_ncpzxe t{]m{kmapiƒ p ]cnjvicn aebmfw ]mty] Xn

Transcription

1 _ncpzxe t{]m{kmapiƒ p ]cnjvicn aebmfw ]mty] Xn skaã 1 6 -(2017 AUvanj apx ) Restructured Syllabi for Under Graduate Programmes in Malayalam Semester I-VI (2017 Admissions Onwards) almflmkm n k Iemime {]nbz in\n ln kv, AXncºpg tim bw Mahatma Gandhi University Priyadarshini Hills, Athirampuzha Kottayam

2 {]kvxmh\ A[yb\h jw apx \S m m Dt±in v ]cnjv cn v Xømdm nbn p _ncpzxe aebmfw ]mty] XnbmWnXv. Cu ]mty] Xn Xømdm p Xn\v k hn[ klmbhpw ]n pwbpw \ Inb almflmkm n k IemimebpsS _lpam\s sshkv Nm ke, t{]m sshkv Nm ke, cpnkv{sm F nhtcmspw kn Unt v AwKßtfmSpap IS mspw IrX Xbpw ChnsS tcjs SpØp p. almflmkm n k IemimebpsS aebmfw ^m n AwKßfpsSbpw t_m Uv Hm^v ÃUokv AwKßfpsSbpw hnhn[ timtfppifnse aebmf A[ym]IcpsSbpw Iq mb ]cn{iaøns ^eamwv Cu ]mty] Xn. a v k IemimeIfnse A[ym]Icpw hnzkv cpw Cu kwcw`øn klicn pibpw klmbn pibpw snbvxn p v. F mhtcmspap \µnbpw kvt\lhpw Adnbn p p. aebmfw ^m n & t_m Uv Hm^v ÃUokv almflmkm n k hiemime

3 BapJw almflmkm n k Iemimebn _ncpzxeøn tnmbvkv _bvkvuv s{iun v skaã k{ºzmbw \nehn h Xv 2009 emwv. ]n osv ka{kamb Hcp ]mty] Xn ]cnjvicww \S nem p Xv Ct mgmwv. CXn\nsS _n. lrzbipamcn IΩojs \n t±i{]imcap sndnb ]cnjvicw߃ \S n p v. AX\pkcn p ]cnjvimcw Xs bmwv Ct mgpw hcpønbn p Xv AUvanj apx \S m m\pt±in mwv Cu ]mty] Xn Xømdm nbn p Xv. ]cnÿnxn hn m\hpw a\pjymhimihpw Dƒs m p Hcp tim timgvkv A mw skaãdn Dƒs SpØnbn p v F XmWv Cu ]mty] Xnbn hcpønbn p {][m\s Hcp am w. kp{]ow timsxnbpss \n t±isø ]n ps v bq.pn.kn. \ Inbn p \n t±iamwv Cu am Øn\p]n n. aebmføns h Øam\Ime Ahÿsb a\ nem m Dt±in psim v \memw skaãdn timwπnsa dn timgvkmbn B[p\nI aebmf`mj tn Øn p v. amxr`mjsb pdn p A`nam\w hnzym nifn Dd n m Cu timgvkv DXIpsa mwv IcpXp Xv. \memw skaãdnse tima timgvkpifn D mbncp aebmf cn\m`mk߃ Hgnhm n ]Icw KZycN\bpsS hnhn[`mh߃ Dƒs mffp ]mt߃ tn Øn p v. tamu 2 _n.g. Ncn{XhnZym niƒ v kmlnxyhpw Ncn{Xhpw, `mjbpw B[p\oIo IcWhpw F c v timwπnsa dn timgvkv BWv \n t±in p Xv. \nehnep mbncp kmlnxyncn{xw timgvkn\v ]IcamWnXv. tamu 2 aebmfw t{]m{kmanse sxmgne[njvtx timgvkpifnepw ImenIamb ]cnjvicw߃ hcpønbn p v. F m timgvkpifpw kaimeniam n AhXcn n phm {ian n p v. G hpw ]pxnb Z i\ ] XnIfmWv ]mty] Xn cq]oicwøn D]tbmKn n p Xv. F nepw F mhißsfbpw Dƒs m m Cu ]mty] Xn v Ign n p mhpw F p IcpXp n. IqSpX ]cnjvicw߃ XpS phcp h jßfn hcptø XmWv. `mjbpw kmlnxyhpw BgØn ]Tn p Xn\pw amxr`mjm`napjyw D m p Xn\pw k tijnbpw BkzmZ\tijnbpw DW Øp Xn\pw DXIpwhn[amWv ]mty] Xn Xømdm nbn p Xv. DZmØamb PohnXZ i\hpw aqeyt_m[hpw hnzym nifn cq]s SpØpI F Xpw Cu ]mty] XnbpsS e yamwv. Bdmw skaãdn Dt±in n p t{]mpœv B skaãdnse ]co Iƒ papºv ka n ncnt XmWv. {]_ cn\bv v s]mxphmb Hcp coxnimkv{xw D mbncn p Xv \ XmWv. AØcsamcp \n t±iw cq]oicn m DSs\Xs {iant XmWv. k Iemime \n t±in n p P\m[n]XycoXnbneqsS inev]ime kwlsn n v A`n{]mb ka\zbw cq]s SpØnbmWv Cu ]mty] Xn Xømdm nbn p Xv. k Iemime ^m nbpw aebmfw t_m Uv Hm^v ÃUokpw tn p Xømdm nbn p Cu ]mty] Xn A mzani kaqløn\papºn ka n p p. aebmfw ^m n & t_m Uv Hm^v ÃUokv almflmkm n k hiemime

4 D S w 1. {]kvxmh\ 2. BapJw 3. timgvkv hnhc߃ 5 4. tamu 1 tima timgvkv ]mty] Xn tamu 1 _n.g. aebmfw, tim timwπnsa dn ]mty] Xn tamu 2 tima timgvkv ]mty] Xn tamu 2 _n.g. aebmfw, tim timwπnsa dn shmt jw ]mty] Xn tamu 2 _n.g. Ncn{Xw, timwπnsa dn aebmfw ]mty] yxn 133 A\p_ w 137 ]cnÿnxn]t\hpw a\pjymhimi]t\hpw timgvkv ]mty] XnbpsS Cw ojv cq]w (3,4 samuyqƒ HgnsI)

5 timgvkv hnhc߃ tamu 1 _n.f.aebmfw ]mty] Xn skaã I II III timgvkv timuv timgvkns t]cv timgvkv C\w timgvkv kabw (BgvNbn ) ML1CCT01 IYmkmlnXyw tima 4 awn q ML1CRT01 \ho\ihnx tim 4 awn q ML1CMT01 aebmf]t\øns timwπnsa dn 4 coxnimkv{xw awn q ML1CMT02 \msihpw kn\nabpw timwπnsa dn 4 awn q ML2CCT02 IhnX tima 4 awn q ML2CRT02 aebmfihnx FgpØ tim 4 apx Ihn{Xbw hsc awn q ML2CMT03 B[p\nI temiihnx timwπnsa dn 4 awn q ML2CMT04 t^mivtem hn m\w timwπnsa dn 4 awn q ML3CCT03 ZriyIemkmlnXyw tima 5 awn q ML3CRT03 ticfkwkvimcw ]q hl w tim 5 awn q ML3CMT05 Hcp FgpØpImc / timwπnsa dn 4 FgpØpImcn am[hn p n awn q SC3CMT01 kwkvirxw Poetry, timwπnsa dn 6 Rhetorics & Basics of awn q Grammar s{iun v Ct W am v FIvtÃW

6 am v skaã timgvkv timuv timgvkns t]cv timgvkv C\w timgvkv kabw (BgvNbn ) s{iun v Ct W FIvtÃW IV V VI ML4CCT04 aebmfkzycn\iƒ tima 5 awn q ML4CRT04 ticfkwkvimcw DØc tim 5 L w awn q ML4CMT06 B[p\nI aebmf`mj timwπnsa dn 4 awn q SC3CMT02 kwkvirxw -Prose, timwπnsa dn 6 Vrutha, Alankara, awn q Theories of Poetics & Grammar ML5CRT05 ]cnÿnxnhn m\hpw tim 4 a\pjymhimi]t\hpw awn q ML5CRT06 kmlnxyaoamwk tim 6 awn q ML5CRT07 sndpiy t\mh tim 6 awn q ML5CRT08 `mjmimkv{xw tim 5 awn q Hm timgvkv Hm 4 ML5OPT01 ]{X{]h Ø\w awn q ML5OPT02 am[ya]t\w ML5OPT03 Ne n{xmkzmz\hpw Xnc YmcN\bpw ML6CRT09 ticfobzriyie tim 5 awn q ML6CRT10 {]mno\kmlnxyw tim 5 ML6CRT11 KZykmlnXyw \ncq]ww ML6CRT12 hymicww, `mjmncn{xw tim CeIvSohv ML6CBT01 aebmfønse kv{xocn\iƒ ML6CBT02 am[yahn m\obw ML6CBT03 kwkvimc]t\w awn q tim 5 awn q tim 5 awn q CeIvSohv 5 awn q ML6PRT01 t{]mpivsv t{]mpivsv

7 timgvkv hnhc߃ tamu 2 _n.f.aebmfw ]mty] Xn skaã I II III timgvkv timuv timgvkns t]cv timgvkv C\w timgvkv kabw (BgvNbn ) ML1CCT07 IY t\mh tima 5 awn q ML1CRT01 \ho\ihnx tim 5 awn q ML1VOT01 ]ckyiebpw ]cky`mjbpw shmt jw (tim n ssd nmv) 5 awn q ML1VOT02 {]km[\]cnnbw shmt jw (tim nfun nmv) ML1CMT02 \msihpw kn\nabpw timwπnsa dn 5 awn q ML2CCT08 IhnXbpw \msihpw tima 5 awn q ML2CRT02 aebmfihnx FgpØ tim 5 apx Ihn{Xbw hsc awn q ML2VOT03 ]ckyhpw Bibhn\nabhpw shmt jw (tim n ssd nmv) 5 awn q ML2VOT04 tim n FUn nwkv shmt jw (tim nfun nmv) ML2CMT04 t^mivtem hn m\w timwπnsa dn 5 ML2VOT05 tpwenkw e yhpw shmt jw awn q Ncn{Xhpw (tim n ssd nmv) ML3CRT03 ticfkwkvimcw ]q hl w tim 5 awn q ML3VOT06 ]ckyhpw amt\pvsa v shmt jw 5 XXzßfpw (tim n ssd nmv) awn q ML3VOT07 {]km[\hpw shmt jw (tim nfun nmv) aebmfkmlnxyhpw ML3CMT05 Hcp FgpØpImc / timwπnsa dn 5 FgpØpImcn am[hn p n awn q am v s{iun v Ct W FIvtÃW ML3VOT08 MS Word & Pagemaker shmt jw (tim nfun nmv& tim n ssd nmv) 5 awn q

8 am v skaã IV V VI timgvkv timuv timgvkns t]cv timgvkv C\w timgvkv kabw (BgvNbn ) ML4CRT04 ticfkwkvimcw DØcL w tim 5 awn q 4 ML4VOT09 Zriy{imhy 5 awn q 4 shmt jw (tim n ssd nmv) \ham[ya{]h Ø\w ML4VOT10 D]\ymkcN\ shmt jw ML4VOT11 Photoshop, Corel Draw & DTP (tim nfun nmv) shmt jw (tim nfun nmv& tim n ssd nmv) ML4OJT01 OJT Project & Report shmt jw (tim nfun nmv& tim n ssd nmv) ML5CRT05 ]cnÿnxnhn m\hpw a\pjymhimi]t\hpw s{iun v 5 awn q 4 5 awn q 4 tim 5 awn q 4 ML5CRT06 kmlnxyaoamwk tim 5 awn q 4 ML5CRT07 sndpiy t\mh tim 5 awn q 4 ML5CRT08 `mjmimkv{xw tim 5 awn q 4 Hm timgvkv Hm 4 ML5OPT01 ML5OPT02 ML5OPT03 ]{X{]h Ø\w am[ya]t\w Ne n{xmkzmz\hpw Xnc YmcN\bpw 5 awn q ML6CRT09 ticfob ZriyIe tim 5 awn q 4 ML6CRT10 {]mno\kmlnxyw tim 5 awn q 4 ML6CRT11 aebmf\ncq]ww tim 5 awn q 4 ML6CRT12 hymicww `mjmncn{xw tim 5 awn q 4 tim CeIvSohv 4 ML6CBT01 ML6CBT02 ML6CBT03 aebmfønse kv{xocn\iƒ am[yahn m\obw kwkvimc]t\w CeIvSohv 5 awn q Ct W FIvtÃW

9 timgvkv hnhc߃ tamu 1 _n.timw tima timgvkv am v skaã timgvkv timuv timgvkns t]cv timgvkv C\w timgvkv kabw (BgvNbn ) s{iun v Ct W FIvtÃW I ML1CCT05 IYbpw IhnXbpw tima 4 awn q II ML2CCT06 BflIY, tej\w tima 4 awn q tamu 2 _n.fkvkn tima timgvkv am v skaã I timgvkv timuv timgvkns t]cv timgvkv C\w timgvkv kabw (BgvNbn ) ML1CCT09 IY IhnX tima 5 awn q s{iun v Ct W FIvtÃW II ML2CCT10 KZy]cnNbw tima 5 awn q

10 tamu 2 _n.timw tima timgvkv am v skaã I timgvkv timuv timgvkns t]cv timgvkv C\w timgvkv kabw (BgvNbn ) ML1CCT11 IY, IhnX, \msiw tima 5 awn q s{iun v Ct W FIvtÃW II ML2CCT12 KZyw, bm{xmhnhcww tima 5 awn q tamu 2 _n.f.lnkv dn timwπnsa dn timgvkv am v skaã timgvkv timuv timgvkns t]cv timgvkv C\w timgvkv kabw (BgvNbn ) s{iun v Ct W FIvtÃW III ML3CMT07 kmlnxyhpw Ncn{Xhpw timwπnsa dn 5 awn q IV ML4CMT08 `mjbpw B[p\nIoIcWhpw timwπnsa dn 5 awn q

11 tamu 1 ]mty] Xn tima timgvkv _n.f./_n.fkvkn. _n.timw 1 4 skaãdpiƒ skaã 1 IYmkmlnXyw skaã 2 IhnX skaã 3 ZriyIemkmlnXyw skaã 4 aebmfkzycn\iƒ skaã 1 IYbpw IhnXbpw skaã 2 BflIY, tej\w 11

12 _n.f./_n.fkvkn. skaã 1 tima timgvkv timgvkv timuv : ML1CCT01 IYmkmlnXyw ]T\e y-߃ 1. kmam\yamb kmlnxy]cnnbhpw hmb\m`ncpnnbpw BkzmZ\tijnbpw hf ØnsbSp pi 2. aebmfiymkmlnxyøn kw`hn p `mhpixz]cnwma߃ Xncn dnbpi 3. ImeL Øns s]mxp{]hwxifpw DZmØamb PohnXho Whpw FgpØn {]ISamhp Xv A\p`hn dnbpi ]mt-]p-kvxiw bq-wn-thgv-kn n {]kn- o-i-c-ww. JWvUw H v sndp-iy 1. ]qh-ºgw Imcq 2. `qan-bpss Ah-Im-in-Iƒ - ssh w apl-ωzv _jo 3. IS - Sn. ]fl-\m-` 4. s]cp-a-g-bpss ]nt v Fw.Sn hmkp-tz-h \mb 5. am\m- nd ssãv hn.si. F 6. Xcn-ip-\new am[-hn- p n 7. B -dnbmw k -dnb 8. Hmtcm Fgp-Øp-Im-cn-bpsS D nepw kmdm-tpm-k^v 9. XncpØv F.-F-kv am[-h 10. taml-a si. B aoc 11. A n knxmc Fkv. 12. _ncn-bmwn k-t mjv G n- m\w 13. tamz-ÿn-c-\mbv Aßv hkn q ae-t]mse F-kv. lcojv 14. {]mwntemiw DÆn B. 15. Nne kz]v\-ß-fn... koxme van-bpss IdpØ apsn-bng Cµptat\m JWvUw c v t\mh BSpPohnXw _-\ym-an klmbi{kÿ-߃ 1. sndp-iy C se C v Fw. ANyp-X 2. sndp-iym{]ÿm\w Fw. ]n. t]mƒ 3. sndp-iy hm pw hgnbpw tum. si.-fkv chn-ip-am 4. t\mh kmlnxy Ncn{Xw s{]m^-. si.fw Xc-I 12

13 _n.f./_n.fkvkn. skaã 2 tima timgvkv timgvkv timuv : ML2CCT02 IhnX ]T\ e y-߃ 1. kmam\yamb IhnXmkmlnXy]cnNbhpw hmb\m`ncpnnbpw ImhymkzmZ\tijnbpw hf ØnsbSp pi 2. aebmf IhnXmkmlnXyØn kw`hn p `mhpixz]cnwma߃ Xncn dnbpi 3. ImeL Øns s]mxp{]hwxifpw DZmØamb PohnXho Whpw FgpØn {]ISamhp Xv A\p`hn dnbpi Ihn-X-Iƒ 1. amwk-\n-_- -a- -cmkw Ipam-c-\m-im (eo-e-bnse 47 apx 74 hsc-bp-ff 28 t«mi-߃) 2. kvt\l-kp-µ-c-]m-x-bn-eqss sshtem- n n {io[-c-ta-t\m "IpSn-sbm-gn- en' se Ah-km\ JWvUw 3. H -bv n-cn- m ]Tn p Ign p Rm kpk-x-ip-amcn 4. timgn I-S-Ω-\n cma-ir-jvw 5. ]g-s m- p-iƒ k n-zm-\-µ 6. ap ] n si.pn. i -c- n 7. XncpØv ]n.]n. cma-n-{µ 8. ]nd- mø ai\v _m-e-n-{µ Np n- msv 9. ark-in- -I hnp-b-e van 10. BSn-bmSn Ae ac-ß-tf... A h Aen 11. I hosv hn.fw. KncnP 12. Bg-߃ AS- n ]pg Fk.v tpmk^v 13. kvamciw hocm Ip n 14. Ip -Ωm Fw. B. tcwp-ip-am 15. \mj-w tpym{k^n Fkv. IÆ 16. sh nes w Sn.]n. cmpo-h 17. ]gb NneXv ]n. cma 18. tkmxºp inev]w IhnX _me-ir-jvw 19. Ip n-a-wn-iƒ Ip p-æn- -hn-x-iƒ (I-d v_pivkns 2004 Pqsse FUn-j "Ip p-æn- -hn-x-'i-fn \n v 460, 463, 464, 465, 466, 469, 490, 491 {Ia-\-º-dp Ihn-X-Iƒ) ]mt-]p-kvxiw bqwn-th-gvkn n {]kn- o-i-cww 13

14 _n.f./_n.fkvkn. skaã 3 tima timgvkv timgvkv timuv : ML3CCT03 Zriy-I-em-km-lnXyw ]T\e y߃ 1. tic-f-øns kº- -amb Zriy-Iem]mc-º-cy-sØ- p-dn v Ip n-iƒ v Adnhv \ Ip-I. 2. kn\na t]mse-bp Zriy-I-e-Isf ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-ØpI. JWvUw H v kwkvirx \ms-iw. aebmfimip fw \mema w G.B cmpcmph Ω Ducp-`wKw `mk Im-hmew \mcm-b-w- -Wn- -cpss X P-a (hnjviw`w Ign v _etzhs kw`mjww apx Ahkm\w hsc) JWvUw c v B - Y \f-n-cnxw (H mw Znhkw) DÆm-bn-hm-cy (XpS w apx ""F pw-snm- n-ivj-k- ]Xn ]d- w-_tc t]mbva-d- m ''(-\memw cwk-øns Ah-km-\w) hsc-) JWvUw aq v Xp IeymWkuK- niw (io-x- Xp ) Ip \ºym (XpS w apx "{iocma-zm-ks hwti P\n- -bm ]mcw \n\ palw-`m-h- anßs\' hsc-bp `mk-߃) JWvUw \mev ae-bm-f-\m-siw "1128 ss{iw 27' kn.sp. txmakv. JWvUw A v kn\na kn\n-a-bpss kmwkv m-cni {]Xn-\n-[m-\-ßsf kq va-x-e-øn hni-ie\w snøp tum. ]n.-fkv cm[m-ir-jvws kn\n-am-]-t-\-߃ 5 tej-\-߃. ]mt-]p-kvxiw 1. JWvUw 1,2, 3 tn Øp-sIm v bqwn-th-gvkn n {]kn- o-i-cn- p ]pkvx-iw ss{iw 27 kn.sp txmakv 3. kn\na: tziw-, kwkvim-cw, Ncn-{Xw tum. ]n.-fkv cm[m-ir-jvw 14

15 _n.f./_n.fkvkn. skaã 4 tima timgvkv timgvkv timuv : ML4CCT04 aebmfkzycn\iƒ aebmf KZyØns i nbpw km[yxbpw a\ nem m ]cym]vxamb tej\ßfmwv ChnsS ]T\hnjbw. H w Hm Ω pdn pifneqss FgpØpImscbpw FgpØpImsc cq]s SpØnb kaqlsøbpw Xncn dnbp Xv Fßs\sb v a\ nem m km[n p p. 1. tej\߃ ]pkvxiw bqwnthgvkn n {]kn oicww 1. ImfnZmk\pw ImeØns Zmk tpmk^v ap t»cn 2. amxr`mjbnte pho pw F.hn.IrjvWhmcnb 3. `qanbn GIm Xbv pam{xambn HcnSan knbm n aq 4. hm pifpss hnkvabw Fw.Sn.hmkptZh \mb 5. amdp aebmf kwkmc`mj Sn._n. thwptkm]me Wn 6. \ΩpsS ASp f Xncn p]nsn pi kmdmtpmk^v 7. aebmfnbpss cm{xniƒ si.kn. \mcmbw 8. snssº sshzy\my`mkhx kwkoxønse knwl\mzw Cµncmtat\m 9. Cuizc]n sb Btcm p p ]n.si. cmptijc 10. {]ImiØns Bbncw XShdIƒ Poh tpm_v txmakv 11. ]pcniw sukva v tamdnkv 12. chnh Ω hnpbipam tat\m 2. A\p`hw, BflIY ] hnc Zbm_mbn (Un.kn._pIvkv, tim bw, 2015) 15

16 _n.timw skaã 1 tima timgvkv timgvkv timuv : ML1CCT05 IYbpw Ihn-Xbpw ]mt]p-kvxiw bqwn-th-gvkn n {]kn- o-i-cn- p- Xv ]T\e y-߃ 1. kmam\yamb kmlnxy]cnnbhpw hmb\m`ncpnnbpw BkzmZ\tijnbpw hf ØnsbSp pi 2. aebmfkmlnxyøn kw`hn p `mhpixz]cnwma߃ Xncn dnbpi 3. ImeL Øns s]mxp{]hwxifpw DZmØamb PohnXho Whpw FgpØn {]ISamhp Xv A\p`hn dnbpi IY-Iƒ 1. Ddq_v C- m kn-bnte v XncnsI t]mip h n. 2. H.hn hnp-b Im p ]d IY 3. Fw. apip-µ Z ln kn.hn {iocm-a NnZw-_cw 5. F. {]`m-i-c adp-]n-dhn 6. kp`mjv N{µ Xev]w 7. t{kkn Xo m-apwvun 8. kn.-fkv N{µnI n\n- en FIvkv]tb Uv 9. Abva\w tpm ISn- p AΩ nbpw sim paiƒ B knbpw 10. C. kt mjv Ipam tn 11. Sn.hn sim p-_mh ASp- f 10 Ihn-X-Iƒ 1. ssa\mi-irwkw CS-t»cn 2. ISp Aø- - -Wn- 3. ]msp ]nim-nn\v Un. hn\-b-n-{µ 4. hnf p simfpøq hnf p simfpøq kmhn{xn cmpo-h 5. CjvS-ap-Sn- m-b Ipco- pg {ioip-am 6. th\-en Hcp-]pg tdmkv tacn. 7. ssi -e-øp-wn-iƒ hnpne Nnd- msv 8. \mb-i-sn pw kq n- pi I \mcm-b-w 9. txmcm-ag d^o v Al-ΩZv 10. ine-isf ]qhp-i-fm- p-hm ]n. cma 16

17 _n.timw skaã 2 tima timgvkv timgvkv timuv : ML2CCT06 Bfl-I-Y, tej\w e yw. aebmf KZyØns kuµcyhpw i nbpw Xncn dnbm Ignbpw hn[ap tej\ßfmwv Cu skaãdnse ]T\ hnjbw. hyxykvx tajeiƒ ]Tn p hnzym niƒ v ]e hnjbßsfbpw amxr`mjbn kao]n phm Ignbpsa t_m[yw CXphgn e`yam m\mipw. 1. ]mt`mk߃ 1. DØpwK kvt\ltkm]pcw Iev \mcmbw 2. FXn hm piƒ imcz p n 3. alm\s NnZw_ckvacW _men{µ Np n msv 4. A\p-Ps `mcy efnxmw-_ni A P\w 5. C ybnse kzxzt_m[hpw `mjm at\m`mhhpw ]n.fw. Kncojv 6. Acßnepbcp kv{xoi_vz߃ kpnx atøn 7. am[yakwkv mcw P\IobXbpw P\{]nbXbpw kn.fkv. sh ntsizc. 8. km[pp\]cn]me\kwlhpw ]pebalmk`bpw ]n.tkmhnµ]n ]mt]pkvx-iw bqwn-th-gvkn n {]kn- o-i-cww 2. Bfl-I-Y I m-sp-iƒ n-s-bn Fs Pohn-Xw- -s]m- p-s 17

18 tamu 1 ]mty] Xn tim, timwπnsa dn timgvkpiƒ 1-6 skaãdpiƒ 18

19 tamu 1 ]mty] Xn tim, timwπnsa dn timgvkpiƒ H mw skaã tim \ho\ihnx timwπnsa dn aebmf]t\øns coxnimkv{xw \msihpw kn\nabpw 19

20 _n.f.aebmfw skaã 1 tim timgvkv timgvkv timuv : ML1CRT01 \ho\ihnx ]Tt\mt±iy߃ 1. aebmf IhnXbnse hyxykvx `mhpixz]cnwxniƒ a\ nem pi. 2. {]tabønepw Imhy`mjbnepap mip \hamb am ßfnse cmjv{sob t_m[yhpw emhwyhnnmchpw Xncn dnbpi. 3. ]cnÿnxn, ZfnXv, kv{xo, \yq\] m\p`hßfpss Bhnjv cwøneqss km[yamip _lpkzckz`mhw a\ nem pi. 4. kaimeniihnxbnse ]eabpss ]pxpabpw Imhy`mjbpsS kcfxbnse Kl\Xbpw ssk_ FgpØns km[yxbpw Dƒs m pi. 5. hna i\mfli ]p\ hmb\bpss ]pxp]mt߃ IhnXm]T\Øn {]k amwv F v Xncn- -dn-bpi. samuyqƒ H v Imev]\nI `mhpixzøns IS phchv, `mh\mkº Xbpw ]ZkuIpamcyhpw kwkoxmflixbpw {]IrXnt{]ahpw CSXnßnb Iev]\m]cXIƒ, _Z [mcbmbn IS ph ZfnXv FgpØns km[yx. 1. BflKoXw Nߺpg IrjvW]n 2. \nanjw Pn. i c pdp v 3. ImWp osemc chpw F ]m v s]mbvibn Ipamc KpcptZh (10 awn q ) samuyqƒ c v am\hnixbpss CgbSp ßfpw kvt\lkwl jßfpss i nzu _eyßfpw BJym\mflIambn AhXcn n IhnXIƒ. ticfob {]IrXnbpsS kuµcymfli Kl\XIƒ. Xo{h`mh\mflIXIfn \n v kmaqlni PohnXØns ]cp \\p`h ßfntebv p Imepd n IhnXIƒ. 4. Ibv -h- cn sshtem n n {io[ctat\m 5. IdpØ sn n- n-iƒ CSt»cn tkmhnµ \mb 6. azn-cm-in-bn Hcp kmbm w F.-hn.-Ir-jvWhm-cy (10 awn q ) samuyqƒ aq v B[p\nI PohnXØns IepjXIƒ, kzxzkwl j߃, _nw_iev]\ifnse hyxykvxx, `mjbnse ]co WmflIX, Zp {KlX, IdpØlmkyw, \Kcm\p`hw, snm mgvnifpss km[yxiƒ, A\mYXzw, Ae n, \nehnfn ChtbmSp ] w tncp emhwym\p`høns IhnXIƒ. 7. ]q mxncn ms\\n mhxnt Aø Wn 8. timgn ISΩ\n cmairjvw 20

21 9. talcq] B q 10. ho ntebv p hgn Un. hn\bn{µ 11. aoc ]msp p k nzm\µ 12. AØmgw F. Aø 13. {Um pf _men{µ Np n msv 14. CjvSapSn mb Ipco pg {ioipam (25 awn q ) samuyqƒ \mev ]eabpss ]mtambn amdnb IhnX. ]cnÿnxn, kv{xo, ZfnXv ] ߃ {]k amip p. Imhy`mjsb kw_ n apjy[mcm k ev]\ßfpss Agn p]wniƒ, Ncn{XØnse au\sø `mjyam nb cn\iƒ, DØmcm[p\nIXbpsS kzc sshnn{xy߃, kcfxbpss [z\nkm{µxsb Dƒ \am p hyxykvxx, tªmskgpøv, ssk_ CSØns A]cntab km[yx, ImgvN]cX, Xm menix. 15. sim nbnse hr ߃ si.pn. i c n 16. hn ]{Xw hnp-b-e van 17. Imt ISte ]n.]n.cman{µ 18. kvt\lw hn.fw. KncnP 19. sxm p sxm p \S ptºmƒ hocm Ip n 20. \o AdnbpI Fw._n. at\mpv 21. ssi eøpwniƒ hnpne Nnd msv 22. ap p-iƒ am{xw _m n-bm-ip IS skdo\ (25 awn q ) klmbi{kÿ߃ 1. IhnXm kmlnxy Ncn{Xw tum. Fw. eoemhxn 2. B[p\nIXbpsS a[ym w \tc{µ{]kmzv 3. B[p\nIXbpsS Nph hm \tc{µ{]kmzv 4. Imev]\nIX _n. lrzbipamcn 5. aebmf IhnXm ]T\߃ k nzm\µ 6. ]pxpsamgn hgniƒ B q chnh Ω 7. s]mbvibn A IogmfcpsS hntamni si.fw. se\n 8. s] hgniƒ si.pn. i c n 9. B[p\nIX aebmf IhnXbn F. APbIpam 10. apznx aebmfønse ZfnXv s] IhnXIƒ Fw._n. at\mpv (kamlcww) 11. bph IhnX q w (BapJw) tum. si. Fw. thwptkm]m 12. A chpw B[p\nIXbpw C.hn. cmairjvw 13. \thm m\ aebmf IhnX Fkv. cmptijc 14. CSs]SepIƒ, kmlnxyw, kn m w, cmjv{sobw ]n.]n. cho{µ 15. B[p\nI aebmf IhnXbnse kv{xo] kao]\߃ KoX 16. FgpØΩam KoX 17. t]mãv timtfmwnb aebmf IhnX tum. cmpp h n q w 21

22 18. FgpØv: IcpØpw hnizmkhpw tum. kn. B {]kmzv 19. IhnXbnse ÿeime߃ tum. F. Achnµm 20. knw_enkw aebmf IhnXbn si.fw. thwptkm]m 21. aebmf IhnX B[p\nIXbpw ]mcºcyhpw Fw.B. cmlhhmcnb 22. ]Xn m ns IhnX Ggmt cn cman{µ 23. ]T\Øn\p kzoicn p IhnIfpsS kºq Æ IrXnIfpsS AhXmcnIIƒ 22

23 _n.f.aebmfw skaã 1 timwπnsa dn timgvkv timgvkv timuv : ML1CMT01 aebmf]t\øns coxnimkv{xw ]T\e yw, ]T\k{ºZmbw aebmf`mjm]t\øns bpw aebmfkmlnxy]t\øns bpw hnhn[ coxnimkv{xßsf kmam\yambn ]cnnbs SpØpI F XmWv Cu timgvkns e yw. aebmf ]T\amXrIIfneqsSbmhWw coxnimkv{xn ]ptcmkant Xv. aebmf ]T\ßfpsS sshhn[ykar n hnizoicn p a nemhww A[ym]\w. ]mty] Xnbn kqnn n p IrXnIƒ, k ev]\߃, {]ÿm\߃ F nhsb n elp{]_ ߃ Xømdm m hnzym nitfmsp \n t±in mw. \mep samuyqfpifmbn ]T\] Xn hn`mh\w snbvxncn p p. AXn kqnn n ncn p hnjb߃ Hmtcm pw hnizambn ]Tn m Dt±in n n. kmam\y]cnnbw am{xw axn. samuyqƒ 1 `mjmkmlnxy]t\øns hgniƒ, D]mZm\߃ aebmf`mjm]t\w: hymicww `mjmimkv{xw `mjmncn{xw \nl p hn m\w aebmfkmlnxy]t\w: kmlnxy\ncq]ww kmlnxyncn{xw kmlnxy kn m ߃ aebmfamxriiƒ ap \n Ønbp kmam\y AhtemI\w. samuyqƒ 2 `mjmt`z߃ hmsamgn/hcsamgn aebmfønse aebmf߃ tziw, h Kw, hwiw, enwkw, PmXn,am[yaw F nh ASnÿm\am n `mjbv p mip t`z߃ amdns m ncn p aebmfw. UnPn bqkønse aebmfw am[ya aebmfw A Sn, UnPn am[ya߃ XΩnep hyxymkw tduntbm, ssenhnj, kn\na, ]ckyw, C s\ v F nhbnse aebmfw. aebmf]t\øn\p klmb{kÿ߃ B\pImenI߃ KthjW{]kn oicw߃ aebmf{kÿkqnn, UnPn D]mZm\߃ Cet{ŒmWnIv {]kn oicw߃. samuyqƒ 3 aebmfkmlnxyncn{x߃: kmam\y]cnnbw kmlnxyncn{xßfpss aebmf amxriiƒ FgpØ s\ pdn v ticfkmlnxy Ncn{XØnepw ssicfnbpss IYbnepap ]cma ißfpss XmcXayhmb\. kaimeni aebmfkmlnxy{]ÿm\߃ IhnX sndpiy t\mh \msiw BflIY tis gpømfliy PohNcn{Xw k mc kmlnxyw D]\ymkw \ncq]ww. `mjmkmlnxy]t\ßfnse ]pxnb {]hwxiƒ kwkvimc]t\w hn Ø\]T\w kmlnxyncn{xhn m\obw ]uckvxyhmzw timf\nb\ chmzw ZenXv hmzw kv{xohmzw ]cnÿnxnhmzw am Ivknb Z i\hpw `mjmkmlnxy]t\hpw 23

24 samuyqƒ 4 hniz]t\w 1. D]]mZ\w G. B. cmpcmph Ω (kmlnxykmlyønse D]]mZ\w F Jfiw) 2. \njv] \ncq]ww Ip n rjvwamcmcv (\njv] \ncq]ww F {]_ w, sxcs SpØ {]_ ߃, ticfkmlnxya mzan, Xriq, aebmft Sn kv dnb k dnb (aebmfw XmbvthcpIƒ ]pxp\mºpiƒ FUn. kn.pn.cmtp{µ_m_p, ]n.fw.kncojv, Z nw, snss ) klmbi{kÿ߃ 1. kmlnxyøns kz`mhw, Fw. ANypX, ]m mxykmlnxyz i\w, Un.kn._pIvkv, tim bw, kmlnxy]t\w, si.f. FgpØ, sxcs SpØ {]_ ߃, ticfkmlnxy A mzan, AhXmcnI, Fw.Sn.hmkptZh \mb, \ΩpsS kmlnxyw, \ΩpsS kaqlw, hmeyw 1, ticfkmlnxya mzan, XmcXaykmlnXy]T\Ønse ]pxnb hnimk߃, si. Aø Wn, XmcXaykmlnXyw: ]pxnb Imgv mspiƒ ticf`mjm C Ãn yq v, Kp pw aebmfhymicwhpw, F. B. tkm]n\my]n, ]mthpw ]T\hpw, Un.kn._pIvkv, kmlnxyhpw Ncn{Xhpw,, shfpøm v tiih, Xm]kw, hmeyw 1 e w 1 XmcXay]T\kwLw. 7. eoemxneihpw `mjmncn{xhpw si.fw. {]`michmcy aebmfw : am hpw hf bpw, h tømƒ hnzym]otw. 8. sndnb aebmføns henb IqSpIƒ, APp si. \mcmbw, amxr`qan BgvN Xn v, Unkw_ 4, hmk hnnmcw, Fkv.Kp]vX \mb, ticf`mjm C Ãn yq v ticfkmlnxyncn{xw, D q, ticf k hiemime 11. ssicfnbpss IY, F.IrjvW]n, Un.kn._pIvkv. 12. IhnXmkmlnXyNcn{Xw, Fw. eoemhxn, ticfkmlnxya mzan, ]m mxy kmlnxyz i\w, Fw. ANypX, Un.kn._pIvkv, aebmf`mjmncn{xw, Fkv. hn. thwptkm] \mb, amfp_ ]ªnt j kv, B[p\nIm\ c kmlnxykao]\߃, kn.sp. tpm v (FUn) _p v thw, Xriq. 16. aebmfkmlnxyncn{x߃, kºm ]n.si. ]ctaizc \mb {SÃv,

25 _n.f.aebmfw skaã 1 timwπnsa dn timgvkv timgvkv timuv : ML1CMT02 \ms-ihpw kn\n-a-bpw. Ht sd kmpm-xy-ß-fp-s - nepw XnI pw hyxy-kvx-ß-fmb c v Iem-cq-]-ß-fmWv \ms-ihpw kn\n-a-bpw. Ccp-I-em-am-[y-a-ßfpw Imem-Im-e-ß-fmbn \ho-i-cn- -s - p-sim- ncn- p- p. IemNcn-{X-]-c-amb At\z-jWØneq-sStb AXn-s\- - n-bp [mc-w-bp- m-hp- I-bp q. AtX-k-abw kuµ-cy-im-kv{x-]-c-amb hni-i-e-\w Hgn-hm- m-\p-am-hn-. AXpsIm v cwk-`m-jbpw Ne- n-{x-`m-jbpw thdn v a\- n-em-t - -Xp-ap- v. ]Tn-Xm- ƒ kmln- Xy-hn-Zym n-i-fm-b-xn-\m `mjbpw kmln-xy-hp-am-bp _ w-iqsn ]cn-k-wn- mwv ]mty- ]- Xn Xøm-dm- nbn- p Xv. Cu kml-n-cyw IW- n-se-spøv _ncp-z-xe-ønse hnzym n- Iƒ p-th n \mev tamuyq-fp-i-fmbn \ms-ihpw kn\n-abpw F timgvkv {Iao-I-cn- n-cn- p- p. BZysØ c p tamuyq-fp-ifn \ms-ihpw aq pw \mepw tamuyq-fp-ifn kn\nabpw Dƒs m- n- n-cn- p p F nepw aq masø tamuyq-fn kn\n-abv v \ms-i-øn \n- p hyxn-cn- -k-hn-ti-j-x-i-fn {][m-\-s Nne-Xp-IqSn kqnn- n- n- p- v. {]kvxpx hni-i-e-\-øn-eqss Ccp-am-[y-a-ß-sf- p-dn- pw Bg-Øn a\- n-em- m Ign-bp Xm-Wv.- tamuyqƒ H v Acßv, cwk-]m-tw, bh-\-\m-s-i-k- -ev]w, ]m m-xyhpw ]uc-kvxy-hp-amb hnhn-[- \m-s-i-th-zn-iƒ, Ac-ßnse \qx\ ]co -W-߃, C y \ms-i-thzn kwkvir-x-\m-s-i߃, _wkm-fn, -I- S \ms-i-th-zn-iƒ,sx-cp-hp-\m-s-i-߃,\ms-iw, {]I-S-\-sa \ne-bn dn m Uv sj, dn-bm-en n tjm hni-z-]-t\w I W-`mcw (G-Im- -\m-s-iw) `m-k hnh Ø\w hnjvwp-\m-cm-b-w \-ºq-Xn-cn. B.-bp.-B - -Im-d Nms]Iv hnh Ø\w Fw.-tXm-akv amxyp lb-h-z-\- -Kn-cojv I Wm-Sv- -hn-h Ø\w tpm Pv tpm kn tamuyqƒ c v ae-bm-f-\m-s-i-thzn BZy-Im-e-\m-S-I-߃, kwko-x-\m-s-iw, \m-tsmsn \ms-i-߃, C-_vks kzm[o-\w, si.-]n.-f.-kn. X\-Xp-\m-S-I-thZn, kv{xo-]- -\m-s-i-thzn hni-z-]-t\w adn-bm-ω- -sim- o- X-c-I B a\p-jy \o Xs - -kn.sp.txm-akv {]nb-s Ahn-hm-ln-X - -]n.-fw.-xmpv tamuyqƒ aq v kn\n-a, Zriy-]m-Tw, Ne- n-{x-`m-j XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS hni-zo-i-c-ww. sam- mjv XpSßnb FUn- nmv k{º-zm-b-߃.a`n-\bw,t{]- -I,-kw-KoXw (_m-lyhpw B`y- -c-hpw) XpS-ßnb LS-I-ß-fn \ms-i-øn \n- p hyxncn- -k-hn-ti-j-x-iƒ.kn\n-abpw kmln- Xy-hpw,-kn\nam kmln-xyw,a-\p-i-ev]-\w,-temi-kn-\n-a Nm fn Nm]vfn,Iptdm-k-h,ln vtim- v XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsSkw`m-h-\, C- y kn-\na dmbv, L Iv XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS kw`m-h-\. 25

26 {]txy-i-]-t-\-øn-\p Ne- n-{x-߃ sk {S tãj hmƒ kmekv C hyq- -ar-wmƒ sk {]txyi ]T-\-Øn-\p Xnc- -Yss_kn- nƒ Xohvkv- -hn-t m-dntbm Un kn m tamuyqƒ \mev ae-bm-f-kn-\na XpS- hpw hf bpw Iem-Nn-{X-߃,a-[y-h Øn-kn-\n-a,-P-\-{]n-bkn-\na {]txyi ]T-\-Øn-\p Ne- n-{x-߃ Fen- -Ømbw A-Sq tkm]m-e-ir-jvw Xqhm-\-Øp-ºn-Iƒ ]-fl-cm-p {]txyi ]T-\-Øn-\p Xnc- Y sk p-tembvuv I-a klmbi{kÿ߃ \msiw Ac-ßns hi-t`-z-߃- -k-pnx at-øn Un.-kn.-_pIvkv tim bw Acßp apx A{`-]mfn hsc- -tum.-kn_p tams-bn ticf `mjm C Ãn- yq v, Xn-cp-h- \- -]pcw B.-bp.-B - -Im-d Nms]Iv hnh.-fw.-txm-akv amxyq,-am-fq-_ Xncp-h-\- -]pcw I W-`m-cw- -`m-k hnh:hnjvwp-\m-cm-b-w \-ºq-XncntI-cf kmlnxy A m-zan,xr-»q XmPns sxc-s -SpØ \ms-i-߃ ]n.-fw.-xm-pv,-ti-cf kmlnxy A m-zan,xr-»q \ms-i-z -Ww- -F.-F ]n.f.-_n.-f-kv.-tim- -bw. \ms-ihpw kn\n-abpw tum.-tpm-kv.-si.-am-\p-h ]m n-dkv _pivkv ae-bm-f-\m-siw {]mcw-`-kz-cq-]w,-tum.-am-xyp.-sp.-ap- -Øv,]m- n-dkv _pivkv tim bw ae-bm-f-\m-siw kao-]-\-ßfpw km[y-x-i-fpw- -F-Un.-tUm.-hn[p \mcm-b hnzzm ]n.-pn.- \m-b kvamci Kth-j-W-tI{µw,a-e-bm-f-hn-`m-Kw,-bq.-kn.-tIm-f-Pv,-B-eph adn-bm-ω- -sim- o- X-c-I \mj-\ _p v Ãmƒ tim bw ae-bm-f-\m-s-i-km-ln-xy-n-cn-{xw,pn i -c- n-,-ti-c-f-km-lnxy A m-z-an,-xr-»q kn.-sp-bpss \ms-i-߃ \ms-i-hn-h Ø-\-߃ kn.-sp.txma-kv,ti-c-f-km-lnxy A m-zan,-xr-»q cwkm-h-x-c-ww- -Hcp kwlw tej-i,-ticf `mjm C Ãn- yq v,xn-cp-h-\- -]pcw. cwk-{]-th-iw- -ssh w N{µ-ti-J-c \m-b,ti-c-f-kw-ko-x-\m-si A m-z-an. Theatres of Independence-Aparna Bhargava Dharwadker,Oxford University Press kn\na Acßp apx A{`-]mfn hsc- -tum.-kn_p tams-bn ticf `mjm C Ãn- yq v,xn-cp-h-\- -]pcw Hcp kn\na Fß-s\-bp- m-ip p si.-si.-n-{µ Nn ]_vfntj-gvkv.-xn-cp-h-\- -]pcw IYbpw Xnc- -Y-bpw- -tum.-b.-hn.-fw.-zn-hm-i-c.-h-eohv ]_vfn-t -j ImgvN-bpsS Aim- n- -tum.hn cmp-ir-jvw,ticf `mjm C Ãn- yq v,xn-cp-h-\- -]pcw Ne- n-{x-øns s]mcpƒ- -hn-p-b-ir-jvw,ticf `mjm C Ãn- yq v,xn-cp-h-\- -]pcw Xnc- -Y-bpsS coxn-im-kv{xw- -kam:]n.-fw.-_n-\p-ip-am,ticf `mjm C Ãn- yq v,xn-cp-h-\- -]pcw \jvs-\m-bn-i- -hn\p G{_-lmw,-Nn ]_vfn-tj-gvkv,-xn-cp-h-\- -]pcw 26

27 ]Xn-s\m p Xnc- -Y-Iƒ A-Sq tkm]m-e-ir-jvw,-un.-kn.-_pivkv tim -bw. ae-bm-f-kn-\n-a-bp-ss-i-y- -hn-p-b-ir-jvw, amxr-`qan _pivkv. ae-bm-f-kn-\n-abpw kmln-xy-hpw- -a[p Cd-h- -c,-un.-kn. tim -bw. ad- m-\m-hmø ae-bm-f-kn-\n-a-iƒ- -hn-p-b-ir-jvw,- Nn ]_vfn-tj-gvkv,- Xn-cp-h-\- -]pcw temi-kn-\n-a-bpss Ncn-{Xw tne-ßm v ANyp-X-ta-t\m,-I-d v _pivkv kn\na apx kn\na hsc- -tum.app.-si.-\m-cm-b-w &sndn tp -_v,- F.-_n.-F-kv.- tim- -bw. kn\n-abpw {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-hpw- -hn.-si.-tpm-k-^v.-kmw-kvim-cni {]kn- o-i-c-w-h-ip v tic-f-k m. Beginning Film Studies Andrew Dix,Viva Books Cinema Studies -Susan Hayward,Routledge Novels into Film-George Bluestone,The John Hopkins Press 27

28 tamu 1 ]mty] Xn tim, timwπnsa dn timgvkpiƒ c mw skaã tim aebmfihnx FgpØ apx Ihn{Xbw hsc timwπnsa dn B[p\nI temiihnx t^mivtem hn m\w 28

29 _n.f.aebmfw skaã 2 tim timgvkv timgvkv timuv : ML2CRT02 ae-bmf IhnX- Fgp-Ø- apx Ihn-{Xbw hsc ]pkvx-i-øns t]cv : Imhy-am-eyw a -y-imew apx Ihn-{Xbw hsc-bp IhnXm kmln-x-y-]-t\w. Zri-y-I-em-km-ln- Xyw Hgn- p- h ]mt-`m-k-ß-fmbn tn Øn-cn- p p. samu-yqƒ H v Fgp-Ø- - -In-fn- m pirxn-iƒ- -`m-j, ssien, aqe-ir-xn-bp-am-bp _ w, ` nkm-ln-xyw F \ne-bn - -km-aq-l-y-hn-a i-\w- -h- n- m v{]ÿm-\w- -k-z-cq]w cm-a-]p-c- Øp-hm-cy, IptN-e-hrØw h n- m- v \º-ym-cpsS {ioir-jvw-n-cnxw awn-{]-hm-fw- - -`- nbpw XXz-Nn- bpw Imh-y-ß-fn - -F-gp-Ø- -\p-ti-jw- -]q- m-\w- -A twm-kp]mxncn, Nmhd Ipcymt m-k- F n-h-cpss cn-\-iƒ- -am-e- m- p-iƒ- -Jmkn apl-ω-zv. ]mt-`m-k-߃ 1. A -ym-fl-cm-am-bww Bc-W-y-Im-WvUw- FgpØ ""-cm-a\pw ambm-th-j-sø-ss -s m-s mcp Ima-cq-]nWw amco-nm-kpcw'' apx ""NntØ-tXm- p-i-bp-an- - m-\-an- m-bvi-bm '' h-sc. 2. -Ip-tN-e-hr-Øw- cma-]p-c-øp-hm-c-y - ""-si-evt]m-ss- m-p-\߃ pw...'' apx ""B\-µ-tKm-]-Ip-am-c Ir]-sN-tøWw'' hsc. 3. ]pø ]m\ A tæmkp]mxncn ]{ mw]mzw 4. Bflm\pXm]w ]Zw 5 Nmhd Ipc-ym-t m-k- ""A n mbv sh s Spw hr imjiƒ Xs '' apx ""P]sØ ImgvNsh p'' hsc 5. aplvbn±o ame A møncpt]cpw apx Zo Xm hnfnt mh hsc samu-yqƒ c v ae-bmf Ihn-X-bpsS kwi-a-w-l- w- -sim-sp-ß- q -f-cn- -kw-`m-h-\-iƒ- -sh- Wn {]ÿm-\w- -]m-c-º-c-y-øns \ncm-i-c-ww, {]ta-bw, {]Xn-]m-Z-\w, Imh-y-cq-]-߃ XpS-ßn-bh-bn h ]cn-h Ø-\w- -I-hn-Iƒ, IrXn-Iƒ- -Ihn ]pjv]-am-ebpw XpS c-n-\-i-fpw, ap - I-߃, ] -a-e-bm-fw. ]mt-`m-k-߃ 1) A p ap -I-߃ i) ]qsa-tø-se-gp-t - n-cp p ]qt m- -Ø ii) ImSt \ns ` Øm-hn\p sh Wn al iii) \ m-bp-t m-c-e- m-c-hp-a-ise Ip n- p- Xºp-cm iv) F m-s -Ønb tamcp-sas inht\ HSp-hn Ip n- r-jvw-ta-t\m v) Atømbo shbn sim p sh p-cpin hmso-sp p {io\m-cm-b-w-kpcp 2) aqeq-cns Ihn-cm-am-b-W-Ønse t«miw aq p apx Ggp-hsc 3) Ip q-cns ]m -\m-cnse ]Xn-s\m mw t«miw apx Ccp-]-Øn-\m-ep-h-sc. 29

30 tamu-yqƒ aq v ae-bm-f-i-hn-x-bnse `mhp-i-x-z-]-cn-wm-a-øn\v hgn-sx-fn IrXn-Iƒ F \ne-bn ae-b-hn-em-kw, Bk- -a-c-w-nn- m-i-xiw F o IrXn-Iƒ Imev]-\n-IX Bcw-`w- -B-Z-y- Ime hnem-]-im-h-y-߃, {]mk-hm-zw, tic-f-h Ω {]ÿm-\w cmp-cm-p-h Ω {]ÿm-\w- - Im-h-y-ho- -Ww- -a-e-bm-f-ønse alm-im-h-y-{]-ÿm-\w \ntbm- m-kniv {]h-w-x-iƒ, {][m- \-s IrXn-Iƒ ]mt-`m-k-߃ Hcp hnem]w hn.kn._meirjvw Wn H p apx ]{ - p-h-sc-bp t«mi-߃. tii-hobw si.kn.tiih]n H mw k w- - ""\mb-i-\mbv hmwm-\n-µn-cm-\µ Iµfw'' apx ""tih-em-\µ kmcmflm tii-h t i-\m-i-\ '' hsc. tamu-yqƒ \mev Imev]-\nI {]h-w-x-iƒ ae-bmf Ihn-X-bn - -I-hn-{Xb Ihn-X- -J-WvU-Im-h-y-߃, hnh Ø-\-߃, sndp-i-hn-x-iƒ XpSßn Ihn-{Xb Ihn-X-sb- p-dn- p ]T-\w- -hn-e-bn-cp- Ø - -cm-jv{sob kmaq-lni Ne-\-߃ Ihn-X-bn snep-ønb kzm-[o-\w. ]mt-`m-k-߃ eoe- Ipamc\mim (BZ-ysØ 24 t«mi-߃) ]\n-\o qhv D q -Xncq - -s]m- m-\n- pg h- -tøm-ƒ klmbi{kÿ߃ 1. aebmf IhnXmkmlnXyNcn{Xw tum.fw. eoemhxn 2. ssicfnbpssiy F. IrjvW]n 3. a[yimeaebmfw ]n.hn. thembp[ ]n 4.B[p\nI aebmfkmlnxyncn{xw {]ÿm\ßfneqss tum.si.fw.tpm v 5.kmlnXyNcn{Xw {]ÿm\ßfneqss tum.si.fw.tpm v 6. ticfkmlnxyncn{xw D q 7. Imhy`mjbnse {]iv\߃ FUn. tziawkew cmairjvw 8. EXp]cnh Ø\w si.]n.i c, 9. ]gbirxn ]pxnb hmb\ FUn. ayqkvtacn tpm v 10. FgpØ \pw Imehpw tne\m v ANypXtat\m hnh: tum.fw.eoemhxn 11. FgpØ s Ie ]n.si._meirjvw 12.D qcns IhnXzw N{µtiJc \mb kn.si. 13. Bim IhnX Hcp ]T\w tpmk^v ap t»cn 14.ImhyIe Ipamc\mim\neqsS ]n.si._meirjvw 15. h tømƒ \hbpkøns Ihn Xmbm v i c 30

31 _n.f.aebmfw skaã 2 timwπnsa dn timgvkv timgvkv timuv : ML2CMT03 B[p\nI temi-i-hnx ]T-\-e- y-߃ 1. hnhn-[-cm-py-ß-fnse `mj. kwkvim-cw, kuµ-cy-imkv{xw F n-h-bpss sshhn-[ysø- n kmam-\y-amb [mc-w-bp- m- p-i. 2. B[p-\n-IX kaq-l-ønepw kmln-xy-ønepw Fßs\sbms {]h Øn- n p- p-s v At\z-jn- p-i. 3. simtfm-wn-b i n-i-fm-bn-øo cmpy-ß-fnse kmwkvim-cn-ihpw cmjv{so-b-hp-amb kml-n-cy-ßfpw Ahn-S-ß-fn cq]-s Ihn-X-bp-sSbpw Imhy-]- -Xn-I-fp-sSbpw kz`mhßfpw hne-bn-cp-øp-i. 4. ]m mxy simtfm-wn-b i n-i-fpss IS- p-h-chv Hmtcm \m n-ep-ap- m- nb kmwkvimcn-ihpw kuµ-cy-im-kv{x-]-c-hp-amb Ne-\-߃ hni-i-e\w snøp-i. 5. {][m-\-s Imhy-{]-ÿm-\-ßfpsS khn-ti-j-x-iƒ ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-I. 6. ae-bm-f-i-hn-x-bn a p \msp-i-fnse IhnXIfpsSbpw Imhy-]- -Xn-I-fp-sSbpw kzm[o\w Xncn- -dn-bp-i. kmam\y]t\w samuyqƒ 1 B[p\nI-X-bpsS kmwkvim-cni kml-n-cyw bp n-t_m-[w, hy n-t_m-[w, mt\m-z-bw b{ -h-xvi-c-ww, \K-c-h-XvI-c-Ww, B[p-\n-Io-I-c-Ww ]Sn- m-d bqtdm v kmwkvim-cn-i-cm-jv{so-b-km-l-n-cyw simtfm-wn-b-en-kw bqtdm- ns A[o-i-Xzw \mknkw, ^mkn-kw, temi-a-lm-bp- -߃ h i- n-i-fpss Bhn `m-hw B[p-\n-I-Xm-hmZw D -bn- p {]iv\-߃ ]m mxyihn-xm-{]-ÿm-\-߃ anãn-kn-kw, knw_en-kw, k dnb-en-kw, Cta-Pn-kw hst Ata-cn-, Bkvt{S-en-b, Im\U Ihn-X-bpsS ]e hgn-iƒ. samuyqƒ 2 Ing- bqtdm- v kmwkvim-cn-i-cm-jv{so-b-km-l-ncyw em n Ata-cn- -bnse kv]m\njv timf-\n-iƒ kv]m\njv B`y- -c-bp- hpw Ihn-X-bpw tem, s\cqz, GRvP tkm km-ekv- bqtdm-]y em n Ata-cn- Ie p-iƒ saãntkm Imhyimkv{Xw, skkm hsbtlm {]Xn-I-hn-X, \n -t\m ]m d t]m p-kokv timf-\n, {_ko kmwkvim-cnihyxym-khpw Ihn-X-bpw. samuyqƒ 3 B{^n- bpw simtfm-wn-b A[n-\n-th-i-hpw {^ v timf-\n-iƒ {^mt mt^m kmln-xyw, s\{kn- yq-uv, skk-b, skmvtlm, entbm Uma-kv Cw o-jv timf-\n-iƒ s\{kn- yq-uns hna i-\w, thmsf tkmbn t]m p-kokv timf-\n-iƒ Ihn-X-bpsS cmjv{so-bw, AK-Ãnt\m s\t m IdpØ Ihn-X-bpsS sshhn-[y-߃. samuyqƒ 4 Gjy-bpsS kmwkvim-cn-i-ssh-hn-[yw C{k-tb-ens cq]-h-xvi-c-ww, {]mtz-ini lo{_p Ihn-X, blqz Aan- m-bn ]me-kvxo {]iv\w, sa qzv Z ho-iv at[y-jy Ad_v Ihn-X, AtUm-Wnkv C y ]min-ÿm- kwkvim-c-hn-\nabw, `mj, tziw, Ihn-X- Pm - \o-kv, ssn\o-kv, simdn-b kwkvim-c-ßfpw Ihn-Xbpw. 31

32 hntij]t\w IhnXIƒ bqtdm v jm ev t_msz-te ({^m kv) A _m-t{xmkv awk-em v cml-h Uªnbp _n tb vkv (Ab e- v Cw- - v) Bc-Wy-lw-k-߃ _me-n-{µ Np n- msv sdbv\ acnb dn t (s_mlo-an-b Hm-kv{Sn-b) Ab m-c si. cma-ir-jvw-hm-cn-b s^ Wmt m s]t mh (t]m p-k ) \mep Ihn-X-Iƒ ]n. cma s_ txmƒsv s{_lvxv (P Ω-\n) kvac-w B. cma-n-{µ ado\ skzs bvh (d-jy) I p-ap- A\nX Xºn GRvP tkm km-ekv (kvs]-bn ) acn- -h s -Xn-tc sndn-bm si. sndn-bm s mamkv {Sm kvt{sm-a (kzo-u ) CW-Iƒ ]n. ]n. cma-n-{µ hnkzmhm knwt_mgvkvi (t]m-f- v) cn-\-bpss B\-µw _nµp IrjvW hst Ata-cn hmƒ v hn vam (bp. Fkv. F.) bqtdm- v k n-zm-\-µ tem Wm t{imkn-b (Im-\-U) Ifn Dam cmpohv B-kvt{S-en-b PqUnXv ssd v {]amww kpk-x-ip-amcn sxt Ata-cn skkm hsbtlm (s]-dp) Hcp shfpø I n\p api-fnse IdpØ I v k n-zm-\-µ 32

33 \n -t\m ]m d (Nn-en) hb- \p hymbmaw sims p t\ w? si Pn i -c- n tpmh I{_m Un satem-s\t m ({_ko ) temi-øns A w s\ n- apc-fo-[-c v\ns m-fmkv Kntb (Iyq-_) hnev m ] ptam? Aø- - -Wn- B{^n entbm-t]mƒuv skz skmvtlm (sk-\-k ) Idp-ºn ]pxp-t»cn cma-n-{µ thmsf tkmbn (ss\-po-cn-b) cm{xn tzi-aw-kew cma-ir-jvw AK-Ãnt m s\t m (Aw-tKm-f) hns k n-zm-\-µ susdiv hm tim v (shãv C Uokv) _e-x-{ w hn. apk-^ Al-ΩZv Gjy AtUm-Wnkv (kn-dn-b) IØp-Iƒ Fw. F. AkvI blqzm Aan- mbn (C-{k-tb ) Fs AΩ-tbmSv- si. hn. Xºn audnzv A _ KuXn (]-e-kvxo ) hymjym-\-߃ DÆn B. c_o-{µ-\my SmtKm (C- y) A`n-k-c-Ww Un. hn\-b-n-{µ ^bvkv Al-aZv ^bvkv (]m-in-ÿm ) tnmc-bpss aww ]n. si. ]md- -Shv jp mtcm Xm\n-Imh (P- m ) v\oem-im-i-tø p t\m p-tºmƒ Sn. Sn. {]`m-i-c eo ko bßv (sim-dn-b) Fs IqS- n-d- p-iƒ p th n A h Aen ]mt]pkvxiw bqwnthgvkn n {]kn oicww 33

34 klm-b-i-{kÿ-߃ ae-bmfw 1. AkvI, Fw. F., AtUm-Wn-kns Xnc-s -SpØ Ihn-X-Iƒ 2. _me-n-{µ Np - m-sv, _me-n-{µ Np n- m-sns Ihn-Xm-]-cn-`m-j-Iƒ 3. apk-^ Al-Ω-Zv, hn., apdn-hp-i-fpss s]æn\v: ^e-kvxo Cdm v s] I-hn-X-Iƒ 4. cml-h, awk-em- v (hnh.), {^ v Ihn-X-Iƒ 5. cma-ir-jvw, tzi-aw-k-ew (hn-h.), temi-i-hnx: Nne GSp-Iƒ 6. k n-zm-\-µ (hnh.), ]e-temi IhnX 7. k n-zm-\-µ (hnh.), aq mwtemi IhnX 8. k n-zm-\-µ (FUn.), em n-\-ta-cn- IhnX ENGLISH 1. Bradbury, Malcolm and James McFarlance, Modernism: A Guide to European Literature Childs, Peter., Modernism 3. Chinweizu, Onwuchekwa Jemie etc. (edi), Toward the Decolonization of African Literature: African Fiction and Poetry and Their Critics 4. Geddes, Gary. (edi.), Twentieth Century Poetry and Poetics 5. Giles, Steve. (edi.). Theorizing Modernism 6. Kalu, Anthonia, C., The Rienner Anthology of African Literature. 7. McClatchy, J. D. (edi.), The Vintage Book of Contemporary World Poetry. 8. Nicholls, Peter. Modernisms: A Literary Guide 9. Patke, Rajeev S. Postcolonial Poetry in English. 10. Rainey, Lawrence (edi.), Modernism: An Anthology 11. Vicuña, Cecilia and Ernesto Livon-Grosman (edi.), The Oxford Book of Latin American Poetry: A Bilingual Anthology 34

35 _n.f.aebmfw skaã 2 timwπnsa dn timgvkv timgvkv timuv : ML2CMT04 t^mivtem hn m-\w(folkloristics) ]T-\-e yw t^mivtem ]T\w F _lp/a -hn- m-\ -ta-j-esb ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-Øm-\p {iaamwv Cu timgvkv. Ncn-{Xw, kwkvimcw F o hyh-lm-c-ßsf hna i-_p ym t\m n- m-wp-hm hnzym n-isf CXp t{]cn- n- pw. {]mtz-in-i-n-cn-{x-]-t-\-øns bpw ka-imen-i-kw-kvim-c-]-t-\-øn-s bpw ssk m- n-i-k-ao- -Iƒ ]n ]- n-s m v t^mivtem hn- m\w C v hni-kz-c-am-bn- p- v. ae-bm-fn-bpss ]mc-ºcy Adn-hp-cq-]-ß-sfbpw m\awvu-eønse ]pø ]p-xp-a-i-sfbpw tn Øp ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-Øp-I -F- -XmWv Cu timgvkns e yw. ]T-\-] Xn \mev samuyq-fp-i-fmbmwv Cu timgvkv hn`m-h\w snbvxn-cn- p- -Xv. t^mivtem hn m-\w AYhm t^mivtem ]T\w F hn m-\-ta-j-esb s]mxpsh ]cn-n-b-s - Sp-Øp-I-bmWv H mw samuyq-fn. t^mivtemdns\ kw_- n ASn-ÿm-\-]-T-\-{K-Ÿßsf Bkv]Zam- nbmhww A[ym-]-\hpw A[y-b-\-hpw. hyxy-kvx-ß-fmb t^mivtem cq]-ßsf ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-Øp-I-bmWv c mw samuyqƒ. {]mtz-iniamb t^mivtemdpisf DZm-l-cn- p-sim- p-thww Hmtcm P\p-kn-s\bpw ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-tØ- -Xv/]cn-N-b-s -ts- - Xv. Cu samuyq-fns\ ap \n Øn hnzym n-iƒ v Assk sa v, skan-\m F nh \ Ip- Xv DNn-X-am-bn-cn- pw. ^o Uv h v, hmsam-gn-ti-j-cww F o {]{In-b-bn-eqsS Ah {]mtbm-kni Adn-hp-Ifpw t\spw. aq mw samuyqƒ GXm\pw t^mivtem amxr-i-i-fpss ]T-\-am-Wv. AXn \ms ]m- v, \mtsm-sn- -Y, \mtsm-sn-\m-siw XpS-ßn-bh Dƒs -Sp- p. \memw samuyq-fnep Xv t^mivtem kw_- n-bmb ]T-\-te-J-\-ß-fm-Wv. t^mivtem ]T-\-Ønse ssk m- ni kao- Iƒ, hyxykvx -co-xn-im-kv{x-߃ F nh a\- n-em- m {]kvxp-x- te-j-\-߃ klm-bn- pw. samuyqƒ H v: t^mivtem hn m-\w (Folkloristics) F hn m\taj-e-bpss DZ-bw- t^mivtem F ]Z-Øns \n -N-\-߃ - - t^mivtemdns khn-ti-j-x-iƒ, [ Ω߃- - t^mivtem ]T-\-Øns ti-cfhgn-iƒ, hn`n amxr-i-iƒ- - t^mivtemdpw ka- Im-enIkwkvImc]T-\-hpw. samuyqƒ c v: t^mivtem P\p- p-iƒ: \ms ]m- v \mtsmsn Y \m-tsmsn\msiw B-Nm-cm- \p-jvtm-\-߃ - \m-tsm-sn-hn-izmkw \m-s \røw- - D- -hm-tlm-j-߃ - - \m-s I-fn- Iƒ \mtsm-sn-ss -th-e- - \m- p-`- -Ww- -\m- p-ssh-zyw - - A _ tem πm vtem Ct m-tem - - ]p-xp-snm- p-iƒ - ^m kv t^m v ssk_ t^m v. (tum.- cm-l-h ]ø-\msns t^mivtem, tum.- Fw.hn hnjvwp-\-ºq-xncnbpss \m-tsmsn hn m-\o-bw, tum. kn.-b. cmp-tkm-]m-es t^m-ivtem kn m- -߃, tum.-f ` - h- -e-sdõn F-Un- p snbvx t^mivtem ]T\w: kn m- -X-ew F o ]pkvx-i-ßsf 35

36 Ah-ew-_-am n thww H pw c pw samuyq-fp-i-fpss A[ym-]-\hpw A[y-b-\-hpw) samuyqƒ aq v t^mivtem amxr-i-ifpss khn-ti-j-]-t\w 1. Irjn- m- p-iƒ: s]m pw Xncp-hSn ]mh-bv, A m \ΩsS Ipº-f-ssØ, IÆn-ep-Æn- Ænamß F o sndp-]m- p-iƒ (adn-bmω tpm (B-th.), amwn- w-s]-æv, am\pjw {]kn- o-i-c-ww, Nß-\m-ti-cn) 2. kpµ-cb- nt meøns ]m nse "kpµ-cn-am X pss kpµ-c-cq]w... inh-\pss ]mz-ømtw' F `mkw. (IS-Ω-\n hmkp-tz-h ]n-, ]ts-\n, ticf`mjm C Ãn- yq- v, Xncp-h-\- -]pcw) 3. IS-a- Øp IØ-\msc Ipdn- p \m-tsm-sn- -Y (sim m-c-øn i p-æn, sfxn-ly-am-e (A[ymbw 72), Id v _pivkv, tim bw) 4. Im m-cn»n \msiw: H mw cwkw (Pn `m -h ]n-, Im m-cn-»n\msiw, tic-f-`mjm C Ãn- yq v, Xncp-h-\- -]pcw) 5. hs- ]m v: Nnd- X-ºp-cm\pw Ad-bv _o-_nbpw (tum.- si.- {io-ip-am (k-am.), ticf kmlnxy A m-z-an, Xriq ) (apifn simsp-øn-cn- p ]m pamxr-i-iƒ ]Tn- n- p- -txm-ssm w N sntø- p- h: \ms ]m- p-i-fpss khn-ti-j-x-iƒ, {]mtz-in-i-t`-z-߃, IYm-Km\w F P\pkv, ]m ns si p-ap-d, ]m nse {]Xn-\n-[m-\-ßfpw I ØrØz-ßfpw. kpµ-c-b- n-t m-e-øns ]m p]t-\-tømssm w ]S-bWn F A\p-jvTm- \søbpw AXns `mk-am-bp hnhn[ time-ß-fpss cwkm-h-x-c-w-ßsfbpw ] n a\- n- em- -Ww. \mtsm-sn- -Y-bpsS {]txy-i-x-iƒ, hn`n cq-]-߃ (]p-cm-hr-øw, sfxnlyw XpSßn-b-h) F n-h N snbvxp-sim- m-hww IØ-\m-cpsS IYbnte p {]th-in-t - - Xv. IY-bpsS kuµ-cyxe-sø-t mse {][m-\-amwv AXns cmjv{so-bhpw. \mtsm-sn-\m-s-i-ßfpss s]mxpkz`mhw, Dƒ n-cn-hp-iƒ F nh N snø-ww. Fkv. si. \mb cnn tic-f-ønse \mtsm-sn-\m-s-i-߃ F {KŸsØ CXn-\mbn D]-Po-hn- m-hp- -Xm-Wv. sk p-e \mtsmsn\msiw F \ne-bn Im m-c-insb ]cn-n-b-s -Sp- Øp-tºmƒ AXnse lmkyw, {]mtz-in-i-x, kmaq-ly-hn-a i\w F o Xe-ßfpw ]cn-k- Wn-t - -Xp- v) samuyqƒ \mev t^mivtem hnnn- -\-߃ 1. ae-\m- n-emxn: Ip -\m-s hmsamgn CXn-lmkw F IrXn-bpsS Ah-Xm-cnI tum.-kvi-dnb k -dnb (ae-\m- n-emxn: Ip -\m-s hmsamgn CXn-lmkw, tum. tpmk^v kvidnb (F-Un.), ticf `mjm C Ãn yq- v, 2015) 2. kv{xo: {]Ir-Xnbpw kwkvir-xn-bpw tum.- tkm-a IS-eq (t^mivtem-dns kuµcyimkv{xw, Nn ]ªn-tjgvkv, Xncp-h- -]pcw, 2011) 3. Xpf-kn-bpsS ]cn-wma {]{In-b tum.- si.- Fw. -`-c-x (t^mivtem kn m- w, {]tbm-kw, F^v.-F-^v.-Fw. ]ªn-t -j kv, ]ø- q, 2011) 4. AΩ I nepw ap nepw tamfv Ieym-W- - -en tum. -si. Fw A\n (ticf t^mivtem, tum.- cm-l-h ]ø-\m-sv (F-Un.), F^v.-F-^v.-Fw. ]ªn-t j kv, ]ø q, 1997) 36

37 5 s] {]Xn-tcm-[-߃ \ms ]m p-i-fn tum.- k-pn-x si.- B (Zfn-X-a- -c-kw-bp- w, ]cn[n ]ªn-t -j kv, Xncp-h-\- -]p-cw, 2012) klmbi {KŸ-߃ 1. cml-h ]ø-\m-sv, t^mivtem, 1997, tic-f-`mjm C Ãn- yq v, Xncp-h-\- -]pcw. 2. cml-h ]ø-\m-sv, ticf t^mivtem (F-Un.), 1997, F^v. F^v Fw ]ªn-t -j kv, ]ø- q. 3. cml-h ]ø-\m-sv, t^mivtem-dn\v Hcp ]T-\-]- Xn, ticf kmlnxy A m-uan, Xr»q 4. Fw.-hn. hnjvwp \ºq-Xn-cn, \mtsm-sn-hn- m-\o-bw, 1997, Un.-kn.-_p-Ivkv, tim bw 5. Fw.-hn.-hn-jvWp-\-ºq-Xncn, t^mivtem Nn -Iƒ, 2005, ]q Æ ]ªn-t -j kv, timgn-t m-sv. Fw. B. cml-h-hm-cn-b, hs- ]m- p-i-fpss ]Wn-bm-e, 1982, h -tømƒ hnzym-]o-tw, ipi-]p-cw. 6. si. Fw. A\n, t^mivtem P\p v cmjv{sobw, 2004, ]m n-tbm, timgn-t msv. 7. kn.-b.-cm-p-tkm-]me, tkm{x-i-em-h-sn-hp-iƒ, 2001, \m dn-hp-]-t-\-ti-{µw, Xr»q, kn.-b.-cm-p-tkm-]me, t^mivtem kn m- ߃, 2007, tic-f-`mjm C Ãn- yq- v, Xncp-h-\- -]pcw 9. F. ` -h- -e-sdõn (F-Un.), t^mivtem ]T\w: kn m- -Xew, 2004, Id v _pivkv, tim bw 10 F. APn-XvIp-am, 2005, t^mivtemdpw kmln-xy-\n-cq-]whpw: XXzhpw {]tbm-khpw, tic-f-`mjm C Ãn- yq v, Xncp-h\- -]pcw 11. Fw.-Fw. {io[-c, t^mivtem kao-]-\-ßfpw km y-x-ifpw, 2015, ae-bmf ]T-\- K-th-jW ti{µw, Xr»q 12 si. Fw. `c-x, t^mivtem kn m- hpw {]tbm-khpw, 2011, F^v F^v Fw ]ªn-t -j kv, ]ø- q 13 APp si \mcm-b-w, tic-f-ønse _p -ax ]mc-ºcyw \m -dn-hp-i-fn-eqss, 2005, Id v _pivkv, tim bw 14 APp si \mcm-b-w, t^mivtem ]mt-߃ ]T-\-߃, 2012, kmln-xy-{]-h Ø-I -k-l-i-c-w- kw-lw, tim -bw. 15 Fkv. si.\mb, tic-f-ønse \mtsmsn \ms-i-߃, 1964, azn-cmin k -I-em-im-e, a{zmkv 16 Hcp-kwLw tej-i, kwkvim-c-]-t\w, 2007, ae-bmf ]T-\-kw-Lw, Id v _pivkv, tim bw 17. _n chn-ip-am, Nq p-]-s-b-wn, 2010, sdbn t_m _p v ]ªn-tj-gvkv, snß- q 18. IS-Ω-\n hmkp-tz-h ]n, ]ts\n, 1993, tic-f-`mjm C Ãn- yq- v, Xncp-h-\- -]pcw. 19. kpnx si. B., Zfn-X-a- -c-kw-bp- w, 2012, ]cn[n ]ªn-t -j kv, Xncp-h-\- -]p-cw. 20. adn-bmω tpm (B-th.), amwn- w-s]-æv, am\pjw {]kn- o-i-c-ww, Nß-\m-ti-cn 21. ]n. hk- -Ip-am-cn, t^mivtemdnse kv{xokz-xz-\n Ωn-Xn, 2000, F^v.-F-^v.-Fw., ]ø- q. 37

38 tamu 1 ]mty] Xn tim, timwπnsa dn timgvkpiƒ aq mw skaã tim ticfkwkvimcw ]q hl w timwπnsa dn Hcp FgpØpImc /FgpØpImcn am[hn p n 38

39 _n.f.aebmfw skaã 3 tim timgvkv timgvkv timuv : ML3CRT03 ticfkwkvimcw ]q L w ticfob kaqløns cq]oicwhpw ]cnwmahpw kmwkvimcni {]{InbIƒ F \nebn ]T\hnt[bam pibmwv timgvkns e yw. Ncn{Xhn m\øns km[yxifpw AdnhpIfpw D]tbmKs SpØptºmƒ Xs kmwkvicni {]{Inb F BibØn\v Du \ Ins m mwv timgvkv hn`mh\w snbvxn p Xv. A ssh m\ni kao]\øn A[njvTnXamb hnjb]cnwmacoxn t_m[\{iaøns ASnkYm\ambn kzoicnt XmWv. kwkvimcsø {]{Inb F \nebnepw Ncn{XhkvXpXIsf kmwkvimcni _ ߃ F \nebnepw ]cnkwn p ]T\] XnbmWv ]n XpStc Xv. tamuyqƒ H v {]mno\ XangIw F kmwkvimcni ÿm\w tkm{xkwkvirxn alminem hin ßfpw ]g angv ]m pifpw hocbpkhpw hocmcm[\bpw XnWIƒ: kmwkvimcnihpw kuµcy]chpw `qanimkv{x]chpamb kqn\iƒ Im jni kwkvirxn ]Xn p Ønse cm{ obncn{xw axkwkvirxn _u,ssp\, {_m W ax߃ BZyIme hntzi_ ߃ hntzi_ Øns kz`mhw ] Ww DXvJ\\w kwhmz߃ blqz, ss{ikvxhax߃ ticfw F kmwkvimcni taje `qanimkv{x]camb khntijxifpw ticf kwkvimchpw tamuyqƒ c v Im jnihxvicwhpw BcymKa\hpw ]pxnb kmwkvimcni ]cnkcw {_m W{Kma߃ t {XtI{µoIrX kaqlw F Bibw AXns\Xnscbp hna i\߃ kmwkvimcni ]cnkcw t {XtI{µnX kaqlw F BibØns {]m[m\yhpw {]k nbpw s]cpamƒhmgvn Ducmf, Imcmf, ASnbmf I ߃ kwkvimcni ka\zbw F k ev]øns ASnÿm\w h ØI kwl߃ \q ph kwl߃ Z ntw y ` n{]ÿm\w t {XIeIƒ:IqØv, IqSnbm w aebmf`mjbpss cq]oicww :kmwkvimcni ]cnkcw ticfob ssh m\nixbpss cq]s S tpymxn»mkv{xw, KWnXw, sshzyw XpSßnb tajeiƒ. tamuyqƒ aq v a[yime kaqlw: \msphmgnifpw kzcq]ßfpw P nøhpw acpa Ømbhpw `mjbpss hf ]m pw awn{]hmfhpw BeØq awn{]hmfw KZyhnImkw I hs _ ßfpw kwkvimc]cnwmahpw AßmSnIfpw Aºeh hpw thwmsv, sim n, timgnt msv amam w tchxn ] Øm\w kwkoxw, Nn{XIe, hmkvxphnzy `mjm]cnwma Øns kmaqlymsnød FgpØ. tamuyqƒ \mev ]m mxy A[n\nthiw t]m pkokv BKa\w kmaqxncn Ip menacbv m DZbwt]cq kp ltzmkv axw timf\oicww F \nebn Iq\ Ipcniv kxyw U v, {^ v BKa\߃ kmwkvimcni ^e߃ XncphnXmwIq, sim n {_n ojv A[n\nthihpw sndpøp\nev]pifpw ]g»nbpw thepøºnbpw IpdnNy Iem]߃ sslzcmenbpw Sn pkp Øm\pw Ad_naebmfw B[p\nIoIcWØns {]mcw`w ]m mxy_ ßfpw ssh m\ni \hoicwßfpw tlm Øqkv ae_mdn kv. 39

40 klmbi{kÿ߃ 1.Ip ]n, CfwIpfw, 2005, CfwIpfw Ip ]n bpss sxcs SpØ IrXnIƒ, A m-cmjv{s ticf]t\ti{µw, ticfk Iemime, Xncph\ ]pcw. 2.KtWiv si.f ticføns C seiƒ, kmwkvimcni {]kn oicwhip v, Xncph\ ]pcw. 3.tKm]meIrjvW, ]n.si ticfkmwkvimcni Ncn{Xw, ticf`mjm C Ãn yq v, Xncph\ ]pcw. 4.KwKm[c Sn.sI ticfw kwkvimchpw Ncn{Xhpw, Imen v k Iemime, timgnt msv. 5.\mcmbW, Fw.Pn. Fkv ticfncn{xønse ASnÿm\ ineiƒ, ]q Æ]ªntjgvk,v timgnt msv. v6.\ºqxncn msv, C.Fw.Fkv. 1996, ticfw aebmfnifpss amxr`qan, Nn ]ªntjgvkv, Xncph\ ]pcw 7.{io[ctat\m, F.,2008 ticfncn{xw, Un.kn_pIvkv,tIm bw. 8.{io[ctat\m, F.,2008 ticfkwkvimcw Un.kn_pIvkv,tIm bw. 9.cmLhhmcy, cmp Kpcp ƒ, 1991, ticfncn{xw, h tømƒ hnzym]otw, ipi]pcw. 10.cmLhhmcy, Fw.B. 1990, ticfobx Ncn{Xam\߃, h tømƒ hnzym]otw, ipi]pcw. 11.cmLhhmcy, Fw.B., 1997, a[yimeticfw:kºøv, kaqlw kwkvimcw,nn ]ªntjgvkv, Xncph\ ]pcw. 12.hk Fkv.sI., 2005, ticf kwkvimc Ncn{X \nl p, ticf `mjm C Ãn yq v, Xncph\ ]pcw. 13.kvIdnbm k dnb (FUn), 1991 DZbwt]cq kp ltzmkns Imt\m\Iƒ, C y C Ãn yq v Hm^v {InÃy ÃUokv, Hmim\mau v tim bw. 14._meIrjvW, ]n.si. 2007, PmXnhyhÿbpw ticf Ncn{Xhpw, Un.kn_pIvkv, tim bw. kp{_ Wy, F, 2005,kwLIme `cwkwhn[m\w, Un.kn._pIvkv, tim bw 15.cmaN{µ, ]pxpt»cn, 2007, ticfncn{xønse ASnÿm\ ineiƒ, ticf`mjm C Ãn yq v, Xncph\ ]pcw. 16.\ºqXncn, F.Fw. 2003, ticf kwkvimcw, AIhpw ]pdhpw, Imen v k Iemime, timgnt msv. 17.tPm Pv Koh Kokv tpmk^v- - abqcinj, - ticf`mjm C kv nsyq v, Xncph\ ]pcw 18.tPm Pv Koh Kokv tpmk^v A\ Xbnte p ]mx, Un.kn._pIvkv, tim bw 19.tKmhnµ n ]n. ssh m\nihnπhw HcpkmwkvImcnINcn{Xw, ticf`mjm C kv nsyq v, Xncph\ ]pcw 40

41 _n.f.aebmfw skaã 3 timwπnsa dn timgvkv timgvkv timuv : ML3CMT05 Hcp Fgp-Øp-Imc / Fgp-Øp-Imcn am[-hn- p n kzmx-{ y-øn-s bpw k m-fl-i-x-bp-ssbpw Bhnjv mc߃ sim v ae-bm-fkm-ln-xy-øn Xs km n[yw AS-bm-f-s -Sp-Ønb am[-hn- p- nsb a\- n-em- pi. kzxzmhn-jvim-c-]-c-amb {]txy-i-x-iƒ, Xpd- p-]d nens i nzu _-ey-߃, Imev]-\n-I-Xbpw Imev]-\n-Im`mhhpw sim v k o Æ-amb BJym-\-co-Xn-Iƒ, A\p-`h I Xr-Xz-Øns `n -h-gn-iƒ XpS-ßn-bh a\- nem pi. samuyqƒ H v IY hnj-bw BJym\w kzmx{ yw ]co- -W-߃ A\p-`-h-I Xr-Xzw. 1. {]`mxw 2. NXp-cwKw 3. AΩ 4. temiw Hcp Ih-bn-{Xnsb \n Ωn- p- p. 5. timemsv 6. ] n-bpss aww. samuyqƒ c v IhnX Cw ojv `mjm am[yaw `mh IhnX Imev]-\nI / AIm-ev]-\nI Xe-߃ G p-]-d- n kzxzm-hn-jvim-c-ønse sshcp- y-߃ 1. GI-apJn 2. {]Ir-Xnbpw ]pcp-j\pw 3. XS-hp-Imcn 4. IrjvW 5. bm A mlv 6. a[y-h-bkv 7. L\iymw 8. I - -bnse th\ 9. hm p-iƒ, ] n-iƒ 3. samuyqƒ aq v t\mh t\mh-se v Fgp- -Øp-coXn ]cnanxniƒ hnjbw kmaq-ly-]-cx 1.- am-\kn 2.- A-h-km-\sØ AXnYn 3.- \-jvs-s \oemw-_cn 4.- sam-uyqƒ \mev Bfl-IY kzxz-t_m[w Xpd- p-]-d- n kzmx-{ yw IY-bm-I BJym\coXn 1.I SIw (h j-߃ p ap ]v) 2.Ip -hn-kvxmcw 3._mey-Im-e-kva-c-W-Iƒ. 4.Fs IY (\mbmsnbpss Ip n, Is Øn gn n n mø `qjfiw, ÿnchpw 41

42 `{Zhpamb Hcp kvt\løn\p th n, {ioirjvw kv{xobpss ]pcpj, A ImcØns c ma[ymbw F nh am{xw) klmb {KŸ-߃ 1. am[-hn- p n IY-Iƒ hmeyw I & II Un.-kn.-_pIvkv tim -bw. 2. If timsv hmkp-tz-hs Ah-Xm-cn-I-tbmSv IqSnb am[-hn- p nbpss IY-Iƒ, Un.-kn.-_p-Ivkv, tim -bw. 3. Fw.-cm-Po-hvIp-am-dns ]T-\-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb am[-hn- p- n-bpss IY-Iƒ kºq Æw, Un.-kn.-_p-Ivkv, tim -bw. 4. Fs sndp-i-y-iƒ am[-hn- p n amxr-`qan _pivkv 5. si n-bn timemsv am[-hn- p n Un.-kn.-_pIvkv, tim -bw. 6. hnjmzw ]q p ac-߃ am[-hn- p n kn\m-dntbm {]kv, Xr»q 7. kv{xo] w tpm {_n mkv knømc _pivkv, Imb- pfw 8. am[-hn- p- n-bpss {]W-b-t\m-h-ep-Iƒ Henhv ]ªn-tjgvkv 9. Ia-em-Zm-kns sxc-s -SpØ Ihn-X-Iƒ hnh Ø-\w, ]T\w F{_-lmw, Un.-kn.-_p-Ivkv, tim -bw. 10. i-co-c-øn\v F{X Nnd-Ip-Iƒ (F-Un.)- F-{_-lmw, F v & kn tim -bw. 11. Ia-em-Zm-kns {]W-b-I-hn-X-Iƒ (hn-h.)- F-{_lmw, tal _pivkv, Nme- p-sn. 12. s]æp-sim-ønb hm p-iƒ, imc-z- p- n, Un.-kn.-_p-Ivkv, tim -bw. 13. F-gp-Øp-Im-cn-I-fpsS am[-hn- p n (F-Un.), kpp kqk tpm v, \mj-w _pivãmƒ, tim -bw. 14. am[-hn- p n Y-Iƒ s] hm-b\ (F-Un.) tum.-an\n {]km-zv, Henhv ]ªn-tj-gvkv, timgn-t m-sv. 15. Cc \mhp a{ -hm-zn-\n, am[-hn- p n ]T-\߃, ayqkvtacn tpm v, ssicfn _pivkv, IÆq, \jvs-s \mwbw (F-Un.) tum.-kn-ã t\mb tdmkv, \mj-w _pivkv kv mƒ, tim -bw. 17. DS IS v Bflm-hn-te-bv v, ayqkv tacn tpm v, am[yaw BgvN- -Xn- v, Pqsse A -chpw B[p-\n-I-Xbpw, C-.hn.cma-Ir-jvW 19. Npgn-Iƒ, Nn n-iƒ tum.-hn.-cm-p-ir-jvw 20. hk- -Øns Hcp Nn, {Kojva-Øns bpw, ayqkv tacn tpm v, P\-bpKw HmW- -Xn- v, amxr-`qan BgvN -Xn- v, `mjm-t]m-jnwn F n-h-bpss am[-hn- p- n- ]-Xn- p-iƒ, kv{xo, kzxzw, kaqlw am[hn p n ]T\߃, C.hn.cmaIrjvW, ]q Æm ]ªnt j kv, timgnt msv. 23. s]sægpxp PohnXw, F.sI.cho{µ, amxr`qan _pivk,v timgnt msv. 42

43 tamu 1 ]mty] Xn tim, timwπnsa dn timgvkpiƒ \memw skaã tim ticfkwkvimcw DØcL w timwπnsa dn B[p\nI aebmf`mj 43

44 samuyqƒ H v: _n.f.aebmfw skaã 4 tim timgvkv timgvkv timuv : ML4CRT04 ticfkwkvimcw DØcL w A[n\nthihpw B[p\oIcWhpw B[p\nIcWØnse B csshcp y߃ {_n ojv `cw ]cnjvimcßfpw \msphmgnøhpw PmXn_ ßfpsS ZrVoIcWw Nm m Iem]w PmXnhncp Xbpw anj\dn{]h Ø\ßfpw ae_m Iem]߃ 1921 XncphnXmw Iqdnsebpw sim nbnsebpw ]cnjvicw߃ kzmxnxncp\mƒ a[yh KØns cwk{]thiw txm w Irjn B[p\nI hn m\øns cq]s S B[p\nI KZyw, imkv{xw XpSßnbhbpsS hf. samuyqƒ c v \thm m\w \thm m\øns kmaqlymsnød Cw ojv hnzym`ymkw A Sn s]mxp afieøns cq]oicww ]pxnb kmlnxyp\p pifpss Bhn `mhw `mjmt]mjnwn k` `mjm ]cnjv cww kapzmb ]cnjvicw {]ÿm\߃ Fkv.F.Un.]n. F.Fkv..Fkv., tbmkt a k`, ]n.b.un.fkv.,km[pp\ ]cn]me\ kwlw Iogmf \thm m\hpw AXns ]cnanxnifpw ssh w, Kpcphmbq, ]menbw kxym{kl߃, t {X{]thi\w, IeIfnse ]cnwma߃ bp nhmz{]ÿm\hpw bp nt_m[øns hym]\hpw cmpmchnh Ω anjwdn{]h Ø\hpw hn m\ hym]\hpw m\ \nt ]w, [\z cn XpSßnb amkniiƒ. samuyqƒ aq v \thm m\øns XpS Iƒ \nh Ø\{]tjm`w I ji {]ÿm\߃/ kac߃ P nhncp km{apyxzhncp apt ߃ tziob {]ÿm\w knhn \nba ewl\w DØchmZ{]t m`ww Izn n ym kacw ]p {] hbem Iøq Icn sh q sfiyticf {]ÿm\w ticf kwÿm\ cq]oicww \thm m\ kmlnxyw {KŸimem{]ÿm\hpw B[p\nIhn m\øns hym]\hpw am\hhmzw ssh m \ni ]{X{]h Ø\w tikcn. samuyqƒ \mev 1957 H mw a{ nk` I ji _ _n pw hnzym`ymk _n pw hntamn\ kacw ]pxnb cm{ ob _ ßfpsS cq]oicww Kƒ^v IpSntb w ticftamu : anihpifpw ]cm[o\xifpw Im jni tajebpss XI bpw k okv tajebpss hf bpw CSXv Xo{hhmZ{]ÿm\w Iebnse ]cnh Ø\߃ ssh m\ni, kwls\iƒ imkv{xkmlnxy]cn Øv, tim.`m. C Ãyq q v,b[p\nixm{]ÿm\w am[yaßfpss hym]\w \ham[yaßfpw kwkvimckzcq]hpw BtKmfhXvIc Ww DØcm[q\nIkaqlhpw DØcm[p\nI kwkvimchhpw hnhn[ ho W߃ \hkmaqlni {]ÿm\߃. 44

45 klmbi{kÿ߃ KtWiv, si.f ticføns C seiƒ, kmwkvimcni {]kn oicwhip v, Xncph\ ]pcw. tkm]meirjvw, ]n.si., 1991 ticføns kmwkvimcni Ncn{Xw, ticf`mjm C Ãn yq v Xncph\ ]pcw. KwKm[c Sn.sI ticfw kwkvimchpw Ncn{Xhpw, Imen v k Iemime timgnt msv. \ºqXncn msv, C.FwFkv., 1992k ticfw kaqlhpw cm{ obhpw, Nn ]ªntjgvkv, Xncph\ ]pcw. tkmhnµ n, ]n. 2004, ticf\thm m\w am IvknÃv hojwøn, Nn ]ªntjgvkv, Xncph\ ]pcw. {io[ctat\m,g, 2008 ticfkwkvimcw, Un.kn._pIvkv tim bw. {io[ctat\m F. 2008, ticfncn{xw Un.kn_pIvkv, tim bw. ]n G.sI. 2988, tim {K pw ticfhpw, {]`mxv _pivkv Xncph\ ]pcw. \ºqXncn msv C.Fw.Fkv. 1987, IΩyqWnÃv ]m n ticføn, Nn ]ªntjgvkv Xncph\ ]pcw. hk, Fkv.sI, 2005, ticfncn{xkwkvimc\nl p, ticf`mjm C Ãn yq v Xncph\ ]pcw. ]Wn si.f ae_m Iem]w {]`pxzøn\pw cmpxzøn\pw FXnsc, Un.kn_pIvkv tim bw. hnpb Fw.F (FUn.) 2001, \ΩpsS kmlnxyw \ΩpsS kaqlw, ticf kmlnxy A Zan, Xriq. `mkvic\pæn, ]n.]sømºxmw \q m nse ticfw ticfkmlnxy A mzan Xr»q t]m, ]n.si B[p\ntImØcXbpsS ticf ]cnkcw, \jw _pivãmƒ tim bw. {ioipam Sn.Sn., Fkv. kµo]v (FUn), 2006 IY CXphsc:tIcf hnik\ kw`mh\iƒ, Un.kn._pIvkv, tim bw. hnpbipam tat\m, 2004, chnh Ω, ticf efnxiem A mzan, Xr»q. KtWiv si.f ticfw C v \msf, ticf imkv{xkmlnxy ]cnjøv timgnt msv tpm Pv Koh Kokv tpmk^v- - abqcinj, - ticf`mjm C kv nsyq v, Xncph\ ]pcw tpm Pv Koh Kokv tpmk^v A\ Xbnte p ]mx, Un.kn._pIvkv, tim bw tkmhnµ n ]n. ssh m\nihnπhw HcpkmwkvImcnINcn{Xw, ticf`mjm C kv nsyq v, Xncph\ ]pcw tpm v si.fw., kmlnxy hn m\hpw, hn m\kmlnxyhpw kmlnxy{]h ØI klicwkwlw, tim bw ^nen v tpm (tum), `mjman{ikmlnxyw købpw LS\bpw, aebmfhn`mkw, tzhamx timtfpv, IpdhneßmSv, sk Fkv. F. kp_cmø _n.hn.,imkv{xw C ybn Hcp kw n]vx Ncn{Xw (hmeyw H v) hnjvwp\mcmbmw \ºqXncn,Pn. si. tat\m, kn.pn. cman{µ \mb si.fw. ]flpsi.fkv. dmwm{]xm] (hnh ØI ) ticf`mjm C Ãn yq v Xncph\ ]pcw, 1984 sk Fkv. F. kp_cmø _n.hn. imkv{xw C ybn Hcp kw n]vx Ncn{Xw (hmeyw c v) dmwm{]xm], ]n n. `mkv c]wn, _n.kpkxipamcn (hnh ØI ) ticf`mjm C Ãn yq v Xncph\ ]pcw,

46 _n.f.aebmfw skaã 4 timwπnsa dn timgvkv timgvkv timuv : ML4CMT06 B[p-\n-I-a-e-bm-f-`mj 19 mw \q m- ns Ah-km-\-tØmsS hym]-i-am-bn-øp-s-ßnb B[p-\n-I-tem-I-t_m- [-Øns ASn-ÿm-\-Øn ae-bm-f-`mj Hcm-[p-\n-I-`m-j-bmbn ]cn-w-an- -Xns hgn-iƒ At\z-jn- p-i-bmwv Cu timgvkns e yw. `mj-bpss ka-im-eni hf bpw sh p-hnfn-ifpw IqSn a\- n-em- m Dt±-in- p-sim- mwv timgvkv cq]-i-ev]\ snbvxn-cn- p- -Xv. samuyqƒ I \thm- m-\hpw amxr-`mj F k -ev]-\-hpw- -hn-hn[ kap-zm-b-]-cn-jvi-c-w-{]-ÿm- \-ßfpw amxr-`m-j-bpw- -B-[p-\nI hnzym-`ym-k-øn amxr-`m-j-bpss ] v anj-\-dn-amcpw ae-bm-f-øns hnim-khpw A -Sn, ]{X-am-kn-I-Iƒ, KZyw. hni-z-]-t\w: 1. \m p-`m-jm-hn-zym-`ymkw F.-B. cmp-cm-p-h a (F.-B-dns Xnc-s -SpØ {]_- -߃ crvpn-a, amωq-sv, Nß-\m-t»cn). 2. ae-bm-f-`m-j-sb- p-dn v B v Uo timin (anj-\-dn-a-e-bm-f-k-zy-am-xr-i-iƒ kmap-h Nµ-\- -f-fn, F.-_n.-F-kv.). 3. BIm-i-\o w Kp v (tic-tfm-xv]-ønbpw a pw FUn: kvidnbm k -dn-b, Un.-kn. _pivkv). samuyqƒ II A -Sn-bp-sSbpw ]{X-am-kn-I-I-fp-sSbpw {]Nm-c-tØmsS hym]-i-am-bn-øo ]pxnb BJym-\-cq-]-߃ t\mh, IY, bm{xm-hn-h-c-ww, \ncq-]ww apx-em-bh ]mt-]p-kvx- I- -Ω- nbpw tic-f-h a hen-b-tim-bn-ø-ºp-cm\pw B[p\n-I-tem-I-t_m-[w, ssh m- \n-ix F n-hbpw ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpw. hni-z-]-t\w: 1. Cµp-te-J-bnse 18 mw A[ym-bw, 2. Zzmc-I- -th-ß-bn Ip n-cm-a \m-b-\m. 3. `mjm-i-hnx kn.-]n. ANyp-X-ta-t\m. samuyqƒ III hn m-\-`mj F \ne-bn ae-bm-f-øns hf. imkv{xw, Ncn-{Xw, cm{ - X{ w apx-emb hnj-b-߃ ae-bm-f-øn \nl- p, kmln-xy-n-cn{xw apx-em-b-h. D - X-hn-Zym-`ym-khpw ae-bm-fhpw ae-bm-f-]-t\w _ncp-z- -_n-cp-zm-\- -c- -K-th-j-W-X-e-ß-fn. hni-z-]-t\w: 1. tic-fo-b-kp-cp-ip-e-߃ F.-B. cml-h-hm-cn-b (AΩ-h-gn-t -cfw tic-f-km-ln-xy-a- m-zan). 2. [qa-tixp A X-ºp-cm (sxc-s -SpØ {]_- -߃ A X-ºp-cm, tic-f-km-lnxy A m-zan). 3. i_vz-xm-cm-h-en-bpss hn m-\-tim-i-]-cx Sn.-_n. thwp-tkm-]m-e- -Wn- (`mjm-temiw Un.-kn. _pivkv.) 46