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$apf-fn\pw tisn-$ $sskw skan-\m 4$ ae-tbmcw

1 1 Cebv pw apf-fn\pw tisn- msx ]cn-l-cn- Ww: sskw skan-\m 4 ae-tbmcw ]pi-bp-tºmƒ... Hcn- qsn AXn-i-bn- n v 5 VOL. 9 ISSUE 1. Date of Publication: 01/1/ 2014 PRICE Rs. 10/- ]Ww F am{ nizwvuv 9

2 Gold Loans: Inherent strength enough to absorb Price flux George Thomas Muthoot Gold Loan business is once again in focus recently a gold loan competitor came out with the statement that it is

2 2 Gold Loans: Inherent strength enough to absorb Price flux George Thomas Muthoot Gold Loan business is once again in focus recently a gold loan competitor came out with the statement that it is expecting some under- recovery in certain loan portfolios. This is deemed to have occurred in respect of loans extended prior to the RBI regulation capping LTV at 60 % of the value of gold pledged. Though this company has given gave its clarification to the exchanges and thus the people at large, these developments have once again caused a furor among the market watchers, who are questioning some of the basic beliefs underlying rationale of the gold loan business that Indians have a cultural affinity to gold and personal attachment to their jewels and do not give them up easily and therefore default under gold loan is relatively low. The present issue has caused a re think and market watchers are trying to correlate the loss estimated by Manappuram, accredited to accumulated unrealized interest, leading to borrowers abandoning their jewellery when a fall in price of gold happened. This reasoning assumes that the borrower s value for his jewels is merely monetaryand puts question mark on the sentimental value theory. This belief is logically conflicting, as a person who has no sentimental attachment to the jewels would choose to sell the jewels in times of financial stress and realize the full possible value instead of pledging it. Pledging is carried out with the anticipation of regaining possession of the jewels, even at a cost. In instances when sale of it would ensure 100 % value, pledging would involve getting only % value and paying additional costs and interest for regaining possession. Pledging is an evidence of sentimental attachment to the pledged goods, as sale is as easy as pledging, in the case of such a liquid asset as gold. Apart from this there is a replacement value for gold jewellery as making charges, VAT etc gets added to the basic metal value. Gold Loan Companies are statutorily barred from extending loans against primary gold and can only extend loans against ornaments. However, they do not function like soda vending machines-dispensing cash to all and sundry that brings some gold. Companies with good governance and prudent policies have systems in place to protect their long term interests and commitment to stake holders. They also evaluate the customer s authenticity and repayment capacity while extending loans. KYC norms also facilitate in assessing the financial status of the borrower and his repayment capacity. In normal cases, Gold loan companies maintain a margin between 25 to 50 percent of the value of gold (statutorily fixed minimum at 40 %) in the ornament pledged. Factors that influence this decision include, the period of loan, interest rate applicable, assessment about the customer and his income flow, past relationship etc. Other terms such as the periodicity of servicing interests and tenure of loan are also fixed individually, based on the lenders assessment of the customer and his requirements. To point out an example: a low income customer can borrow at 12 % p.a. to meet short term needs, but is asked to maintain a sizeable margin anywhere between 50 % to 60 % so as to ensure that the customer is not over burdened and would have the motivation to reclaim the collateral which is far more valuable than his dues. The Gold Loan Companies do this as prudent and experienced businessmen who have been in the field for some time, and would not risk their future earnings for a present short-term gain. All loans are sanctioned for 1 year. lower interest rates if paid within shorter periods like 1 month / 3 months acts as an incentive to close the loan early. Quantum of loan is calculated strictly based on the gold content in the ornament. RBI had fixed LTV at 60 % and the KUB Rao Committee Report had recommended relaxation to 75 %. This relaxation still leaves a prudent margin as the replacement cost of the pledged jewels is always far more than the dues even after The value of jewellery to the borrower is not merely the replacement cost. Often these represent family heirlooms, gifts from grandparents and parents, anniversary gifts, children s jewellery received at the naming ceremony etc and have a value far above their monetary value to the borrower. one year at the maximum interest rate of 24 %. Let us work out the hypothetical case of a borrower, who has pledged a chain which has 8 grams of 22 carat gold and has availed the maximum loan of 75 % undertaking to repay the loan in 6 months. The borrower, for reasons only known to him, has not repaid the loan even after 12 months. Let us assume that the Company has charged the customer overdue interest at 24 % from the date of loan for one year. What would be the dues of the borrower as against the value of the pledged jewels for the customer? The hypothetical Example: A gold chain of 8 grams bought at Rs per gram would be priced as under: Gold cost: 8 x 2800 = Rs Making charges (minimum 16 %, can go upto 24 % for antique jewellery) = 16 % of Rs 22400= Rs 3584 Total cost = Rs 25,984 5% = Rs 1,300 Total price of the jewellery = Rs 27,283 In most cases there are semiprecious or precious stones fixed to the ornaments some of which are charged at the same rate as gold by the jewellery shops. In such cases the price of the jewellery and Vat would be correspondingly higher. Let us assume that the Gold Loan Company lends upto 75 % (at present 60 %) of the value of gold in the ornament. In this case, the loan amount is Rs. 16,800. Principal plus Interest at overdue rate of 24 % compounded quarterly would amount to Rs. 20,832 which is still below the replacement cost of the jewels. Even in case there is a fall in price of 5 % during the period, the borrower would have to pay around Rs. 26,000/ to replace the ornament discounting any stone value. In case the price of gold falls by 5 % during the period to: Cost of 8 gms =8 x 2,660 = Rs 21,280 Making Charges at 16 % = Rs 3,405 Total = Rs.24,685 VAT 5 % = Rs 1,234 Total = Rs 25,919 If you add the tacit or sentimental value to the explicit price, the replacement costs would be far higher. The cultural affinity that Indians have towards gold is such that in case a person loses his/her gold ornaments, he /she would get them replaced at the earliest opportunity. So replacement cost is an important factor influencing the borrower s decisions. The value of jewellery to the borrower is not merely the replacement cost. Often these represent family heirlooms, gifts from grandparents and parents, anniversary gifts, children s jewellery received at the naming ceremony etc and have a value far above their monetary value to the borrower. This value cannot be easily reduced to figures, but the replacement costs can be estimated approximately. The new theories floating around that gold loan repayment are highly price sensitive and persons abandon the jewels when prices decline is based on the subprime mortgage experience when persons abandoned their homes as prices fell and incomes fell and they could not meet their down payments. Actually if we examine closely, the two situations are as different as chalk from cheese. Neither do borrowers redeem their gold instantly in response to a price upswing. While it is easier to mete out doomsday prophecy for the gold loan business model based on a single event; it is time for some introspection to understand the inherent strength of the business model and its ability it has in unlocking the massive potential in monetising the idle gold resources of the nation.

$3 ae-tbmcw ]pi-bp-tºmƒ... Chief Editor Dr. P.K. Abraham Editor Sunesh Bhasi Editor In Charge: Joy Philip joyphilip@gmail.com Managing Editor Jayesh.V.Sudhakar jayeshhin@yahoo.co.in Media Consultancy ]cn-ÿnxn kwc- -W-Øns t]cn tic-f-ønse P\-kw-Jy-bn ( 3.$

3 3 ae-tbmcw ]pi-bp-tºmƒ... Chief Editor Dr. P.K. Abraham Editor Sunesh Bhasi Editor In Charge: Joy Philip Managing Editor Jayesh.V.Sudhakar Media Consultancy ]cn-ÿnxn kwc- -W-Øns t]cn tic-f-ønse P\-kw-Jy-bn ( 3.3 timsn) aq n c p `mk-tøbpw Bi- -bn \ne-\n Øp-I-bmWv KmUvKn IkvXqcn cwk dnt m p-iƒ. ] n-a- L- -Øns kwc- Ww Dd- m- p- - Xn\v am[hv KmUvKn-ens t\xr-xz-ønep-ff sslse-h h nwkv {Kq v Hm shtã KSpw( F vf U-_vfyp-Pn) IkvXqcn cwk IΩn- nbpw ( dnhyp dnt m v) Xbm-dm- n-bn- p-f-f-xmwv Cu dnt m p-iƒ. ] n-a-l- -tøbpw AXnse h\y-po-hn-i-tfbpw kky-pm-eß-tfbpw ]cn-ÿn-xn-tbbpw kwc- n- p-i-sb XmWv dnt m ns ]T-\-e- yw. F m Cu Bhm-k-hy-ÿbn Xs Pohn- p a\p-jysc pdn v dnt m n H pw ]d-bp- n-. {]txy- In pw tic-f-ønse a\p-jy-sc- p-dn- v. CXp-X-s -bmwv Bi- -bpw. ] n-a-l- -ta-j-e-bnse Bdv kwÿm-\-ß-fmwv ( tic-fw, Xan-gv\m- Sv, I Wm-S-Iw, tkmh, alm-cm-jv{s, KpPdm-Øv) am[hv KmUvKn dnt m ns ]cn-[n-bn hcp- -Xv. CXn tic-f-samgn-i-bp-ff kwÿm-\-ßƒ Ah-cpsS P\- ß-tfbpw Ah-cpsS Irjn-tbbpw dnt m ns ]cn-[n-bn \n v Hgn-hm- nsb-sp-ø-t mƒ tic-f-ønse P\- ßƒ v B `mkyw e`n- m-ø-xmwv Ct m-g-sø Bi- -bv -Sn-ÿm-\w. a v kwÿm-\-ßƒ v \evinb B\p-Iqeyw tic-f-øn\pw \evi-w-sat kwÿm\w Bh-iy-s -Sp- p-f-fp. AXmbXv ] n-a-l- -Øns Bhm-k-hy-h-kÿn-bn kpo-h-am-bn- p-ff a\p-j pw IqSn A l-amb ]cn-k-w\ D m-h-ww. ] n-a-l- -Ønse ]cn-ÿnxn taje KpP-dm-Ønse Xm]n \Zn-bpsS sx p-hiw apx Xan-gv\m- nse I\ym- Ip-am-cn-bpsS hs- p-hsc \o p-in-s- p NXp-c{i Intem-ao- {]tzi-sø-bmwv ] -an-l taj-e-bmbn IW- m- p- -Xv. Bdp kwÿm-\-ß-fnembn 188 Xmep- p-i-fmwv CXns ]cn- [n-bn hcp- -Xv. kap-{z-\n-c- n \n v ]qpyw apx 2674 ao Db-c-ap-ff {]tzi-ßƒ CXn-ep- v. AtX-t]mse ] n-a- L- -Øns IqSnb hoxw 200 Intem-ao- dpw Ipd hoxw 10 Intem-ao- -dp-am-wv. ] n-a-l hnkvxo W-Øn 41 ix-am-\-tømfw kzm`m-hni h\-ßfpw a p-a-s-ßnb {]IrXnbmWv. CXn 37 ixam-\-tøm-f-amwv ]cn-ÿn-xn-teme {]tzi-ambn IW- m- p- -Xv. AXm-bXv GXm v NXp-c{i Intem-ao- -. Bdp kwÿm-\-ß-fn-embn GXm v 1500 Intem-ao- -tdmfw \of-øn-emwv Cu {]tziw. Cu {]tz-iøv GXm v 50 e -tømfw Bfp-Iƒ Pohn- p- p. hfsc ssph-ssh-hn-[y-ap-ff Poh-Pm-eßƒ Dff taj-e-bm-wn-sx pw CXp kwc- n- -s -S-W-sa- p-amwv KmUvKn dnt m v ]d-bp- Xv. ]ivnna-l- -Ønse Bhm-k-hy-hÿ kwc- n- -W-sa Imcy-Øn B pw X -an-. AºXp e -tømfw Bfp-Isf _m[n- p- hn[-ønepff am[hv KmUvKn dnt m Sv dnhyp snøp- -Xn- \mwv XpS p \nbp- -am-b-xmwv IkvXqcn cwk IΩn- n. Cu IΩn- n-bpss dnt m v A\p-k-cn v Bdp-kw-ÿm-\-ßfn-embn 4156 hnt -Pp-Ifpw NpXp-c- {i-in-tem-ao- -dp-amwv ]cn-ÿnxn teme {]tz-iw. Cu ÿeøv GXm v e w P\-ßfmWv Xma-kn- p- -Xv. P\- km-{µx NXp-c-{i-In-tem-ao- -dn\v tic-fsø Hgn-hm- n-bp-ff ÿesø F p-sim v tic-f-øn\v Bi tic-f-øns hnkvxo Ww NXp-c{i Intem-ao- -dm-wv. CXn 77.4 ixam\w ( NXp-c{i Intem-ao- ) ] n-a-l- -ta-j-e-bn Dƒs -Sp- p. AXmbXv tic-f-øns \s mcp ] pw Cu taj-e-bn-em-wv. samøw ] n-a-l hnkvxo W-Øns 18.1 ix-am-\ta tic-f-øn-ep- p. CXn Xs ]cn-ÿnxn teme {]tziw 7.97 ix-am-\ta-bp-f-fp. ]t tic-f-øns 77 ix-am-\hpw Cu taj-e-bn-em-sw- -XmWv Bi- -s -Sp-Øp- -Xv. am{x-hp-a tic-f-ønse ] na-l taj-e-bpss 44.2 ix-am-\hpw ]cn-ÿnxn teme-ta-j-e-bn-em-wv. NXp-c-{i-In-tem-ao- -dn\v 859 BWv tic-f-ønse P\-km-{µ-X. Cu P\-Xbv v C\nbpw IqSp-X HXp-ßp-hm km[n- p-i-bn- - -XmWv hkvxp-x. tic-f-øns ] n-l- -ta-j-e-bn 44.2 ix-am\w ÿew ]cn-ÿnxn kwc- -W-Øn-\mbn hn p-sim-sp-øp-sim v C{Xbpw P\-km-{µ-X-bp-ff tic-f-øn\v \ne-\n-ev p-hm km[n- p-i-bn-. hnkvxr-xn-bn ap n p \nev p a v kwÿm-\-ßƒ v Ipd P\-km-{µXaqew CXp kl-\o-b-am-wv. ]c-ÿnxn teme {]tz-i-ambn IkvXqcn cwk IΩn n FSp-Øn- p-f-fxv NXp-c-{i-In-tem-ao- -dn P\-hmkw \qdn\v Xmsg-bp-ff Xmeq- -I-sf-bm-sW- m- Wv. F m tic-fsø kw_- n- n-s-tømfw bmym yw AX-s - -XmWv Ct m-gsø {]iv\-ßfpss apjy-im-c-ww. ]cn-ÿnxn teme {]tz-i-ambn IW- m- p DSp-º-t me Xmeq- n P\-km-{µX Dw ]ocp-ta- n Dw hb-\m- nse sshøn-cn-bn Dw kpøm _tøcn-bn Dw, am\- hm-sn-bn Dw BWv. Ch-bpsS ]Ip-Xn-tbmfw ]cn-ÿn-xn-ta-je {]tz-i- Øm-Wv. IÆq Pn -bnse sim n-bq (P\-km-{µX 14.22), Bdfw (246.23), sndphm-t cn( Dw) BWv. Npcp- -Øn IkvXqcn cwk ]d hn[-øn P\- km-{µx 100 Xmsg-bp-ff am\-zwvuw IW- n-se-sp-øm tic-f-ønse \s mcp ] v taj-e-bpw ]cn-ÿnxn teme {]tz-i-øn\p ]pd-øp-h-tc- -Xm-Wv. IkvXqcn cwk dnt m p {]Imcw tic-f-ønse e w Bfp-IfmWv _p n-ap- n-em-ip-i. AXm-bXv Bdv kwÿm-\-ß-fn-embn _p n-ap v A\p-`hn-t n hcp e w P\-ß-fn ix-am-\hpw tic-f-øn-emwv F w. AXm-bXv tic-f-ønse P\-kw-Jybpw P\-km-{µ-Xbpw hnkvxo Whpw IW- n-se-sp- m-sx-bmwv am[hv KmUvKnepw IkvXqcn cwk IΩn- nbpw dnt m Xbm-dm- n-bn- p-f-f-xv. C{Xbpw P\-ßssf Ah Pohn- p Bhmk hyh-ÿbn \n- p ]pd-øm- n-s m v CØcw ] Xn \S- m- m-sa- p-ffxv hnõn-ifpss kz K-Øn hkn- p- -h t km[n- p-i-bp-f-fp. ] n-a-l hnkvxo W-Øn ix-am\w am{xw hcp {]tz-isø Aev]w IqSn sndp-xm- n-bmepw H pw kw`-hn- p-i-bn-s - p-f-f-xmwv hkvxp-x. F m ticfw Bh-iy-s -Sp- Xv Ãm -kvtim-bm-wv. Ct mƒxs tic-f-øn ]cn-ÿnxn kwc- Ww ani txmxn \S- p- p- v. AXn-\p-ff \nb-a-ß-fp-ap- v. AXp-sIm- p-xs IkvXqcn cwk dnt m n P\-kw-JybpsS ASn-ÿm- \-Øn ]p\-c-h-tem-i\w Bh-iy-am-Wv. am v D]-tbm-Knt m dotam v sk knwkv D]-tbm-Knt m ]cn-ÿnxn teme {]tz-i-ßsf Xncn- msx t\cn- p-xs Cu 123 Xmep- pi- -fnepw At\z-jWw \SØn th Xn-cnhv \S-Ø-bm Ct m-gsø {]iv\- ß-fn \s mcp ] pw C m-xp-ip-sa p am{x-, P\-ß-fpsS {]txy-in pw Cu taj-e-bn Xma-kn- p I j-i-cpss ]n p-wbpw In pw. ]cn-ÿnxn kwc- nt - Xv I j-i-cpss Bh-iy-am-Wv.

4 4 Cebv pw apf-fn\pw tisn- msx ]cn-l-cn- Ww: sskw skan-\m P\-ß-fpsS Bi Zpco-I-cn- p-sim- pff ssph-ssh-hn-[y-kw-c- -W-ßƒt {]k- n-bp-f-fp-sh v IkvXqcncwK dnt m pw ] n-a-l- hpw F hnj-b- Øn tkhy C Ãn- yq v Hm^v amt\- Pvsa v B Uv F {]-W jn ns ( sskw) B`n-ap-Jy-Øn kwl-sn- n GI-Zn\ skan-\m A`n-{]m-b-s - p. Ct mgsø hnhm-z-ßƒ Cebv pw apf-fn\pw tisn- msx ]cn-l-cn- -W-sa pw \n t±in- p. (t_mivkv ImWp-I) ] n-a-l- -hp-ambn _ -s v Bdv kwÿm-\-ß-fn-embn 25 timsn P\-ßƒ hkn- p- p- v. ] n-al w \in- m Cu P\-ß-fpsS Pohn-tXm-]m[n Xs A]-I-S-Øn-em-Ipw. AXn\v ChnsS Xmakn- p- -h kω-xn- p-i-bn-. ] n-a- L w kwc- n- p-i-sb- p-f-fxv F m-hcp-tsbpw Bh-iy-am-Wv. ] n-a-l- -Øns ]cn-ÿnxn \in- n- p- Xv Ip wxs -bm- Wv. ]t ChnsS Xma-kn- p- -h-cpss A`n-{]mbw txsm-sx-bmwv kwc- -Øn- \p-ff hnz-kv[-cpss dnt m v hcp- n- p-f-f- Xv. P\-ßƒ v A\p-`-h-ap- v. hnz-kv[ v Adn-hp- v. CXp c p-iqsn tbmpn- n- {]mtbm-kni \S-]-Sn-I-fmWv D m-th- sx pw skan-\m A`n-{]m-b-s - p. KmUvKn dnt m pw IkvXqcn cwk dnt m pw C m-cy-øn ]cm-p-bs -SpIbmWv snbvxn- p-f-f-xv. sskw ^m n AwKhpw ap I Wm-SI No^v sk{i- dn tum sp Ae- Ivkm- skan-\m DZvLm-S\w snbvxp. XpS v sskw ÿm]-i\pw {]kn-u pw sfsffw ap Ub-d-IvS-dp-amb {]^. sp ^nen v skan-\m-dn hnj-bm-h-xcww \SØn. tic-f-øns {]txyi ]cnÿnxn IW- n-se-spøv Cebv pw ap n\pw tisn- msx {]iv\w ]cn-l-cn- - W-sa v At±lw A`n-{]m-b-s - p. a\p-jys\ ad- p-sim- p-ff ]cnÿnxnkwc- Ww A]-Iz-am-Wv. AtX-kabw ]cn-ÿnxn kwc- Ww a\p-jys \ne-\n-ev]n\v Bh-iy-am-Wv. Ch c pw kwtbm-pn- n- p-sim- p-ff \S-]-Sn-Itf ] n-a-l- -Øn \S- m- -hq. I j-i-cpss \ne-\n-ev]n\v {]IrXn kwc- Ww A\nhm-cy-am-sW v Ah p-xs t_m[y-ap- v. ]cn-ÿnxnhmzn-ifpw ]d-bp- Xv CtX Imcy-am-Wv. Npcp- -Øn c p Iq cptsbpw e yw ]cn-ÿnxn kwc- - W-am-Wv. Ch-cpsS hyxykvx kao-]-\- ßsf kwtbm-pn- n- m Ct mƒ IkvXqcncwK dnt m n-s\-s m n \S- p timem-l-e-lßƒ Ah-km-\n- psa v skan-\mdns ]m\ snb am-\mb ap Xan-gv\mSv No^v sk{i- -dnbpw IkvXqcn cwk dnt m n-s\- p-dn v ]Tn- m \ntbm-kn- -s IΩn- n-bnse AwKhp-amb ]n kn kndn-biv Nq n- m- n. KmUvKn dnt m ntebpw IkvXqcn cwk dnt m n-tebpw ]e in]m i-ifpw {]mtbm-kn-i-a-s v ]m\ N -bn ]s -SpØv ap CSp n Fw]n {^m knkv tpm Pv Nq n- m- p- p. \q m- p-i-fmbn ] n-l- -Øn P\-ßƒ hkn- p- p. Ign GXm\pw ]Xn- m- p- I-fmbn kaq-l-ønse hnhn[ Xpd-Ifn \n- p-ff Bfp-Iƒ ChnsS hkn- p- p. Ah v a p-f-f-hsc t]mse Xs sa -s coxn-bn Xma-kn- p-hm-\p-ff P\-km-{µX 64. NXp-c-{i-In-sem-ao- -dn\v 100 Xmsg P\-ß-fp-ff Xmeq- p-i-sfbmwv ]cn-ÿnxn teme {]tz-i-øn-\mbn sxc-s -Sp-Ø-sX- mwv IkvXqcn cwk dnt m v ]d-bp- -Xv. F m ticfsø kw_- n- n-s-tømfw \qdn Xmsg P\-km-{µ-X-bp-ff taj-e-iƒ hfsc Ipd-hm-bn-cn- pw. Ct mƒ tic-f-øn ]cn-ÿnxn teme {]tz-i-ambn IW- m- p 123 Xmeq- p-i-fn `qcn-]- - Ønepw CXn-t\- mƒ P\-ßƒ hkn- p- p- v. Bhmk hyh-k-ÿ-bpss `mk-ambn a\p-jys\ am[hv KmUvKn IkvXqcn cwk dnt m p-i-fn ]cn-k-wn- n-s - - XmWv Ccp dnt m p-i-fp-tsbpw ASn-ÿm- \-]-c-am-b-sx- v Ifn Ip-Sn-tb w t{]m m-ln- n- p. hfsc {]bm-k-ßƒ kln v AhnsS IpSn-tbdn Irjnbpw a p \SØn B {]tz-i-ßƒ hnf-`q-an-bmbn am n. Ahn-sS-\n v Ct mƒ Cd-ßn-t m- I-W-sa p ]d-bp- -Xnse bp nbmwv a\-kn-em-im-ø-xv. CØ-c-Øn Irjn \S- Ønb Ime-L- -Øn\p apº-tøbv v kwÿm-\-øns ImSpw {]Ir-Xnbpw hos -Sp- m\mwv Nne {ian- p- -Xv. AXv {]mtbm-kn-ihpw \S- m-ip Imcyhp-a hsc IpSn-tb-dn-b-h v ] bw \evip-hm F m-hcpw kω-xn- n- p-f-f- Xm-Wv. AXn-\p-tijw kw`-hn- n- p-ff IpSntb- sø Hmtcm- mbn ]cn-tim-[n v Xocpam-\-sa-Sp- p-hp- -tx-bp-f-fp. h\w ]c-ÿnxn kwc- -W-\n-ba-ßfpw ]pxnb kmt -XnI hnzy-ifpw D]- tbm-k-s -Sp-Øn-bm Ct m-gsø Ãm kv tim \ne-\n Øn-s m- p-xs ]cnÿnxn kwc- Ww km[y-am-wv. hnik\w aqew D m-ip ]mcn-ÿn-xni {]iv\-ß-fpss BLmXw amivknaw Ipdbv p-hm B[p-\nI ssivt\m-f-pnsb D]- tbm-k-s -Sp-ØpI F -Xm-Wv. ] n-a-l- -Øns ]mcn-ÿn-xni {]iv\-ßƒ p ImcWw Bcm-sW p IrXy-ambn ]n t]m-bn p snøp-hm-\p-ff DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xzw-IqSn Cu c p IΩo-j-\p- Iƒ p- v. ImS-S p I j-i-cmwv {]iv\- ßƒ p Imc-W-sa p ]d-bp- -Xn Imcy-an-. I j-i-cmsw- n Ah-cpsS GXp {]h Øn-bmWv ]cn-ÿn-xnsb XI Ø-sX pw hy -am-t - n-bn-cn- p- p. AØc-Øn-ep-ff {]hrøn Hgn-hm- phm-\p-ff \S-]-Sn-I-fmWv D m-th- -Xv. Im jn-i-ta-je ssph-co-xn-bn-ep-ff Irjn-bn-te v \oß-w-sa pw GI-hnf Irjn Ah-km- \n- n- -W-sa- p-amwv KmUvKn dnt m v ]d-bp- -Xv. IkvXqcn cwk dnt m v CtX- p-dn v Imcy-am-sbm pw ]d- n- n-. CXnepw hen-b-a Y-an-s - -f-f-xmwv hkvxp-x. A pw Bdpw ]Xn- m- mbn GI-hnf Irjn ChnsS ]ebnsøpw snbvxp hcp- p- v. Ch ]cn-ÿn-bn F p {]Xym-Lm-X-amWv D m- n-b-sx v icn-bmb dntk v C\nbpw \S-t - nbn-cn- p- p. ssph Irjn-bn-tebv v amdphm I j-i v asn-bp- m-hn-. ]t AXn-ep- m-ip- \jvsw ] n-a-l kwc- -W-Øn\pff ] -Xn-bn \n v e`y-am- -Ww ṡsphirjn-bn-tebv v amdp- -Xphgn kwÿm-\-øns ` y, Im jn-imh-iy-ßƒ \nd-th- p-hm km[n- p-tamsb pw ]Tn-t - n-bn-cn- p- p. IqSmsX ssph DXv]- -ßƒ hn]-wnbpw hnebpw e`y-am- p-hm-\p-ff kwhn-[m-\-ß-fp-ap- m- I-Ww. Chn-sSbpw ssivt\m-fpnbpss klm-b-ap m-t - n-bn-cn- p- p. ASn-ÿm-\-ku-I-cyhn-I-k\w KmUvKn IkvXqcn cwk dnt m \S- m- n-bm G hpw IqSp-X _m[n- pi Cu taj-e-i-fnse ASn-ÿm- \-ku-i-cy-ta-j-e-sb-bm-bn-cn- pw. Bh-iy- Øn\v KXm-KX kui-cy-ßƒ D m- phm km[n- msx hcp- -Xmhpw {]iv\w. ]t ]cn-ÿnxn ]T-\hpw AXym-[p-\nIv ssivt\m-f-pnbpw D]-tbm-K-s -Sp-Øn-bm Cu {]iv\-øn\p ]cn-lmcw ImWm-hp- tx-bp-f-fp. ] n-a-l- -Ønse Izmdn, aw hmc XpS-ßn-bh \ntcm-[n- m G hpw IqSpX _m[n- pi \K-c-{]-tZ-i-ß-fnse si n-s-\n am-wsø Bbn-cn- pw. I j- I Bcpw-Xs Izmdn \S-Øp- -h-cn-. AXn\v Izmdn \ntcm-[-\-øn\v Ah FXncp-a. hn\m-i-i-c-amb Izmdn-Ifpw J\- \hpw aw hmcepw CtX-hsc F psim v \ntcm-[n- n F mwv I j- I p tnmzn- p-hm-\p-f-f-xv. Izmdn, ssa\nwkv XpS-ßn-b-h- aqew ]cn-ÿnxn {]iv\w Db Øp- Xv Cu {]tz-i-øn\v ]pd-øp-f-f-h-cm-wv. AXm-bXv \K-c-Øn Xma-kn- p- -h F p ]d-bmw. AXn- \m CXns t]cn I j-isc IpSnsbm-gn- n- p- Xv Bizm-ky-a-. Cu taj-e-bn Xma-kn- p- -hcpss Bh-iy-Øn-\mbn \nb-{ n-x-ambn ]md-s]m- n- p-hm\pw a pw A\p-h-Zn- m {]iv\-ßƒ Xocp-hm-t\-bp-f-fp. Hcp hosnt\m As - n Hcp ISbvt m Hcp tjm nwkv timw]vf-ivknt\m Hs th n-h-cp ]md-bpss Bhiyw ]cn-an- X-am-Wv. hyh-kmbw ]cn-ÿnxn teme {]tz-i-ß-fn hyh-kmbw XpS-ßp- -Xn\v Ct mƒ Xs ti{µ aen-\o-i-cw \nb-{ W t_m Uns \nb-{ -W-ßƒ D v. Nph p hn`m-k-øn s -Sp 65 hyh-kmb-ß-fpss ] n-ibpw Xbm-dm- n-bn- p- v. Hmd v Im -K-dn-bn s Sp hyh-km-bßƒ I i-\-amb \nb-{ -W-tØm-sStbm A\p-h-Zn- mhq F p KmUm-Kn IkvXqcn cwk dnt m n-ep- v. F m ] n-i-bn s -Sp hyh-km-b-ßsf kw_n- n- mwv X -ap-b-cp- -Xv. Im jn-i-ta-j-e-bpambn _ -s - p-ff Imen-h-f Ø, timgn-h-f Ø XpS-ßnb-hsb Hmd v hn`m-k-øn s -Sp-Øptºmƒ Xs AXns A Y-iq-\yX a\- kn-em- m-hp- -tx-bp-f-fp. Ch-sb mw ssphm-[n-jvtnx hyh-km-b-am-wv. Chsb \nb-{ -W- - n-i-bn s Sp-Øp- -Xn A -ap-t m-sb v Btem-Nn- -Ww. Cu ] n-i-bn Hcp ]p\ Nn- -\-Øn\v Xbm-dm-bm Ct mƒ Db n- p-ff {]iv\- ß-ƒ ho pw Ipd-bpw. Cu taj-e-bn hyh-km-b-ß-fnte s - n-cn- p- -h-cpss FÆw Ipd-hm-Wv. XpS-ßp hyh-km-b-øn-\p-xs hep w Ipd-hm-bn-cn- pw. ImcWw tempn-ãnivkv Xs. ChnsS D m- p DXv]- -ßƒ hn -gn-t - Xv P\-hm-k-ap-ff a[y Xoc {]tz-i-ß-fn-em-wv. tempn-ãnivkv sne-hp- Iƒ IW- n-se-sp-øm Ch ae-\n-c-ifn ÿm]n- n p henb Imcy-hp-an-. AXn- \m Hcp ]cn-[n-bn Ihn v hep- -apff hyh-km-b-ßƒ tic-f-ønse ] na-l ae-\n-c-i-fn hcm-\p-ff km[yx Ipd-hm-Wv. hcp- hyh-km-b-ß-fn hepxv ]m, ]mep-xv]- -ßƒ XpS-ßnb Im jn-tim-xv]- -ßsf B{i-bn- p-f-fh Bbn-cn- pw. AXn-\m Xs tic-f-øn- \p-th n {]txy hyh-kmb ] ni Xbmdm- p-i-bmwv IcWob-am-bn- p-f-f-xv. ]pxnb DØ-chv ]cnÿnxnteme taje (CFkvF)bpsS AXncp ]p\ \n Wbn v dnt m v \evip-hm tic-f-tømsv ti{µ-k-h-s v Bh-iys - n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. tic-f-øse P\- hm-k-ta-j-e-iƒ CFkvFbn \n v Hgnhm- m ]pxnb DØ-chv hgn Xpd- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. Ct mƒ CFkv-F-bn Dƒs -Sp-Øn-bn- p-ff Hmtcm {]tz-itøbpw {]txyiw {]txy-i-sa-spøv ]cntim-[n v dnt m v Xbm-dm- n CF-kvF AXn Øn ]p\ \n W-bn- m Bh-iys -Sp-hm tic-f-øn\v Ah-kcw e`n- ncn- p-i-bm-wv. AXn\v BZyta th Xv 123 hnt PpIfnsebpw P\hmktaJeIƒ, IrjnbnSßƒ, txm ßƒ, h\`qan F nh th Xncn p dnt m v Xbmdm emwv. Npcp- -Ø ] n-a-l- -Ønse h\-{]-tziw Hcn- p-t]mepw \jvs-s -Sp- Øm-sX, h\y-po-hn-i-fpss Bhmk hyhÿ \in- n- msx, ] n-a-l- - Øns Bhm-k-hy-ÿ-bn a\p-jy-s\- qsn Dƒs -Sp-Øn-s m- p-ff ]cn-lm-camwv th -Xv.

$Ct m-gsø hne-tb- mƒ `mhn-bnse hne F m-bn-cn- p-sa- -XmWv dnk hv _m ns ]W-\-bsØ kzm[o-\n {][m\ LS-I-ß-fn-sem- v.$

5 Ct m-gsø hne-tb- mƒ `mhn-bnse hne F m-bn-cn- p-sa- -XmWv dnk hv _m ns ]W-\-bsØ kzm[o-\n {][m\ LS-I-ß-fn-sem- v. ` y C -\-hn-e- -b w am n \n Ønbm ]W-s -cp w ap c ix-am-\-øn GXm v ÿncx t\sn-bn-cn- p-i-bm-wv. Unkw- _ P\p-hcn amk-ß-fn ]gw, ] - dn hne-iƒ Ipd-bp-sa hne-bn-cp-øepw ]en-i-\nc v Db Øp- -Xn\pw ]Icw ImØn-cn- m t{]c-w-bm-bn. ]W-s -cp- -tøm-ssm w hf sb- p-dn- p-ff Bi- -Ifpw ]W-\-b-Øn ÿm\w ]nsn- n-cn- p-i-bmwv. Hcn- qsn AXn-i-bn- n v 5 clpdmw cmp Hcn- IqSn AXn-i-s - Sp-Øp-I-bm-Wv. sk]v w-_ aq n\v dnk hv _m v Kh W-dmbn A[nIm-c-ta- -Xn-\p-tijw BZysØ a[y-izm kmº-øn-im-h-tem-i-\-øn \b-]-en-i- \n-c- p-iƒ h [n- n- p-sim v [\-Im-cyhn-]-Wnsb AXn-i-bs -Sp-Øn. ImcWw ]d- Xv ]W-s -cp w kl-\ob \ne-tb- mƒ hfsc Db -XmWv F -Xm-bn-cp- p. F m ]Ws cp w Ipd- n-. XpS p h -Izm AhtemI\Øn Hcn- IqSn ]en-i-\n-c- p- Iƒ Db Øn. CXn\pw ]W-s -cp- sø Aa Øp-hm Ign- n-s p am{x-a-, \hw-_-dn ]W-s -cp w 14 amksø G hpw Db \ne-bn-tebv v (7.52 ixam-\w) Db-cp-Ibpw snbvxp. HIvtSm-_- dn 6.99 ix-am-\-am-bn-cp p CXv. ]Ws -cp w Db kml-n-cy-øn [\-Imcy kmº-øni taje Dƒs ss F mhcpw {]Xo- n- Xv ]en-i-\n-c- nse h [- \-bm-wv. F m F m-h-tcbpw AXn-ib-s -SpØn clpdmw cmp ]eni \nc- p-i-fn am w hcp-øn-bn-. IqSp-X tu kº-zvl-s-\-bn \n p hc-s -sb \ne-]m-smwv FSp-Ø-Xv. dnt]m-\n-c v 7.75 ix-am-\-ønepw knb B 4 ix-am-\- Ønepw FwF-kv-F^v \nc v 8.75 ix-am- \-Ønepw \ne-\n Øn-bn-cn- p-i-bm-wv. aq p amk-øn-\p-f-fn cmp dnt]m \nc- n Ac ix-am\w h [\ hcp-øn-bncp- p İgn \mep h j-øn-\p-f-fn ]W-s -cp- -Øn-s\-Xn-tc-bp-ff t]mcm- - Øns `mk-ambn 15 Xh-W-bmWv dot]m \nc v Db Øn-b-Xv. F n pw ]W-s cp w Ak-l\ob \ne-bn-\nev p-ibpw ]en-i-\n-c v h [-\-bpss ^e-ambn kmº-øni hf Zi-I-Ønse G hpw XmgvN-bn FØn \nev p-i-bp-am-wv. CXn-\ w ]W-s -cp- -Øn-s\-Xntc-bp-ff t]mcm w Ah-km-\n- n- p-sht m ]en-i-\n-c v C\n Iq n- t m As pw At±lw hy -am- p- p. kº-zvl-s-\- bnse Nne kqn-\-iƒ -\p-k-cn v \b- Øn abw hcp-øn-sb-t -bp-f-fp. C\nbpw ]W-s -cp w i -am-ip-i-bmsw- n ASpØ t]mfnkn kabw hsc ImØn-cn- msx \S-]Sn kzoi-cn- p-hm asn- p-i-bn-s pw cmp hy -am- p- p. ASpØ ]W-s -cp IW v FØpI P\p-hcn ]Ip-Xn-tbm-sS-bm-Wv. AXn ]W-s -cp w ab-s -Sp- n-s - n P\p-hcn 28- se Izm kmº-øn-im-htem-i-\-øntem AXn\p aptºtbm ]eni-\n-c- p-i-fn hyxymkw hcp-øn-tb- mw. kº-zvl-s-\-bpss Ipd-bp hf kw_- n Bi- -bv p-iqsn ]W-s -cp- -Øn CSw In n-bn-cn- p- p.kº-zvl- S-\-bpsS Zp _-e-amb Ah-ÿsb IqSp- X Zp _-e-s -Sp-Øp-hm ]W-\bw Imc-W-am-I-cp-sX v cmp B{K-ln- p- p. hymh-km-bn-tim-xv]m-z\w HIvtSm-_- dn 1.8 ix-am\w Npcp-ßn-bn-cn- p-i-bm- Wv. sk]v w-_-dnse hf 2 ix-am-\-ambn-cp- p. c mw Izm -dnse Pn Un ]n hf 4.8 ix-am-\hpw BZy-Izm -dn 4.4 ix-am-\-hp-am-bn-cp- p. F p-sim- mwv ]W-s -cp w h [n- n pw clpdmw cmp ]en-i-\n-c- p- Iƒ Iq m-xn-cp- -Xv? {][m\ ImcWw ` y-h-kvxp- -fpss hne-b- -b- -amwv samø-hne kqnn-ibpw dos -bn hne kqnn-ibpw Db Øn-b-Xv. _m ns t]mfn-knbpw C -\ ` y-hn-e-h [-\- bp-ambn Imcy-amb _ -an-s p ImWmw. ` y-hn-ebpw C -\-hn-ebpw am n \n Øn-bm ]W-s -cp w ( 3.5 ix-am- \w) GXm v ÿncx t\sn-bn-cn- p-i-bm- Wv. as m v hcpw-am-k-ß-fn ` y-hkvxp- -fpss hne-bn KWy-amb CSn-hp- m-ip-sa v Bfl-hn-izm-kamWv. ]gw, ] - -dn-i-fpss hne IpØs\ Ipd-bp {]h-wx I p XpS-ßn-bn- p- v. DZm-l-c- W-Øn\v kt_m-f-bpss hne. ASp-ØbnsS ` y-h-kvxp- -fpss hne-bn-ep- mb h [\ hfsc XmevIm-en-I-am-sW pw cmp Icp-Xp- p. Unkw-_ P\p-hcn amk-ß-fn ` y-hne Ipd-bp-sa pw AXp-hgn c p ]W-s -cp- -Ønepw Ipdhp- m-ip-sa pw At±lw {]Xo- n- p- p. Ct m-gsø hne-tb- mƒ `mhn-bnse hne IW- n-se-sp-ømwv dnk hv _m v ]W-\bw cq]o-i-cn- n- p-f-f-xv. as m v cq]-bpss aqey-h [-\-bm- Wv. HmK-Ãnse cq]-bn \n v 62 cq]bv p Np -f-hn-tebv v tumfdns hn\n-a-b-\n-c v FØn-bn-cn- p- p. CsXmsSm- -amwv cmpym- c hn]-wn-bn {IqtUm-bn hne Ipd-bp-hm-\p-ff {]h-w- Xbpw ImWn- p- -Xv. CXpw ImØn-cn- phm-\p-ff t{]c-w-bm-bn- p- v. ]W-s -cp h [\ Ah-km-\n- psa v Hcp {]Xo- -bp-an- msx \nc p Iq p- -Xnse A -iq-\yx IqSn ]eni ac-hn- n- -Xn ImWp- p- v. ` y-hn-e Bdp-h j-ambn XpS bmbn h [n- p-i-bm-bn-cp- p. AXpw bmsxmcp Ipd-hp-an- m-sx. Cu Zo L-Im-eb-fhv FSp-Øm ]W-s -cp- -Øn-s\-Xntc Cu Im ix-am\w ]eni Db Øn-b-XpsImt m Ipd- -Xp-sIm pw Imcy-amb hyxymkw D m- p- n-s - p-ff Xncn- -dnhpw-iq-sn-bmwv ImØn-cn- n\v clpdmw ]eni Iq n-bm In - Sw Dbcpw dnk hv _m v Hm^v C y 2014 am n-\p-f-fn ]en-i-\n-c n 0.5 ix-am\w h [\ hcp-øn-bm _n Fkv C 500 Iº-\n-I-fpsS hmbv]-bn Xncn- -Shv aps-ßp- -Xns ( kvs{skvuv su v) Afhv 50 ix-am\w I p h [n- p-sa v td nwkv ÿm]- \-amb C y td nwkv B Uv dntk v dnt m v ]d-bp p. Ct mgsø Afhv 10.9 ix-am-\-am-wv. AXv 16.9 i-am-\-ambn Db-cp-sa- mwv C y td nwkv dnt m v ]d-bp- Xv. CXns ^e-ambn hmbv] dokv{s-ivn-dnwkv Bh-iy-ambn hcp-am-bn-cp- p. c mw Izm -dnse Iº-\n-IfpsS {]h Ø-\-^ew hni-i-e\w snbvx-x-\p-k-cn v 40 enãuv _m p-ifnse In m- Sw 37 ix-am\w h [-\- tbmss 2.3 e w timsn cq]-bn-se-ønbn-cn- p-i-bmwv. hmbv] doimãv ap h jw c mw Izm -dns\ At]- n v 45 ix-am\w h [-\-tbmss timsn cq]-bmbn Db p. Unkw-_ 18- se ]W-\-b-Øn ]en-i-\n-c v Db Øn-bn-cp- p-sh- n Iº-\n-I-fpsS `mcw C\nbpw KWy-ambn h [n- p- Ibpw _m p-i-fnse In m- -S-Øns Afhv Db-cp-Ibpw snøp-am-bn-cp- p. ]en-i-\n-c v Db Øn-bn-cp-s - n _m p-i-fpss F ]nf KWyambn Db-cp-am-bn-cp- p-sh- mwv sfsf-f^vf snb am \n a Pbn A`n-{]m-b-s - -Xv. dnk hv _m v ]en-i-\n-c v Db Ønbn-cp- p-sh- n _m p-iƒ hmbv]m- ]-eni Db Øp-am-bn-cp p Ct mƒxs _m p-i-fpss F ]nf Db p \nev p-i-bm-wv. AXp ho pw Db-cp-I-bm-bn-cp p ^esa pw At±lw ]d-bp- p. CtX A`n-{]mbw Xs -bmwv _m Ivtfkns No^v C y C -twm-anãv kn m k\ym-en-t Xpw. ti{µ- _m v ]eni \nc v Db Øn-bn-cp- p-sh- n _m p-i-fpss F ]nf ÿnxn IqSp-X hj-fm-hp-am-bn-cp- p. cmps\ t{]cn- n- -Xv. adn v Im ix-am\w ]en-i-\n-c- nse Ipdhv hyh-kmb taj-ebn henb Bizmkw Xs ]I-cp-Ibpw snøpw. am\p-^m-ivn-dnwkv C ^vtf-j GXm v ÿncx ImWn- p-ibpw snbvxn- p- v. cmpysø ]W-s -cp A -co w sã_n-ssekv snbvxp-sh hne-bn-cp- Øepw IqSn Ct m-g-sø \ne-]m-sn\v Imc- W-am-Wv. Npcp- -Øn aq p-am-kw-sim v hfsc {]mtbm-kn-i-amb kao-]-\-øntebv v clpdmw cmp FØn-bn-cn- p- p. ]W-\-bw-sIm p am{xw ]W-s -cp- -sø, {]txy-in p ` y-h-kvxp- -fp-ssbpw a v dos -bn hkvxp- -fp-tsbpw hne h [- \sb XS-bm-\m-hn-s p hkvxpx At±lw a\-kn-em- n-bn-cn- p- p. Kh-s n-\p-ff Hcp D]-tZiw IqSn CXn-ep- v. dos -bn C ^vtf-j Ipdbv p- -Xn-\p- kº-zvl-s-\-bn ]cn-jvimc-ßƒ p apxn-cp-i. AXm-bXv Im jn-tim- Xv]mZ\ ax h -[n- n- p- -Xn-\p-ff \S- ]-Sn-Iƒ kzoi-cn pi Ct m-gsø ` yhn-e- -b- -Øn\v AtX Hcp ]cn-lm-c-ap-f-fp. ]Xp-s -bm-sw- nepw Ign GXm\pw amk-ß-fn FSpØ ]W-\- bhpw kº-zvl-s-\-bpss hf m- p-dhpw ]W-s -cp- sø Ipd-bv p-sa pw At±lw {]Xo- n- p- p. Npcp- -Øn IW- p-iq- n-bp-ff Hcp Ifn-bmWv cmp CØ-hW ]W-\-b-Øn \S-Øn-bn- p-f-f-xv. dnkviv Gsd-bp-s - nepw ss[cy]q h-amb \o sa v CXns\ hnti-jn- n- mw. ]Ws -cp- -sø ]pxn-sbmcp ho -W-Øn-eqsS dnk hv _m v t\m n- m-wp-i-bm-wv.

6 6 tkh-\m-h-imi \nbaw tic-f-øn AUz. Fw.Fkv. APn-Xv s]mxp-p-\-ßƒ v sa -s tkh\w Dd- m- p-i-sb e ytømssbmwv ticf Kh-s v 2011 \hw-_ H n\v tkh-\-h-im-i-\nbaw kwÿm-\øv \S- n hcp-øn-b-xv. ticfw Cu \nbaw \S- n-em- p- -Xn\v aptº a[y-{]-tziv AS w ]e kwÿm-\-ßfpw kam-\-co-xnbn-ep-ff \nbaw \S- m- n-bn-cp- p. C y-bn BZy-ambn tkh-\m-h-imiw \nbaw \S m- n-bxv a[y-{]-tziv BWv HmKÃv 18 apx AhnsS Cu \nbaw \ne-hn h p. XpS v 2011 Pqsse 25- \v _olm-dnepw AXn- \p-tijw U ln, ] m-_v, cmp-ÿm, lnam-n {]tz-iv, DØ-cm-, lcn-bm-\, Pm - v, I Wm-SIw XpS-ßnb kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw tkh- \m-h-im-i-\n-baw \S- m-bn. Kh-s v DtZym-K-ÿ-cpsS tkh-\-ß-fn kpxm-cy-xbpw DØ-chm-Zn-Xzhpw h [n- n- p-ibpw AXp-hgn Agn-aXnsb Xe-th-Z\ C m- Xm- p-hm \nbaw e y-an-sp- p. s]mxp-k-aq-l-øns kmº-øn-ihpw kmaq-ly-hp-amb kpÿnc hni-k-\-øn\v kzv`-cww AXy- m-t]- n-x-am-wv. `c-w-ønse kpxmcy-x, DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xzw, DØcw \evi F o aq p LS-I-ßƒ kzv`-c-w- Øns IÆn-I-fm-Wv. s]mxp-p-\-ßfpw k m DtZym-K-ÿcpw XΩn-epff _ w \ coxn-bn sim p-h-cp- -Xn\v aq mw ticf `c-w-]-cnjvimc IΩn n in]m i snbvx-x-\p-k-cn- mwv Cu \nbaw sim p-h- n- p-f-f-xv. ]uc- m-cpss At]- -Iƒ pw ]cm-xn-iƒ pw ^e-{]-zamb ]cn-lm-c-ßƒ hyhÿ snbvxp-sim pw \n n-x-k-a-b-]-cn-[n- p-f-fn s]mxpp\-ßƒ v AXv e`y-am- p- -Xn\pw k m DtZym-K-ÿ P\- ß-tfmSv D-Øcw ]d-tb n hcp hn[-øn-emwv Cu \nbaw Xbm-dm n \S- n-em- n-bn- p-f-f-xv. P\\ k n-^n- - p-iƒ, PmXn k n-^n- - v, tdj Im Uv, hmkÿe k n-^n- - v, hosp-iƒ pw IS-Iƒ p-ap-ff sshzypxn IW-Ivj, hm IW-Ivj, ]mkvt]m v shcn-^n-t -j dnt m v, sxmgn shcn- ^n-t -j dnt m v XpS-ßnb s]mxp-tk-h-\-ßƒ \n ±njvska-b-øn- \p-f-fn k m DtZym-K-ÿ-cn \n pw s]mxp-p-\-ßƒ p e`yam p Xn\v tkh-\-\n-baw e y-an-sp- p. Hmtcm tkh-\-hpw \evip- - Xn\v ka-b-]-cn-[nbpw DtZym-K-ÿ AXv IrXy-ambn \evip- -Xn\pw \nbaw \n t±-in- p- p. CXn ]cm-p-b-s - m DtZym-K-ÿ ]ng-b-s-bv p-hm _m[y-ÿ-cm-wv. c p Xe-ß-fn A o \evip- -Xn\pw \nbaw Ahk-c-sam-cp- p- p. Gsd {][m-\-s - Xpw s]mxp-p-\-ßƒ v G hpw D]-Im-c-{]-Z-hpamb \nb-a-ß-fnsem mwv tkh-\m-h-im-i-\n-b-aw. ]{ v hip- p-ifpw D]-h-Ip- p-ifpw tn -XmWv Cu \nb-aw. Cu \nb-a-a-\p-k-cn v \nbaw \S- n-em-bxp apx Bdpam-k-Øn-\Iw Hmtcm k m hip pw AXns ta[m-hnbpw Ah Hmtcm pw \evip tkh-\-ßƒ, CXn-\p-ff \nbp DtZym-K-ÿ, H mw A o A[n-Im-cn, c mw A o A[n-Imcn, \n nx ka-b]-cn[n F nh Kk- n hn m-]\w snø-w-sa v \nba-øns aq mw hip v \njvi jn- p p. tkh-\-ßƒ e`n- p- -Xn-\p-ff Ah-Im-k-ßƒ kw_- n- p-ff Imcy-ßƒ \memw hip- nepw \nbp DtZym-K-ÿs Npa-X-e-Iƒ A mw hip- nepw {]Xn-]m-Zn- p- p. tkh-\-øn-\p-ff At] e`n- m \nbp DtZym-K-ÿ \ne-hn-ep-ff \nba hyh-ÿ-iƒ v `wkw hcm- Ø-hÆw \n nx kab ]cn-[n- p-f-fn tkh\w {]Zm\w snøp-itbm \nc-kn- ptbm sntø- -Xm-Wv. At] \nc-kn- m AXns Imc-W-ßƒ tcjm-aqew At]- - Isc DSt\ Adn-bn-t - -Xm-Wv. At] DtZym-K-ÿ\v e`n- p XobXn apx \n n-x-k-a-b-]-cn[n Bcw-`n- p- -Xm-Wv. tkh\w \nc-kn- m \nckn Xob-Xntbm \n nx ka-b-]-cn[n Ah-km-\n- p Znhkw apx 30 Znh-k-Øn-\Iw ]cm-xn- m-c\v/ At]- -I\v H mw A o A[n-Imcn v A o \evimw. H mw A o A[n-Im-cn-bpsS Xocp-am\w Xr]vXn- I-c-a-s - n ]cm-xn- m-c\v c mw A o A[n-Im-cn v ]cmxn \evimw. H mw A[n-Imcn Xocp-am-\-sa-SpØ XobXn apx, Bh-iy-amb ^okv klnxw 60 Znh-k-Øn-\p-f-fn-emWv A o \evti- -Xv se knhn \S-]Sn \nb-a-kwlnx ( kn]n-kn) {]Imcw hyhlmcw hnnm-cw snøp-tºmƒ Hcp knhn tims-xn- p-ff AtX A[n- Im-c-ßƒ A o A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ v D m-bn-cn- p- -Xm-Wv. axn-bm-bxpw bp n-k-l-hp-amb Imc-W-an- msx tkh\w \evip- -Xn hogvn hcp-øn-bm \nbn DtZym-K-ÿ-s\Xntc in m-\-s-]-sn- Iƒ FSp- mw. \nbp DtZym-K-ÿ-\p-ta in m-\-s-]-sn-iƒ FSp- p- -Xn-\p-ff Imc-W-ßƒ hnh-cn v 500 cq] apx 5000 cq] hsc ]ng Npa- Ømw. tkh\w \evip- -Xn Ime-Xm-akw hcp-øn-b-xmbn Is -Ønbm Hmtcm Znh-k-Øn\pw 250 cq] \nc- n 5000 cq] hsc ]ng Npa- Ømhp Xpw k hokv N -{]-Imcw A -S \S-]-Sn v in]m i snømhp- -Xp-am-Wv. \nb-a-øns F mw hip- n-emwv in m \S-]-Sn-Iƒ hnhcn- n- p-f-f-xv. DØahnizm-k-Øn FSpØ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ v HºXmw hip- n kwc- Ww G s -Sp-Øn-bn- p- v. Cu \nb-a-{]-imcw ]pd-s -Sp-hn DØ-chv kw_- n v GsX- nepw hyh-lm-ctam At]- tbm a p \S-]- Sntbm knhn tims-xn v ]cn-kw\bvs -Sp- m ]msn- m-øxmip- p. ]Ømw hip- n C m-cy-ßƒ {]Xn-]m-Zn- p- p- v. DtZym-K-ÿ-cnse Agn-aXn Ipd-bv p- -Xn\pw Ah p kaq-l-tøm- Sp-ff {]Xn-_- X \nd-th- p- -Xn\pw tkh-\m-h-imi \nbaw Hcp ]cn[n hsc klm-bn- p- p. F m ticf kwÿm\ tkh-\m-h-imi \nb-asø- p-dn- v IrXy-amb Ah-t_m-[w DtZym-K-ÿ-cn-en- m-øxv At] Iƒ si n- n-s- p- -Xn\v Imc-W-am-Ip- p-s v Is -Øn-bn- p- v. ASp-Ø-Im-eØv ticf hnpn-e kv FUn-Pn]n B {iotej Hm - Sl. N o. çøõèbz ÜÍcÎÞµáKÄí èîaßèáu ÈáÕÞÆ 2 ÈßÏÎÉøÎÞÏßGáU ædéþø X ÈáÕÞÆ 3 ÉÞTíçÉÞVGí çèb Ã 4 ÙV¼ßµZ çèb Ã 5 ÙV¼ßµZ ØbàµøßÏíAáÕÞX øøàäí æµþ âaákäßèí 6 Ëí.æ. V çµþmß ÜÍßAáKÄßÈí 7 çéþøíxíçîþvg ØVGßËßAxí 8 çéþüàøí µïàïùxøí ØVGßËßAxí 9 X.³.Øß çëþv Øí & µíøíéíç{þøàõí ØVµcâGí 10 ç¼þüß Ø ÌtÎÞÏ ùmí 11 çëþùßçèvøí ø¼ßøíçd X 12 µøíxáßïßw áj ÕÞÙÈ ÈßÏÎ È É ßµZAí çö ÕßGáµßGáKÄßÈí 13 ØÎXØí, ÕÞVIí È MÞAáKÄßÈí 14 Øí.Øß / Øí.xß ÏíAí ÄßæøÏáU ÉàÁÈBæ{Éxß ÉøÞÄß Ø ÌtßºîáU çèb Ã ÈáÕÆßAáK ØÎÏ ÈßÏáµíÄ çæcþ ØíÅV 3 ÆßÕT ¼ßÜïÞ çéþüàtí ³ËàØí /ØÌí ÁàÕß ÃW çéþüàøí ³ËàØí/ Áß.Øß.Éß, Áß.èÕ. Øí.Éß./.Øß. ( ÁíÎßX)Áß.èÕ. Øí.Éß./.Øß. (ÌtæMG) 7 ÆßÕØ ÁßØíd ßµíxßÈáUßW ¼ßÜïÞçÉÞÜàØí ³ËàØí/ Áß.Øß.Éß/Áß.èÕ. Øí.Éß./. Øß. ( ÁíÎßX) 20 ÆßÕØ ØÌí ÁàÕß ÃW çéþüàøí ³ËàØí/ ØíæÉ cw dìþfí ³ËàØí X ØßxàØí/ÁßØíd ßµíxí/.Øß./ Áß.èÕ. Øí.Éß. ( Øí.Ìß.³) ÙV¼ß ÜÍßAáKÄá ÎáÄW 15 ÆßÕØJßÈµ çäæßõø çäæßõø æîáßaw çäþùßxßïáæ èµïßwèßkâ çéþøíxí çîþvg ØVGßËßAxí ÜÍßAáK ÄàÏÄß ÎáÄW 3 ÆßÕØJßÈµ 15 ÆßÕØJßÈµ XµbÏùß çéþüàøí Øíçx X / Øí. ºîí. ³ ÕÈßÄ æøw/øß. æ ÕÈßÄ æøw çéþüàøí Øíçx X/ Øí. ºîí.³ ÕÈßÄ æøw/øß. æ ÕÈßÄ æøw çéþüàøí Øíçx X/ Øí. ºîí.³ çéþüàøí Øíçx X/ Øí. ºîí.³ ¼ßÜïÞçÉÞÜàØí ³ËàØí/ ¼ßÜïÞ çéþüàøí ºàËí ØßxàØí/ÁßØíd ßµíxí ùßçmþvgí 15 ÆßÕØ ¼ßÜïÞçÉÞÜàØí ³ËàØ ØßxàØí/ÁßØíd ßµíxí í/¼ßüïþ çéþüàøí ºàËí ØßxàØí/ÁßØíd ßµíxí 15 ÆßÕØ ØíæÉ cw dìþfí ³ËàØí /.Øß Áß.èÕ. Øí.Éß. ØíæÉ cw dìþfí ³ËàØí 7 ÆßÕØ ¼ßÜïÞçÉÞÜàØí ³ËàØ / ¼ßÜïÞ çéþüàøí ºàËí ØßxàØí/ÁßØíd ßµíxí 3 ÆßÕØ çéþüàøí Øíçx X/ Øí. ºîí.³ çµøßæa çéþøíxß ÄàÏÄßÏíAí ÎáXÉí ÙV¼ß ÜÍßºîí 10 ÆßÕØJßÈµ çéþüàøí Øíçx X/ Øí. ºîí.³ Øí. Øí. ÕßÍÞ 7 Áß.èÕ. Øí.Éß./.Øß. ØÌí ÁàÕß ÃW çéþüàøí ³ËàØí / Áß.èÕ. Øí.Éß. /.Øß(ÌtæMG ²KÞ MàW ÇßµÞøß ¼ßÜïÞ çéþüàøí ºàËí ¼ßÜïÞ çéþüàøí ºàËí ¼ßÜïÞ çéþüàøí ºàËí ØVAßZ XØíæÉµí V(ÌtæMG) Áß.èÕ. Øí.Éß./.Øß. èdµ ÁßxÞºîíæÎaí ØVAßZ XØíæÉµí V(ÌtæMG) Áß.èÕ. Øí.Éß./.Øß. èdµ ÁßxÞºîíæÎaí ØVAßZ XØíæÉµí V(ÌtæMG ØVAßZ XØíæÉµí V(ÌtæMG çùfí Is ¼ß.Éß. çùfí Is ¼ß.Éß. ¼ßÜïÞ çéþüàøí ºàËí çùfí Is ¼ß.Éß ØVAßZ XØíæÉµí V(ÌtæMG ØVAßZ XØíæÉµí V(ÌtæMG ¼ßÜïÞ çéþüàøí ºàËí øiþ MàW ÇßµÞøß çùfí Is ¼ß.Éß. çùfí Is ¼ß.Éß. çùfí Is ¼ß.Éß..Øß./Áß. èõ. Øí.É ß. ÁßØíd ßµíxí çéþüàøí ºàËí Áß.èÕ. Øí.Éß. /.Øß (ÌtæMG) ÁßØíd ßµíxí çéþüàøí ºàËí Áß.èÕ. Øí.Éß. /.Øß(Ì tæmg) Áß.èÕ. Øí.Éß. /.Øß (ÌtæMG).Áß.¼ß.Éß ÌtæMG æî Ü.Áß.¼ß.Éß ÌtæMG æî Ü çùfí Is ¼ß.Éß..Áß.¼ß.Éß ÌtæMG æî Ü Áß.èÕ. Øí.Éß./.Øß (ÌtæMG) Áß.èÕ. Øí.Éß./.Øß (ÌtæMG çùfí Is ¼ß.Éß. tdjv k ho-kkv ssd vkv F t]cn \S- Ønb hnpn-e kv Hm -td-j-\n Hmfw At]- -I-fn bmsxmcp Imc-W-hp-an- msx Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp- msx si n- n-s- p- -Xmbn Is -Øn-bn-cp- p. DtZym-K-ÿ-cn Cu \nb-asø- p-dn v t_m[-h-xvi-cww \S-tØ Bh-iy-Øn-te-bv mwv CXp hnc Nq p- - Xv. s]mxp-p-\-ßƒ pw \nb-a-sø- p-dn v t_m[-h-xvi-cww CtXm-sSm w \S-tØ- -Xp- v.

$7 C ^vtf-j s]cn-kvtim v C suivkv t_m v D]-t`m- r-hne kqnn-i-bv -\p-k-cn v ( I kyq-a ss{]kv C su-ivkv kn]- si.-b.-_n-pn-tam ]W-s -cp w Db p \nev p kml-n-cy-øn am{xw Xmgv \nipxn{_m - n hcp- \nt -]-I v A\p-tbm-Py-amb \nt - ]-am-wn-xv.$

7 7 C ^vtf-j s]cn-kvtim v C suivkv t_m v D]-t`m- r-hne kqnn-i-bv -\p-k-cn v ( I kyq-a ss{]kv C su-ivkv kn]- si.-b.-_n-pn-tam ]W-s -cp w Db p \nev p kml-n-cy-øn am{xw Xmgv \nipxn{_m - n hcp- \nt -]-I v A\p-tbm-Py-amb \nt - ]-am-wn-xv. CXn sc ]en-i-\n-c n\v \nipxn _m[y-x-bp-s p am{xa \nt -]-Øn\v tem v C ]ocn-b-up-ap- v. Imem-h-[n p aptº ]W-am n am -W-sa- n I\Ø ]ng \evi-w-sa- Xpw Cu t_m ns BI j-wo-bx Ipd-bv p- p. ]n]n-f-^v, t]mtãm-^okv tkhnw-kvkv, tk-\nwkv k n-^n- v XpS-ßn-bh t]mse Hcp \nt ] D]-I-c-Whpw IqSn F coxn-bn CXns\ I m axn. sf) ]en-i-\n-c- v IW- m- p C ^vtf-j C suivkvuv \mj-w tkhnwkvkv skiyq-cn- okv ( sfsf-f - Fkv Fkv) Kh-s v ]pd-øn-d- n-bncn- p-i-bm-wv. kºm-zysø ]W-s -cp- -Øn \n v kwc- n- p-i-sb e ytøm-ss-bmwv t_m v ]pd-øn-d- n-bn- pf-f-xv. a v GsXmcp Kh-s v skiyq-cn n t_m p-iƒ t]mse-x-s -bmwv Cu t_m- p-i-fpw. hyxymkw ]eni IW- m- coxn-bn am{x-ta-bp-f-fp. dos bn C ^vtf-j-\p-ambn( kn]n-sf0 _ n- n- mwv CXns ]eni IW- m- p- -sx p am{xw. Cu t_m ns ]eni-bn c p `mk-ß-fp- v. ^nivkvuv td pw kn]nsfbpambn _ n- n- p-ff C ^vtf-j \nc pw. Cu \nc- -\p-kcn v Bdp-am-k-Øn-sem-cn- {]n kn- XpI-tbmSv Cu ]eni Iq p- p. t_m v Imem-h[n ]q Øn-bm-Ip-tºmƒ Cßs\ Iq n-t Ø ]enibpw apx-epw-iqsn XncnsI e`n- p- p. t_m ns hni-zmw-i-ßƒ Cu t_m ns apj-hne 5000 cq] Ipd \nt ]w {]Xn-h jw 5000 cq] IqSnb \nt -]w {]Xn-h jw cq] ]en-i-\n-c- v bym ]en-i-\n-c v+ ]W-s -cp \nc v bym ]en-i-\n-c- v {]Xn-h jw 1.5 ix-am\w ]eni IW- m- A [-hm jniw Imem-h-[n 10 h jw I kyq-a C ^vtf-j ]qpy-øn-tebv v \oßpitbm s\k- ohv BIp- Itbm snbvxmepw t_m n\v 1.5 ix-am\w ]eni e`n pw. Bdp-amkw IqSptºmƒ IW- m- p ]eni {]n kn- XpI-tbmsS Iq n-t Øp-sIm- n-cn- pw. ]n osv t_m v Imem-h[n ]q Øn-bm-Ip-tºmƒ \nt -]-søm-ssm w ]enibpw e`n- p- p. Hcp DZm-l-cWw ]cn-tim-[n- mw. Bdp-am-k- m-e-b-f-hnse kn]nsf 7 ixam-\-am-sw p Icp-XpI. ÿnc-\n-c v {]Xn-h jw 1.5 ix-am-\-am-wt m. F n Bdp-am-ksØ ]en-i-\n-c v 7.75 ix-am-\-am-bn-cn pw ( AXm-bXv Bdp-am-ksØ ÿncn-\n-c v 0.75 ix-am\w + ]W-s -cp \nc v 7 ix-am\w= 7.75 ix-am-\w). kn]nsf \nc v IW- m- p- Xob-Xn v sxm p-ap-ºp-ff aq p amkw apx ]nd-tim v Bdp-am-ksØ icm-icn kn]nsf BWv. DZm-l-W-Øn\v 2013 sk]v w-_-dn-emwv ]eni IW- m- p- sx v Icp-Xp-I. ChnsS kn]nsf Bbn FSp- p- Xv 2012 Unkw-_ apx 2013 Pq hsc-bp-ff Ime-b-f-hnse icm-icn kn]nsf BWv. ]W-am n am Imem-h-[n p aptº t_m v ]W-am n am p-hm km[n- ptam? km[n- psa- mwv DØ-cw. t_m v Imem-h[n 1 h jw ]q Øn-bm-b-tijw apxn v ]uc- m pw 3 h jw ]q Øn-bm-Ip-tºmƒ A m-ø-h pw Bh-iy-sa- n t_m v ]W-am n am mw. ]t AXn\v s]\m n Nm Pv \evi-ww. ]eni IW- m- p Xob-Xn-I-fn-emWv ]W-am n am p-i. A v \evip Iq \nc- ns 50 ix-am\w ]ng- -en-i-bmbn \evi-ww. t_m v DS-a-b v Ht m AXn-e-[n-Itam t]sc t\man-\mbn \nb-an- mw. t_m v DSa ac-w-a-s- m XpI t\man-\n v \evipw. _m p-i-fn \n pw _m n- X-c-ÿm-]-\-ß-fn \n pw t_m v CuSp-h v hmbv] FSp- p-hm\pw t_m v D]-tbm-Kn- mw. t_m ns hnx-c-w- m t_m ns hnx-cww GP p-am-cmb _m p-iƒ, tãmiv tlmƒunwkv tim ]- td-j Hm^v C y F nh hgn-bm-wv. XpS p-ff IÃ-a k ho-kkpw ( DZml-c-W-Øn\v dot]-a v, hnemkw am, t\man-t\-j, t\csø ]W-am n am XpS-ßnb CXp-ambn _ -s F m tkh-\-ß-fpw) Ch Xs -bmwv \n h-ln- p-i. tã v _m v Hm^v C ybpw Atkm-kn-tb- Uv _m p-ifpw F m tzi-kmevirx _m p-ifpw t_m ns GP p-am-cm-wv. F v UnF^v kn _m v, sfknsf-knsf _m v, BIvknkv _m v XpS-ßnb ]pxp-x-e-apd kzimcy _m p-ifn \ pw Cu t_m v e`n- pw. _m p-i-fn \nt m dnk hv _m ns sh_vssk- n \nt m t_m n-\p-ff At] Uu temuv snømw. ]qcn- n At]- -tbm-ssm w ]Whpw \evin-bm _m p-iƒ dnk hv _m ns sh_v A[n-jvTnX πm v t^man t_m v \nt -]-Is\ cpn-ã snøp- p. CtX-Øp-S v tlmƒunwkv k n-^n- v e`y-am- p- p. Cu t_m p-i t_m v seuvp A u- n dnk hv _m v Xs kq n- p-i-bmwv snøp- -Xv. XpS p-ff tkh-\-ßƒ AXmXv _m p-iƒ \nt -]-I\v \evipw. t_m v hmßp- -Xn\v AXmXp _m n A u v thw-sa- n-. sisshkn ]cn-tim-[n-t v Npa-Xe AXmXp _m p-iƒ m-wv. Imjv, Unam v {Um^v v, sn v, C s\ v _m nwkn XpSßn GXp coxn-bnepw t_m v hmßp- -Xn-\p-ff XpI At]- -tbm-ssm w \evimw. t_m v DSa acn- m t\man- \n-bpss t]cn-tebv v t_m v am p- -Xn-\p-ff kui-cy-hp- v. tem v C ]ocn-b-un-\p-tijw Imem-h-[n p aptº t_m v ]W-am n am mw. Bdp-am-k-Øn-sem-cn- ]eni IW- m- m-dp- -t m. AXn\v Hcp-amkw aptº dnuw-]vj-\mbn At] \eviww. Imem-h[n ]q Øn-bm-Ip-tºmƒ XpI e`n- p-hm\pw CØ-c-Øn anyq-cn n Xob-Xn v Hcp amkw aptº At] \evi- Ww. anyq-cn n XobXn,\mj-W CevIvt{S-WnIv {Sm kv^ ^ v hnh-c-ßƒ XpS-ßnbh At]- -bn-ep- m-bn-cn- -Ww. hnh-c-ßƒ F mw IrXy-am-sW- n anyq-cn n XobXn ptijw A p Znh-k-Øn-\p-f-fn A- u- n \nt -]hpw ]en-i-bp-sa-øpw. \nipxn _m[yx t_m p DS-a-bpsS \nipxn Ãm kv A\p-k-cn v ]en-ibv v \nipxn \evti- -Xm-Wv. AXm-bXv \nip-xn-b-f-hp-i-sfm pw Cu \nt -]-Øn\v _m[-i-a-. Hcp h jw 11.5 ix-am\w ]eni In n-bm Db \nipxn \nc v \evip Hcmƒ v e`n- pi 7.95 ix-am\w dnt Bbn-cn- pw. Npcp- -Øn ]e-t mgpw Ct mgsø kml-n-cy-øn \nipxn \nc- n-\p-tijw ]W-s -cp- -tø- mƒ Ipd dnt tw e`n- p-hm CS-bp-f-fp. ]W-s -cp w Ipd-bp-t mdpw dnt Wpw Ipd- psim- n-cn- pw. Hmtcm h jhpw ]eni Iq n-t p- p-s - nepw AXp ssihiw In msx Xs Hmtcm h j-tøbpw hcp-am-\-tømss Iq n-t Øv \nipxn IW- m- -Ww. Bi-b-sa \ne-bn Cu t_m v ani- -Xm-Wv. ]W-s -cp w IpXn- p-b-cp- -Xn-s\-Xn-tc-bp-ff Hcp kpc CXp \evip- p- v. F m \nipxn IqSn ]cn-k- Wn- p-tºmƒ CXv A{X sa -a-s - mwv ]e hnz-kv[cpw Nq n- m- p- -Xv. {]txy-in p Db \nipxn {_m - n hcp- -h v. CXn-t\- mƒ sa -s \nip-xn-em` D]-I-c-W-ßƒ hn]-wn-bn e`y-am-sw XmWv Imc-Ww. F m Xmgv \nc- n \nipxn ( 10 ix-am-\w) \evip dos -bn \nt - ]-I v sa -s dnt {]Xo- n- mw. F m ]eni hcp-am\w anyq-cn n kabtø \evip-sh- p-f-fxv Cu t_m ns BI j-wo-bx Ipd-bv p- p. am{xhp-a tem v C ]ocn-b-up-ap- v. Imem-h-[n p aptº ]W-am n am n-bm Db ]ngbpw \evi-ww. ]W-s -cp w Xmg p \nev p-i-bm-sw- n As - n Kh-s pw dnk hv _m pw \S-Øp {ia-ßƒ hnpbw I m t_m n \n- p-ff dnt A{X hep-xm-bn-cn- p-i-bn-. ]n]n F^pw t]mtãm-^okv tkhnwkvkv kvioapw-t]mse as mcp \n-t ] D]-I-c-W-ambn CXns\ I m axn

$8 t\ w simøm FwF kn Hml-cn-Iƒ Nne ka-hm-iy-ßƒ amdn adn- p-simt -bn-cn- pwcm-py-ß-fn i -amb km n-[y-ap-ff {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n- m-dp- v. C y-bnse Ipd v tumf aps n IqSp-X Hml-cn- FwF kn F -dn- n-cn- -Ww.$

8 8 t\ w simøm FwF kn Hml-cn-Iƒ Nne ka-hm-iy-ßƒ amdn adn- p-simt -bn-cn- pwcm-py-ß-fn i -amb km n-[y-ap-ff {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n- m-dp- v. C y-bnse Ipd v tumf aps n IqSp-X Hml-cn- FwF kn F -dn- n-cn- -Ww. hntz-icp- Xv Iº-\n-I-fpsS _me kv jo ns\ FwF kniƒ Ah-k-c-am- n-tb- pw. cmjv{so-b-øn am{x-a-, Hml-cn-hn-]- Iº-\n-I-fmWv Cu hn`m-k-øn s -Sp- - ]e Iº-\n-I-fpw _m p-i-fn \nt m Iƒ hmßp-hm CSn-bp C y cq] Wn-bnepw CXmWv ÿnxn. Nne ka-bøv Xv. hnhn[ cmpy-ß-fnse h km n[yw CXc [\-Im-cy-ÿm-]-\-ß-fn \nt m ISsa-Sp-Øn- p-f-f-h-bm-wv. AXp-sIm- p-xs em-wn-ßs\ ]d- -Xv. AXm-bXv cq]- Cu Iº-\n-Isf klm-bn pw F -Xn-\m- cmpyøv G hpw \ {]I-S\w ImgvN-hbv p- Xv _m p-i-fm-bn-cn- pw.- F m {_m Uns\ {]Xn-[m\w snøp- p. ]en-i-\n-c- n-ep- m-ip H p Xs Ch-bpsS i amb N{Iw H p Id-ßn-Øn-cn-bp-tºm an p C y hn]-wnsb hfsc {]Xo- -tbm-sbmwv CØcw Iº-\n-Iƒ D p t\m p- - Ah-bpsS em`sø sndpt\cnb h [-\-t]mepw {]I-S\w ImgvN hbv p- Xv sfsn Iº- \n-itfm ^m a Iº-\n-Itfm Hs -bm-hmw. Xv. hf-cp sxmgn taj-e, C\nbpw Iº- X- mø coxn-bn Ipdbv p-hm ]cym-]vx-am-wp- CØcw am -ßƒ ap Iq- n- v Ah-bpsS \n-iƒ IS- p-sn- n- n- mø {KmaoW taje, Ch-sbms C y a[y-h K-Øns Xm\pw! \ΩpsS ]W-s - Nph-Sp-]n-Sn v Ifw am n- -hn- p- -h-cp- v. Ah-cmWv Hml-cn-hn-]-Wn-bn \n p ]c-amh[n t\ -ap- m- p- -Xv. IW- p-iq- p- p. C y a[y-h K-Øns m ]eni \nc v hf -sbbpw Xzcn-X-s -Sp-Øp-sa v Ah cp \nc- ns\ ]nsn- p-sikao-]-im-eøv AØ-c-Øn Hcp hf ap n I p-sim v BtKm-f-cw- Db tø n hcp-sa v \nt -]-Is\ I p-ap- n. ]gb ImeØv KsØ i am-cmb samss_, Iw]yq- Ghcpw {]Xo- n- p _m p-i-fpss Hml-cn-I-fn am{xw \nt -, Sqho-e Iº-\n-Iƒ XpSßn ]expw Cu thf-bn ]t IS- ]n- p-ibpw tami-a- mø hcp-am\w D m- C y km n-[y-a-dn-bn- p-itbm km n- _m-[yx Imcy-am-bn- mø p-ibpw snbvxbmfm-sw v t\cn- -dn-bmhp- -Xp-sIm- mwv Ct mƒ _m nwkn BWv. S\w A{X I p aßp-sa v [y-a-dn-bn- p-hm shºn \nev p-itbm FwF kn IfpsS {]IskIvS-dn-s\- p-dn- p-ff Xm -fpss {]Xo CØcw FwF kn-iƒ Ah-cpsS {]Xo- n-t - -Xn-. F m-sw v tnmzn- -Xv. C y ] mfni-fnse Hmlcn ] m-fnøw CØcw Iº-\n-Iƒ Uo enãp snø-s -Sp-tºmgpw ]t AXn-\p-Øcw as mcp Xc-ØnemWv At±lw \evin-b-xv. _m nwkv IW- p-iq- -en-emwv CØcw I-º-\n-I- tami-a- mø dnt Hml-cn-bp-S-a-Iƒ p bpss hne CSnhv FwF kniƒ Hcp Ah- h [n- n- p-hm km[y-x-bp- v F skivs-dnse \nt ]w Rm Ipd- p, fnse \nt ]w BI j-i-am-im km[y- e`y-ambn F p Ign- -Ime IW- p-iƒ k-c-am- n-tb- m km[y-x-bp-s p Xo Øpw Cs - -. F\n v \ -sx p X-bp-s v IW- m- -s -Sp- -Xv. hy -am- p- p. kmcw. txm nb aq p _m p-i-fpss Hml-cn-I-fn FwF knbmb F v F Fens ( kao-]-im-eøv D mb ss^k C\n em`-øn-ep-ff h [\ IW- n-seam{x-amwv B skivs-dnse \nt -]w. lnµp-ÿm eoh ) Imcy-sa-Sp- mw. F Iº-\n-bp-tSbpw shbvxv F Iº- Sp- -Ww. ani-s mcp FwF kn Bb FwF kn ( aƒ n \mj-w Iº-\n-Iƒ) tihew 14.8 ix-am\w Hml-cn-Iƒ D mbn-cp Cu Iº-\n-bpsS hntzi ] m- ImWpw. GXm v 60 ix-am-\-øn-\p-ta em`w 497 timsn cq]-bm-bn-cp- p. as mcp \n-bp-tsbpw eb\w Nne-sc- nepw {i n p timƒtk- ns C -gn h jsø Iº-\n-I-fpsS Hml-cn-I-fn-emWv Ign Bdp-am-k-ambn Rm \nt -]n- p- -Xv. fnøw ASp-Ø-Im-eØv ix-am-\- h [-\-bmwv eb-\-hm Ø ]pd-øp-h- - {]apj FwF knbmb Ian kv CtX CØcw Iº-\n-I-sf- p-dn v Aev]-sam p ambmwv Db Ø-s - -Xv. as mcp h Xn-\p-tijw Hml-cn-bp-S-a-Iƒ p e`n- -Xv. Ime-b-f-hn em`w 764 timsn cq]-bmbn ]Tn tij-amwv Rm \nt -]n- -Xpw. FwF knbmb KvfmIvtkm kvanøviv kwkxn Cß-s\-sbm- -bm-sw- nepw h [n- n- p. ]cn-tim-[n- m ]e Rm Icp-Xn-b-Xp-t]m-se-sbm-s -Øs ssf Xß-fpsS ] m-fnøw 43.2 ix-am- \nt -]-I kwi-b-tømss ho n- p FwF knifp-tsbpw Hml-cn-Iƒ Xmgv H v c v Hml-cn-I-fn kw`-hn- Xv Fs \-Øn \n v ix-am-\-øntebv v Htc-sbmcp kwkxn s]mxp-sx-c-s -Sp- m- ]nc- A\p-]m-X-Øn-emWv hym]mcw snøs -Sp- -sx v a\-kn-em-ipw. CXc Iº- Bfl-hn-izmkw Iq n. Ign 6 amkwsim v 45 ix-am-\-øn\v ta dnt Cu C\n CØcw Iº-\n-I-fpsS Ign Ah-cpsS \b-ßƒ F mhpw Fs m-s - \n-i-fp-ambn Xmc-X-ay-s -Sp-Øp-tºmƒ Nne Db Øp-sa v Adn-bn- p-ign- p. Wv. ti{µ-øn Bcp `c-w-øn hcpw, taj-e-bnse Hml-cn-I-fnse \nt ]w Ime {]I-S\w H p hne-bn-cp-ømw. bm-wa \nt -]-temiw D p-t\m- p FwF knifpss ]nc A\p-]mXw F\n v \Sn-Ø- p. hm jn-im-sn-ÿm-\- CØcw Iº-\n-I-sf mw Xs GXm v kwk-xn. CØcw Dtlm-t]m-l-ßƒ \ne- Db -Xmbn A\p-`-h-s -t - m-sa- nepw Øn dnt 90 ix-am\w Ihnbpw F dn-bp-tºmƒ Fs {]Xo tami-am-bnfn ImgvN-h- -hbpw tami-a- mø em`- ap n I m s]msps hne CSn-bp fhv ap n I- p-sim v CØcw Iº-\n- ÿnc-x-bm {]I-S\w Ign \mfp-i- \n-ev p-tºmƒ Gs - nepw A\n- n-xxzw aq p apx 5 h jw hscbpf Ime-bs p Xs Icp-X-Ww. hn-lnxw \evin-bhpw IS-s -Wn-bn s p Hcp kwk-xn-bp- v. C y cq]. ]t, I-fn \nt -]n- p- -bmƒ v tami-a- FwF kn Hml-cn-I-fnse \nt ]w t]mim-ø-h-bp-am-sw v ]cn-tim-[n- m AØcw hne-bn-sn- n-ep-iƒt]mepw C y mø dnt Cu \nt ]w t\sn-ø-cpsa p Xs {]Xo- n- mw. hcpw-\m-fp-i-fnepw sa -am-hptam? CXn-s\- hy -am-ipw. k_vkn-un-b-dn-i-fn {]mxn-\n[yw h [n- p-dn v Adn-bp- -Xn\v apºv F mwv km[m-c-w-k-xn-bn ]en-i-\n-c v Db- n- p-hm Hcp-ßn-bn-cn- p sf]nh hn]-wn-bn ac-hn v se Zo]m-h-ensb XpS v C y hn]-wn-bn D -h-zn-\-ß-fm-bn-cp- p se k h-ime Db-c-Øn\p apifn FØn-sb p am{x-a ]pxnb Db-cßƒ krjvsn- p-ibpw snbvxp. F m CXv sk Udn hn]-wn-bn am{x-amwv Zriy-am-b-Xv. At mgpw sf]n ( C\o-jy ]_vfniv Hm^ ) hn]wn GXm v ac-hn Ah-ÿ-bn Xs XpS-cp-I-bm-Wv. h kzimcy Iº-\n-I-fn \n v Cjyp-Isfm pw Xs C -gn h jw FØnbn F -XmWv hkvxp-x. ]e- I-º-\n- Ifpw A\p-aXn hmßn-b-tijw kabw ] n-b-s - p-i v Cjyp am n hbv p-ibm-bn-cp- p. h XpI kzcq-]n- -Xm-Is Kh-s v Iº-\n-I-fm-Wv. t^mtfm Hm Cjyp \S- Øn-b-Xn apºn \n-ev p- Xv ]h {KnUv tim ]-td-j-\mwv timsn cq]-bmw vi-º\n kzcq-]n- -Xv. kmº-øni hf XpS -bmbn Ipd- p-h- -XmWv {]my-ani hn]-wnsb _m[n- -Xv. Iº-\n-Iƒ ] nxn \S- m- p- Xv \o nh-bv p- -XmWv apjy-{]-iv\w. ]Ww kzcq- ]n- mepw H pw snøm ] mø Ahÿ F p thw-sa- n ]-d-bmw. A\n- n-x-xz- Øns A -co- -Øn XpI kzcq-]n- phm Iº-\n-Iƒ v Xmev]-cy-an-. Ct mgsø hn]wn A -co- -Øn \nt -]- I v {]Xn-^ew \evip-hm {]bm-k-i-camb kml-n-cy-øn `mhn-bn Ah Xßsf ssihn-sp-tam-sb `bhpw Iº-\n- Iƒ p- v. Nne s]mxp-ta-je Hml-cn-IfpsS t^mtfm A]v Cjyp Hgn- m kzimcy-ta-j-e-bn \n p FØnb {][m\ Cjyp PÃv Ub enan Unt -Xp-am-{X-am-Wv hn]-wn-bn FØm-\n-c c p Uk Iº-\n-I-sf- nepw sk_nbn \n v AwKo-Imcw hmßn- tijw Cjyp am n hbv p-i-bp- m-bn. GXm v 7500 timsn cq]-bpss Cjyp-hm- Wv CØ-c-Øn am n h n- p-f-f-xv. cmjv{sob Ckv]m v \nkw ( 2500 tims cq]), sf F^v kn sf ^mivtsgvkv ( 750 timsn cq]), hiz-\myv jpk B Uv Ão ( 374 timsn cq]), ]nfwc ]h skmeq-j kv (350 timsn cq]) XpS-ßn-bh CXn Dƒs -Sp- p. Cjyp-hn\v Xbm-sd-Sp- p {]apj Iº- \n-i-fn-sem v t_mws_ tãmiv FIvkvtN- mwv. hn]-wn-bn \n v sf]nh hgn timsn kzcq-]n- p-hm-\mwv Dt±-in- p- Xv. CXn-\mh-iy-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoicn p hcn-i-bm-wv. sk_n-bpss AwKo-Imcw e`n v 5 6 amk-øn-\p-f-fn Cjyp \S-Øphm-\mWv Dt±-in- p- -Xv. ASpØ h jw a[y-tømss Cjyp \S-Øp-tb- p-sa p Icp-Xp- p. _n Fkv-C-bnse Ggm-bn-ctØmfw AwK-ß-fn 40 ix-am-\-tømfw t{_m nwkv taj-e-bn-ep-f-f-h-cm-wv. ap Xp ix-am-\-tømfw hntz-i-\n-t -]-I-ÿm-]- \-ßfpw 30 ix-am\w C y \nt -]-Iÿm-]-\-ßfpw t{_m nwkv CXc ÿm]- \-ß-fp-am-Wv s]mxp-ta-je ÿm]-\-ßƒ Dƒs ss ]_vfniv Cjyp, t^mtfm A]v Cjyp XpS-ßn-b-h-bn-eqsS 36 Iº-\n-Iƒ kzcq-]n XpI timsn cq]-bm-wv. CXn 6959 timsn cq]bpw ]h {KnUv tim ]-td-j-t -Xm-Wv. Cjyp \S-Ønb Iº-\n-I-fn ap -Øn-c pw sndp-in-s CS- Øcw( Fkv Fw C) hyh-km-b-ß-fmwv. Ch-sb mw IqSn kam-l-cn- Xv timsn cq]-bm-wv. kzim-cy-ta-j-e-bn \n v FØnb G hpw henb Cjyp PÃv Uben-t -Xm-Wv. Ign PqWn \SØ Cjyp hgn Iº\n 919 timsn cq]-bmwv kam-l-cn- -Xv. \nt -]-I v ani dnt t\sns m-sp- p-ibpw snbvxn. 530 cq]-bv m-bncp p Cjyp. Ct mƒ hne 1161 cq]-bm-wv. Cu Ie- h j-øn BZyw FØnb {][m\ Cjyp hn am nt Xm-Wv. Hm^ ss{]kv 210 cq]-bm-bn-cp- p. Cjyp hgn kzcq- ]n- Xv 94.4 timsn cq]-bm-wv. Ct m-gsø Hmlcn hne 222 cq]-bm-wv. G{]n FØnb sd]vtim ^n\m kv 270 timsn cq] kam-l-cn- p. Hml-cn-sbm v 172 cq]-bmbn-cp p hne. Ipd hne-bn-emwv enãv snbvx-sx- nepw Ct mƒ 315 cq]-bn-tebv v Db n- p- v. Fkv -FwC Iº-\n-I-fn 12 Iº-\n-Iƒ am{x-amwv ]Øp timsn cq]bv p api-fnep-ff Cjyp \S-Øn-bn- p-f-f-xv. Fkv Fw C Iº-\n-I-fn ani {]I-S\w ImgvN hbv p \nc-h[n Iº-\n-I-fp- v. am n Ccp-]Xv cq]bv v Cjyp \S-Ønb PnknF skiyq-cn- o-kns Ct m-gsø hne 280 cq]- bm-wv. FÃnw _tbm Hm Km-\nIv ^puv t{]mk-knw-kn Hml-cn-hne 25 cq]-bn \n- v 100 cq]bv p api-fn-se-øn. k Ãm 20 cq]bv p \evinb Hml-cn v 61 cq] hnebp- v. Nm\ \b 25 cq]-bn \n v 66 cq]-bm-b-t mƒ F v]nkn _tbm 35 cq]- bn \n v 142 cq]m-bm-bn. Bjm-]pc C nta v 40 cq-]-bn \n v 96 cq]-bn-se-øn. \s mcp ] v Hml-cn-I-fnepw Imcy-amb aqe- [\ hf D m-bn- n-. kº-zvl-s-bnse Xf -bmwv Ch-bpsS aqe-[\ hf bv p XS-k-ambn \nev p- -Xv. Kh- v \S- p-h jw s]mxp-ta-je Iº-\n-I-fpsS Hmlcn hn v timsn cq]- bmwv e y-an- n-cn- p- -sx- nepw ]h {KnUns Hmlcn hnev]\ Dƒs S CXp-hsc kzcq-]n- n- p-f-fxv 8284 timsn cq]-b-bm-wv. cmpyw hymh-km-bn-i-]-c-ambn hf t\s-w-sa- n Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb aqe-[-\-hn- ]Wn Bh-iy-am-Wv. Kh-s n\v \evim Ign-bmØ aqe-[\w kzmimcy hy n-ifn \n p kw`-cn- p-hm-\p-ff kwhn-[m-\- amwv aqe-[\ hn]-wn apx GXm v 6100 ]_vfniv Cjyp-hn-eqsS C y Iº-\n-Iƒ Hml-cn-aq-e-[-\-ambn kzcq-]n- Xv timsn cq]-bmwv. Npcp- -Øn ]_vfniv Cjyp-hns Imcy-Øn G hpw tamiw h j-ß-fn-sem- m-wv sf]nh hn]wn sa s -Sp-sa- mwv {]Xo- n- p- -Xv. ]pxnb Khs pw ]pxnb kmº-øni \b-ßfpw FØp kml-n-cy-øn kmº-øni hf sa -s -Sp-Ibpw ZzXob hn]wn kpoh-am-ip-ibpw snøp- -txmss {]my-ani hn]- Wn-bn s]mx-ta-je ÿm]-\-ßƒ Dƒs ss \nc-h[n Iº-\n-Iƒ FØp-sa- mwv {]Xo- n- p- -Xv.

$]Ww F am{ nizwvuv 9 ka \mb Hcp am{ nis ssibnencn p ampniv hm Uns\ t]msebmwv ]Ww. \ap dnbmw, A pxßƒ Im pw apºv am{ ni ampniv hm suspøv hmbphn hoipw.$

9 ]Ww F am{ nizwvuv 9 ka \mb Hcp am{ nis ssibnencn p ampniv hm Uns\ t]msebmwv ]Ww. \ap dnbmw, A pxßƒ Im pw apºv am{ ni ampniv hm suspøv hmbphn hoipw. s]msp s\ ImWnIsf A pxs SpØpw hn[w ]pxnb Nne Imcyßƒ krjvsn s Sp p. (iq\yxbn \n mwv ]pxnbsxms krjvsn s Sp sx p ImWnIƒ v txm pi am{xamwv snøp Xvv. bym Øn AXv t\csø am{ nis\hnsstbm Hfn n ph ncn pibmbncp p.) ]Wsa ampniv hm UpsIm v \ap v A\mbmkambn ]expw ]pxpxmbn krjvsn mw. ]t Ahsbms t\csø \ΩpsS Np p]msnepw D mbncp Xp Xs bmwv. ]Wambmepw hkvxp fmbmepw \ΩpsS ssisbøpw ZqcØv Ahbp mbncp p. ]Wsa am{ nizwvuv FSpØp hoiptºmtg Ah \ap v ssihiamip p psh p am{xw. am{ nis C{µPmew t]mse CXv bym Øn kw`hn p Xp Xs bmwv. a p hcpss txm e. Ccp n shfp ptºmƒ Nne timsoizc mcmbn amdp Xp ImWmdnt? F p ampn mwv Ch Im nbsx v ]ecpw A px]q hw tnmzn pw. Hc pxhpan. Ah ]WØ pdn v Xo{hambn Nn n p. A{XXs. ]Ww Xßƒ v B\µw \ Ip psh v hnizkn p hcmwh. ]Ww \ Ip B\µm\p`qXn mbn Ah \nc cw {]m n psh pw ]dbmw. as mw ad v a\ v GIm{Kam n B{Kln m AXv \S psa v thzm niƒ ]dbp txm pi. ]Wap mip Xpw Aßs\bmbncn mw. sssw awn lm n\kv (Time Money Happiness) F ]pkvxisagpxnb Aenk slbn kns A`n{]mbØn \ΩpsS PohntXm Pw I hsw (trade ) snøp Xn\p Htc msmwv ]Ww. F p ]d m HmtcmcpØcpsSbpw PohnXsØ A ]q Wam p Du Pw D]tbmKn p krjvsn p sxms bmwv ]Ww \ap p m nøcp Xv. Aßs\ Nn n ptºmƒ ]Ww F hkvxphn\v kzbw HckvXnXzan F p ]dtb n hcp p. Cu PohntXm Phpambn _ n n mxncp m ]WØn\v Hc hpan. ]WsØ mƒ IqSpX bym amwv PohntXm Pw. kt mjhpw kwxr]vxnbpw krjvsn m ]WØn\v km[n ns v Nne ]dt pw. Ah ]WØn\v AXoXamWv. ]t Hcp kmaqlnipohnsb Ccp n shfp ptºmƒ Nne timsoizc mcmbn amdp Xp ImWmdnt? F p ampn mwv Ch Im nbsx v ]ecpw A px]q hw tnmzn pw. Hc pxhpan. Ah ]WØ pdn v Xo{hambn Nn n p. A{XXs. ]Ww Xßƒ v B\µw \ Ip psh v hnizkn p hcmwh. ]Ww \ Ip B\µm\p`qXn mbn Ah \nc cw {]m n psh pw ]dbmw. as mw ad v a\ v GIm{Kam n B{Kln m AXv \S psa v thzm niƒ ]dbp txm pi. ]Wap mip Xpw Aßs\bmbncn mw. \nebnep \ΩpsS AkvXnXzØn\v ]Ww Hcp apjylsiamwv. BtemNn p t\m q. kmaqlniambn \ΩpsS F m _ Ønepw ]Ww Hcp XcØnes n as mcp XcØn kzm[o\w snepøp p v. ]WØns NcSnemWv Hmtcm kaqlhpw AwKßsf tim søspøncn p Xv. ImcWw ]cnjvirxkmaqlnihyhÿbpss \ne\n ]n\v ]Ww Hcp AXymhiyLSIamWv. kaqløn\v \nh Øns Spt ]e s]mxphmb Imcyßfpw ]WØns AkvXnhmcØnemWv si n SpØncn p Xv. tdmuv, ]mew, Hm^okv si nskap bw, k m tkh\ßƒ, D ]mz\ÿm]\ßƒ apxembhsbms [\\n anxßfmwv. sib Hm^v Zv tkmƒ (Care of the Soul) F ]pkvxiøn txmakv aq, kaqlambn Pohn m\p \ΩpsS F m ]cn{iaßfpssbpw s\sp q ]WamsW v {]kvxmhn p Xv Cu A ØnemWv. F m ]Ww Fs mtc msns\ pdn v Bcpw ti n p t]mepan mø Hcp Imew \ap p mbncp psht m Ww. A pw A ]q Wamb PohnXw \bn ncp p a\pjy. ]n ossmcp Zn\w ]Ww Hc pxambn \ΩpsS PohnXØnte p IS p hcnibmbncp p. AXn n osv ]Wan msx \ap v Pohn mt\ Ignbns Ahÿbpambn. ]WØns hg hpw A\mbmkXbpamWv CXn\v ImcWw. kmaqlnihyhÿbn G hpw BZ i]camb ÿm\øn\v Bflob]cnthjw \ Imdp v F mhcpw. XymKw, ]ckv]cap simsp hmß, ] p hbv, klm\p`qxn apxembh \ ioeßfmbn hmgvøs Sp Xv B BflobXbpsS shfn ØnemWv. km[mcwkxnbn BflobNn [\kºmz\øn\v FXncmsW mwv \mw s]mxpth IcpXmdp Xv. F m BflobX cq]s ncn p axßfpss {]mamwni{kÿßfnsem pw [\sø NoØ hkvxphmbn ]cnkwn p n. [\an møh\v AXnPoh\Øn\v A lxbns v F mhcpw ]dbp p. ImcWw ]Waps nte \ap pw \tωmssm ap h pw PohnXØnse s]cpø kt mjßƒ v A lxbp mip p p. F psim mwv ]Ww a\pjys\ C{XtØmfw tamln n p Xv? BXy nihniie\øn ]Wa tamln n p sx p ImWmw. ]Ww \ Inbm In p kpjsø pdn p kz]v\ßfmwv tamløn\snÿm\w. as mc Øn a\pjys kpjm\p`hxzc Xs bmwv ]Wsa p ]dbmw. IqSpX ]Ww thwsa v Hcmƒ B{Kln p psh n AXn\ w Abmƒ v kpjtømsp A`n\nthiw hfsc IqSpXemsW mwv. F psim mwv a\pjy\v kpjm\p`hßtfmsv C{Xb[nIw A`nhmRvObp mip Xv? ASnÿm\]cambn a\pjy B\µhmZn(hedonist)bmsW v Hcp ] ap v. ]t Cu kpjm\p`hxzcbpss ]cnwnx^ew Fs dnbmtam? hn{iaøn\p th n IqSpX kabw snehm m XbmdmIpw. ]t IqSpX hn{iaambmepw AXv t_mdsnbmipsa v Hcp kn m ap v. enj t_m Uw F mwv CXn\p ]dbp Xv. Cu Ahÿbn km[mcw m azy]n pw. IqSpXembn ]pihen pw, ssenhnj ImWpw. Ah v h mø GIm X A\p`hs Spw. as mcp XcØn ]d m Ah {]hrøyp pja mø(inactive) {]hrønifnemwv G s SpI. C{]Imcw B\µhmZnbmb a\pjy s mw Htc t]msebmwv ]WtØmSp B`napJyw F p IptX. Unt_md ss{]kns awn ampniv (Money Magic) F ]pkvxiøn ]Whpambn _ s hnhn[xcw BfpIsf pdn p ]bp p. AXnsem mwv apojy sss]v BfpIƒ. Ah v BflobX IqSpXembncn pw. Ah m\nifmbncn pat{x. Ah s]mxpth hnizkvxcpw DZmcaXnIfpw kvt\lkº cpambncn pw. Ah v kz w IgnhpIsf pdn v Bflhnizmkw IqSpXembncn pat{x. C mcwøn kzm`mhniambpw ip`m]vxnhnizmknifmbncn pah. ]Ww _p n]q hw D]tbmKn m Ah dnbmw. ]WsØ pdn v Ah v H pw thhemxnbp min. AtXkabw ]Ww AhcpsS ssibneqss [mcmfambn IS p s]mbvs m ncn pibpw snøpw. Hcmfns ssibn ]Wan msx t]mip Xn\v {][m\imcww snehpiƒ \nb{ n m Adn p IqSmØXmsW v ]dbmdp v. snehm p ioeamwv \nßfpss G hpw henb {]iv\sa n, Xmsg dbp Imcyßƒ {i n pi. 1. bm{xbv pw hnt\mzøn\pw th n Ct mƒ snehgn p XpI ]p\x]cntim[\bv v hnt[bam pi. GsXms coxnbn Cubn\nßfn snehp Npcp msa v BtemNn pi. 2. Hmt mam niv kvs] UnwKv ioeap hcmwv an hcpw. Znhkhpw tlm en \n v ` Ww Ign pi, shdptxbncp p apjnbp XpsIm v ] t kn\ndßpi apxemb s]cpam ßfmWv Hmt mam niv kvs] UnwKn\v DZmlcWßƒ. CXv Hgnhm pi. 3. hmsi Ipd ho nte v/^vfm nte v amdpi. 4. Cu \Øns D]tbmKØn Imcy axbp (fuel efficient) hml\ßƒ hmßpi. 5. ho nse sndnb sndnb sabn \ kv ]WnIsfms X\nsb snøm ]Tn pi. 6. BgvNbnsemcn ` Ww Hgnhm m {ian pi. Cßs\sbms snøptºmƒ \nßfpss ssibnse ]Ww Hcp am{ nizwvumbn amdp p.

10 10 C -twm-aniv t{]m{kkv dnt m v kº-zvl-s-\-bn hf m {]Xo tpmbn -^n-en v ssa\nw-kv, am\p-^m-ivn-dnwkv XpSßnb Nne {][m-\-ta-j-e-i-ƒ Ct mgpw Bi- -s -Sp-Øp coxn-bn \oßp-ibm-sw- nepw kº-zvl-s\ ]Xnsb sa s -Sp kqn-\-bmwv c mw Izm PnUn]n IW- p-iƒ \evip Xv. sk {S- Ãm n-ãn- Hm K-ss\-tkj ]pd-øp-hn IW- p-i-f-\p-k-cn v c mw Izm -dnse ( Pqsse sk]v w- _ ) hf 4.8 ix-am-\-am-wv. c mw Izm -dnse hf 5 ix-am-\-øn\p Xmsg-bm-sW- nepw BZy Izm -dn-se 4.4 ix-am-\-tø- mƒ sa -am-wv. am{x-hp-a s]mxp-hmbn {]Xo- n- n-cp- 4.6 ix-am- \-tø- mƒ Aev]w sa -hpam-wv c mw Izm -dnse hf 5.2 ix-am- \-am-bn-cp- p. XpS -bmb \mem-asø Izm dmwv PnUn]n hf 5 ix-am-\-øn\pw Xmsg ImWn- p- -Xv. CtXmsS BZy-]-Ip-Xn-bnse hf 4.6 ix-am-\-ambn Xmgv p. ap h jw BZy-]-Ip-Xn-bnse hf 5.3 ix-am-\-ambn-cp- p. \S- p-h jw hf 5 ix-am- \-Øn-tebv v Db-c-W-sa- n ASpØ ]Ip-Xn-bn Ipd- Xv 5.4 ix-am\w hf t\s-ww. CXv t\sp-hm {]bmk-am-sw v A\-en-Ãp-Iƒ hne-bn-cp-øptºmƒ Kh-s n\pw [\-a-{ m-e-b- Øn\pw C m-cy-øn Bfl-hn-izm-k-am- Wp-f-f-Xv. \S- p-h jw hf 5 ix-am-\- Øn\v Aev]w api-fn-em-bn-cn- p-sa- mwv {][m-\-a-{ n-bpss kmº-øn-i-d-]-tz-ii Iu kn snb am kn cwk-cm-p hne-bn-cp-øp- -Xv. c mw Izm -dnse s{s Uv hcpw Izm -dp-i-fn XpS-cp-sa- mwv temi-_m- ns C y Xe-h D q dqfns hnebn-cp-ø. c mw Izm A -ßƒ ]cn-tim-[n- m Imcy-ßƒ api-fn-tebv m-sw v ImWmsa pw dqƒ ]d-bp- p. C y-bpss Ib- p-axn sa -s p XpSßn-bn-cn- p- p. Irjnbpw tkh-\-ta-jebpw \ -txm-xn {]h Øn- p- p. CsX mw ASpØ Izm -dn sa -s hf bv p hgn-sx-fn- pw. Im jni taje c Kh-s v ]n p-wbp-ff tkh-\-ta- J-e-bp-tSbpw ssa\nwkv taj-e-bp-tsbpw Xf bmwv kmº-øni hf sb 5 ix-am-\-øn\p Xmtgbv p X n-b-xv. \mep-h jsø G hpw Ipd XmgvNbn \n p Xncn- p-h-cp-hm XpW-bm-b- Xm-Is Im jn-i-ta-j-e-bpw. c mw Izm -dnse Im jni hf 4.6 ix-am- \-Øn-te p Db p. BZy-Izm -dn-enxv 2.7 ix-am-\-am-bn-cp- p. F p Izm -dp-ifnse G hpw Db Im jni hf bm-wn-xv. ` y-h-kvxp- ƒ, ]b-dp-h Kßƒ, FÆ- pcp XpSßn F m-øcw Im jn-tim-xv]- -ß-fpsS DXv]m-Z\w ani a kq-wns ]n _-e-øn sa -s - n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. ani Jmcn^v kok t]mse dm_n-ko-kwpw ani- -Xm-bn-cn- p-sa- mwv hne-bn-cp-øp- -Xv. cmpysø 85 Umap-I-fn sh w \nd p InS- p- Xpw sa -s Cu hpw Im jni kar- n p hgn-sxfn- p-sa- v {]Xo- n- p- p. \S- p-h jw ` y-[m-\y-ß-fpss DXv]m-Z\w 259 Zi-e w SÆn\p api-fnse-øp-sa v ` y-a-{ m-ebw hne-bn-cp- Øp- p. \S- p-h jw C y- Im jn-ita-j-e-bpss hf ix-am-\-am-bnc- p-sa- mwv Z IΩo-j t^m A{Kn- Iƒ timãvkv B Uv ss{]kkv hne-bn-cp-øp- -Xv. ap h j-anxv 1.9 ixam-\-am-bn-cp- p. Ib- p-a-xn pw ] v c mw Izm -dn kº-zvl-s-\sb Xncn- p-sim- p-h-cp- -Xn apjy ] p hln as mcp taje Ib- p-a-xn-bm-wv. c mw Izm PnUn-]n-bn Ib- p-a-xnbpss kw`m-h\ ap h j-tø- mƒ 59 ixam\w Db -bmwv ImWn- Xv. cq]- bpss aqey-tim-jww aqew a -c- -ax h [n- Xpw BtKmf kº-zvl-s-\-bnse DW hp-amwv Ib- p-axn taj-ebv v c mw Izm -dn 16.3 ix-am\w hf t\sp-hm klmb-i-am-b-xv. ssivssã kv, sex, s]t{sm-fnbw, sian- kv, sa, Im jn-tim-xv]- -ßƒ XpS-ßnb taj-e-bn \n- p-ff Ib- p-axn ani hf -bmwv tcj-s -Sp- Øn-b-Xv. \S- p-h j- Øns BZy Bdp-am-k- m-eøv ssivssã kv taje ap h j-tø- m 22.4 ix-am\w hf N-N-bmWv Ib- p-a-xnbn t\sn-b-xv. {]txy- In pw sdun-tauv hkv{x-ßfpss hn`m-k- Øn. sex DXv]- -ßƒ- B-Zy-]-Ip-Xn-bn 24.4 ix-am\w hf -bmwv t\sn-b-xv.-sexv sncp- p- I-fpsS Ib- p-axn 23 ixam\w hf t\sn-bn- p- v. hnh[ Im jn-tim-xv]- -ß-fpsS Ib- p-axn ani hf t\sn-bn- p- v. _kvaxn Acn-bpsS Ib- p-axn 56.8 ixam\w hf t\sn-bn- p- v.-t\m _kvaxn Acn (39.9 ix-am-\w), ] - dn-iƒ (44.6 ix-am-\w),k-ap-t{zm-xv]- ßƒ (53.7 ix-am-\w), Cd n (56.5 ixam-\w), ]b h K-ßƒ (126.9 ix-am-\w), -]m DXv]- -ßƒ9 191 ix-am-\w), tkmxºv (58.2 ix-am-\w) XpS-ßn-bh ani hf -bmwv t\sn-bn- p-f-f-xv. Npcp- -Øn c mw Izm -dn Ib- p-axn taje t\snb Cc- -b hf bpw Cd- p-a-xn- KWy-ambn Ipd- Xpw Id v A u v IΩn-bnse kω ±w Ipd-bv p-hm klm-b-i-am-bn- p- v. c mw Izm -dn Id v A u v IΩn PnUn-]n-bpsS 1.2 ix-am-\-ambn Ipd- n- p- v. Id v A u v IΩn `oxn Ipds - nepw t\cn- p-ff hntzi \nt - ]hpw hntz-i-\n-t -]-I-ÿm-]-\-ß-fpsS \nt -]-sam-gp pw h [n- n- p-hm i -amb kmº-øni ]cn-jvim-cßƒ v Kh-s v Xp\n-tb- n-bn-cn- p- p. ImcWw cmpy-øns ASn-ÿm\ kui-cy-ßƒ h [n- n- p-hm ASpØ A p-h j- m-eøv 1 e w timsn tumf hntz-i-\n-t ]w Bh-iy-ap- v. sshzypxn taj-e-bpss Xncn- p-h-chv hyh-km-b-ta-j-e-bpss hf Ct mgpw Imcy-ambn sa -s - n- n-. c mw Izm hf 1.5 ix-am-\-am-wv. ( BZy-Izm -dn 0.8 ix-am\w Npcp- hpw ap h jw c mw Izm hf PnUn]n skivs hf saje Izm Izm Irjn C Ukv{Sn ssa\nwkv am\p-^m-ivn-dnwkv sshzyp-xn,-sh w I kv{s-ivj tkh-\-ta-je t{suv, {Sm kvt]m v [\-Im-cy-tk-h\w kaq-ly-tk-h\w PnUn]n PnUn]n hf Izm PnUn]n (%) 2012 Pq sk-]v w-_ Unkw-_ am v Pq sk]v w-_ ix-am-\-hp-am-bn-cp- p. CXn s sshzypxn taje c mw Izm -dn 7.7 ix-am\w hf ImWn- v h Xn-cn- p-h-chv \S-Øn-bn-cn- p-i-bm- Wv. kºzvl-s-\-bpss hf -bn ssh- ZypXn-ta-J-ebv v \n Wm-bI ] mwv hln- m-\p-f-f-xv. F m hyh-km-bßƒ pw sshzypxn G hpw AXym-h-iyam-Wv. BZy-Izm -dn sshzypxn DXv]m- Z\w 3.7 ix-am\w hf -bmwv t\sn-bn- p-f-f-xv. ap h jw c mw Izm -dn-enxv 3.2 ix-am-\-am-bn-cp- p. ani v a kq e`n- Xv sshzyp- Xn-bpsS DXv]m-Z\w h [n- n- n p-hm klm-bn- p. IqSmsX ti{µ Kh-s v henb sshzypxn ] -Xn-Iƒ v \S- ph jw A\p-aXn \evin-bn-cn- p-i-bm-wv. `mhn-bn sshzypxn taj-e-bn ani hf bv v CXp hgn-sx-fn- pw.-\n-t - ]-Øn\p th nbp-ff Im_n-\ v IΩn n 3.8 e w timsn cq]-bpss ] -Xn- Iƒ mwv A\p-aXn \evin-b-xv. CXn 90 ix-am-\hpw sshzypxn taj-e-bn \n- p-ff ] -Xn-Iƒ m-wv. Im_n-\ v IΩn- n-bpss apºn e w timsn cq]-bpss 340 hyh-kmb At]- -I-fmWv AwKo-Im-c-Øn-\mbn si n- n-s- p- -Xv. CXn\v thkw A\paXn \evin-bm ASn-ÿm-\-ta-J-ebpw Im n- KpUvkpw hf -bn-tebv v Xncn- p-h-cn-ibpw kº-zvl-s-\bv v DW hv \evip-ibpw snøpw. PnUn-]n-bn 30 ix-am-\-tømfw shbn-t Ppff [\-Im-cy-tk-h\ taje 10 ix-am\w hf t\sn. BZy-Izm -dn-enxv 8.9 ix-am-\hpw ap h j-antx Ime-b-fhn 8.3 ix-am-\-hp-am-bn-cp- p. t{suv, tlm XpS-ßn-bh BZy Izm -dnse 3.9 ix-am-\-øn \n v 4 ix-am-\-øntebv v Db p. ap h jw c mw Izm -dnse hf 6.8 ix-am-\-am-bn-cp- p. F m ssa\nwkv XpS -bmbn \yq\ hf -bn-em-wv. BZy Izm -dnse 2.1 ix-am\w hf -bn \n v 0.4 ix-am\w \yq\ hf -bmwv c mw Izm -dn t\sn-b-xv. am\p-^m-ivn-dnwkv 1.2 ix-am-\- Øn \n v 1 ix-am-\-ambn Ipd- p. tkh-\-ta-je \ncm-i-s -SpØn tkh-\-ta-j-e-bmwv icn pw sr \evin-b-xv. kºzv-l-s-\-bn 60 ix-am-\-tømfw kw`m-h\ snøp tkh-\-ta-j-e-bnse hf 5.9 ix-am-\- am-wv \p-ti-j-ap-ff G hpw Ipd hf -bmwn-xv. kmº-øni hf -sb- p-dn- p-ff {]Xo- -bn avfm\x ]cp-øp- -XmWv Cu IWs v Fkv_n-sF-bpsS No^v C twm-aniv AssUz-k kuay-im n tlmjv A`n-{]m-b-s -Sp- p. Kh-s v ]n p-w-tbm-ss-bp-ff Iayq-Wn n, tkmjy, t]gvk-w tkh- \-ß-fnse hf c mw Izm -dn 4.2 ix-am-\-am-wv. BZy-Izm -dn-enxv 9.4 ixam-\hpw ap h jw c mw Izm -dn-enxv 8.4 ix-am-\-hp-am-bn-cp- p. \nt -]m-[n-jvtn-x-am-iww am\p-^m-ivn-dnw-kn IqSp-X \nt -]-ap- m-ti- -bn-cn- p- p. cmpy- Øns sxmgn krjvsn-bn hyh-kmb-ta-j-ebv v \n Wm-bI ] m-wp-ff-xv. Db ]en-i-\n-c- mwv hyh-kmb-ta-je \nt -]-Øn\v XS-k-ambn Nq n- m-wn- p Hcp apjykwk-xn. AXn-\m dnk hv _m ns I i-\- amb ]W-\-b-Øn Hcp ]p\-c-h-tem- I\w Bh-iy-ambn h n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. ]W-\-b-Øn\v ]W-s -cp- sø

11 11 XS-bn-Sp- -Xn-\p-ff Ignhv ]cn-an-x-am- Wnt mƒ. k]vssf h [n- n- p- -Xn-\p-ff \S-]-Sn-I-fmWv D m-ti- -Xv. AXv Khs v `mk-øp-\n- p- m-ti- -Xm-Wv. hf bv v A\p-Iq-e-amb A -co w krjvsn- p-hm Kh-s n\v Ign-b-Ww cmpyw 8 ix-am\w hf bn-tebv v as-ßn-h-cp-sa- mwv [\-a{ n ]n NnZw-_cw ASp-Øp-Im-eØv {]Xo {]I- Sn- n- -Xv. \S- p-h jw 5 ix-am-\hpw ASpØ h jw 6 ix-am-\hpw ix-am-\hpw hf -bmwv At±lw {]Xo- n- p- -Xv. ]t Cu hf \nt - ]m-[n-jvtn-x-am-bmte \ne-\n-ev p-i-bp-f-fp. ]W-s -cp- hpw kzimcy \nt ]w h [n- n- p- -Xnse {]iv\-ßfpw ]cn-l-cn- phm DX-Ip hn[øn-ep-ff \b-ßƒ Khs v `mk-øp-\n- p- m-i-ww. kº-zvl-s-\-bpss Xncn- p-h-c-hn\v i n ]I-cm\pw Ct m-gsø Xncn- p-h-chv XpS pw \nev p-sa v Dd- p-h-cp-øphm\pw ssa\nw-kv, am\p-^m-ivn-dnwkv XpSßnb taj-e-i-fn Xncp-Ø \S-]-Sn-Iƒ D m-th- n-bn-cn- p- p. icn pw cmpyw hf -bn-tebv v Xncn- p-h-cni 2014 Pqsse Izm apx-em-bn-cn- p-sa- mwv hne-bn-cp-øp- -Xv. cmjv{sob ÿnc-x-bmwv CXn\p Imc-W-ambn Nq n- m-wn- p- -Xv. kmº-øni ]cn-jvim-c-ßƒ kº-zvl-s\ G hpw tami-amb hf -bn \n v ]Xnsb sa -s -Sp kqn-\-iƒ ImWn ncn- p-i-bm-wv. CXns\ hf Øn-sb-Sp- p- -Xn-\p-ff hfhpw sh hpw Kh-s v `mk-øp- p- m-i- Ww. AXn G hpw {][m-\-s XmWv kmº-øni ]cn-jvim-c-ßƒ. kmº-øni ]cn-jvimcw kw_- n v \nc-h[n {]Jym- ]-\-ßƒ Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp- msx InS- p-ibm-wv. AXn G hpw {][m-\-s - -XmWv Pn Fkv Sn. CXp \S- m- p- Xp kw_- n v ti{µhpw kwÿm-\hpw XΩn C\nbpw tbmpn- n-se-øp-hm Ign- n- n- Ċ ysb GIo-IrX hn]-wn-bm n am -hm klm-bn- p Pn Fkv Sn hym]m-chpw _nkn-\kpw IqSp-X Ffp- -am n am pw. \nip-xn, `cww F n-hbn sim p-h-cp ]cn-jvim-c-ßƒ am{xw C y PnUn-]n-bn 2 ixam\øne-[niw A[nI hf -bp- m- psa- mwv hne-bn-cp-øp- -Xv. kmº-øni hf bv p kv]ouv e`n- -W-sa- n ASn-ÿm-\-ku-I-cy-ta-J-ebn ani hf -bp- m-i-ww. Imcy- -a-x-bp-ff k]vssf snbn cq]-s -SptØ- n-bn-cn- p- p. hntz-i-\n-t ]w BI jn- p-hm kul-z-]-c-amb \nt - ]m- -co w krjvsn-t - n-bn-cn- p- p. IqSp-X hyh-km-b-ßfpw ÿm]-\-ßfpw FØp- Xv sxmgn krjvsnbpw AXphgn kmº-øni hf bpw Dd- p-h-cp- Øpw. Xncn- p-h-c-hns a v Nne kqn-\-iƒ HIvtSm-_ amk-øn kº-zvl-s-\- bn \n p ]pd-øp-h- n- p-ff IW- p- Ifpw kº-zvl-s-\-bpss Xncn- p-h-chv kw_- n v Nne kqn-\-iƒ \evip- h-bm-wv. am\p-^m-ivn-dnwkv: am\p-^m-ivndnwkv sa -s -SpIbm-Wv. XpS -bmbn aq p-am-ksø Npcp-ß-en-\p-tijw am\p-^m-ivn-dnwkv taje \hw-_-dn hf t\sn-b-xmbn F v-f-kv_nkn ] t -knwkv amt\-tpgvkv kqnni ( ]nfwsf) hy -am- p- p. ]n FwsF \hw-_-dn 51.3 t]mbn m-wv. HIvtSm- _-dn-enxv 49.6 t]mbn m-bn-cp- p. 50 t]mbn n\p Xmsg Npcp- -am-bn- mwv IW- m- p- -Xv. A`y- c hn]-wnbn \n p ]pxnb Hm U-dp-Iƒ D mb-xmwv am\p-^m-ivn-dnwkv hf bv p hgn-sx-fn- -sx v F v-f-kv_nkn C y Gkn-bm No^v C -twm-anãv eo^v FkvsI-k A`n-{]m-b-s -Sp- p. Ib- p-axn taje t\c-sø- Øs hf ImWn- n-cp- p. D]-hn- `m-k-ß-fn G hpw ani hf t\snbn- p-f-fxv I kyqa KpUvkv BWv. am\p-^m-ivn-dnwkv C ^vtf-j\pw Ipd- -Xmbn FkvsI-k ]d-bp- p. k hokv taj-e-bn \n- p-ff F vfkv_nkn ]nfwsf \hw-_-dn 47.2 t]mbn n-se-øn. HIvtSm-_-dn-enXv 47.1 t]mbn m-bn-cp- p. AºXp t]mbn n-\p-xmsg Npcp- -am-bn- mwv IW- m- p- -Xv. XpS -bmb A masø amk-amwv k ho-kkv ]nfwsf Ipd-bp- -Xv. F nepw \ne sa -s -Sp-Øp- -Xns kqn-\-bmwv \hw-_-dnse IW- p-iƒ \evip- -Xv. PnUn-]n-bpsS ]Ip-Xn-bn-e-[nIw kw`mh\ snøp k ho-kkv taje ÿnc-x-sb- nepw ImWn- p-xp-s-ßn-sb- mwv F v-f-kv_n-kn-bpss C y No^v C -twm-anãv eo^v FkvsIk A`n-{]m-b-s -Sp- -Xv. Im n- t^m ta-j : Ct mgsø Xf -bv n-s-bnepw t{kmkv ^nivkvuv Im n- t^m ta-j ( PnF^vkn F^v) 33.6 ix-am-\-ambn Db n- p- v. BZyIzm -dn-enxv 32.6 ix-am-\-am-bn-cp- p. ( kº-zvl-s-\-bn hy -amb \b-ßƒ, kpxm-cy-amb \S-]-Sn-{I-a-ßƒ, Ah-bpsS s]s - p-ff \S-Øn pw amt\-pvsa pw, ka-b-øn-\p-ffn Imcy- -a-ambn \nbaw \S- m- XpS-ßn-bh kmº-øni hf -bnse {]Xn-_- -ßsf C m-xm- pw. t_m[- ]q h-amb {]h Ø-\-Øn-eq-sSsb hyhkmb hf bpw sxmgn krjvsn-bp-ap- m- Bi- -Iƒ amdn-bn- n c mw Izm -dn kº-zvl-s\ t\cnb hf ImWn-s - nepw kº-zvl-s-\- bn \n v FØp ]e hm Ø-Ifpw Bi- -Iƒ Zpco-I-cn- p hn[-øn-ep-f-f- X-. adn v Ah i n-s -Sp-Øp- -Xm-Wv. hymh-km-bn-tim-xv]m-z-\hf, ImX taj-e-bnse hf, ]W-s -cp w XpS-ßnbh CØ-c-Øn Bi- -s -Sp-Øp- -hbm-wv. ]W-s -cp w: ]W- -cp w \hw_- dn 14 -am-ksø G hpw Db-c-Øn FØn-bn-cn- p-i-bm-wv ix-am-\-amwv ]W-s -cp- w. HIvtSm-_-dn-enXv 6.99 ixam-\hpw sk]v w-_-dn- 6.1 ix-am-\hp-ambn-cp- p. am\p-^m-ivn-dnwkv ]W-s -cp w 3.5 ix-am-\-øn ÿncx t\sn-bn- p v. F m I kyq-a ss{]kv C suivkv ( kn]n-sf) \hw-_-dn ix-am-\-am-bn. HIvtSm-_-dn-enXv ix-am-\-am-bn-cp- p. ` y-h-kvxp- -fpss hne-bmwv Ipd-bmsX \nev p- -Xv. ` yh-kvxp- -fpss hne-bn ix-am\w Db -bm-wp- m-bn- p-f-f-xv. ani a kqwpw h hn-fhpw e`n- n pw ÿnxnbn am -ap- m-ip- n F Xp Xs D]- t`m- r-io-e-øn am w h p-sh- -Xns kqn-\-bm-wv. `t ymxv]m-z\w KWyambn Db Øp- -hn-[-øn Im jn-i-\- bhpw Irjn-co-Xn-Ifpw F{Xbpw thkw Agn p ]Wn-tb- -Xn-te-bv mwv CXv hnc Nq p- -Xv. \nt ]w, e`yx F n-h-bn Imcy-amb BLm-X-ap- m- msx cmpysø ]W-s -cp- -Øn \n v ap - am- p-i-sb- -Xn-\mWv {]m[m-\yw. Zp _- e-amb kº-zvl-s\bn ]W-s -cp w kl-\o-b-\n-e-bn-se-øp-hm IqSp-X ka-b-sa-sp- p-sa v cmp ]d-bp- p. Unkw-_ apx ` y-h-kvxp- -fpss hne-bn Ipd-hp- m-ip-sa {]Xo- bn Unkw-_ 18- se ]W-\-b-Øn ]en-i-\n-c v Iq p-hm cmp Xbm-dm-bn- n-. hymh-km-bn-tim-xv]m-z\w: HIvtSm- _-dn hymh-km-bn-tim-xv]m-z\w ( sfsf-]n) 1.8 ix-am\w Npcpßnbn-cn- p-i-bm-wv. sk]v w-_-dn 2 ix-am\w hf ImWn- n-cp- p. aq p amksø hf -bv p-ti-j-amwv Npcp-ß ImWn- n-cn- p- -Xv. am\p-^m-ivn-dnwkv HIvtSm-_- dn 1.8 ix-am\w hf ImWn- n-cn- p- I-bm-Wv. ap h jw HIvtSm-_-dn 9.9 ixam-\w hf ImWn ÿm\-øm-wn-xv. H t\m -Øn hymh-km-bn-tim- Xv]m-Z-\-h-f \ncm-i-s -Sp-Øp- -Xm-sW- nepw sk]v w-_-dnse 1.96 ix-am\w hf -bp-ambn t\m p-tºmƒ HIvtSm-_- dnse Npcp w A{X Kpcp-X-as -XmWv hkvxp-x. \hw-_-dn sa -s hf {]Xo- n- m-sa- w. ani {KmaoW ]pxnb DXv]m-Z-\-tijn krjvsn- p- - Xns Af-hmWv PnF^vkn F^v) CXv PnUn-]n-bpsS 25 ix-am-\- am-bn-cp- p. AXm-bXv hf Ipd-bptºmgpw C sh-ãvsa v BIvSn-hn n \S- p- p v F w. F m Ime-b-f-hn PnF^vkn F^v 33 ixam-\-øn\p Np -f-hn-em-bn-cp- -t mƒ F p ix-am-\-øn\p api-fn hf t\sn-bncp- p-sh- Xv {i n-t - n-bn-cn- p- p. AXm-bXv aqe-[-\w ]c-am-h[n D]-tbm- K-s -Sp-Øp-hm km[n- p- n-s - -Xns sxfn-hm-wnxv. sshzypxn XpS-ßnb taje-bn h txm-xn \nt ]w \S- p- Ibpw Ah Ct mƒ ]e-hn[ XS-k-ßfn s v ( Bh-iy-Øn\v Iev cn e`n- m-xn-cn- p-i. A\p-aXn In m-xn-cn- pi XpS-ßn-b-h...) ] Xn aps-ßp- -Xp-amWv hf m- p-d-hn\v Imc-W-ambn ]d-bp- - Xv. CXn am w h m hf-sc-s s p Xs kº-zvl-s-\bv v ani hf -bn-tebv v Xncn- p-h-cp-hm Ignbp-sa- mwv hne-bn-cp-ø-s -Sp- -Xv. Id v A u v IΩn 1.2 %: cq]bv v Bizm-khpw ]n p-wbpw \evin-s m v cmpy-øns Id v A u v IΩn c mw Izm -dn PnUn- ]n-bpss 1.2 ix-am-\-am-bn. AXm-bXv 520 timsn tumf. ap h j-antx Ime-b-fhn-enXv 2100 timsn tumf-dm-bn-cp- p. kz Ww Dƒs -ss-bp-ff Ah-tiy-bn-Xc hkvxp- -fpss Cd- p-axn Ipd-bv p-hm \S-]-Sn-Iƒ FSp-ØXpw Ib- p-axn hcpam\ hf Cc- -b- -Øn-tebv v FØnb-Xp-amWv Id v IΩn Ipd- -Xv \pti-j-ap-ff G hpw Ipd Izm Id v A u v IΩn-bm-Wn-Xv. hym]-c-iωn c mw Izm -dn 3330 timsn tumf-dmbn Ipd- p. ap h j-antx Ime-b-f-hn-enXv 4780 timsn tumf-dm-bn-cp- p. BZy-Izm -dnse IΩn PnUn-]n-bpsS 4.9 ix-am-\-am-bncp p. Cu kml-n-cy-øn \S- p-h jw Id v A u v IΩn PnUn-]n-bpsS 3 ix-am-\-øn\p Xmsg-bm-bn-cn- p-sa p hnen-bn-cp-øp- p. ap h j-anxv 4.8 ixam-\-am-bn-cp- p. c mw Izm -dn Ib- p-axn 12 ixam\w h [-\-tbmss 8120 timsn tumfdn-se-øn-b-t mƒ Cd- p-axn 4.8 ixam\w Ipd v timsn tumf-dmbn. kz W Cd- p-axn 1640 timsn tumf-dn \n v 390 timsn tumf-dmbn Ipd- p. BZy-Izm -dnse 1110 timsn tumf-dns kz Ww Cd- p-axn snbvxn-cp- p. Id v A u v IΩn IpØs\ Db -Xn-s\-Øp-S v G{]n HmKÃv Ime-b-f-hn cq]-bpss aqey- Øn 27 ix-am\w CSnthmsS tumfdn\v cq]-bn-se-øn-bn-cp- p. Ct m 11 ix-am-\-tømfw i n cq] hos -Sp-Øn- p- v. Ib- p-axn hf : c mw Izm hf -bn ani kw`m-h\ snbvx Ib- p-axn tajebpss hf \hw-_-dn 5.9 ix-am-\-ambn Ipd- Xv \ncm-i-s -Sp-Øn-sb- nepw \S- ph jw e yw t\sm-sa- mwv hmwn- Py-a-{ m-e-b-øns {]Xo-. bp Fkv kº-zvl-s\ i -amb hf -bntebv v FØn-bXv {]Xo- -tbm-ssbmwv C y t\m p- -Xv. ap h j-antx Ime-b-f-hn-enXv 2230 timsn tumf-dm-bn-cp- p. \mep-amksø Cc- -b hf -bv p-ti-jamwv hf H -b- -Øn-tebv v CSn- -Xv. Cd- p-axn \hw-_-dn 16.4 ixam\w Ipd v 3380 timsn tumf-dm-bn am n-\p-ti-j-ap-ff G hpw Ipd Cd- p-a-xn-bm-wn-xv. Cd- paxn 16 ix-am\w Ipd- -Xn-s\-Øp- S v hym]m-c-i-ωn 46.5 ix-am\w IpdthmsS 920 timsn tumf-dn-se-øn. Ib- p-axn hcp-am\w 2460 timsn tumf-dm- Wv. Cu kml-n-cy-øn \S- p-h jw Id v A u v IΩn 6000 timsn tumf-dn\v Xmsg \ndp-øm-sa v [\-a- { m-ebw IW- m- p- p. Unkw-_-dn Ib- p-axn sa -s - Sp-sa- mwv hmwn-py-a-{ m-e-b-øns {]Xo. G{]n \hw-_ Ime-b-fhnse Ib- p-axn hcp-am\w 6.3 ix-am\w hf -tbmss timsn tumf-dn-se- Øn. \S- p-h jw timsn tumf Ib- p-axn hcp-am-\-amwv e y-an- n- pf-f-xv se hcp-am\w timsn tumf-dm-bn-cp- p. Iq. cmpysø ]Ip-Xn-b-e-[nIw hcp bph-p-\-ßƒ v sxmgn G hpw AXymh-iy-am-Wv. cmpysø ]ptcm-k-xn-bntebv p \bn- p-hm CXm-h-iy-am-Wv. Unam- ns ] m-ø-e-øn sa -s hf {]Xo- n- mw \hw-_-dn hymh-km-bn-tim-xv]m-z\w 0.8 ix-am-\-ambn-cp- p. hymh-km-bn-tim-xv]m-z-\-øn 38.5 ix-am\w shbn-t -Pp-ff ImX ta-j-e-bpss HIvtSm-_-dnse {]I-S\w \ncm-i-s -Sp-Øp- -Xm-Wv. F pam-k-øn-\p-f-fn BZy-amb ImX ta-je 0.6 ix-am\w Npcp-ß ImWn- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. sk]v w-_-dn 8 ix-am\w hf ImWn- n-cp- p. hymh-kmbn-tim-xv]m-z\ kqnn-i-bn 38 ix-am\w shbn-t -PmWv Cu taj-e-bv p-f-f-xv. {IqtUm-bn, Iev -cn, {]Ir-Xn-hm-X-Iw, sshzyp-xn, hfw, Ão, FÆ-ip- o-i-c-ww, kna v F n-h-bmwv ImX taje kqnn- I-bn-ep-f-f-Xv. CXn sshzyp-xn, hfw Ão, kna v Hgn-I-bp-f-f-h-bpsS hf HIvtSm- _-dn Npcp-ßp-I-bmWv snbvx-xv.

$12 {]Xo- -tbmss 2014-2013 Bcw-`n- t mgp-ff kº-zvl-s-\- b h jw Ah-km-\n- n- p-tºmƒ. F m- Ø-c-Ønepw 2008 t\ mƒ Xs sa s Ah-ÿ-bn-emWv.$

12 12 {]Xo- -tbmss Bcw-`n- t mgp-ff kº-zvl-s-\- b h jw Ah-km-\n- n- p-tºmƒ. F m- Ø-c-Ønepw 2008 t\ mƒ Xs sa s Ah-ÿ-bn-emWv. bp Fkv hf bn-tebv v Xncn-s -Øn-b-Xn-s\-Øp-S v kmº-øni DtØ-PI ]mt -Pp-Iƒ ]n h-en- p XpS-ßp- -km-l-n-cysø t\cn-sm C y Bdp amkw apº-tø- mƒ \ coxn-bn Hcp-ßn-bn-cn- p- p. Id v A u v IΩnbpw [\-I-Ωn-bpsams \n -bn- n- p-ff coxn-bn Xs ]nsn p \ndp-øm Ign-bp-sa Bfl-hnizm-khpw Kh-s v {]I-Sn- n- p- p. F nepw C ysb kw_- n- n-stømsf 2014 Hcp am -Øns h j-am-bncn- p-sa- mwv hne-bn-cp-ø-s -Sp- -Xv. {]txy-in pw ]pxnb `c-ww sabvam-k- Øn A[n-Im-c-Øn FØp- -txmss \b-ønepw `cw \n h-l-w-ønepw \ am- -amwv {]Xo- n- p- -Xv. DZm-c-h- Xv{IWw 20 h jw ]q Øn-bm-b-tijw \b-øn-ep- mb XWp- kao-]-\-øn\v ASp-Ø sxc-s -Sp-t mss am w hcp-sa- mwv BtKmf \nt -]-I-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ Dƒs -ss-bp-ff \nt -]-Icpw A\-en-Ãp- Ifpw {]Xo- n- p- -Xv. Unkw-_-dn \mev kwÿm-\-ßfn-te v \S sxc-s -Sp p ^e-ßfpw bp-sa- mwv s]mxpth Icp-Xp- -Xv. Xncp-Ø-en hmßpi Ipd hf, Db ]W-s -cp- w, ]eni \nc v, \b-ønse A\n- n- Xm-h-ÿ, ]pdw kº-zvl-s-\-i-fn \n pff dnkviv XpS-ßnb \nc-h[n LS-I-ßfn hn]wn UnkvIu v snbvxp Ign- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. Ch-sb mw Xs Zo L-\m-fmbn hn]-wn-bnepw kº-zvl-s- \-bnepw \ne-\n-ev p- -Xp-am-Wv. Cu Ahÿ-bn sndn-sbmcp t]mko- ohv \S-]-Sn- Iƒ t]mepw hn]-wnsb Db -bntebv p \bn- p-sa- mwv hne-bn-cp-ø-s - Sp- -Xv. F m Cu t]mko- o-hvs\kv Hcp AXn-i-b-am-bm ( se sxc-s - Sp n GsX- nepw ap -Wn v `qcn-] w e`n- m, {]txy-in pw F Un-F-bv v) hn]-wn- apt - -Øns AXn-ibw Xo psa- -Xn kwi-b-ap-f-f-h Npcp- -am-wv. \nt -]-I sxc-s -Sp- ns\ Bk- ]vz-am n a[y Zo L-Ime \nt ] X{ w cqs -Sp-Ø-W-sa v ]e \nt ] hnz-kv[cpw A`n-{]m-b-s -Sp- p. {lkz-im-e-øn IpØ-s\-bp-ff CSn-hn-t\- mƒ sskuv-thkv Xncp-Ø-ep- I-fpw apt - -ß-fp-amWv hn]-wn-bn kw`-hn- p- -Xv. hn]-wn-bpss _p ojvs\-kn-s\-bmwv CXp ImWn- p- -Xv. AXm-bXv GsXmcp Xncp-Ø-en-t\bpw hn]-wn-bn {]th-in- p-hm-\p-ff Ah-kc-ambn D]-tbm-Kn- p-i. AXn Xs an- UvIm]v Hml-cn-I-fn \ km[y-x-bps - mwv ]e \nt ] hnz-kv[cpw A`n- {]m-b-s -Sp- -Xv. ImcWw Ign- h jsø em Pv Im]v apt - -Øn anuvim]v Hml-cn-I-fpsS {]I-S\w aßnt m-bn. anuvim]v Hml-cn-I-fn C\nbpw {]I-S\w {]Xo- n- m-sa v tam n-em Hmkzmƒ Ak v amt\-pvsa v Iº\n ^ v amt\-p Xl _mzvjm Icp-XphntZ-i-\n-t -]-I-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ cq]-bpss aqey-tim-j-ww, bp Fkv Sm -dnwkv XpSßn Ht sd {]iv\- ßƒ D m-bn-cp- p-sh- nepw C y Hml-cn-I-fn-te-bv p-ff hntz-i-\n-t -]- I-ÿm-]-\-ß-fpsS ]W-sam-gp v XpScpI-bm-Wv C y Hml-cn- I-fn \nt ]w A\p-h-Zn- Xp apx G hpw IqSp-X XpI \nt -]n- p aq mm-asø h j-amwv IS p t]mip- -Xv. Cuh jw Unkw-_ 20 hsc Ah-cpsS s\ v \nt ]w Hcp e w timsn Ihn- p. CXn\p apºv e w timsn cq]bpw e w timsn cq]-bpw C y Hml-cn- Iƒ hmßp-hm D]-tbm-Kn- -Xv. kº-zvl-s-\-bpss Xf sbm pw Ah Imcy-ambn FSp-Øn- n. Zo L-Im-e-Øn C y hn]- Wnbpw kº-zvl-s-\bpw ani dt t\sn-ø-cp-sa {]Xo- -bmwv Cu ]W-sam-gp- n\v ]n n-ep-f-f-xv. C ybpss _nkn-\kv kulrz kqnni sa -s - m FØp XpIb CXnepw Ft{Xmb hep-xm-bn-cn- p-sa- mwv A\-en-Ãp-I-fpsS hne-bn-cp- Ø. Gjy-bn _nkn-\kv \S-Øphm G hpw {]bm-k-ap-ff cmpy-ßfn-sem- m-wt{x C y apx GXm v timsn tumf Ah C y hn]-wnbn \nt -]n- n- p- v. C y hn]- Wn-bpsS _ vam v kqnn-i-i-fmb sk sk-ivkv, \n^v n F n-h-bpss Db -bn \n Wm-bI ] mwv hntzi-\n-t -]-I-ÿm-]-\-ß-fpsS \nt - ]-Øn-\p-f-f-Xv Ie- h j-øn Unkw-_ 20 hsc Ah-cpsS \nt ]w timsn cq]-bm-wv. Cu h jw Ah shdpw aq p amkamwv s\ v hnev]\ \S-Øn-bn- p-f-f-xv. bpfkv kmº-øni DtØ-PI ] - Xn-Iƒ ]n h-en- p-sa hne-bn-cp-øen-s\-øp-s v cq]-bpss aqeyw IpØs\ CSn- -Xn-s\-Øp-S mwv hntz-i-\n-t -]-I-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ s\ v hnev]-\- m-cm-b-xv. PqWn 6200 timsn cq]bpw Pqsse-bn 7120 timsn cq]bpw HmK-Ãn 9318 tims cq]bpw C y hn]-wn-bn \n v ]n h-en- p. C y-bn Ht sd {]iv\-ßƒ D m-ip- p-s - nepw hntz-i-\n-t -]- I-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ Hmtcm h jhpw AhcpsS C y Iº-\n-I-fnse \nt ]w Db Øn hcn-i-bm-wv. ]Xnaq p h j- Øn shdpw c pw h jw am{x-amwv C y hn]-wn-bn Ah hev]-\- m-cm-b-xv. G hpw IqSp-X \nt ]w \S-Øn-b-Xm-hs BtKmf amµy-øns G hpw i -amb h jß-fn-sem- mb epw. A v 1.40 e w timsn cq]-bmwv C y Hmlcn-I-fn Ah \nt -]n- -Xv. h jm-h-km-\-am-b-xn-\m AhcpsS hmß Ipd-bp-sa- nepw ASp-Øh jw s]mxp-sx-c-s -Sp-t mss C y cmjv{so-b-øn-ep- m-ip am w C y-sb- p-dn v Zo L-Im-e-Øn t]mko- ohv at\m-`mhw ]pe Øphm hntz-i-\n-t -]-Isc \n _- n-x-cm- psa- mwv hnen-bn-cp-øp- -Xv HmsS temi-ønse G hpw henb kº-zvl- S-\-bpsS C y-bp-ts-xm-ip-sa hne-bncp-øepw Ahsc ChnsS ]nsn p \n Øp-I-bm-Wv. F^v sf sf \nt ]w (cq] timsn-bn ) h jw \nt ]w Cu kqn-\-bmwv \evip- -Xv. bph Xe-apd-bpsS Bh-iy-Øn-\-\p-k-cn- p-ff `c- Whpw \b-hp-ap- m-th Bh-iy-Øn-tebv mwv CXp hnc Nq p- -Xv. F mbmepw hn]-wn-bn Zn\w-tXmdpw {]Xo- bpw Bfl-hn-izm-khpw hf-cp-i-bm-wv. sxc-s -Sp-t mss CXv Db-c-Øn-tebv v \oßpw. Cu at\m-`mhw ]nsn p \n Øp- Xv ]pxnb Kh-s s \b-ßfpw AXp \S- m- p- -Xnse thk-hp-am-bn-cn- pw. Npcp- -Øn C -twm-aniv s] t^m-a kv hn]-wn v Du Pw \evip apjy-l-s-i-am-bn-cn- pw. Cu C twm-aniv s] t^m-sa kns ]n nse i n-bm-is cmjv{sob C m-i- n-bp-am- Wv. ]W-s -cp w {]iv\w cmjv{sob kw`h hnim-k-ßƒ Ign- m hn]wn D p t\m p {][m-\- L-SIw ]W-s -cp- -Øns \o -am-wv \p-tijw ]W-s -cp w C y kº- ZvL-S-\sb ]W-s -cp w hnsmsx apdp n- n-sn- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. ]pxnb h j-ønepw ]W-s -cp- -X-s -bm-bn-cn pw apjy hnjbw am v apx XpS -bmbn ]Øp XhW ]en-i-\n-c- p-iƒ Db Ønbn pw ]en-i-\n-c- p-iƒ Ipd- n-. dnk hv _m ns `mj-bn ]d- m kl-\ob \ne-bn FØn-bn ]W-s cp Øns i n Ipd- p-sh- nepw dnk hv _m ns kl-\ob \ne-bmb 5 ix-am-\-øn\p Xmsg ct c p Xh-Wam-{X-amWv FØn-b-Xv. G{]n-enepw sabnepw. XpS v ]W-s cp w Db-cp {]h-w-xbmwv ImWn- p- -Xv. \hw-_-dn 7.52 ix-am-\- Øn ]W-s -cp w FØn \nev p-i-bm-wv. CXn-\n-S-bn ]eni \nc- p-iƒ Db Øn-sb- nepw ]W-s -cp w sacpßmsx Db-cp-I-bm-Wv. ]W-s -cp- -Øns apjy t{kmxkv Ct mƒ ` y-h-kvxp- ƒ Dƒs ss-bp-ff I kyq-a C ^vtf-j\pw C \ hne- -b- -hp-am-wv. CXns\ \nb-{ n- p-hm ]W-\-b-Øn\v km[n- p- n F -XmWv hkvxp- X. CXn\v Kh-s ns `mk-øp-\n- p-ff kmº- ØnI ]cn-jvim-c-ß-fmwv th -Xv. {KmaoW taj-ebnse kmº-øni hf ` y C \ Unam h [- n- p-sh hkvxpx IW- n-se- SpØv Im jn-i Du P-ta- J-e-bn ka{k ]cn-jvimc-ßƒ v Xp\n-tb- n-bncn- p- p. ]pxnb Khs n \n v {]Xo- n- p- Xpw AXm-Wv. hf Xncn- p-h-cp p C y kmº-øni hf Xncn- p-hcp-i-bm-sw v {]Xn-amk kmº-øni kqn- I-ßƒ ]pd-øp-hn-sp C -twm-aniv dntk v ÿm]-\-amb ssk^n dntk v A`n-{]m-b-s -Sp- p c mw ]Ip-Xn-bn kº-zvl-s\ Xncn- p-h-cp- p-sh- Xv Dd- n- p- -XmWv HIvtSm-_-dnse PnUn]n hf -sb v ssk^n dntk v hne-bn-cp-øp- p. HIvtSm-_-dn PnUn]n hf 5.2 ix-am-\-am-sw- mwv ssk^n dntk ns {]Xo-. sk]v w-_-dn 4.9 ix-am-\-am-bn-cp p hf. XpS -bmb A m-asø amk-amwv kº-zvl-s\ hf t\sp- -Xv. F m I kyq-a sk n-sa v \hw-_-dn G hpw Xmsg-bmsW v ssk^n ]d-bp p. c mw Izm dnse hf 4.8 ix-am-\hpw BZy-Izm dn-texv 4.4 ix-am-\-hp-am-bn-cp- p. Uok hne-\n-b-{ Ww GSp-Øp-If-bp-Ibpw PnFkvSn ASpØ kmº-øn- I-h j-øn \S- m-ip-ibpw snøp- txmss kv_knun _m[yx Ipd-bp-sa pw [\-IΩn ]cn-[n-bn \nev p-sa pw {][m- \-a-{ n-bpss kmºøn D]-tZ-iI Iu kn snb am kn cwk-cm-p ]dbp- p. ` y k_vknun {][m-\-am-wv. AXn-\mbn a p-f-f-h-bn AUvP-Ãvsa v th n hcp-sa v cwk-cm-p ]d-bp- p. PnUn-]n-bpsS 2.6 ix-am\w k_vkn-unbmbn \evip p v. AXv 1.6 ix-am-\-ambn Ipd-bv p-hm-\p-ff \S-]-Sn-Iƒ th n-bn-cn- p- p. [\-IΩn sa -s -Sp-Øp- -Xn kmº-øni hf bpw XpS p e`n- p \nipxn hcp-am-\hpw {][m-\-am-sw v At±lw ]d-bp- p. Im n- t^m ta-j 31 ix-am-\-am- Wn-t mƒ. km[m-cw KXn-bn 7.5 ix-am- \-Øn-\-SpØv (Im n- t^m ta-js Hmlcn hn]wn Hmlcn hn]wn tpmbn ^nen v \men-sem v hf -bmwv {]Xo- n- p- - Xv) hf -bp- m-ti- -Xm-Wv. ]e ] - Xn-I-fp-tSbpw \S- m- Xman-kn- p- - XmWv hf sa -s -Sm-Ø-Xn-\v Imc-Wambn ]d-bp- -Xv. Ct m-gsø Im n- t^m ta-j sim pxs C ybv v 7.5 ix-am\w hf -bn FØn-t -cm Ign-

$dn m Up-Iƒ krjvsn apt - -Øn-s\m w hn]wn \nb-a-ønse ]gp- X-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn v l jzv taø-bpss t\xr-xz-øn \S-Ønb Hmlcn Ipw`-tIm-Whpw C y-bnse {]ÃoPv tãmiv FIvkvtN- ns\ ]nsn- p-e ka-b-ømwv ]pxnsbmcp FIvkvtN-$ $n-s\- p-dn- p-ff Btem-N\ XpS-ßnb-Xv. Cu BtNm-e- \sb k mcn sjb _km F p ]d v A m-eøv F mhcpw Ifn-bm- n-sb- nepw Kh-s v Cu Bi-b-hp-ambn apt m p t]mbn.$ $s]mxp-ta-je [\-Imcy ÿm]-\-amb C U-kv{Sn-b suh-e-]vsa v _m v Hm^v C ytbmspw (sfun-_nsf) AXns Xe-h Fkv Fkv \mzvi Wn-tbmSpw Bh-iy-s - p.$

13 13 F -F-kv-C v Ccp-]Xv se DZm-c-h-XvI-c-W-sØ-Øp-S v C y Hmlcn hn]wn IpXn- p-b-cp ka-bw. dn m Up-Iƒ krjvsn apt - -Øn-s\m w hn]wn \nb-a-ønse ]gp- X-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn v l jzv taø-bpss t\xr-xz-øn \S-Ønb Hmlcn Ipw`-tIm-Whpw C y-bnse {]ÃoPv tãmiv FIvkvtN- ns\ ]nsn- p-e ka-b-ømwv ]pxnsbmcp FIvkvtN- n-s\- p-dn- p-ff Btem-N\ XpS-ßnb-Xv. Cu BtNm-e- \sb k mcn sjb _km F p ]d v A m-eøv F mhcpw Ifn-bm- n-sb- nepw Kh-s v Cu Bi-b-hp-ambn apt m p t]mbn. `oa t_mws_ tãmiv FIvkvtN- nt\msv a -cn- phm Hcp FIvkvtN v thw-sa p Xs Kh-s v Dd p hniz-kn- p. s]mxp-ta-je [\-Imcy ÿm]-\-amb C U-kv{Sn-b suh-e-]vsa v _m v Hm^v C ytbmspw (sfun-_nsf) AXns Xe-h Fkv Fkv \mzvi Wn-tbmSpw Bh-iy-s - p. \mzvi Wn-bm- Is Cu Npa-Xe Xs kl-{]-h Ø-I\pw C Ãn- yq-j-w _n Unw-Kn {]txyi Xmev]-cyhpw sshz- Kv[y-hp-ap-ff B F v ]m o-en-t\ms ( At±lw Im k AkpJw _m[n p ac-w-a-s- p) hnhcw ]- d- p. Aº-Ø p hb-sk-øn-bn-cp ]m o tpmen cmpn h v ]pxnb tãmiv FIvkvtN- ns ]Wn- p-cbn-tebv v \oßn. Cu taj-e-bnse hnz-kv[-cpss ]m\ hnfn- psim p ]pxnb tãmiv FIvkvtN- n-\p-ff N - q-sp- Iƒ v cq]w \evip-hm-\p-ff {ia-am-wv BZyw ]m o \-Øn-b-Xv. Hcp Hm^okv t]mep-an- mø Ah-ÿ. Xet mdpw Hmcp taibpw Hcp t]\-bp-ap-s - n [mcmf-sa- mwv CtX p-dn v ]m o ]d- Xv. _m p-ifpw [\-Imcy ÿm]-\-ß-fp-amwv F Fkv CbpsS apjy {]tam- am. sfun-_n-sfbv p ]pdta sff^vkn sf, F sfkn, Fkv_nsF, sfkn-sf-knsf _m v, sff B Uv F^v-Fkv {SÃv, tãmiv tlmƒunwkv tim ]-td-j, XpSßn c p Uk-t\mfw Iº-\n-Iƒ tn mwv F -Fkv C p. _m nwkv HgnsI ]e taj-e-i-fnepw ani CS-Øcw Iº-\n-Isf \nt -]-Øn\v Is -Øm-\m-Ip-sa v At±lw Icp-Xp- p. am v G{]n-ense s]mxp-sx-cs -Sp- n\v aptº hn]-wn-bpss _ pam v kqnn-i-bmb \n^v n t]mbn v \ne-hm-c-øn-tebv v Db-cp-sa- mwv FU hokv ^n\m jy k hok-kns Kvtfm_ sh Øv amt\-pvsa v amt\-pnwkv ]m SvW- Aw_-cojv _enk A`n-{]m-b-s -Sp- p. sshzyp-xn, kna v, Ão, Im n- KpUvkv XpS-ßnb taj-ebnse Hml-cn-Iƒ Nm{InI kz`m-hw-sim v tami-amb {]I-S-\-amWv ImgvNh -Xv. kº- {]tam v snbvx-xv. kpxm-cyhpw thk-hp-ap-ff hym]-c-kw-hn-[m\w thw-sa Imcy-Øn B pw FXn-c-`n-{]m-b-ap- mbn-cp- n-. GXp CS-]m-Sn-t bpw hnp-bw thk-øn-ep-ff \S- m- n-en-em-wv. CXn-\mbn C ^ taj ssivt\m-f-pnsb B{i-bn- p-hm ]pxnb FIvkvtN v Xocp-am-\n- p. Aßs\ ]m o amt\-pnwkv Ub-d-IvS-dmbn G{]nen \mj-w tãmiv FIvkvtN v F F -FkvC v {]h Ø\m\p-aXn In n. ]ns Xncn p t\mt n h n- n-. H c \q m- ns ]g- -ap-ff t_mws_ tãmiv FIvk-tN- n\v F Fkv Csb ]n p-s-cp-itb \nhr-øn-bp- m-bn-cp- p-f-fp \hw- _-dn CIzn- n-bn Hm sse hym]mcw XpS-ßn. ASpØ Hcp h j-øn- \p-f-fn t_mws_ tãmiv FIvkvtN- ns\ ]n -ffn cmpysø G hpw henb FIvkvtN- mbn amdn. Aßs\ ]q W-ambpw Hmt m-ta- -Um-bv, kv{io A[n-jvTnX hym]mc kwhn-[m\w F Fkv C e`y-am- n. cmpy-øns GXp aqe-bnepw Ccp p hy]mcw \S- Øm-hp ÿnxn-bn-tebv v Icy-ßƒ \oßn. Uoam v kwhn-[m\w h -txmss Imcyßƒ IqSp-X kpxm-cyam-bn. _muv suen-hdn XpSßn Hml-cn-hn-]-Wn-bnse Ir{Xn-a-ßƒ Xosc C m-sx-bm-bn. hym]mc ssk nƒ Ipd- -txmss sk n sa pw ( \mj skiyq-cn- okv Ivfnb-dnwKv tim ]-td-js ÿm]-\-tøm-ss) kpxm-cyam-bn. t]sa v suen-hdn kwhn-[m-\hpw kpxm-cy-am-bn. C y-bnse FIvkvtN- p-i-fpss apjw Xs CtXmsS amdn-t m-bn. Np-cp- -Øn C y aqe-[-\-hn-]-wn-bpss apj- mb Xs am n- -f-bp-hm F Fkv C p Ign- p. Ct mƒ CIzn- n, su v, C su-ivkv, ayqnz ^ v, CSn F^v, sf]nh Hm^-dnw-Kv, sudn-th- ohv Dƒs ss sshhn-[y-am [\-Imcy D]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS hym]mcw FIvkvtN- n \S p-h-cp- p. H -ap-dn-bnencp- p-ff Nn bn \n v BtKmf FIvkvtN- mbn F Fkv C Db n-cn- p- p. C v F Fkv-C v cmpy-sam- msi 1500 ÿe-ß-fn-embn 2.3 e w ss an-\-ep-i-fp- v. F - ZvL-S-\-bpsS Xncn- p-h-chv CØcw taj-ebnse Hml-cn-I-fn Db -bp- m- p-sa v ]e A\-en-Ãp-Ifpw Icp-Xp- p. t]mko- ohv dnt hn]wn GXm-bmepw s\k- ohv dnt \evin-bn-. _ vam v kqnn- I-I-fmb sk skivkv kqnni C -gn Ie- h j-øn 9.1 ix-am-\hpw ixam-\hpw \n^v n 5.23 ix-am-\hpw dnt \evin. ]t h\y-amb hyxn-bm-\-amwv hn]-wn-bn I -Xv. {]txy-in pw bp Fkv Sm -dnwkv hm Ø FØnb Pq Pqsse HmKÃv amk-ß-fn. Fkv C {Kq n 9 Iº-\n-Iƒ hnhn[ Bh-iyßƒ mbn {]h Øn- p- p- v. cmpysø Hmlcn hym]m-c-øns ( Imjv, sudn-th- o-hv) 80 ix-am-\hpw B F v ]m o- Id kn hy]m-c-øns 75 ix-am-\hpw F Fkv C hgn-bmwv \S- p- -Xv. C su-ivkv, tãmiv ^yqt gvkv F n-h-bpss hym]m-c-hym-]vx-øn F Fkv C v temiøv c mw ÿm\-am-bn-cp- p. F Fkv C 2013 am n-e-h-km-\n 12 amk- m-eøv timsn cq] hcp-am-\hpw timsn cq] A m-zm-bhpw t\sn-bn- p- v. Hmlcn aqe-[\w 45 timsn cq]-bm-wv. sk sk-ivkns 52 BgvN-bnse G hpw Db t]mbn v Dw Ipd t]mbn v t]mbn p-am-wv. \n^v n-bn CXv t]mbn pw t]mbn p-am-wv Ah-km-\n- p-tºmƒ tebpw tebpw Db t]mbn p- Iƒ adn-i-s v krjvsn k h- Ime Db-c-ßƒ -Sp-ØmWv Ccp kqnn-i- Ifpw FØn \nev p- -Xv. ]pxnb h j- Øn ]pxnb Db-c-ßƒ krjvs- m-\p-ff I tkm-fn-tu-j `mh-øn-emwv hn]wn F p ]d- m sx n kqnn-i-i-ƒ p-døv Hmlcn-I-fn {i simsp-ø-h v ]e Hmlcn-I-fnepw \ t\ -ap- m-bn- p- v. {]txy- In pw sfsn, ^m a Hml-cn-Iƒ. Cu kmº-øni Nm{In-I-Øns ASn-bn InS- p- Im n- KpUvkv, kna v, Ão, C {^m-kv{sivn XpS-ßn-bhbn apx GXm\pw h j-tøbv sa -s ^e-amwv ]ct {]Xo- n- p- -Xv. hn]- Wn-bp-tSbpw º-ZvL-S-\-bp-tSbpw G hpw tami-amb Ahÿ Ign- p-sh- p-x-s bmwv hne-bn-cp-ø. L w-l- -am-bn- p-ff Sm -dnwkv bp Fkv {]Jym-]n- n pw hn]wn ]nsn p \nev p- -Xns Imc-Whpw hcpw h j-ß-fnse t\ w {]Xo- n p Xs bmwv. dm_n kok Im jni tpmen-iƒ {]Xo- n- -Xn-t\- mƒ sa -s hs- p- -In-g- a kq dm_n kok- Wnse Im jn-i-tpm-en-iƒ v thkw Iq p-i-bm-wv. ap h j-tø- mƒ IqSp- X ÿeøv s\ v, tkmxºv F nh Irjn snøp-hm Ign- n- p-s v Im jn-i-a-{ m-e-b-øns {]my-ani hnebn-cp-ø-ep-iƒ ]d-bp- p. dm_n kok- Wnse s\ Ir-jn-bpsS hnkvxrxn ap h jsø 1.15 e w slivsdn \n v 1.28 e w slivs-dmbn Db n- p- v. Acn-bp-Xv]m-Z-\-Øn 10 ix-am-\- tøm-f-amwv km[m-cw dm_n kok- Wn \n v e`n- p- -Xv. tkmxºv Irjn-bpsS hnkvxo Ww ap h jsø e w slivsdn \n v 15 ix-am\w h [n v e w slivs-dmbn Db n- p- v. F m hne- p-dhv aqew sabvkv XpSßnb [m\y-ß-fpss Irjn hnkvxo Ww ap h j-sø e w slivsdn \n v e7#w slivs-dmbn t\cnb txmxn Ipd- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. Cu hn`m-k-øn s -Sp [m\y-ß-fptsbpw ]b-dp-h K-ß-fp-tSbpw hne Ipd p \nev p- -XmWv Irjn Ipdbv phm I j-isc t{]cn- n- -Xv. sabvk hne ap h j-antx Ime-b-fhnse 1520 cq]-bn \n v SÆn\v 1440 cq]- bmbn Ipd- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. AtXt]mse _m en-bpss hne 1403 cq]- bn \n v 1374 cq]-bmbn Ipd- n- p- v. \S- p-h jw C y- Im jn-i-ta- J-e-bpsS hf ix-am-\-am-bn-c- p-sa- mwv Z IΩo-j t^m A{Kn- Iƒ timãvkv B Uv ss{]kkv hne-bn-cp-øp- -Xv. ap h j-anxv 1.9 ixam-\-am-bn-cp- p. \S- p-ko-k-wn HIvtSm-_ 1 apx Unkw-_ 18 hsc an n-ao- hs- p-in-g- a kq ag e`n- n- p- v. km[m-cw e`n- p- -Xv an n-ao- -dm-wv. AXm-bXv 21 ix-am\w IqSp-X. cmpysø 36 Imem-hÿ Unhn-j-\p-I-fn 18 FÆ-Øn A[nI agbpw 4 FÆ-Øn km[-c-w-t]msebpw ag In n-b-t mƒ 14 FÆ-Øn ag Ipd- p.

14 14 Creating a Brotherhood Melinda Gates echoed Martin Luther King's call to turn our global neighborhood into a brotherhood. (Melinda French Gates,wife of Bill Gates and an American businesswoman, philanthropist and cofounder of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, delivered the commencement speech at the Duke University on May 12, 2013) President Brodhead, Trustees, members of the Duke University Community, thank you for inviting me to come back to my alma mater for this important occasion. I am grateful for the honorary degree, and moved by the opportunity to address the graduating seniors. To the Class of 2013: Let me start by saying congratulations and by reminding you to thank your mothers and wish them a happy Mothers' Day and by admitting that I'm still bitter about the Louisville game. I was a student here in 1986 when Coach K took the team to the finals for the first time. We lost to Louisville then, too, so you and I share that particular agony. However, you had the good fortune to be here on campus when Duke won its fourth national championship. I never got to see us cut down the nets, but I did see us beat UNC, in Chapel Hill, when Michael Jordan was the star of the team. The fact that Michael Jordan recently turned 50 years old tells you how long it's been since I was a student. No matter how much time passes, though, I always feel connected to Duke. I love visiting my favorite landmarks, especially the Duke Gardens, where I used to go when I was stressed out before exams and needed to clear my head. I went yesterday, because I wanted to make sure I was centered before giving this speech. There's also my feeling of deep connection to the community my classmates created during our four years, and to the lifelong friends I made here -- in short, to the people. I doubt there is a word that captures the combination of experiences and places and people that we summarize under the label "Duke." The best one I can think of is "connected." And this is a word I'd like to talk about for a few minutes on your Commencement Day. In August, 1982, I left my home in Dallas, Texas, to come here to Durham. To mark this rite of passage, my parents gave me a terrific present: the cutting-edge Olympus B12 portable typewriter, with a carrying case included. One of its best features was how light it was: Amazingly, the whole bundle weighed just 12 pounds! It was during my time at Duke that the personal computer displaced the typewriter as the technology of choice on campus. Those of us in the computer science department actually resented the change. There were so few computers available, and all of a sudden the humanities majors were hogging our machines to write their papers. We had to do our programming in the middle of the night, usually in the creepy basement of the old biological science building. We'd set up contests -- who programmed the fastest or made the fewest mistakes -- kind of like a prehistoric hack-athon. The punishment for the losers was a trip to the biology lab at the end of the hall, where they had to touch the scariest mutant frog specimens. CONNECTION, AN INTRO- DUCTION The personal computer -- and later, after I'd graduated and taken a job at Microsoft, the Internet -- started a communications revolution. My kids are a few years younger than you, but raising them has proved to me that the way you communicate is the single biggest difference between you now and me a generation ago. One popular way of describing this aspect of your lives is to say that you're "connected." Some pundits have even started to refer to you as Generation C. One recent report overdid the c-thing by saying you are "connected, communicating, content-centric, community-oriented, always clicking." It went on to say that, for these reasons alone, you will "transform the world as we know it." Of course, all the hype about how connected you are has contributed to a counter-narrative -- that, in fact, your generation is increasingly disconnected from the things that matter. The arguments go something like this: Instead of spending time with friends, you spend it alone, collecting friend requests. Rather than savoring your food, you take pictures of it and post them on Facebook. I want to encourage you to reject the cynics who say technology is flattening your experience of the world. Please don't let anyone make you believe you are somehow shallow because you like to update your status on a regular basis. The people who say technology has disconnected you from others are wrong. So are the people who say technology automatically connects you to others. Technology is just a tool. It's a powerful tool, but it's just a tool. Deep human connection is very different. It's not a tool. It's not a means to an end. It is the end -- the purpose and the result of a meaningful life -- and it will inspire the most amazing acts of love, generosity, and humanity. In his famous speech "Remaining Awake Through a Great Revolution," Martin Luther King Jr. said, "Through our scientific and technological genius, we have made of this world a neighborhood and yet we have not had the ethical commitment to make of it a brotherhood." With 50 years of hindsight, I think it's fair to say Dr. King was premature in calling the world a neighborhood. Back then, Americans lumped whole continents into something they referred to as the Third World, as if the people on the other side of the planet were an undifferentiated mass whose defining feature was that they were not like us. But as a result of the ongoing communications revolution, your world really can be a neighborhood. So the ethical commitment Dr. King spoke of is yours to live up to. What does it mean to make of this world a brotherhood and a sisterhood? That probably sounds like a lot to ask of you as individuals, or even as a graduating class. I'm pretty sure none of you will respond to the annoying question "What are you going to do after graduation?" by saying "I plan to have the ethical commitment to make of this world a brotherhood." But you can change the way you think about other people. You can choose to see their humanity first -- the one big thing that makes them the same as you, instead of the many things that make them different from you. It is not just a matter of caring about people. I assume you already do that. It's much harder to see all people, including people whose experiences are very different from yours, as threedimensional human beings who want and need the same things you do. But if you can really believe that all 7 billion people on the planet are equal to you in spirit, then you will take action to make the world more equal for everyone. PAUL FARMER, TESTAMENT TO CONNECTION Paul Farmer, the Duke graduate I admire most, is a testament to the deep human connection I'm talking about. As many of you know, Paul, who's here today, is a doctor and global health innovator. For years, he travelled back and forth from Boston, where he is a professor of medicine, to Haiti, where he ran a health clinic giving the highest quality care to the poorest people in the world. Now, he lives mostly in Rwanda, where he's working on changing the country's entire health care system. I first met Paul in 2003, when I went to see him in Haiti. It took us forever to walk the 100 yards from our vehicle to the clinic because he introduced me to every single person we met along the way. I am not exaggerating. Every single person. As we moved along, he introduced each person to me by first and last name, wished their families well, and asked for an update about their lives. He hugged people when he greeted them and looked them in the eyes throughout each conversation. If you believe love plays a role in healing, there was healing happening at every step of that journey. When we finally reached the waiting area outside the clinic, I saw a lovely garden with a canopy of flowering vines. Paul told me he built it himself, for two reasons. First, he said, it gets hot, and he wants to his patients to be cool in the shade while they wait. Second, he wants them to see what he sees, the beauty of the world, before they have to go into the clinic for treatment. The next day, I visited a different clinic in Haiti. The clinic was there for the same reason as Paul's -- to provide poor people with the medical care they desperately need but cannot afford. The doctors worked there for all the right reasons. But I noticed that the patients were waiting outside in the scorching sun. Inside, it felt like the doctors considered themselves health providers, and the patients were recipients. There was no sense, as there was in Paul's clinic, of an equal partnership with the community. Experiencing those two clinics one right after the other showed me that

15 Paul made a moral choice to do the hard work of deep connection. He took the time to do the little things: provide shade, remember surnames, and make eye contact.

15 15 Paul made a moral choice to do the hard work of deep connection. He took the time to do the little things: provide shade, remember surnames, and make eye contact. These small acts were born of a big idea -- the boundless dignity of all people. TECHNOLOGY AND CONNECTION Of course, not everybody is Paul Farmer. Not everybody is going to dedicate their whole life to connecting with the poorest people in the world. But just because you don't qualify for sainthood doesn't mean you can't form deep human connections -- or that your connections can't make a difference in the world. That's where technology comes in. If you make the moral choice to connect deeply to others, then your computer, your phone, and your tablet make it so much easier to do. Today, there are 700 million cell phone subscribers in Africa. I travelled to Kenya recently and spent a day in Kibera, which many people consider the largest slum in Africa. One image that sticks with me is all the cell phones piled up in a small kiosk where locals paid to recharge their batteries. Most people in Kibera don't have electricity -- even the cell phone charging businesses steal it from the city's power grid -- but everywhere I looked young people were on their phones. And guess what they were doing? Exactly what you do... they were texting. You and they can share your stories directly with each other, with literally billions of people, because you're all using the same technology. On the Internet, you can also immerse yourselves in one another's lives -- read what the other is reading, listen to what the other is listening to, and watch what the other is watching. You can learn their language, and they can learn yours. You can find out how to cook one another's recipes. And then you can photograph the final product and post it on Facebook! Nobody expects you to wake up tomorrow and randomly Skype someone in Nairobi. And sometimes it's wise to ignore s from strangers in Nigeria offering to split a large fortune with you! But over the course of your lives, I promise you will have many opportunities to use technology to make your world bigger: to meet more different kinds of people, and to keep in touch with more of the people you meet. These connections are important by themselves, but the truth is, I don't want you to connect for connection's sake alone. I want you to connect because I believe it will inspire you to do something, to make a difference in the world. Humanity in the abstract will never inspire you in the same way as human beings you meet. Poverty is not going to motivate you. But people will motivate you. YOUR FIRST CONNECTION When my husband Bill and I started our foundation, we didn't know much about global health at all. I read the academic literature and talked to experts in the field. But most of what I learned was expressed in morbidity and mortality rates, not in flesh and blood. So in 2001, I took my first foundation learning trip, to India and Thailand, to meet with people and find out impoverished village in the foothills of the Himalaya Mountains. I spent most of my day talking to women about the issues we were working on at the foundation: women and children's health, infectious diseases, and sanitation. Late in the afternoon, one of the women who'd been showing me around invited me into her home. We went inside and she produced two lawn chairs that were hanging from a nail in her kitchen. They were the Melinda Gates was born on August 15, 1964, in Dallas, Texas. She took a job at Microsoft Corporation in 1987 and married her boss, Bill Gates, in That year, she and her husband co-founded what was later to become the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. In 2006 she restructured the organization. In 2012 she pledged $560 million toward improving access to contraception for women in poor countries. Melinda Gates was born Melinda Ann French on August 15, 1964, in Dallas, Texas. She has three siblings: one older sister and two younger brothers. Melinda's father, Ray French, was an aerospace engineer during her upbringing, while her mother, Elaine French, was a stay-at-home mom. Elaine, who wished she had gone to college, placed a strong emphasis on her children's higher education. To that end, the family spent weekends maintaining their rental properties as a means of earning the children's tuition. Melinda developed an early interest in computers while taking an advanced math class at the Ursuline Academy, a Catholic school for girls. She went on to pursue this interest in college, earning a bachelor's degree in computer science from Duke University in The following year, she obtained a master's in business administration, with a focus in economics, from Duke University's Fuqua School of Business. Personal Life In 1987 Melinda first met her new boss, Bill Gates, at a PC trade show in Manhattan. She found his sense of humor surprising and refreshing within the context of the corporate climate of the times. When he eventually asked her out with a couple of weeks' notice, she initially was put off by his over-planning but soon realized his busy schedule made spontaneity difficult. Accepting this, she agreed to a date. The couple dated for six years before Bill proposed to Melinda. In 1994, the two were wed on the Hawaiian island of Lanai. Melinda gave birth to the couple's first child, a daughter named Jennifer Katharine Gates, in At that time, she decided to leave her job at Microsoft so she could focus on child rearing and philanthropic efforts. Melinda and Bill would go on to have two more children: a boy named Rory John and a girl named Phoebe Adele. Philanthropy In 1994, Melinda and Bill Gates, along with Bill's father, started the William H. Gates Foundation. In 1999 the couple combined the William H. Gates Foundation with two of their other charitable organizations, the Gates Library Foundation and the Gates Learning Foundation. They renamed the newly blended charity the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Although the foundation's initial goal was to place computers and Microsoft products in libraries all over the United States, over the years Melinda expanded the organization's vision to include worldwide improvements in education. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation's efforts also came to address global poverty and health issues. what their lives were really like behind the veil of statistics. One of my first visits was to a tiny, aluminum folding kind with the itchy fabric seat you've sat on a million times, quite possibly when you were tenting in Krzyzewskiville. When I was growing up in Dallas, we had the same chairs. On Sunday nights in the summer, my parents and my siblings and I used to set them up on our back patio and gaze up into the sky together as a family. It turned out my host wanted to show me her stunning view of the Himalayas, and as we sat and contemplated the planet's highest peaks, we talked about our children and the future. Our aspirations were basically the same. We wanted our children to fulfill their potential. We wanted the love and respect of family and friends. We wanted meaningful work. The biggest difference between us was not what we dreamt about, but how hard it was for her to make her dreams come true. Some people assume that Bill and I are too rich to make a connection with someone who's poor, even if our intentions are good. But adjectives like rich and poor don't define who any of us truly are as human beings. And they don't make any one individual less human than the next. The universe is like computer code in that way. Binary. There is life, and there is everything else. Zeroes and ones. I'm a one. You're a one. My friend in the Himalayas is a one. Martin Luther King was not a computer programmer, so he called this concept a brotherhood. His hope was that college students could bring a brotherhood into being. Dr. King thought the world had shrunk as much as it was going to shrink -- in his words, we'd "dwarfed distance and placed time in chains." So the fact that people still didn't treat each other like brothers and sisters was, to him, an ethical failure. I take a slightly different view. I believe we are finally creating the scientific and technological tools to turn the world into a neighborhood. And that gives you an amazing ethical opportunity no one has ever had before. You can light up a network of 7 billion people with long-lasting and highly motivating human connections. You have spent four years at one of the world's finest universities acquiring the knowledge and skills to succeed at everything you do. So what will you do? I hope you will use to the tool of technology to do what you already had it in your heart to do... To connect... To make of this world a brotherhood... and a sisterhood... I can't wait to see what it looks like when you do. Congratulations again.

16 16 kv-t m- v- A-ssUz-kv- s^-_n dne-b kv C U-kv{Sokv Ct m-gsø hne: 878 cq] 52 BgvN-bnse Db hne/ Xmgv hne: 954 cq]/765 cq] apj hne: 10 cq] em`-hoxw: 90 ix-am\w C ]n Fkv: cq], ]n C: (2013 am v) hn]wn aqeyw: timsn cq] 2014 G{]n apx sipn t_kn Un 6 DXv]m-Zn- n- p {]Ir-Xn-hm-X- I-Øns hne bqwn- n\v Ct m-gsø 4.2 tumf-dn \n v 8.4 tumf-dmbn Db Øp-hm ti{µ Kh-sΩ v dneb kn\v A\p-aXn \evin-bxv s]t{smfnbw `oa dne-b kv C U-kv{So-kn\v hf -bpss ]pxnb ]S-hp-Iƒ Xpd- p-ibm-wv. {]Ir-Xn-hm-X-I-Øns hne-bn-ep- m-bn-cp A\n- n-xxzw CtXmsS amdp- I-bmWv. Ign GXm\pw h j-ambn dne-b kv Hml-cn-bpsS tami-amb {]I-S- \-Øns apjy-im-cww {]Ir-Xn-hm-X-I- Øns _nkn-\-knse {]iv\-ß-fm-bn-cp- p. sipn-un- 6- se {]IrXn hmx-i- Øns DXv]m-Z\w 2010 PqWnse 60 aney ao Iyq_n \n v 10 aney-wmbn Ipd-bp-I-bm-bn-cp- p. CXp-aqew Cu taje-bn \n- p-ff Iº-\n-bpsS A m-zmbw KWy-ambn Ipd- p. a v c v IX _nkn- \-kp-i-fmb s]t{sm-fnbw dnss^-\nwkpw s]t{sm-i-an- kpamwv em`w \evin-bncp- -Xv. F m Chbv v Nm{In-I-kz-`mh-am-Wp-f-fXv F -Xn-\m A m-zm-b- Øn G - p-d- n-ep-iƒ D m-hpi km[m-c-wm-wv. Ign c p h j-ßfn Ch-bpsS em`w Imcy-amb hyxym-kan- msx XpS-cp-I-bm-bn-cp- p. {]Xo- n- -Xn-t\- mƒ Ipd DXv]m-Z\w dne-b kn-s\-xn-cmb \bw kzoi-cn- p-hm Kh-s ns\ t{]cn- n- h [n- p- -Xp-amWv Imc-Ww. [\-Imcy {]I-S\w: 2013 am n-e-hkm-\n kmº-øni h j-ø Iºn timsn cq] hcp-am-\hpw timsn cq] A m-zm-bhpw cq] C ]n Fkpw t\sn-bn- p- v. Ct m-gsø Hmlcn hnebn ]n C BWv. I n-bpss dnt Hm^v CIzn n 11.2 ix-am-\hpw {]h Ø-\-em-`-am Pn 8.54Dw BWv. Iº- \n-bpss su v CIzn n tdtjym 0.59 BWv s BZy ]Ip-Xn-bn Iº\n timsn cq] hn p-h-chpw( timsn cq]) timsn cq] A m-zm-b-hpw( 9849 timsn cq]) cq] C ]n Fkpw ( cq] ) t\sn-bn- p- v. Iº-\n-bpsS am Pn ap h j-antx Ime-b-f-hnse 7.93 ix-am- \-Øn \n v 7.8 ix-am-\-ambn Ipd- p. Iº-\n-bpsS ]n C ap Im-e-ß-fnse t\ mƒ Ipd-hm-Wv. ]e-im-c-w-ßfmepw Iº-\n-bpsS Hmlcn hne Ipd p \nev p-i-bm-wv. ]Øp-h j-øn-\p-f-fn BZy 5 h jw kºøv krjvsn-bn dneb kv apºn-em-bn-cp- p-sh- n 2008 apxep-ff 5 h j- m-eøv kºøv \jvs-s - Sp-Øp-I-bm-bn-cp- p. Ct mƒ A -co w ]Xnsb amdp- I-bm-Wv. FÆ {]Ir-Xn-hm-XI _nk- \knse kω ±w Ipd-bp-I-bmWv dnss^- \nw-kv, s]t{sm-si-an- taj-e-bpss \ne sa -s -Sp- Xpw Iº-\n v Bizmkw \evip- p. Iº-\n-bpsS bpf-knse sjbv Kymkv kwc`w \ hnp-b-øn-em- Wv. Iº\n ASpØ 2 3 h j- m-eøv h \nt -]-Øn\v Xbm-sd-Sp- p-i-bmwv s]t{sm-si-an- tijn Cc- n-bm- p- - Xns `mk-ambn timsn cq]-bpss \nt ]w \S-Øpw. dnss^-\dn _nkn-\kv sa -s -Sp-Øp- -Xns `mk-ambn Iº-\n timsn cq] aps n s] vtim v ]vfm v ÿm]n- pw. CXp-h-gn-I-º-\n-bpsS DXv]- -\nc h [n- p-ibpw Cd- p-axn snøp snehp-iq-snb {]Ir-Xn-hm-X-IsØ B{i-bn- p- Xv Ipd-bp-Ibpw snøpw. dos -bn _nkn-\kv i n-s -Sp- Øp-hm\pw Dt±-in- p- p. AXn-\mbn 6000 timsn cq]-bpss \nt ]w \S-Øm-\p-t±in- p- p Iº-\n-bpsS dos bn _nkn-\kv Imjv em`w t\sn-bxv Iº-\n v IcpØp ]I n- p- v. Xma-knbmsS dos -bn taje em`w \evin-øp-sßp-sa v Iº\n {]Xo- n- p- p. ssentimw taj-e-bn Iº\n kpo-h-am- Ip-I-bm-Wv. CXns `mk-ambn ssentimw ASn-ÿm-\-ku-I-cy-Øn-\mbn FXn-cm-fn-Ifmb Fb ss, dne-b kv Iayq-Wn-t j F o Iº-\n-I-fp-ambn dne-b kv Icm-dp-Iƒ h n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. CXp-hgn snehp Ipd-bv p-hm\pw G hpw thkw tkh\w e`y-am- p-hm\pw Iº-\n p km[n- p- p. ssentimw taj-e-bn timsn cq]-bpss \nt ]w \S-Øm-\mWv dneb kv Dt±-in- p- -Xv. `mhn-bn Iº-\nbpsS hf m F Pn-\p-I-fn-sem- m-bncn pw ssen-timw. Cu hni-k\ {]h Ø- \-ßƒ Iº-\n-bpsS `mhn hf sb Xzcn- X-s -Sp-Øp-Ibpw Cu \q m- ns XpS- - Ønse hf -bn-tebv pw sh Øv{Intb- {Intb- tdmfn-tebv pw Iº\n Xncn- -Øn p-sa v IpcpXp p. ImcWw Iº- \n-bpss ssihiw timsn cq]bpss Imjv BWp-f-f-Xv. sk]v w-_ Ah-km\w Iº-\n-bpsS su v CIzn n A\p-]mXw 0.35 BWv. Hmlcn hne-bn-t mƒ 878 cq]-bm-wv. am nse C]n-Fkv A\p-k-cn v ]nc 13.5 BWv. Iº-\n-bpsS icm-icn ]nc BWv. dnss^-\nwkv am Pn\pw sa -s - Sp kml-n-cy-øn Iºn v sa -s ]nc e`n-t - -Xm-Wv. Iº-\n-bpsS ap ImesØ icm-icn ]n C e`n- m t]mepw hne Hcp h j-øn-\p-f-fn cq]- bn-tebv v Db-cpw. Xncp-Ø-en 2 3 h jw e y-am n \nt ]w \S-Ømw. p. kmt Xn {]iv\-amwv Imc-W-sa v dne-b kv hmzn- p- p. Kh-s v \ne- ]msv aqew dne-b kn\v ] -Xn-bpsS snehv Xncn- p-]n-sn- p-hm km[n- n-cp- n-. {]iv\w Ct mƒ B _n-t{s-j-\nem-wviº-\n-bpss ]cy-th- -W DX-]m- Z-\-hn-`m-K-ßƒ G hpw IqSp-X em`- a-x-bp-ff hn`m-k-ß-fn-sem- m-sw nepw samøw hn p-h-c-hn 1 ix-am-\-øn-e-[n- Ita kw`m-h\ snøp-\-\p-f-fp.-f- m {]h Ø-\-em-`-Øn 5 6 ix-am\w Cu hn`m-k-øn \n- m-wv. AXn-\m hne h [-\-bpss t\ w Iº-\n- p- m-i-w-sa- n DXv]m-Z\w h txm-xn-ep- m-i-ww. Iº-\n-bpsS {]I-S-\sØ\nb-{ n- p- Xv Ct mgpw dnss^-\nwkv hn`m-k-am-wv. {]h Ø-\-em-`-Øn 52 ix-am-\-tømfw Ct mgpw Cu hn`m-k-ø \n- m-wv. s]t{sm-si-an- hn`mkw 20 ix-am\w hn p-h-chpw 41 ix-am\w {]h Ø-\-em- `hpw \evip- p. dnss^-\nwkv am Pn\n tami-a- mø kω ±-amwv Ct mƒ A\p- `-h-s -Sp- Xv. Iº-\n-bpsS dnss^-\nwkv hn`m-k-øn \n pff t{kmkv am Pn _mc-en\v tumf-dm-bn-cn- p-sa- mwv \nt -]-I-ÿm-]-\-amb tam K Ãm en IW- m- p- -Xv. Ct m-gsø kml-n-cy- Øn Iº-\n-bpsS A m-zmbw Ct m-g-tø-xns Cc- n-bm-ip-sa pw tam K Ãm en hne-bn-cp-øp- p. Db {]Ir-Xn-hm-X-I-hn-ebpw DXv]m-Z\ hym]vxw sp _n sian- kv& ^m a- Ct m-gsø hne: cq] 52 BgvN-bnse Db hne/ Xmgv hne: 136 cq]/70 cq] apj hne: 2 cq] em`-hoxw: 150 ix-am\w C ]n Fkv: cq], ]n C: (2013 am v) hn]wn aqeyw: 1080 timsn cq] apwss_ Bÿm-\-ambn {]h Ø\w XpSßn hfsc thkw hf p-sim- n-cn- C y acp- p- Xv]m-Z\ hn-]-w\ Iº-\n-I-fn-sem- mwv sp _n sian- kv B Uv ^m a-kyq- n- kv enan- -Uv. ^m a-kyq- n- kv t^m ap-te-j, sl _ DXv]- -ßƒ, BIvSohv ^m a-kyq- n- kv C ao-unb vkv ( F]n-sF) XpS-ßn-bh \n an- p Kth-j-Wm-[n-jvTnX C y acp- -I-º-\n-bmb sp _n sian- kv temisam- msi Ah-cpsS DXv]- -ßƒ Ib n Ab- p- p- v. ap Xp cmpy-ß-fn-tebv v Ib- p-axn \S-Øp Iº-\n-bpsS hcp-am- \-Øn ]Ip-Xnbpw Ib- p-axn hcp-am-\-am- Wv. GXm v 22 tcmk-ß-fpss NnIn- - bv mbn Iº-\n 108 acp- p-iƒ A`y c hn]-wn-bn Cd- p- p- v. cmpysø ap \n-c-bn-ep-ff 300 {_m Up-I-fn Chbn ]expw Dƒs -Sp- p. cmpy-øn-\-iøv Bbn-c-tØmfw skbn kv Poh-\- m-cp v Iº-\n- v. cmpym- -c-x-e-øn AwKo-Imc-ap-ff DXv]m-Z\bqWn- p-ifpw Iº-\n- p v. 17 cmpy-ß-fn \n- p-ff hnhn[ GP kn- Iƒ Iº-\n-bpsS DXv]m-Z\ bqwn- p-iƒ v AwKo-Imcw \evin-bn- p- v. bpfkv F^vUn-F, bpsi FwF v B -F, Fwknkn kuøm-{^n XpS-ßn-bh AXn Dƒs -Sp- p. hnhn[ cmpy-ß-fn k_vkn-un-b-dn-ifpw {]h Øn- p- p. djy, Dss{I, knsf-fkv cmpy-ßƒ, kuøv B{^n XpS-ßnb ÿe-ßfn Iºn v i -amb km n-[y-ap- v. Iº\n 2013 am n-e-h-km-\n 12 amk- m-eøv timsn cq] hcp-am-\hpw ( timsn cq]) timsn cq] A m-zmbhpw ( timsn cq] A m-zm-bhpw ) t\sn-bn- p- v timsn cq] Hmlcn aqe-[- \-Øn C]n-Fkv cq]-bm-wv. Iº-\nbpsS ]eni _m[yx 5.24 timsn cq]-bm-wv. {]h Ø-\-em` am Pn ix-am-\-hpw. \S- p-h j-øns BZy ]Ip-Xnbn Iº\n timsn cq] hcp-am- \hpw timsn cq] A m-zm-bhpw 6.31 cq] C]n Fkpw t\sn-bn- p- v. ap h jantx Ime-b-f-hn-enXv bym-{iaw timsn cq]bpw timsn cq]bpw 5.11 cq]bpw hox-am-bn-cp- p. Cu Ime-b-fhn Iº-\n-bpsS {]h Ø-\-em` am Pn ap h jsø ix-am-\-øn \n v ix-am-\-ambn Db p. ]eni _m[yx 2.2 timsn cq]-bn \n- v 3.37 timsn cq]-bmbn Db n- p- v. Iº-\n-bpsS Sn\n-Um-tkmƒ F Sm_ve- n\v bp Fkv F^vUnF AwKo- Imcw CbnsS e`n- n- p v. \memw Izm dn CXp hn]-wn-bn Cd- p-hm Iº\n Dt±-in- p- p. Iº-\n-bpsS ]t\m-en-bnse bqwn- n-emwv Ch \n an- p-i. Ign c p h j-ß-fn bp Fknse Iº-\nbpsS _nkn-\kv ani hf -bmwv t\snb-xv. IqSp-X acp- p-iƒ bp Fkv F^vUnF AwKo-Im-c-Øn-\mbn ka n- p-hm Iº\n Dt±-in- p- p. Iº-\n-bpsS djy _nkn-\kv {]Xn-h jw 12 ix-am-øn-e-[niw hf t\sp- p- v. ASpØ 2 3 h j-ßƒ p- n 1000 timsn cq] hn p-h-c-hmwv djy _nkn-\-kn \n v Iº\n e y-an-sp- Xv. Iº-\n-bpsS Ct m-gsø Hml-cnhn-e-bmb cq]-bn ]nc BWv. \S- p-h jsø {]Xo- nx C]nFkv Bb 13 cq]-bn ]nc 9.76 BWv. ASpØ c p h j-ß-fn ani hf -bmwv Iº\n {]Xo- n- - -Xv. Hcp h j-øn- \p-f-fn cq]-bn-tebv v hne sa s -Sp-sa- mwv {]Xo- n- p- -Xv.

17 17 ^ v A-ssUz-kv- s^-_n - _nf ]n ]cn-_mkv anuvim]v ^ v F F hn cq] 52 BgvN-bnse Db F F hn cq] 52 BgvN-bnse Xmgv F F hn cq] A BkvXn 45 timsn cq] ( ) _ v am v kqnn-i knf FIvkv anuvim]v IfnemWv ix-am\w. kvtamƒ Im nse \nt ]w ix-am\amwv. em Pv Im]v Hmln-I-fnse \nt ]w ix-am-\-tøm-f-am-wv. Ign aq p h j-ß-fnse kvtamƒ Im]v Hml-cn-IfpsS {]I-S\w hfsc Ipd-hm-bn-cp- - XmWv Iº-\n-bpsS s]mxp-th-bp-ff {]I- S-\sØ _m[n- -Xv. hfsc sshhn-[y-h-xv -cn Hmlcn tij-cøn G hpw IqSp-X \nt ]w [\-Im-cy-tkh\ta-J-e-bn-em- Wv. # ASpØp ImeØv [\-Imcy tkh- \-Øn\p ]pdta F Pn-\o-b-dnw-Kv, ssivt\m-f-pn, ssivssã kv, Iayq-Wnt -j XpS-ßn-b-hbv v \ ÿm\w Hml-cn-ti-J-c-Øn \evin-bn- p- v. Cu \mep skivs-dnse \nt ]w samøw BkvXn-bpsS ]Ip-Xn-tbmfw hcpw. [\- Im-cy-tk-h\w (17.19 ix-am-\w), ssivssã kv ( ix-am-\w), ssivt\m-fpn (9.74iX-am-\w), Iayq-Wnt -j (9.04 ix-am-\w), F^v Fw kn Pn (7.92 ix-am-\w), sl ØvsI-b (6.37 ix-am-\w), F Pn\o-b-dnwKv (6.06 ixam-\w), Hmt m (5.65 ix-am-\w), sian- (4.78 ix-am-\w) XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv apjy \nt -]-ta-j-e-iƒ. ^ ns Hml-cn-ti-J-c-Øn 42 Hml-cn-I-fm-Wn-t m-gp-f-f-xv. h [-am ssivkvss kv ( 5.92 ix-am-\w), t]pv C U-kv{Sokv (4.58 ix-am-\w), Fb ss (4.54 ix-am-\w), sfunb (4.50 ix-am-\w), sd]vtim tlmw ^n\m kv (4.25 ix-am-\w), t_tbgvkv t{im]v (3.22 ix-am-\w), atz-gvk kpan (3.14 ix-am-\w), {iodmw kn n (2.84 ixam-\w), simtdm-am- C \m-j-w (2.82 ix-am-\w), hnf ssiv (2.80 ix-am- \w) XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv apjyhmlcn-iƒ. ^ ns hep w sndp-xm-sw- nepw hnhn[ taj-e-i-fnse ani \nt ]w \ dnt t\sn-ø-cp- p- v. dnkvin-t\- mƒ ani dnt F p ]d- mepw sx n-. ]pxnb ^ p-am-t\- P-cmbn {itbjv tzh 2011 PqWn Nm Pv FSp-Ø-Xp-ap-X sa -s {]I- S-\-Øn-\p-ff {ian-ø-emwv ^ v. B Zo L-Im-e-Øn hf m-km-[y-x-bpff sndp-in-s CS-Øcw Iº-\n-I-fpsS ani- -Xm-Wv. Ggp h jsø hm jni {iaw GXm v hnp-b-i-c-hp-am-wv. {]txysu v \nt -]-ßƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-tb- mƒ Hml-cn-I-fn \nt ]w \SØn aqe-[\ dnt ix-am-\-am-wv. Ign Hcph j- m-esø Fkv-sF]n dnt dnt Bcp-tSbpw IÆ- n- n- p- -Xm- In pw Fkv-sF]n ASn-ÿm-\- -Øn-ep-ff hf e y-an-sp ayqnz ^ v ] - Xn-bmWv _nf ]n ]cn-_mkv anuvim]v ix-am-\-am-wv. Wv. ^ v. _nfkv C 500 kqnn-i-bn ^ v Hcp h j- m-eøv 7.62 ixam\hpw (Im -Kdn icm-icn 0.30 ix-am\w; ^ n \n v ani dnt {]Xo- nhcpw h j-ß-fn Cu hn]wn aqey-øn apºn \nev p BZysØ 99 Hml-cn-Iƒ p Xmsg-bp-ff _ vam v kn F FIvkv anuvim]v m-hp kmº-øn-im- -co- -amwv Dcp- Hml-cn-I-fmWv an -hmdpw \nt -]-Øn ix-am-\w; Fkv sf ]n dnt Øn-cn-bp- -Xv. C y kº-zvl-s-\-bpss \mbn ^ v sxc-s -Sp- p- -Xv. ani ix-am\w) aq p-h j- m-eøv 9.24 hf nbnse Xf bv v Ah-km-\-ambncn- p-i-bm-wv. ASpØ h jw ]pxnb Xpw {Inbm-fl-I-hp-amb amt\-pvsa pw ix-am-\hpw (Im -Kdn icm-icn 2.34 ixam\w; _m vam v 4.17 ix-am\w; Kh-s v FØp- -txmss ]pxnb kwc-`-ixz Xzc-bpap-ff Iº-\n-I-fmWv \nt -]-Øn-\mbn sxc-s -Sp- p- -Xv. Fkv sf ]n dnt 17.05iX-am\w) hf ]mx-bn-tebv v C y kºani sf]nh-i-fnepw ^ v \nt ]w A p h j- m-eøv ix-am-\hpw ZvL-S\ {]th-in- p-sa- mwv s]mxpth \S-Øm-dp- v. (Im -Kdn icm-icn ix-am\w; {]Xo- n- p- -Xv. Aß-s\-sb- n 2006 sabv amk-øn Bcw-`n _ vam v ix-am\w; Fkv sf Ct m-gsø kmº-øni {]bm-k-ßsf ^ v Ggp-h j- m-eøv \evin-bn- pff dnt 3.35 ix-am-\-am-wv \evin-bn- p- v. an -hmdpw h j-ß-fn ani v hf -bntebv v \oßp-sa- -Xn ]n dnt ix-am\w) dnt AXn-Po-hn anuv kvtamƒ Iº-\n-Iƒ howp-t]mb ^ v ]n osv Xncn- p-h-chns ]mx-bn-em-wv epw Xncn- -Sn- F n-h-tb- mƒ sa -s dnt bnepw {]Xn-^-en- pw. Bi- -bp-f-f- Im -Kdn icm-i-cn, _ vam v kqnni kwibw th. AXv ^ ns hf tb-s - nepw sxm -SpØ h jw \ne BWv ^ v \evin-bn- p-f-f-xv. h v Fkv sf]n ASn-ÿm-\-Øn sa -s -Sp-Øn-bn- p- v epw t]mko- ^ ns hep- -an-t mƒ 45 timsn ^ n \nt ]w XpS-ßmw. ohv dnt \evin-bn- p- v. cq]-bm-wv. CXn ix-am-\hpw ^ ns Db FIvkvs] kv ^ ns Fkv sf ]n {]I-S\w Hml-cn-bn-emWv \nt -]n- n- p-f-f-xv.- tdtjym BWv {]Xn-Iq-e-amb LS-Iw. hfsc ani- -XmWv. {]txy-in pw su n 0.09 ix-am-\hpw -awn-am - n sk]v w-_-dn 2.89 ix-am-\-amwv Ign aq p-h j-ß-fnse {]I-S-\w ix-am-\hpw \nt -]n- n-cn- p- p. FIvkvs] kv tdtjym. ap h j-ß-fnse mw 2.5 ix-am-\-am-bn-cp p Ggp-h j- m-esø Fkv sf]n ^ ns t]cp-t]m-se-xs \nt -]- dnt t]mepw _m v Unt m-kn- v, a Øn ]Ip-Xn-tbmfw anuvim]v Hml-cn- FIvkvs] kv tdtjym. _n f k sse^v {^ vsse CIzn n F F hn cq] 52 BgvN-bnse Db F F hn cq] 52 BgvN-bnse Xmgv F F hn cq] A BkvXn timsn cq] ( ) _ v am v kqnn-i _nfkvc 200 aqe-[-\-h-f, hcp-am\w krjvsn, em`-hox hnx-cww XpS-ßn-bh e yan v Bcw-`n- n- p-ff CIzn n A[n-jvTnX ayqnz ^ v ] -Xn-bmWv _n f k sse^v ayqnz ^ ns _n f k sse^v {^ vsse CIzn n ] - Xn._n Fkv C 200 _ vam v kqnn- I-bm-bn v FSp-ØmWv \nt ]w \S- Øp- -Xv. ^ ns \nt -]-Øn ix-am\w em Pv Im]v Hml-cn-Ifn-em-Wv. ]Xn-\ v ix-am-\-tømfw anuvim]v Hml-cn-I-fnepw 1.7 ix-am\w kvtamƒ Im nepw \nt -]n- n-cn- p- p. Ign c p-h j-ambn kvtamƒ- -an-uvim]v Hml-cn-I-fn \nt ]w Ipd- p-h-cn-i-bm-bn-cp- p. _n FknC 200- \v ]pd-øp-\n p Hml-cn-Iƒ \nt -]-Øn-\mbn sxc-s -Sp- m-sa- nepw Ign-hXpw _ vam v kqnn-ibnse Hml-cn-I-fn \nt ]w HXp n \n Øp-I-bmWv ^ v snbvxn- p-f-f-xv. Ign A p-h -Øn-\p-f-fn _nfkvc 200- \v ]pd-øp-ff \nt ]w 20 ix-am-\-øn Xmgtb hcn-i-bp-f-fp. ]Øp-h jw ]q Øn-bm n ^ v {]h Ø\w XpS-ßn-bXp apx \evinb hm jni dnt Ccp-]Xv ixam-\-tøm-f-am-wv. ]Øp-h j- m-eøv epw epw am{x-amwv s\k- ohv dnt \evin-bn- p-f-f-xv. as - m- -emb-f-hnepw _ v am v kqnn-i-tb- mfpw ani dnt BWv ^ v \evin-t m- n- p-f-f-xv. Hcp h j- meøv 7.61 ix-am\hpw (Im -Kdn icmicn 3.43 ix-am\w; _ vam v 4.52 ix-am\w) aq p-h j- m-eøv 4.69 ix-am-\hpw (Im -Kdn icm-icn 1.61 ixam\w; _ vam v 0.78 ix-am\w ) A p-h j- m-eøv ix-am-\hpw ( Im -Kdn 16.8 ix-am\w; _ vam v kqnni ix-am-\w) ]Øp-h j- meøv 19.2 ix-am-\hpw 9 Im -Kdn ix-am\w; _ vam v ix-am-\w) t\sn-bn- p- v. Cu Ime-b-f-hnse FkvsF]n dnt bym-{iaw ixam-\hpw ix-am-\-hpw ix-am- \hpw 15.8 ix-am-\hpw hox-am-wv. \nt -]-Øn 90 ix-am-\hpw Hml-cn-bn \nt -]n- p-i-bmwv ]Xnhv. Nne-t mƒ ]Øp ix-am\w Imjv kq n- m-dp- v. Ct mƒ ix-am- \hpw Hml-cn-bn \n-t -]n- n-c- p-ibm-wv ix-am\w Imjv Bbn kq n- n- p- v. Hmlcn \nt -]- Øn Xs ix-am\w em Pv Im]v Hml-cn-I-fn-em-Wv. anuvim- n 14.9 ixam-\hpw kvtamƒ Im n 1.7 ix-am- \hpw \nt -]n- n-cn- p- p. ^ ns Hml-cn-ti-J-c-Øn 67 Hml-cn-I-f-Wpf-f-Xv. Im -Kdn icm-icn 52 Hml-cn-I-fm- Wv. \nt -]-ti-j-c-øn dne-b kv C U-kv{Sokpw `m Xn Fb ss pw XpS w apx-te-bp-f-f-xm-wv. C t^m-knkv (6.35 ix-am-\w), sfsnkn (5.41 ix-am-\w), sfkn-sfknsf _m v (5.21 ix-am-\w), dneb kv C U-kv{Sokv (4.14 ix-am-\w), F vun F^vkn _m v (4.08 ix-am-\w), F B Uv Sn (3.64 ix-am-\w), Fb ss (3.55 ix-am-\w), F vkn- F ssivkv (3.05 ix-am-\w), F vun- F^vkn (2.99 ix-am-\w), amcpxn (2.66 ix-am-\w), Snkn Fkv ( 2.41 ix-am-\w) XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv apjyhmlcn-iƒ. [\-Im-cy-tk-h\w (22.49 ix-am- \w), ssivt\m-fpn ( ix-am-\w), F\ Pn (10.50 ix-am-\w), F^v-FwknPn (10.19 ix-am-\w), Hmt m (8.85 ixam-\w), sl ØvsI-b (7.77 ix-am- \w), ssuth-gvkn-ss^uv (5.40 ix-am- \w), sa kv (5.08 ix-am-\w), Iayq- Wn-t -j (3.97 ix-am-\w), F Pn\ob-dnwKv (3.55 ix-am-\w) XpS-ßn-b-hbmWv apjy \nt -]-ta-j-e-iƒ. Im -K-dn, _ vam v kqnn-i-tf- mƒ sa -s {]I-S-\-amWv `qcn-] w h j-ßfpw ^ v t\sn-bn- p-f-f-xv. {lkz- Im-e-Øepw Zo L-Im-e-Ønepw \nt - ]-I v t\ -ap- m- n-s m-sp- p-hm ^ n\v Ign- n- p- v. ^ ns em PvIm]v Hdn-b-t -j A\p-Iq-em-hÿ-bn ani dnt \evip-hm-\p-ff km[yx h [n- n- p- p. hn]-wn-bn CSn-hp- m-bmepw Ft m-sg- nepw Xncn- p-h-cp-sa v Dd- m-wv. FIvk-s] kv tdtjym BIs 1.85 i-x-am-\-am-wv. CXv Im -K-dn-bnse Ipd- -Xm-Wv.

$]Øv _ney h j-ßƒ p- mb alm-kvt^m-s-\-øn-\p-tijw ho pw 5 _ney h j-ßƒ ]n n- -t mƒ `qtkmfsø Iq nlsn- n- n-cp ^e-i-ßƒ Cf w X p-ibpw h I-c-Ifpw ] h-xßfpw AKm[K Ø-ßfpw D]-cn-X-e- Øn cq]w sim p-ibpw$

18 18 KmUvKn IkvXqcn cwk dnt m piƒ p ]n n clky AP- tbm? ]Øv _ney h j-ßƒ p- mb alm-kvt^m-s-\-øn-\p-tijw ho pw 5 _ney h j-ßƒ ]n n- -t mƒ `qtkmfsø Iq nlsn- n- n-cp ^e-i-ßƒ Cf w X p-ibpw h I-c-Ifpw ] h-xßfpw AKm[K Ø-ßfpw D]-cn-X-e- Øn cq]w sim p-ibpw snbvxp-sh v Pntbm-f-Pn-Ãp-Iƒ Ah-Im-i-s -Sp- p. lname-bhpw ]nd-\okpw B ]vkpw \ΩpsS kz w ] n-l- -\n-c-ifpsams A p- m-b-xm-wv. AXn-\p-tijw lna-bp-khpw ]n osv agbpw a pw {]mw-hm-bphpw Im _ aqe-i-ßfpw kap-{z-ßfpw ImSp-Ifpw Pohn- Ifpw ]cn-wm-a-s GtXm ka-bøv tlmtam km]nb am-cn \n v a\p-jys ]q h-p- -ßƒ DZ-bw-sN-bvXp. ] n-a-l ae-\n-c-iƒ AS w {]IrXn \evinb `qanbn Ah Pohn- p. AXm-bXv {]mno-\- Imew apx \ΩpsS ]q hn-i ChnsS kzkz-x-tbmss Pohn- n-cp- p-sh v \c-hwi-im-kv{xw. Ig v ] h-x-\n-c-i-fmepw ]Sn- mdv kap-{z-ømepw kpc- n-x-am- s ChnsS ]S-tbm- tam ]I -hym-[n- Itfm hcƒ tbm shf-f-s m- tam kp\m-antbm `qi-º-ß-tfm simsp- m- p- Itfm Hcn- epw XmWvU-h-am-Sn-bn-cp- n-. `q{]-ir-xnbpw Imem-h-ÿbpw Pe-k-ar- nbpw kky-p- p-ssh-hn-[yhpw ae-bmfnse F pw Xo n-t m n asn-bm- n-bn-cp- p. CS-hn v Xoc-{]-tZ-iØpw CS-\m- n-epam-bn-cp p ] sø P\-hm-kw. CS-\mSv Irjn pw Zo L-Ime hne-iƒ pw A\ptbm-Pyw. klys ]Sn mdv ae-ifpw h\-ßfpw Xoc-{]-tZiw aw `q-an-bp-am-bncp- p. Xoc-tZ-iØv ap p-hcpw ae-{ºtziøv Im ppmxn mcpw G hpw {]mno-\- amb Poh-k- m-c-w-am K-ßƒ Ah-ew- _n v Pohn- n-cp- p. CXmWv 1498 F Unbn hmkvtimun Kma tic-f-xo-cøv I -en-d-ßp- -Xp-h-sc-bp-ff ticf Ncn-{Xw. {_n o-jvim C y-bn `cww Dd- n- -txmss tic-f-ønepw henb am -ßƒ D m-bn. B[p-\nI Poh-X-co-Xn-Iƒ {]txy- In v ]m mxy ]cnj-jvim-c-ßƒ tic-fob kzoin-cn- p-hm XpS-ßn. hkv{xw, sshzypw, hnzym-`ym-kw, hnhm-lw, ho - Ww, kz`mhw F n-h-bn-sems henb hn]vf-h-ßƒ D m-bn. AXns A\p-_- - ambn ]gb a[y-xn-cp-h-xmw-iq-dn Hcp P\- kwjy hnkvt^m-s\w \S- p. H w c mw temi-a-lm-bp- hpw XpS p-ff ` y ma-hpw. \m-ev]-xv, A\v]-Xv, Adp-]-Xp-Ifn _wkm-fnepw _olm-dn-ehpw Zi-e- - -W- n\v Bfp-Iƒ ] nwn aqew acn- t mƒ ticfw AXn \n v c -s - n-cp- p.- Im-cWw Cu aq p Zi-I-ß-fn a[y-ti-cf-ønse A[zm-\n-I-fmb Irjn- m ]pxnb Irjn-`qan txsn hs v tkmi Ww apx sx I\ym-Ip-amcn hsc-bp-ff klys ]Sn- m-d ae-i-fn IpSn-tbdn.- D-]-Po-h\w txsn-bp-ff aebm-fn-bpss BZysØ {]hmk`qan Cu Im\m tziam-bn-cp- p. BZy-Ip-Sn-tb- m GXm v apgph\pw Cu `qan-bn ]c-ir-xn-tbmspw ae- º-\n-tbmSpw G -ap n acww hcn- n-cp- p. ( Fkv si s]m - m-sns hnj-i-\yi hmbn- p-i). F nepw Ah ]n m-dn-bn-. IpSn-tb- -Øn sc ]pxnb then-tb- -ßƒ [-\-im-kv-{xw- A-dn-bp-I- 54 tum.- ]n.-si.- G-{_-lmw D m-bn. Ah ho pw ae-º-\n-tbmspw aeºm-ºn-t\mspw h\y-po-hn-i-tfmspw a n- v, ImSp-sh- n-sø-fn v s\ pw I bpw tn\bpw tnºpw hmgbpw ]- - -dn-iepw \ p-hn-f-bn v Xßfpw \msn\pw ` y-kpc \evin ] nwn ac-w-øn \n p c s -Sp-Øn. {ItaW Ipcp-ap-f-Iv, Im n, Gew, txbne d_ F n-h-bn-tebv v Ah Xncn- p. lcn-x-hn-]vfhpw CXc kwÿm- \-ßsf Im jn-i-k-º- -X-bn-tebv p \bn- -t mƒ kly-km-\p- -fnse I j-icmwv tic-fsø c n- -Xv. Fgp-]-Xp-I-fn-emWv ae-bmfn Iq tømss Kƒ^n-tebv v IS IS- m XpS-ßn-b-Xv. ]n ospw Hcp Ccp-]Xv sim - Øn-\p-ti-j-amWv \ΩpsS sndp- - m temi-sa-ºm-sp-ap-ff tkm^v vth thebv mbn Iq -tømss ]d- m XpS-ßn-b- Xv.-]-t, Ah-cpsS A A q- am-cp- SsS Poh \ne-\n Øn-bXv kly ]Sn- m-d ae-i-fm-wv. AhnsS IpSn-tb-dnb Irjn- m-cm-wv. Ah s -Xn-tc-bmWv KmUvKnepw IkvXq-cn-cw-K-\pw eq n-b Zn nbn ]WnX sim m-c-ß-fn hkn- p h\w, ]cn-ÿnxn kwc- -Icpw ]pd-s - ncn- p- -Xv. A am-\n-kyq pw hntz-i-ap \nc k h-i-em-im-e-i-fpss _ncp-zhpw t]dn \S- p Ch ]cn-ÿn-xn-l-xy-bp-tsbpw Im _ hnk Py-Øn-t bpw Ah-Xm-cß-fm-Wv. Ah k -cn- p P p-hn-am-\- ß-f-S w ]pdw-x- p hnj- p-i-bnepw Ah hen-s -dn-bp ]vfmãniv Iqºm-cß-fnepw \ΩpsS \K-c-ßƒ \c-i-ß-fm-bncn- p- p. Ch-sb mw ad- p-sim v Ncn-{Xm-[o- X-Imew apx {]Ir-Xnsb kvt\ln pw {]Ir-Xn-bn \n v DXv]m-Zn- n pw {]Ir-Xnbn-tebv v simsp-øp-sim- pw Pohn- p I j-i s -Xn-tc-bmWv ]pxnb A[n-\nth-i-bp- w. CXns ]n n kº- cpw kº- -cm-jv{s-ß-fp-am-wv. ]cn-ÿn-xn-kw-c- Ww Bbn-cw-sIm- -ßƒ p-tijw P\n- p inip- ƒ, temi-ss]-xr-iw, Ft m Sqdn-kw, Im _ s{iun- v, ]cnÿn-xn-teme {]tziw Fs m-s -bp-ff ]pø {_m Up-Iƒ BWv am - nwkv X{ w. aney tumf {]Xn-^ew ] n ]S- p- m- nb (Kq-Knƒ Df-f-t mƒ GXv dnt m pw D m- m Iw]yq- D]-tbm- Kn- p-hm Adn-bm-hp c p ]nt axn) Cu dnt m p-i-fn IpØn-\n-d- n-cn- p- Xv I j-i-l-xy-bm-wv. aæns a sf Ccp- qdv h j-ßƒ v ]nt m- -Sn- p \n t±-i-ßƒ am{x-am-wv. CXn\v kam-\x t]mƒ t]m ns ImeØv Iwt_m-Un-b- P\X A\p-`-hn- -Xm-Wv. A Iwt_m-Un-b-bnse apgp-h \mkco-i-xbpw Nps -cn- p. P\-ßsf {]m - {]-tz-i-ß-fn-tebv pw ImS-I-fn-tebv pw hnp-\-x-i-fn-tebv pw B n-tbm-sn- p. FXn Ø-hsc txm n ]møn-sim v ASn- p-sim- p. FXn Ø-h-cpsS Ip n-ifpss snhn-bn Ip w IpØn-I-b n \Sptdm-Un IpØn-\n-dp-Øn- m-wn- p-sim-sp- Øp. t]mƒt]m v F m-h pw ]Wn-sIm- Sp-Øp. s\ Ir-jn. A w am{xw-axn Pohn- m. Iwt_m-Unb apgp-h s\ Ir-jn. s\ a-wn-i-fn A[n-jvTn- X-amb kº k-ar- n. Cu IncmX `c- W-Øn \n v hnb- -\m-an-\m tamnn- n- -s - -t mƒ Iwt]m-Un-b P\-kw-Jybn 25 ix-am\w NsØm-Sp-ßn. As - n Iim p snø-s - p. KmUvKn IkvXqcn cwk \n t±i-ßƒ \S- m- n-bm ] n-l- -Ønse AºXp Zi-e w P\-ßƒ pw Cu KXn D m-ipw. ImcWw hy w. ]cn-ÿnxn kwcw- n- m, Pet{km-X-kp-Iƒ \ne-\n Øm, h\w h\y- Po-hn-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-hsb kwc- n- m Ct mƒ \ne-hn-ep-f-fxpw C\n `mhn-bn hcm-\n-cn- p- -Xp-amb GXp kwcw-`hpw XnI pw ]cn-ÿn-xn-ku-lr-zhpw ]cn-ÿn- Xn-sb-_m-[nIhp-sa v Dd- p-h-cp-øphm\pw ]cn-ÿn-xn-tem-{]-tz-i-ßsf kwc- n- m\pw F n\v tdmun Xp m-xncn- m t]m-ep-ap-ff hni-zhpw hnz-kv[hpw Imcy- -a-hp-amb \nb-a-ßƒ C v \nehn-ep- v. AXv \S- n-em- msx ]qxnb \nb-{ -W-ßƒ sim p-h-cp- Xv {]txy- In v ] n-a-l- -Øns t]cn G s - Sp-Øp- Xv GtXm clky AP- -bpss `mk-sa v ÿe-hm-kn-iƒ kwi-bn- p- p. ticfw ASp-Ø-Im-eØv I G hpw henb P\-ap-t - -Øns clyhpw AXm-Wv. Af-ap- n-bm, A w ap n-bm BcmWv Xncn- p-i-sn- m- ØXv?

$19 skan-\m apt m p h \n t±-i-ßƒ 1. -]-cn-ÿnxn teme {]tz-i-ßƒ t\cn v I v ]cn-tim-[n m IΩn- nb \nb-an- p-i. CXp-hgn dotam v sk knw-kpw a pw D]-tbm-K-s -Sp- Øn-b-t m-gp- mb sx p-iƒ Xncp-Øp-hm km[n- pw.$

19 19 skan-\m apt m p h \n t±-i-ßƒ 1. -]-cn-ÿnxn teme {]tz-i-ßƒ t\cn v I v ]cn-tim-[n m IΩn- nb \nb-an- p-i. CXp-hgn dotam v sk knw-kpw a pw D]-tbm-K-s -Sp- Øn-b-t m-gp- mb sx p-iƒ Xncp-Øp-hm km[n- pw. 2. GI-hnf Irjn ( tamtwm t{im]v) hy -ambn \n h-nn- p-i. \mwy-hn-f-isf CXns ]cn-[n-bn \n v Hgn-hm- p-i. 3. Izmdn, aw hmc XpS-ßn-b-h \nb-{ -W-ßƒ p hnt[-b-ambn A\p-h-Zn- p-i. ssa\nw-kn\v i -amb \nb-a-ßfpss ASn-ÿm-\-Øn am{xw A\p-h-Zn- p-i. 4. a v kwÿm-\-ßƒ v G s -Sp-Øn-bn- p-ff am\-z-wvu-ßƒ ]et mgpw tic-f-øn\v tbmpn- p-i-bn F -XmWv hkvxp-x. Cu hkvxpx IW- n-se-spøv kwÿm-\sø {]txy-i-ambn ]cn-k-wn- p-i \v apºv IpSn-tb-d-b-h s mw ] bw \evipi 6. Nph- v, Hmd v hn`m-k-øn s -Sp-Øn-bn- p-ff hyh-km-b-ß-sf ]p\ \n h-nn- pi 7. Cu ] Xn \S- m- p- -Xn\v apºv t_m[-h-xvi-cww \S-Øp-I. Cu \nbaw G hpw IqSp-X _m[n- p- -hsc {]txyiw ]cn-k-wn- p- I. 8. ] n L -Øns ]cn-ip- nbpw ssph-ssh-hn-[yhpw kwc- n- -s -S-Ww. F m ] n-l- sø B{i-bn p Cu taj-e-bn Ign-bp- -hcpss Poh-t\m-]m[n Hcp hn[-ønepw _m[n- m-ø-hn[w \nbaw \S- m- -Ww. Ah-Im-i-ap- v. AXn-\m-h-iyamb ASn-ÿm-\-ku-I-cy-ßfpw B Pn- p-hm Ah-Im-i-ap- v. Zi-I-ßfmbn Irjn snøp Gew, txbne, d_ XpS-ßn-bh GI-hn-f-sb t]cn Dt]- n- p-hm km[n- n-. Zi-I-ß-fm-bn tic-f-øns kmº-zvl-s-\-bpss \s - p-xs CØcw Irjn-I-fmWv AXp Dt]- n- p-i-sb- Xp {]mtbm-kn-i-s v {^m kokv tpm Pv Nq n- m- p- p. AXn-\m KmUvKn, IkvXq-cn-cw- K dnt m ns t]cn P\-ß-fnep- m-bn- p-ff Bi am -Ww. IΩn n dnt m p-iƒ P\-ß-fpsS Bi IW- n-se-sp-øn-s - p-f-f- XmWv {]iv\w. kwc- -Whpw {i -tbm-sp-iq- Snb hn`-hßfpss D]-tbm-K-hpamWv ]cn-ÿnxn kwc- -W-ØneqsS Dt±-in- p- -Xv. Ct m-ƒ AhnsS Xma-kn- p P\-ßsf IpSn-bn-d- p- n-. KmUvKn dnt m v \S- m- p-hm \n t±-in- n-cn- p hnkvxo W-Øns 37 ix-am\w ÿe-amwv IkvXqcn cwk dnt m ns ]cn-[n-bn hcp- p-f-fp-sh v {]ikvx ]cnÿn {]h Ø-I\pw ap Imen- v bqwn-th-gvkn n t{]m -sshkv Nm k-e-dp-ambncp {]^. Fw si {]kmzv Nq n- m- n. ssa\nw- Kv, sslt{um t{]mp-ivsv XpS-ßnb-h-sb- p-dn-s m pw IkvXqcncwK dnt m n H pw ]d- n- n-s - p-x-s -bmwv AXns \yq\-x. hfsc IW- p- Iq n hn`-h-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn- p- -Xn- \p-ff in]m i-i-fmwv th -Xv. ImcWw a\p-jys\ IW- n-se-sp- msx ] n-a-l- -Øns kwc- Ww km[n- p-i-bn-s pw {]kmzv A`n-{]m-b-s -Sp- p. KmUvKn dnt m pw IkvXqcn cwk dnt m p-sam pw Ign A mdp Zi-I-ß-fn- ] n-a-l- - Øn-ep- m- n-bn- p-ff Cw]mIvSv F m-sw p ]d-bmsx A`n-{]m-bß-fpsS kam-l-c-w-øn-emwv dnt m v Xbm-dm- n-bn- p-f-f-sx v sk t^m {Ko ssivt\mpn B Uv amt\-pvsa v Ub-d-IvSdpw ticf Kh-s ns ap kvs]j sk{i- -dn-bp-amb tum Fw]n kpip-am-c \mb A`n-{]mb-s - p. CSp n Umw IΩo-j snbvxn v \mev ]Xn- m- m-bn. C{X- ]pxp-x-e-apd ]vfmt -j ( Gew, txbn-e, d_ XpSßn GI-hnf Irjn- Iƒ) h n v \nc-h[n h j-ß-fmbn. Ah- ]cn-ÿn-xn-bn F v BLmXap m- n. AXv sh sø Fßs\ _m[n- p, Poh-Pm-e-ßsf Fßs\ _m[n p XpS-ßn-b-h-sb pdn v tu ASn-ÿm-\-am n ]T\w \StØ- n-bn-cn- p- p. Ct m-gsø Ãm kv \ne-\n Øn-s m pw P\-ßƒ p m-ip `mcw C m-xn-s m- pw -thww ] n-a-l- -Øns kwc- -W \S-]-Sn-I-fp- m-im-s\ v At±lw \n t±-in- p. {]iv\sø ImWp-I, AXns\ icn-bmbn a\-kn-em- p-i, ]cn-lmcw Dcp-Øn-cn- p-h-cpw. Ct m-gsø \ne-bn-ep-ff kmº- ØnI t\ -ßƒ \ne-\n Øp- -Xns\m w G hpw Ipd ]cn-ÿnxn BLmXw F kao-]-\-amwv ChnsS th -Xv. AXn\v Bfp-I-tfm-sSm w Ccn- -Ww. Hcp Ime-b-fhv Ah-tcmsSm w \n v ]Tn- -Ww. F nte icnbmb ]cn-lm-c-ap- m-ip-i-bp-f-fpsh pw kpip-am-cn \mb A`n-{]mb-s - p. \ΩpsS cmjv{sob ]m n- Iƒ v hy -amb ]cn-ÿnxn \b-ap- m-ti- Xv AXym-h-iy-am-sW pw kpip-am-c \mb A`n-{]m-b-s - p. F n Ct m-gsø Cu hnhm-z-ßƒ Hcp ]t D m-ip-am-bn-cp- ns pw At±lw Iq n-t p- p. a\p-jysc ]cn-k-wn- m-sx-bpff ]cn-ÿnxn dnt m p-iƒ P\- ßƒ v kzoim-cy-a-s - mwv ]m\ N -bn ]s -SpØ hnzym-`ymk {]h Ø-I\pw hm nbpw Ct mƒ ]mem cq]-x-bpss FUyq-t -j amt\-p-cp-amb ^m. amxyp N{µ Ipt A`n-{]m-b-s - -Xv. KmUvKn dnt m pw IkvXqcncwK dnt m pw C -d KW-Øn s h-bm-wv. CXp \S- m- n-bm Bfp- Iƒ v _p n-ap- p- m-ipw. ]cn-ÿn- Xn-bn-s - n a\p-jy-\n-. a\p-jy- \p-th- n-bmwv ]cn-ÿn-xn. ] n-a- L- -Øn Xma-kn- p Bfp-IfpsS Bi ]cn-l-cn- msx ]cnÿnxn kwc- Ww Ahn-sS-sb- Hcn-SØpw km[n- p-i-bn-s - -XmWv hkvxp-x. ]cn-ÿnxn kwc- n-t - Xv F m-h-cp-tsbpw Bh-iy-am-Wv. ]cn-ÿnxn kwc- -W t_m[\w sndp- -Ønse XpS-ß-Ww. ]mty-]- - Xn-bn AXn\v ap nb ]cn-k-w\ \evi-ww. CXp ]Tn- p H -Ø-eap-d-sIm v ]cn-ÿnxn kwc- Ww \S- n hcpw.] n-a-l- -Øns ]cnÿnxn kwc- -W-Øn I j-isc Bfl-hn-izm-k-Øn-se-Sp-Øp-sIm p IkvXqcncwK dnt m pw ] n-a-l- hpw F hnj-b-øn tkhy C Ãn- yq v Hm^v amt\-pvsa v B Uv F {]-W jn ns ( sskw) sim n-bn kwl-sn- n skan-\m-dns DZvLm-S-\- -S-ßn ]mem cq]-x-bpss FUyq-t -j amt\-p-cp-amb ^m. amxyp N{µ Ip-t \ne-hn-f p simfp-øp- p. sskw ^m n AwKhpw ap I Wm-SI No^v sk{i- dn tum sp Ae-Ivkm-, ap Xan-gv\mSv No^v sk{i- -dnbpw IkvXqcn cwk dnt m n-s\- p-dn v ]Tn- m \ntbm-kn- -s IΩn- n-bnse AwK-hp-amb ]n kn kndn-biv, sskw ÿm]-i\pw {]kn-u pw sfsffw ap Ub-d-IvS-dp-amb {]^. sp ^nen v, ap CSp n Fw]n {^m knkv tpm Pv, sk t^m {Ko ssivt\mpn B Uv amt\-pvsa v Ub-d-IvSdpw ticf Kh-s ns ap kvs]j sk{i- -dn-bp-amb tum Fw]n kpip-am-c \mb, ap Imen- v bqwn-th-gvkn n t{]m -sshkv Nm k-e- {]^. Fw si {]kmzv, sskw Uo tum ]nsi G{_lmw F n-h kao-]w. h-enb Pe-kw-`-cWw ]cn-ÿn-xn-bn F v BLm-X-amWv D m- n-b-xv. Umw \n an- p- -Xn\p apºpw \S- Ønb ]cn-ÿnx ]T-\hpw AXn-\pti-jhpw ]cn-ÿn-xnbn bym - Øn D mb BLm-Xhpw IW- p- I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn ]T\w \SØn dnt m v D m-th- n-bn-cp- p. am{xta km[n- p-i-bp-f-fp-sh pw At±lw Iq n-t p- p. sskw Uo tum ]nsi G{_lmw IrX-RvP-X ]d- p.

20 VOICE OF WEALTH Date of Publication: 01/1/ 2014 Registered No. KL/EKM/672/2011-2013 20 Reg. No. KERBIL/ 2006/18747. RN.

20 20 VOICE OF WEALTH Date of Publication: 01/1/ 2014 Registered No. KL/EKM/672/ Reg. No. KERBIL/ 2006/ RN Owned, Printed and Published by George Alexander Muthoot, G343, Panampilly Nagar, Kochi-36 and Printed at Cherrys Printers, for Viani Printers, Kochi. Editor. Sunesh Bhasi (Responsible for story selection)

C ybn thcpd- n- p ^mkn-ãv kºzvhyhÿ

\nco- Ww [ C-Xv A-k-ln-jv-Wp-X-bp-sS cq-]-øn-epw A-{I-a-Øn-s cq-]-øn-epw {]-Xn-^-en- mw [ t\m v \ntcm-[\w, Pn.-F-kv.Sn, \oxn BtbmKv C ybn thcpd- n- p ^mkn-ãv kºzvhyhÿ ^m-kn-ãv A[n-Imchyhÿ `-c-w-iq-s-øn-s