\pw. F m \S- p Izm -dnepw ASpØ kmº-øn-i-h j-ønse BZy GXm\pw Izm -dp-i-fnepw Cu hf \ne- \n Øp-hm Ign-bp-tam-sb Bi- bpw hn]-wn-bpss td v _u v \o -߃ v Imc-W-am-Wv. en_n-b- im -am-bm-e FÆ hne Ipd p XpS-ßp-sa- mwv {]Xo- n- p- Xv. CXv C y hn]- Wn pw kº-zvl-s-\bv pw Icp-Øm-Ipw. ani kmº-øn-i-h-f -bpss ] m- Ø-e-Øn {]Xy-, ]tcm \nipxn hcp-am-\-øn hf {]Xo- n- p- - Xmbn dh\yp sk{i- dn kp\n an{x Adn-bn- p. ]tcm- -\n-ipxn hcp-am\w 7 ix-am\w h [-\-tbmss 3.15 e w timsn cq]-bnepw {]Xy- -h-cp-am\w e -an- ncp 4.3 e w timsn cq]-bn \n v 4.46 e w timsn cq]-bm-ip-sa- p-amwv {]Xo- n- p- -Xv. G{]n Unkw-_ Imeb-f-hn Ikv wkv hcp-am\w 68 ix-am- XobXn sk skivkv hyxn-bm\w (%) \n^v n hyxymkw (%) [\-a{ n 28/02/ {]W_v apj Pn 26/02/ {]W_v apj Pn 06/07/ {]W_v apj Pn 16/02/ {]W_v apj Pn 29/02/ ]n NnZw-_cw 28/02/ ]n NnZw-_cw 28/02/ ]n NnZw-_cw 28/02/ ]n NnZw-_cw 08/07/ ]n NnZw-_cw 03/02/ Pkz v knwkv 28/02/ Pkz v knwkv 28/02/ biz v kn l \hpw tkh-\-\n-ipxn hcp-am\w 18 ixam-\hpw FIvsskkv hcp-am\w 33 ixam-\hpw hf -t\-sn-bn- p- v. {Xn Pn tee- Øn \n v 1.03 e w timsn cq] e`n- n-cp- p. am v 15- \v I-º-\n-Iƒ ap Iq \nipxn AS-bv -Ww. Cu Izm -dnse kmº-øi hf kw_- n s{s Uv a\-kn-em- p-hm CXp klm-bn- pw. sa -s \nipxn hcp-am-\hpw {Xn Pn teew hgn e`n hcp-am-\hpw \S- ph jw [\-IΩn 5.1 ix-am-\- ambn Xmgv n-cn- p-i-bm-wv [\-IΩn 4.6 i-x-am-\-am-ip-sa pw _P- n [\- (tijw t]p-v 19)

15 15 ]W-ap-s - n... ]W-an- m-ø-h ]nw-øn\p kaw Fs mcp snm v aebm-f-øn-ep- v. ]W-an-s - n PUkam-\-sa- w. Poh-\n- mø ico-c-øn\v H pw snøm-\m-hn- -t m. AXp-t]mse ]W-an- m-ø\v H pw snøm Ign-bns mwv snm ns [z\n. F p ]d- m Cu temiøv GXp Imcyhpw snø-w-sa- n ]Ww th-ww. Hcp hn\n-a-tbm-]m-[n-sb \ne-bn ]Ww thw-sa-, adn v temisø GXp hyh-lm-c-øns bpw B[m-c-ine ]Wam-sW- m-wv CXns s]mcpƒ. ]W-an- msx snøm-hp F{Xtbm Imcy-ß-fp v Cu temi-øn F Nne ]d-bp- p- mipw Ct mƒ. kvt\ln- m, Hma-\n- m, ]c-zpx-j- Øn thz-\n- m, Nn n- m... Aßs\ ]exn\pw ]Ww th t m F v Ah tnmzn- pw. icn-bm-wv. ]t CsXms snbvx-xp-sim v F p {]tbm-p\w? kvt\ln- p- -h\pw kvt\ln s -Sp- -h\pw Pohn- -W-sa- n ]Ww thww. Pohn- m-\m-ip- n-s - n ]ns kvt\l-øn-s\- w? Hcmfns kvt\lw as m-cm-tfmsv {]I-Sn- n- -W-sa- n t mepw ]Ww thww. F\n v \nt msv kvt\l-amwv F v Bbncw h w ]d-bmw. AXv ti n-cn- m\pw kpj-ap Imcy-am-Wv. ]t AXp-sIm p am{xw hbdp \nd-bn-. F m-ap v F\n- v. ]t Hcn p kvt\lw am{xw FhnsS \n pw In nbn n Fs m-cmƒ ]cn-x-]n- ptºmƒ kvt\lamwv {][m\w F p \mw Nn n- pw. F m-hcpw Fs kvt\ln p- p- v. ]t Hcmfpw Fs hni p am m-\p hi Xcp- n F v Hcp Zcn-{Z ]d-bp-tºmtgm? AXmbXv kvt\ln mepw Cs - nepw ]W-aps - nte Imcyw \S q F v hy - am-ip- p. Fs Hcp kvt\ln-xs hnzym- `ymk ÿm]-\-øn tpmen snbvxpsim- n-cp A ym-]-i Hcp Imc- Whpw ]d-bmsx s]s -s mcp Znhkw ]ncn p t]mbn. kvt\ln-x Ft msp ]d- p. IjvSw, Fs ÿm]-\-ønse Poh-\- msc Rm kz w IpSpw-_-Øn-ep- -h-sc-t m-sebmwv kvt\ln- p -Xv. F n pw Ch Cßs\ ImWn- p- -sx m? Cu ]ncn p t]mb A ym-]-i-\n-t, Abmƒ -dn-bn-, Rm Abmsf F{X - kvt\-ln- n-cp-s - v. Abmsf Fs A\n-b-s\-t m-se-bmwv Rm hnnm-cn- n-cp- -Xv. Hcp t_mkm-bn v Hcn- epw Rm s]cp-am-dn-bn- n-. ]t Hcp hm p t]mepw ]d-bm-x-bmwv Abmƒ t]mb-xv. Ch-scms F mwv Cßs\ s]cp-am-dp- Xv? Hcm-gvN-bv nss as m-cn-søp h v Rm B A ym-]-is\ I p. tpmen snbvxp-sim- n-cp ÿm]-\-øn \n v ImcWw ]d-bpi t]mepw snømsx ]ncn p t]mbxv icn-bm-bns v Rm ]d p. Fs kvt\ln- Xs Bflm -amb kvt\l-sø- n Rm Abm-tfmSp ]d- p. F mw ti n v Abmƒ Nncn p sim p ]d- p. ]t AtßcpsS kvt\lw sim p am{xw Fs bpw ]n m-cptsw hbdp \nd-bn- -t m. Hm, ktlm-z-c-\mbn p hnnm-cn- m ]ns iºfw simspt - t m F m-bn-cn- pw. ]WsØ kvt\lw sim p aqsmsa v \mw hnnm-cn- pw. ]t ]Ww kvt\lsø aqsnb Ncn-{Xta Cu temi-øp- p. ]WØns aqey-sø- pdn- p GXp Nn bpw Bt]- n-i-am-sw v Cu ]MvXn-bn Rms\-gp-Xn-bn- p- v. hni- n-cn- p- -h\v Hcp ]cn- p-h-s -hmßn- p-hm A p cq] In n-bm axn, AXv A qdp cq]bv p Xpey-ambn A\p-`-h-s -Spw. F m assd ss{uhn-\-spøv ^vfm v hmßm Hcpßp Bfnt\m? A p e w cq] Ipcp-ap-fIv Ib- p-axn: C y Ct mƒ \mem-axv C y-bnse Ipcp-ap-f-In\p th n tdmans kz Ww \jvs-s -Sp-Øp- -Xn-s\- n tdma Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb πo\n Fgp-Xn-bn- p- v. C\n Aß-s\-bmcpw Fgp-Xm-\n-S-bn-. C y p Ipcp-ap-fIv Ib- p-a-xn-bnse ÿm\w Npcpßn hcp- p. Ct mƒ \memw ÿm\w. CXp Xs F{X-Imew \ne-\n-dp-øm ] p-sa v Dd- n C y S Ipcp-ap-f-ImWv Ib- n- A-b- -Xv. Xte-h j-tø- mƒ 750 S Ipd-hv. AtX kabw hnb v\mw S Ib- p-axn snbvxv H mw ÿm\- Øm-bn. C tum-t\jy SÆp-ambn c m-axpw {_ko SÆp-ambn aq maxpw \n p- p. C y-bnse D ]m-z\w 50,000 SÆn-\-Sp-Øm-bn-cp- p. `qcn-]- hpw B`y- c D]-tbm-K-Øn-s\-Sp-Øp. Cu h jw S D ]m-z-\ta {]Xo- n- p- p- q. ssn\bpw ate-jybpw D ]m-z\w h [n n p- -txmss C ybv p \memw ÿm\hpw \jvs-am-tb- pw. sim pw Imcy-an-. ]W-ap- -hs Nn bn Ct mƒ F mw hyh-lm-c-ßfp-ssbpw aqeyw e -߃ pw timsn- Iƒ pw A p-d-amwv. ]W-an- m-øhs Nn -bnepw GXm- n-ßs\ Xs -bmwv Imcyw. AXp-sIm v Ah ]WsØ p-dn v Nn n- p- n-s p am{xw. Pohn-X-kuIcy-ß-fmWv ]W-Øns aqeyw \n W-bn- p LS-I-ß-fn-sem- v. Imew amdp-tºmƒ kui-cy-߃ amdpw.. ]gb kn\n-a-i-fn hn - m-cmb IYm-]m-{X-߃ sim -b-sn- m {ian- p- Xv ]c-am-h[n Ccp-]-Ø-øm-bncw cq]-bm-wv. _m v sim -b-sn- v Aømbnchpw ]Xn-\m-bn-c-hp-sams ASn p am n-b-hcpw A p v. C v timsn-ifmwv tamjvsn- -s -Sp- -Xv. \nt -]-Øns bpw hntz-iøv tpmen Xc-s -Sp-Øns m-sp- p- -Xn-s -bpsams ad-hn P\sØ ] n-s -Sp- p- Xpw timsn- - W n-em-wv. ]gb kq Ãm t{]w\ko-dns G hpw \ ka-bøv At±-l-Øns IqSnb {]Xn-^ew Adp-]-Xn-\m-bncw cq]-bm-bn-cp- p-h-t{x. ae-bm-f-ønse F m-e-søbpw ani Ne n{x-ß-fnsem- mb snωos \n am-w-øn\v Adp-]-Xp-I-fpsS a y-øn Ccp-]Xp e w cq]bn Xmsg am{xta sne-hmbn p q. Cu I-W v C sø kn\nam {]h Ø-I-tcmSp ]d- n p Imcy-apt m? ChnsS Ime-amWv ]W- Øns aqeyw \n -bn- p- -Xv. Imew amdp-tºmƒ ]W-Øns aqeyhpw amdp- p. ]W-tØmSp \n߃ p at\m- `mhw F mwv? kvt\lw, t]sn, B Øn, tamlw... Aßs\ Fs - n-ep-amtwm? Aß-s\-sbm- p-an-, Pohn- m AXym-hiyw ]Ww thww F m-bn-cn pw ]e-cp-ssbpw adp-]sn. Cu adp-sn-bn t\csø ]d Bt]m- n-i-x-bp- v. Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cpsSbpw Pohn-X-Øn\v Hmtcm e y-am-wv. F nepw F m-h pw Hmtc t]mse _m[-i-amb e yw kpjw Xs -bm- Wv. kpj-ambn Pohn- p-i. F p ]d- m imco-cn-i-tam -am-\-kn-itam Bb thz-\-i-fn- msxbp Pohn-Xw. AØ-c-samcp Pohn-X-ap- m-i-w-sa- n ]Ww thww. F n\v? Pohn-X-Øn\v A\p-t]- -Wo-b-amb kuicy-߃ kºm-zn- m. thz-\-i-f-i m\p Huj[w hmßm. CXn-s\ms ]Ww IqSntb Xocp. ]ns Nne-cp v. kpj-sa p ]dbp-tºmƒ AXns ]mc-ay-sø- p-dn- mwv Ah Nn n- p-i. DZm-l-c-W- Øn\v s\øm- n I-c-bn \n v Fd- Wm-Ip-f-tØ p t]mi-w-sa p hnnmcn- p-i. s{sbn-\n bm{x snøp-ibmwv G hpw snehp Ipd am Kw. km[m-cw Iw]m psa n bm{x snbvxm kpjw Ipd-bp-sat D q. Imcyw \S- pw. F m ssibn CjvSw t]me ]W-ap-s - ntem? bm{x sπ-bn-\n-em- mw. s\øm- n Icbn \n v F.-kn. Imdn Xncp-h-\- -]pcw Fb t]m nseømw. s\sp-ºm-ti-cn-bn sn n-d-ßn-b-tijw F.-kn. SmIvkn ]nsn v Fd-Wm-IpfsØØmw. Cßs\ bm{x snbvxm Ae- n Ipd-bpw. kpjw IqSpw. ]t snehpw ISpw. snehp IqSn-bm-se m kpjw AXns ]mc-ay-øn e`n- nt? sne-hm- m ]Whpw a\- p-ap-s - n kpjw AXns ]mc-ay- Øn Øs A\p-`-hn- p-i. ]W- Øns t{kmx v Dd-h -h- msx t\m -W-sa p am{xw. ]Ww F m-bm-epw `b-s -ts hkvxp-h-. F m-h pw ]Ww D m- IWw. Ah-c-h-cpsS PohnXw A -en- m-ø-xm- m Bh-iy-am-b-{Xbpw ]Ww. \nß-fpss ] \n߃ m-h-iyam-b-{xbpw ]W-apt m Ct mƒ? bp.-fkv hf 2.9 ix-am\w 2010 Ata-cn- kº-zvl-s\ 2.9 ix-am\w hf p \p tij-ap G hpw Db hf -bm-wn-xv. Xte-h jw 2.6 ix-am\w Npcp-ßn-b-Xm-Wv. HIvtSm-_ Unkw-_ Ime-b-f-hn 3.2 ix-am\w txmxn-em-bn-cp p hf. AXn\p ap ]sø Izm -dn 2.6 ix-am\w hf p. Unkw-_ Ah-km\w bp.-fkv sxmgn-en- mbva H ]Xp ix-am-\-øn-te p XmWp. ssn\okv hf 10.3 ix-am\w ssn\ ix-am\w hf p. Xte h jw 9.2 ix-am-\-am-bn-cp- p. Ign- -h jw 39.8 e w timsn bphm (GI-tZiw Bdp-e w timsn tumf ) BWv ssn\-bpss samø B`y- c D ]m-z-\w. Unkw-_-dn 4.6 ix-am-\-am-bn-cp p ssn\okv \mwy-s -cp- w.

16 16 kv-t m- v- A-ssUz-kv- Hcph -jsø hcn-kw-jy- 100/ cq-] Un-Un-/sN v- Bbn- Ab p- p.- s^-_n - s]t{sm-s\ v F F Pn F F Pn Cd- p-axn snøp- - Xn\pw F F Pn ss an-\-ep-iƒ ÿm]n v hmx-i-hn-x-cww \S-Øp- -Xn- \p-ambn C y Kh-s pw Hmbn Iº- \n-ifpw kwbp- -ambn Bcw-`n- n- p-ff I- º-\n-bmWv s]t{sm-s\ v F F Pn. skbn, H F Pn kn, C y Hmbn tim ]-td-j, _n ]n kn F F nh-b v Iº-\n-bn Hmlcn ] m-fn-ø-ap- v. I-\n v Ct mƒ tic-f-ønse sim nbnepw KpP-dm-Ønse Ztl-Pnepw ss an- \-ep-i-fp- v. Ztl-Pn F F Pn kzoi-cn v dokym-kn-^n-t -j-\p-ff kuicy-ap- v. sim n-bnse ss an-\-ens ]Wn ]q Øn-bmbn hcp- -tx-bp-f-fp. sztlpv ss an-\-ens tijn 10 Zie w SÆmWv. sim n ss an-\-ens tijv 2.5 Zi-e w SÆpw. Iº\n Ct mƒ s]mxp-ta-je FÆ- -º-\n- Iƒ m-h-iy-amb F F Pn k]vssf snøp- p. FÆ- -º-\n-Iƒ hymh-km-bn- Im-h-iy-Øn-\p]-tbm-Kn- p- -h mwv \evip- -Xv. Iº-\n-bpsS {]I-S\w Ign GXm\pw Izm -dp-i-fmbn sa -s p hcn- I-bm-Wv. aq mw Izm -dn Iº-\n-bpsS hnev]\ hym]vxw 32 ix-am\w h [\ ImWn- p. CtXØp-S Iº-\n-bpsS aq mw Izm hn p-h-chv 62 ix-am\w h [-\-tbmss tImSn cq]-bn-se-øn. A m-zmbw Cu Ime-b-f-hn timsn cq]bpw 750 timsn cq] Hmlcn aqe-[-\- Øn 2.28 cq]-bp-am-wv. ap h j-antx Ime-b-f-hn A m-zmbw timsn cq]- bm-bn-cp- p. {]h Ø-\-em-`-am Pn t\cbn txmxn sa -s v 9.53 ix-am-\- am-bn. Iº\n 2010 am n-e-h-km-\n [\- Im-cy-h j-øn timsn cq] hcpam-\hpw timsn cq] A m-zm-bhpw 5.39 cq] C ]n Fkpw t\sn-bn-cp- p. \S- p-h jw ani ^e-amwv Iº\n {]Xo- n- p- -Xv. \S- p-h j-øns BZy Hº-Xp-am-k- m-eøv Iº-\n-bpsS hn ph-chv timsn cq]bpw A m-zmbw timsn cq]bpw t\sn-bn- p- v. Ign apgp-h j-tø- mƒ sa -s A m-zm-b-am-wn-xv. dokym-kn-^n-t -j tpmenbn am{xw G s - n-cp Iº\n C\n F F PnbpsS hn]-w-\-øn-tebv v IqSn IS- p-i-bm-wv. Iº\n CXn- \mbn 11 e w S F F Pn Cd- p-axn snøm Xocp-am-\n- n- p- v. I- º-\n-bpsS hf bv p hnlm-x-ambn \n n-cp ]e XS-k-ßfpw C m-xmhp-i-bm-wv. ss] vsse ÿm]n-xtijv h [n- pw. t\csø I-º-\nbpsS hf sb CXv h msx _m[n- n-cp- p. Ztl-Pv- -hn-p-bm-]q ss] vsse `mkn-i-ambn hni-kn- n- n- p- v. GXm\pw amk-߃ p- n sim n ss an-\ IΩo-j snøpw. IqSmsX 20 amk-øn-\p-f-fn sim nbpss tijn 50 Zi-e w SÆmbn Db Øp-Ibpw snøpw. Cu hni-k-\- Øn-\p-ff ]Ww I-º-\n-bpsS ssihiw Imjv Bbn- p- v. bp Fkv F F Pn Cd- p-axn \n Øn-b- Xn-\m F F Pn e`yx h [n- p-sa v Icp-Xp- p.- CXv Ct m-gsø hne ASpØ GXm\pw h j-tøbv v XpS-cp-hm-\p-ff km[y-x-bn-te-bv mwv hnc Nq p- -Xv. Ct mƒ bqwn- n\v 10 tumf-dn-\mwv F F Pn Iº\n Cd- p-axn snøp- -Xv. C y-bn Kymkn\v Unam v Gdn hcn-i-bm-wv. BIvknkv _m v Ct m-gsø hne: 1224 cq] 52 BgvN-bnse Db hne/ Xmgv hne: 1608 cq]/1048 cq] apj hne: 10 cq] em`-hoxw: 120 ix-am\w C ]n Fkv: cq], ]n C: (2010 am v) hn]wn aqeyw: timsn cq] cmpysø G hpw henb aq m-asø kzim-cy-_m- mwv BIvknkv _m v. cmpy-søm- msi 1027 imj-i-fp-ff _m v Ct m-gsø {]bm-k-i-c-amb A -co- - Ønepw i -amb {]I-S-\-amWv ImgvN hbv p- -Xv. \S- p-h jw 200 imj-iƒ Xpd- p-hm-\mwv _m v e y-an- p-f-f-xv s aq mw Izm -dn _m ns A m-zmbw 891 timsn cq]-bnse-øn. ap h j-antx Ime-b-f-hn-te-Xnt\- m 36 ix-am\w IqSp-X-em-Wv. hmbv]-bn 46 ix-am-\hpw Unt m-kn- n 37 ix-am-\hpw hf t\sn. _m ns apjy hcp-am-\hpw {]h Ø- \-Øns Af-hp-tIm-ep-amb s\ v C - dãv am Pn 0.13 ix-am\w h [-\-tbmss 3.81 ix-am-\-ambn. _m v aq mw Izm dn t\sn-bxv 1733 timsn cq]-bm-wv. _m ns Ak v Izmfn- nbpw sa -s - p. Unkw-_ 31- \v Ah-km-\n Izm -dn F ]n F 1.09 ix-am-\-ambn Ipd- p. (tijw t]p-v 18) Ct m-gsø hne: 108 cq] 52 BgvN-bnse Db hne/ Xmgv hne: 136 cq]/69 cq] apj hne: 10 cq] em`-hoxw: 17.5 ix-am\w C ]n Fkv: 5.39 cq], ]n C: (2010 am v) hn]wn aqeyw: timsn cq] Iº\n \memw Izm -dn \mev kvt]m v Im tkm hmßp-hm Dt±-in- p- p- v. CXv sa -s am Pn \evip-sa v {]Xo- n- p- p. C y D]-tbm- m- fp-ambn Iº\n ASpØ c p kmº-øn-i-h j-ßfn-tebv v 11 Zi-e w S hoxw \evip-hm Icm h n p v. Hmkvt{S-en-bbnse tkm tkm Iº-\nbp-ambn s]t{sm-s\ v 15 Zie w S Kymkv hmßphm Icm h n- p- v. JØ-dn \n v F F Pn hmßp- -Xn-\p-ff Xbm-sd- Sp- n-emwv Iº-\n. sa -s hym]m-c-hym- ]vx-øns ASn-ÿm-\-Øn \S- ph jw Iº\n-bpsS C ]n Fkv F p cq]-bm-ip-sa v {]X- n- p- p. Ct mgsø hne-bmb 108 cq]-bn \S- ph jsø {]Xo- nx C ]n Fkv Bbn F p cq]-bn ]n C 13.5 BWv. ASpØ h jsø C ]n Fkv FÃn-ta v Bbn cq]-bn ]n C 9.6 BWv. hm -jn-ihcn-kw-jy- Iq- - Hcp h -jtø v- 100 cq-].- Un-Un-/sN v- Voice of Wealth F t]cn-em-bn-cn- Ww.- Un-Un- FdWm-Ip-fØv- am-dm-hp- Xm-bn-cn- Ww.- -Un-Un-/sN v- \º -... Name: Mr/Mrs... Address... District... State... Pin {]Xo- n- p- -Xp-t]mse si Pn t_kn-\n \n v {]Ir-Xn-hm-XIw DXv]m- Zn- n- p-hm dne-b kv Iº-\n v km[n- msx hcp- Xv I-\-\n v A\p-Iq-e-am- Wv. dne-b kv _n ]n Icm-dn-eqsS {]Ir- Xn-hm-XI ASn-ÿm-\-ku-I-cy-ta-J-e-bn hni-k-\-ap- m-ip-sa v s]t{sm-s\ v {]Xo- n- p- p. CXp ]tcm- -ambn Iº-\n v KpWw \evip-sa- mwv Icp- Xp- -Xv. C y-bn F F Pn Unam- n\v A\p-k-cn- p-ff kssπ C. Zo L-Im-e-Øn ani hf {]Xo- n- mw. hn]-wn-bpss s{s Un-\-\p-k-cn v GXm\pw BgvN-I-fmbn Cu Hml-cn-bpsS hnebpw Xmtg-bv m-wv. kao-]-im-esø G hpw XmgvN-bn-em-Wn-t mƒ. Aº-Ønc v BgvN-bnse G hpw Xmgv hne 69 cq]-bm-wv. hne-bn C\nbpw XmgvN {]Xo- n- mw. Cu XmgvN-bn Cu Hml-cn- -bn {]thin- mw. dnkviv hfsc Ipd-hm-Wn-t mƒ. Ct m-gsø hn]wn A -co w sa -s - m s]s p Xs cq]-bn-te-bvs -Øpw. Aev]w Zo L-Im-e-Øn 150 cq]-bntebv v hne Db-cmw....Ph: Address Circulation Manager, Voice of Wealth, Muthoot Chambers, Opp. Saritha Theatre Complex, Banerji Road, Kochi Tel: , , Fax: voiceofwealth@muthootgroup.com Iq-Sp-X - hnhc߃- v-:- Circulation Manager Mobile No

17 17 "am - - v- Xp-S - -bm-bn- A- mw- Zn-h-k-hpw- C-Sn- p.- hn-]-wn- Xn-cn- p-t]m- ns - ]m-x-bn-em-twm?''- Nn-e- \n-t -]-I-sc- n-epw- A- -em-t m-ss-b-m-wv- Ct mƒ- H-m-l-cn- hn-]-wn-sb- ho- n- p- -Xv.- Hm-l-cn- hn-]-wn-bn - \n-t -]n-øn-\n-d-ßn- gn- -m,- Nn-e -s - n-epw- H-cp-X-cw- h- m-ø- B-th-i-am-Wv.- F- pw- F-t m-gpw- F-s - n-epw-hm-ßp-i-bpw- hn - p-i-bpw- sn-ø-w-sa- v- C-h - [-cn- p- p.- F-t m-gpw- hn -]-\-bpw- hm-ß-epw- \-S-Øp- -h-\-, a-dn- v- B-h-iy-t\-c-Øv- am- {Xw- t{s-uv- sn-øp- -h-\m-wv- Hm-l-cn- hn-]-wn-bn - hn-p-bn- p-i- F- - X-Xzw- ]-e- X-h-W- sx-fn-bn- -s - p-i-gn- -Xm-Wv.- Nn-e-t m-sg n-epw-,- hy- -am-b Zn-i- X-cmsX- hn-]-wn- Ip-X-dn-a-m-dm-dp- v.- C-Ø-cw- A-h-k-c-ß-fn - Im-Øn-cp- v- Im-Wp-I- F- - \-b-am-b-n-cn- pw- \- -sx- v- H-cn- - Iq-Sn- Hm -an- n- -s.- G-Xv- Z-n-i-bn-te- m- Wv- t]m-ip- -sx- v- ]n-sn-in- m-ø- A-h-k-c-ß-fn - t{s-uv- sn-øm-xn-c-p- m-ep- m- Ip- - Kp-W-߃- c- m-wv.- t{_m- -td-pv- aq-e-ap- m-ip- - Nn-e-hv- H-gn-hm- m-sa- - Xn-\v- ]p-d-sa- A-\m-h-iy-am-b- dn-kv- pw- C-hn-sS-bn- m-xm-ip- p.- Im-Øncp- v- Im- Wp-I- F- - kq-n-\- \ -Ip- - Im -Un - kv- n- p-iƒ- H- p- ]-cn-n-b-s -Smw.- P R I C E TIME Cu- Nn-{X-sam- v- {i- n- p-i.- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b- ssh- v- Im -Un-en-\v- ]n- m-se-bmbn- H-cp- sn-dn-b- ªm-Iv- Im -Untem-,- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b- ªm- v- Im -Un-en-\v- ]-n- m-sebm-bn- H-cp- ssh- v- Im -Un-tem- Im-Wmw.- lcm-an- Im -Un - kv- n-iv- (Harami Candle stick)- F- m-wv- Cu- Im -Un-ep-Iƒ- A-dn-b-s -Sp- -Xv.- l-cm-an- Im -Un- - kv- n-iv- Hm- - sn-øp- -Xpw- t m-kv- sn-øp- -Xpw- X-te-\m-f-sØ- \o-fw- Iq-Snb- t_mun-bp-ss- a-dp-`m-k-øv- h-c-ø- - hn-[-am-bn-cn- pw.- B-Zy- Zn-h-k-sØ- s_- b-dn-jv- s{s -Un-s\- {]-Xn-\n-[o-I-cn- p- - ªm- v- Im -Un-en-t\m,- _p- n-jv- s{s - Un-s\- {]-Xn-\n-[-o-I-cn- p- - ssh- v- Im -Un-en-t\m- ti-jw- h-cp- - sn-dn-b- ªm- v-/ssh- v- Im -Un-ep-Iƒ- hy- -am-b- B-i- \ -Ip- n- - F- -Xm-Wv- hm-kv-x-hw-!- km-[m-c-w- K-Xn-bn - C-u- Zn-h-k-sØ- hym-]m-c-hym-]v-x-hpw- \-t - Ip-d-hm-bn-cn- psa- v,- ]-cn-tim-[n- m - t_m-[y-s -Spw.- F-t m-sgm-s - hm-ß-ww,- hn - -Ww- F- -Xp-t]m-se- X-s - {]m-[m-\y-a -ln- p- - H- m-wv- F-t m-sgm-s - C-Xv- sn-øcp-sx- - Im-cy-hpw-!- Hm- - p-i- F- -m-e-hpw- ss-iv-\n- - A-\-en-kv- p-iƒ- H-t -sd- {]m-[m-\yw- Im -Un - kv- n-iv- A-\m-en-kn-kn-\v- \ -In- h- -Xn-\v- Im-c-Ww- A-h- \ -Ip- - hn-iz-k-\o-b-am-b- kq-n-\-iƒ- X-s -bm-h-ww-!- Im -Un - kv- n-iv- A-\m-en-kn-kn - Hm-l-cn- hn-e-bv-s m- w- X-s - {]-m-[m-\ywk-a-b-]-cn-[n- pw- \ -In- h-cp- p.- su-bv-en- Nm - n - Zn-h-tk-\-bp- - hn-e-hy-xnbm-\-am-wv- I-W- m p- -sx- n,- ho- v-en- Nm - n - B-gvN-bm-Wv k-a-b-]-cn-[n.- F- m - k-a-b-øn-\v- bm-sxm-cp- {]m-[m-\y-hpw- sim-sp- m-ø- a-s m-cp- X-cw- ss- I-v-\n- - A-\m-en-kn-kv- D- v.- t]m-bn v- B v- ^n-k - Nm - nw-kv- A-Y-hm- ]n- B v- F-^v- Nm - nw-kv- F- - t]-cn-emdn-b-s -Sp- - Cu- Nm - nw-kv- F-ß-s\-sb- v- t\m- mw.- k-a-b-øn-\v- {]-m-[m-\yw- sim-sp- m-ø-xp-t]m-se- X-s - t\-cn-b- txm-xn-ep- hn-e- hy-xn-bm-\-øn-\pw- ]n- B v- F-^v- Nm - nw-kv- {]m-[m-\yw- sim-sp- p- n-.- c- v- Cw- o-jv- A- -c-ß-fm-wv- hn-e-h-y-xn-bm-\-sø- {]-Xn-\n-[o-I-cn- p- -Xn-\m-bn- D- ]-tbm-kn- p-h-cp- -Xv.- D-b-cp- - hn-e-sb- {]-Xn-\n-[o-I-cn- p- -Xv- "x' F- - A- -c- C simtagvkv ho pw NqSp]nSn p p C simtagvkv, Hm sse dos bn tajeiƒ NqSp]nSn p p. C y sfsnbn G hpw hf bp tajeifmbn Ch amdn. AX\pkcn v IqSpX dn{iq vsa pw Chbnep v. C s\ v D]tbmKw h [n p Xv Cu tajeiƒ v Ahkcw h [n n p p. Chbnse dn{iq vsa v Cs m w 50 ixam\w h [n n p v timsn cq]bmbncp p C simtagvkv hcpam\w. Cs m w timsnbntesdbmip sa mwv {]Xo. Db iºftømxpw C Iº\nIƒ Hm^ snøp p. henb sfsn Iº\nIfn \n p t]mepw ko\nb {]^jwepisf BI jn m Ah p km[n p p v. ss{]h v CIzn n mcpw sh Im n epimcpw Cu tajebnte v IqSpX {i Xncn p p. C simtagvkn \n p sf]nhiƒ v \ {]XnIcWamWv. ]n- B -Uv- F-^v- Nm - nw-kvam-sw- n,- Xm-gp- - hn-e-sb- {]-Xn-\n-[o-I-cn- p- -Xv- "o' B-Wv.- k-t m - v- sdknkv- -kv- se-hep-iƒ- I-s -Øp- -Xn-\pw- em-`-sa-sp-øv- ]n -am-td- - hn-e- A- dn-bp- -Xn-\pw- A-tß-b- w- k-lm-b-i-c-am-wv- t]m-bn nw-kv- B v- ^n-k - Nm - nw- Kv- F- v- ss-iv-\n- - A-\-en-kv- p-iƒ- hn-iz-kn- p- p.- Im-Wp-tºmƒ- Zp -{K-l-sa- v- txm- m-hp- - C-sbm-cp- Nm - v-,- {i- n- m - h-f-sc- e-fn-x-sa- v- a-\- nem- mw.- hn-e- 240 x 230 x 220 x 210 x 200 x 190 x x x 180 x 0 x x x 170 x 0 x 0 x 160 x 0 x 0 x 150 x 0 x x 0 x cq-]-bn - \n- m-wv- C-hn-sS- hn-e-bp-ss- {]-bm-ww- B-cw`n- p- -Xv.- C-hn-sS- Hc-p- t]m-b-n v- hy-xn-bm-\-øn-\m-bn- sx-c-s -Sp-Øn-cn- p- -Xv- 10 cq-]-bm-wv.- A- Xm-b-Xv- 130 c-q-]-bn - \n- v- 139Hm- 121Hm- h-sc-bp- - hn-e-hyxn-bm-\w- C-hn-sS- A-h- K-Wn- -s -Sp- p.- 10 cq-]-bp-ss- hy-xn-bm-\-am-b- 140 cq-]-bn-tem- 120 cq-]-bn-tem- F- Øp-tºmƒ- am-{x-am-bn-cn- pw- C-hn-sS- H-cp- t]m-bn v- tπm- v- sn-ø-s -Sp-I.- C-\n- Nm - v- {i- n- mw.- tim-fw- 1 - hn-e- hy-xn-bm-\w- B-cw-`n- p- -Xv- 130 cq-]- bnem-wv \n- pw- hn-e F-Øp-tºmƒ- H-cp- "x' Nm - n - tπm- v- sn-øs -Sp- p.- hn-e- Hm-tcm- 10 cq-]- ap-t -dp- -Xn-\-\-p-k-cn- v- A-tX- tim-f-øn - tπm- vsn-ø-s -Sp- p cq-]- h-sc- D-b-cp- - hn-e,- Xm-gv- v t{s-uv- sn-ø-s -Sp- - Xm-Wv- tim-fw- 2\-v- Im-c-W-am-Ip- -Xv.- tim-fw- 2 - B-Zy-sØ- Xm-gv-N-bm-b- 10 cq- ]m- 170 cq-]-bn - Hm-l-cn- hn-e- F-Øn- p-i-bpw- A-Xn-\v- t\ - v- "o' tπm- v- snøm - Im-c-W-am-Ip-I-bpw- sn-øp- p.- ]-n- o-sv- hn-e- X-m-gv- v- 130 c-q-]-bn - F-Øp- - Xp-am-Wv- tim-fw- 2 - Zr-iy-am-Ip- -Xv \n- pw- hn-e- km-h-[m-\w- D-b - v F-Øp- -Xm-Wv- tim-fw- 3\v- Im-c-W-am-Ip- -Xv cq-]- h-sc- {I-a-am-bn- D-bcp- - Hm-l-cn- ]n- o-sv- Ip-d-bp- -X-v- tim-fw- 4\v- Im-c-W-am-Ip- p.- tim-fw- 4 - hn-e- 140 cq-]- h-sc- Xm-gp- p-s - n-epw- ]n- o-sv- hn-e- D-b - v- tim-fw- 5\v- Im-c-W-am-hp- I-bpw,- hn-e- 230 h-sc- D-b -Ø-s -Sp-I-bpw- sn-øp- p.- Cu- Nm - n - \n- pw- F- p- k-tµ-i-am-wv- e-`n- p-i?- B-Zy-w- ap-t - w- 180 cq- ]-bn - {]-Xn-tcm-[n- -s - p.- ]n- o-sv- Xm-tg- p-h-cp- p-s - -nepw- ho- pw- ap-i-fnte- v- t]m-ip- p.- ho- pw-180 cq-]- h-sc- D-b-cp- - hn-e- v- A-hn-sS- ho- pw- {]-X-ntcm-[w- t\-cn-ts- n-h-cp- p-!- F- m - tim-fw- 5,- {]-Xn-tcm-[-hn-e-bm-b- 180Dw- I- S- v- hn-e- Ip-Xn- p- p cq-]-bn-tem- A-Xn-\p-Xm-sg-tbm- Hm-l-cn- hn-e- \n - ptºmƒ- hm-ßp-s m-cp- \n-t -]-I - e-m-`-sa-sp-øv- ]n -am-td- -Xv- 230 cq-]-bn-emsw- v- X-s - A-\-en-kv- p-iƒ- hn-iz-kn- p- p.- Cu-sbm-cp- D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn ap-x h-sc-bp- - hy-xn-bm-\w- B-dv- t_m-iv-kp-i-fn-em-w-h-km-\n- p- -Xv.- A- m-c-w-øm - X-s - hn-e- 180 t`-zn- -s -Sp- - A-h-k-c-Øn - ]n- o-sv- {]-Xo- n- m-hp- -Xv- A-Sp-Ø- {]-Xn-tcm-[w- A-Sp-Ø- 6 t_m-iv-kp-i-fn-em-wv- (230 cq-]-bn )- F- v- ]n- B v- F-^v- Nm - nw-kn-s - h- m- ƒ- A-h-Im-i-s -Sp- p.- Cu- Nm - nw- Kn-s\- p-dn- dn-bm-\p- - _m- n-im-cy-߃- h-cpw-e- -ß-fn - ]d-bmw.-

18 18 P-\-Øn-\p e-`n- p- - D-]-tbm-K- A-Xn-kw-Xr-]v-Xn-sb- - n- t_m-[yap-,- A-Xp-\ -Ip-,- k - mcn-\m-wv- P-\- ߃- thm- v- sn-øp-i.- sx-c-s -Sp- n-s\- t\-cn-sp- ]m - n-iƒ- C-X-dn-bp-I.- [-\-im-kv-{xw- A-dn-bp-I- 23 tum.- ]n.-si.- G-{_-lmw D- n-bpw- D-]-tbm- m-hn-s - A-Xn-k-w-Xr-]v-Xn-bpw- (Onion and Consumer Surplus) c- p-am-kw- ap-ºv- D- n-hn-e- s]-s - v- \q-dp-cq-]-bn-e-[n-i-am-bn.- P-\w- B- hn-e- v- D- n- hm-ßn.- F- m - D-cp-f- n-g-ßn-s - hn-e- 100 cq-]-bn-e-[n-iam-bm - A-Xp- I- -h-s- m-c-s - ssibn-en-cp- v- No- p-t]m-ipw.- H-cp- h-en-b- h-cƒ- - D- m-bn- cq- am-b- P-e- m-aw- h-cp- -Xp- k- -]n- p-i.- P-\w- \q-dp-cq-]-bv-t m- C-cp- qdp- cq-]-bv-t m- H-cp- en- - sh- w- h-mßpw.- A-cn-bpw- s]-t{sm-fpw- hm-ßm th- n-h- m - C- -tø-x-n-epw- h-f-sc- Iq-Sn-b- hn-e- \ -Im - X-ømdm-Ipw.- F- m-wv- Im-c-Ww?- Im-c-Ww- A-t\z-jn- p- - B-tem-N- \- D-]-tbm- m-hn-s - A-Xn-kw-Xr-]v-Xn- (Consumer Surplus)- F- - B-i-b- Øn-em-Wv- sn-s -Øn-b-Xv.- D-]-t`m- m-hv- H-cp- h-kv-xp-hn-\vsimsp- m - X-øm-dm-Ip- - G- -hpw- Iq- Sn-b- hn-e-bpw- sim-sp-t - n-h-cp- - hne-bpw- X-Ωn-ep- - hy-xym-k-am-wv- C- Xp- m- p- -Xv.- hy-xym-kw- t]m-ko- nhm-bn-cp- m,- A-Xm-b-Xv- sim-sp-t - - hn-e- sim-sp- m- - X-øm-dp- - hne-tb- mƒ- Ip-d-hm-bn-cp- m,- A-[n- I- kw-xr-]v-xn- In- p- p.- D-Zm-l-c-W-ambn- D- n- v- 100 cq-]- h-sc- sim-sp- m - X-øm-dm-Wv.- ]-t - ]-Øp-cq-]- sim-sp- Øm - a-xn-bm-ip- - \n-e- h-cp- p.- A- t mƒ- In- p- -Xv- 90 cq-]-bp-ss- A-[n- I- kw-xr-]-v-xn.- ]n- o-sv- hn-e- 100 cq-]- bm-ip-tºmƒ- kw-xr-]vxn- Ip-d-bp- p.- B- A-Xr]v-Xn- tcm-j-am-bn- am-dp- p.- A-Xp-Ip-td- m-ew- Xp-S - m - P-\w- C- f-ipw C-µn-cm-Km- n- A-[n-Imc-Øn - Xn-cn- p-h-cm-\pw- ]n - m-e- Øv- jo-em- Z-o- n-xv- _n-sp-]n-sb- Xpc-Øn-b-Xn-\pw- h-gn-sbm-cp- n-b-xv- Cu- D- n- cm-{ o-bw- X-s.- P-\m-[n-]-Xyw- \ -Ip- - kzm-x-{ yhpw- sx-c-s -Sp- -h-im-i-hpw- P-\- ߃- v- hn-e-a-xn- m-\m-hm-ø- D-]-t`m- r- A-Xn-kw-Xr-]v-Xn- \ -Ip- p.- tkz- m-[n-]-xn-iƒ p-t]m-epw- h-f-sc- m-e-tø- v- A-Xv- \n-tj-[n- m-\m-hn-.- ]-g-b- tkm-hn-b- v- bq-wn-b-s -bpwa- p- tkz m-[n-]-xy- cm-py-ß-fp-ss-bpw- N-cn-{Xw- A-Xm- Wv- Im-Wn- p- -Xv.- Ct mƒ- Sp-Wo-jy-bnepw- Cu-Pn-]v- Xn-epw- en-_nb-bn-epw- a- v- A-d-_n- cm-pyß-fn-epw- s]m- n- p-d-s - n-cn- p- - hn-π-h- Øn-\-v- ]n- nep- Xpw- Cu- D-]-t`m- rkw-xr-]v-xn-bpss- \n-tj-[-am- Wv.- h-en-bkm-º-øn-i- h- f - - t\-sn-b- ssn-\-t]m-epw- Cu- kw-xr-]v- Xn- \n-tj-[n- -s - - P-\-ßfp-sS- tcm-j-{]-i-s-\-øn-te- v- \o-ßp- I-bm-Wv.- _w-km-fn-epw- ti-c-f-øn-epw- \-ap- n-xp-im-wmw.- P-\-ß-fn - \n- v- D-]- t`m- -r- A-Xn-kw-Xr-]v-Xn- C-hn-S-ß-fnse- `-c-wm-[n-im-cn-iƒ- F-Sp-Øp-I-f- n-cn- p- p.- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- hy-h-ÿ- Xn-bm-b-Xn-\m - {]-t m-`-øn-ep-ss-b-,- sx-c-s -Sp- n-eq-ss-bm-wv- P-\w- Cutcm-jw- {]-I-Sn- n- p-i.- Cu- km-º-øn-i- k-xyw- G- -hp-a-[n- Iw- a-\- n-em- n-b- H-cp- `-c-wm-[n-im-cnbm-bn-cp- p- Fw-Pn-B - X-an-gv-\m- n-se- P- \-ß-fp-sS- Im-W-s - - ssz-hw.- H-cp- kw- `-hw- D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn-:- Ir-jn-h-Ip- v- sk- {I- -dn- Sn.-]n.- B -Wn- Fw-Pn-Bdn-s - A-Sp- - H-cp- \n -t±-iw- h- p.- I -j- I-c-n - \n- pw- hm-ßp- - ]m-en-\v- H-cpcq-]- hn-e- Iq- -Ww.- B- A-[n-I-s -e-hvt\-cn-sm - ]m-en-s - hn -]-\- hn-e-bpw- Hcp- cq-]- Iq- -Ww.- in-]m -i- ssi-bn hm-ßn-b- Fw-Pn-B - D-S-s\- D-Ø-c-hn- p.- in-]m -i-bp-ss- B-Zy-`m-Kw- sb-kv.- c- mw- `m-kw- t\m.- Xo-c-p-am-\w- D-S - \S- m- p-i.- \- - tdm-uv,- kp-e-`-am-b- Ip-Sn-sh- w,- sim-xp-in- -m-ø- hr-øn-bm-b- \-K-cw,- kv- {Xo-Iƒ- pw- Zp -_-e - pw- kp-c- - \ -Ip- - t]m-eo-kv,- Xm-ßmhp- - hn-ebv- v- e-`n- p- - \n-txym-]-tbm-k- k-m- [-\-߃- C-sXm-s - D- m-bm - P-\- ߃- v- D-]-tbm-K-A-Xn-kw-Xr-]v-Xn- (Consumer Surplus)- D- m-ipw.- C-ßs\- A-Xn-kw-Xr-]v-Xn- e-`n- n-cp- - Im-eam-Wv- am-then-bp-ts-xv.- C-t m-gpw- \mwam-th-en-sb- Hm - p- -Xn-\v- Im-c-Ww- a- s m- -.- P-\-Øn-\p e-`n- p- - D-]-tbm-K- A- Xn-kw-Xr-]v-Xn-sb- - n- t_m-[yap-,- A- Xp-\ -Ip-,- k - mcn-\m-wv- P-\-߃thm- v- sn-øp-i.- sx-c-s -Sp- n-s\- t\- cn-sp- ]m - n-iƒ- C-X-dn-bp-I.- BIvknkv _m v (t]p-v 16 \n v) C -gn sk]v w-_-dn-enxv 1.2 ix-am-\-am-bn-cp- p. Imkm (I-d v A u v tkhnwkvkv A u- v) A\p-]mXw samøw Unt m-kn- ns 42 ix-am-\-am-bxv _m ns am Pn sa -s -Sp-hm klmbn- p. CXp-hgn Unt m-kn v \nc- nse h [-\-bpss BLm-XsØ Hcp ]cn[n hsc XS- p-\n Øm _m n\ km[n- n- p- v. _m ns ^ v timãv GXm v ÿnc-x-tbmss 4.79 ix-am-\-øn XpS-cp-I-bm-Wv kmº-øn- I-h j-øn _m ns hcp-am\w timsn cq]bpw A m-zmbw timsn cq]bpw timsn cq] Hmlcn aqe-[-\-øn C ]n Fkv cq]- bp-am-wv. \S- p-h j-øns BZy 9 amk- m-eøv hcp-am\w timsn cq]-bn-se-ønb-t mƒ A m-zmbw timsn cq]-bm-wv. CXv Ign apgp-h jsø BZm-b- Øn-\-Sp-Øm-Wv. \S- p-h jw ix-am\w hmbv]m-h-f -bmwv _m v {]Xo- n- p- -sx- nepw Unt m-kn v \nc- p-iƒ Db kml-n-cy-øn hcpw Izm -dp-i-fn am Pn kω ±- Øn-em-Wv. F m i -amb Imk A\p-]mXhpw ani Ak v Izmfn- nbpw _m n\v A\p-Iq-e-L-S-I-ß-fm-Wv. am Pn kω ±w \ne-\n-ev p- p-s - nepw _m ns ani {]I-S\w hcpw Izm -dp-i-fnepw XpSp-cp-hm-\mWv km[y-x. _m v AXns tim ]-td v _m nwzv tkh-\-߃ hn]p-e-s -SpØn hcn-i-bm- Wv. _m v CubnsS C\mw skiyq-cn- o-kns C sh-ãvsa v _m nwkv B Uv CIzn n t{_m nwkv _nkn-\kv hmßn-bn-cp- p. _m ns k_vkn-un-bdnbmb BIvknkv skiyq-cn- o-kn CXns\ ebn- p- p-i-bm-b-cp- p. CXp-hgn _m ns ^okn- Xc hcp-am\w sa -s -Sp-Øp-hm Ah-k-c-ap- m-bn-cn- p-i-bm-wv. hfsc thkw hf-cp tem _p pw sa -s Ak v Izmfn- nbpw Db Imkm A\p-]m-Xhpw _m n\v {]bm-k-i-c-amb A -co- -Ønepw IcpØp \evip- p. Ct mgsø hne 1224 cq]-bm-wv. Hcp h jsø IqSnb hne 1608 cq]bpw Ipd hne 1048 cq]-bp-am-wv. Ct m-gsø hne-bn \S- p-h jsø {]Xo- nxn C ]n Fkv Bbn 77 cq]-bn ]n C 16.2 BWv. CXv Ct m-gsø \ne-bn 20 \ne-hmcw e`n- phm _m n\v A l-x-bp- v. AXm-bXv 1600 cq]bntebv v FØm-\p-ff IcpØp v. hn]-wn-bnse Xncp-Ø-en Cu Hmlcn hfsc BI j-i-am-wv. Ch-bn {]th-in- p- Ibpw snømw. C- y kmº-øn-i-h-f hcpw h j-ß-fn Cc- -b- -Øn-tebv v {]th-in- phm {ian- p kml-n-cy-øn _m nwkv taj-ebv v ani km[y-x-bm-wp-f-f-xv. AXn ani {]I-S\w ImgvN hbv p-hm km[y-x-bp-ff _m p-i-fn-sem- mwv BIvknkv _m v.

19 19 (t]p-v 2 \n v) s - - D-S-º-Sn- D- m-b- \n-e- v- a v -cm-py-ßfpam-bp- - N - - F-fp- -am-ipw.- C- -tum-t\- jy,- knw-k- q,- ^n-en- o -kv,- Xm-bv-e -Uv,- {_q-sw-bv,- hn-b v-\mw,- em-thm-kv,- aym -a,- Iw-t_m-Un-b- F- n-h-bm-wv - B-kn-bm-\n-sea- v- H -]-Xv- cm-py-߃.- Cu- D-S-º-Sn-I-fp-sS- s]m-xp-kz-`m-hw- C- y- Cu- cm-py-ß-fp-am-bp- - _- w- ]p-xnsym-cp- X-e-Øn-te- v- Db -Øp- -Xm-Wv.- N- C- y-bp-ss- P-\-kw-Jy- {]m-b- W n - c- p-hym-]m-c-øn - \n- v- \-Ωp-sS- \n-ehm-cw- D-b-cp- p.- ]-g-b-im-e-tø-xp-t]m-se- A-kw-kv-IrX- h-kv-xp- ƒ- hn- v- ^m-œn- D - - -߃- hm-ßp- - \n-e-bn-ep-a- - \mw.- aq-e-[-\-hpw- sxm-gn-epw- B-tKm-f-bm-{X- \-S-Øp- - Im-e-am-Wn-Xv.- C-u- bm-{x-bn - ]-c-am-h-[n- t\- w- C- y- pw- C- y- m - pw- In- m-\p- - h-gn-bm-wv- Cu- Icm-dp- Iƒ- Xp-d- -p- -Xv.- \m- n-se- Po-hn-X-Øn-epw- Cu- am- w- \- ap- v- Im-Wmw.- Np- pw- Ip-cp-ap-f-Ipw ]p ssø-e-hpw- hn- v- ]-Wap- m- n-b-n-cp- ÿm-\-øv- C- v- hn-zym-k-º- -cm-b- bp-hm- ƒ- tpm-en-sb-sp-øv- ]-W-ap- m- p- p.- ap -X-e-ap-d-Iƒ- v- kz-]v-\w- Im-Wm - ]- m- Ø- h-en-b- Xp-I-Iƒ.- C-t mƒ- K-h -sa v- A-Xn-\p- - A- h-k-cw- hn-]p-e-am- p-i-bm-wv.- CXp-h-sc- Xpd-hn- C- mxn-cp- cm-py-ß-fn-te- p- - I- hm-s-߃- Xp-d- p- p.- I-b- p-a-xn- v- ]p-xnb- hn-]-wn-iƒ- tx-sn-bn-cp- -Xp-t]m-se- \- Ωp-sS- a-\p-jy-hn-`-h-ti-jn- pw- aqe-[-\- Ønpw- ]p-xn-b- A-h-k-c-߃- I-s -Øp- p.- H- w- cm-py-sø- aq-e-[-\m-h-iy-ø-n-\v- ]p-xn-b- t{km-x- p-iƒ- Xp-d- p- p.- bq-tdm-]y - bq-wn-b-\p-am-bn- \-S- p-hcp- - N - -bpw- C-tX- e- -y-øn-em-wv.- {_n- -\-S- w- 27 cm-p-y-߃- D- - bq-tdm-]y bq-wn-b-\p-am-bn- kz-x-{ - hym-]m-c- D-S-º- Sn- (Free Trade Agreement-FTA)- B-Wv- C- y- tx-sp- -Xv.- A-hn-sS- C- y-b-p-ss- hyh-ÿ- H- p-am-{xw- N-c- p-hym-]m-cw- Iq- -Wsa- n - C- y- m - v- I-q-Sp-X - hn-k- \ - I-Ww tim-sn- ]u- v- (G-I-tZ-iw- 30,- 000 tim-sn-cq-])- I- p-hym-]m-cw- h -[n- n- p- -Xn-\v- ]-I-cam-bn- 50,-000 C- y- m - v- h -j-w-txm-dpw- hn-k- \ -I-Ww.- C-Xm- Wv- C- y-bp-ss- B-h-iyw.- H-Sp-hn - hn-kkw-jy- 40,-000 te- v- Xm-gv-Øn-tb- mw.- C- Xn - ]-Ip-Xn- {_n- -\n-te- m-bn-cn- pw.- P - a-\n- 7000,- {^m -kv F- - txm-xn-em- Ipw- a- v- cm-py-߃- \ -ti- - Izm-.- bq-td-m-]y - bq-wn-b - I-Ωo-j- - {]- kn-u v- slm-sk- am-\p-h - _-tdm-tkm- C- y-bp-ss- hn-k- B-h-iy-tØm-Sv- A-\p- Iq-e-am-bm-Wv- {]-Xn-I-c-n- p- -Xv.- D-b - sxm-gn-en- m-b-v-a-tøm-xv- \n-e-\n -t - bqtd-m-]y - cm-py-ß-fn-se- cm-{ o-b- ta-[m-hn- Iƒ- F- p- \n-e-]m-ss-sp- pw- F- -Xv- hy- -a-.- ]-t - hm-wn-pyw Iq- p-i- F- -Xv- A-hcp-sS-bpw- B-h-iy-am-Wv.- H-Sp-hn - C- y-bp-ss- B-h-iy-tØm-Sv - A-\p-Iq-e-am-Im - A-h-cpw- \n -_- n-x-cm-i-p-sa- v- Xo -.- C-hn-sS-sb- mw- In- p- -Xv- H-tc- ]m-t-am- Wv.- ]-Ww- am-{x-a- - k-º-øv,- P-\-hpw- k- º-Øm-Wv.- hn-zym-`ym-k-hpw- I-gn-hp-ap- - P- \-kw-jy- C- y- v- t\- -am-ip- p.-

20 20 VOICE OF WEALTH March 2011 Registered No. KL/EKM/672/ Licence No. KL/CR/EKM/WPP-30/ Reg. No. KERBIL/ 2006/ RN Owned, Printed and Published by George Alexander Muthoot, G343, Panampilly Nagar, Kochi-36 and Printed at Cherrys Printers, for Viani Printers, Kochi. Editor: T.C.Mathew (Responsible for story selection)