apj- p-dn v `uxn-i-hn- m-\-øns {]k n lzvdøv AlvaZv (A) {InkvXps hnhm-lhpw auem\m A_vZp- mlv kmln_v H.A. tbip-{inkvxp Imivao-cn F.

Transcription

1 ]pkvxiw 78 e w 7 Pqembv 2006 h^m 1385 P. BJn dp_v 1427 No^v FUn- auehn apl-ωzv Ckvambn FUn- G. Fw. apl-ωzv kenw FUn-t m-dn-b t_m Uv s{]m^. alvaqzv AlvaZv (sn-b am ) si.-hn. Cuk-t mb si. hn. l timb ]n. Fw. _jo AlvaZv sf. si. AlvaZvIp n amt\-p Fw.-sI. Cºn- n-t m-b n sk{i- dn ]n. Fw. AlvaZv l k p-te-j amt\-p Fkv. apl-ωzv kenw hcn-kwjy 100 I. H -{]Xn 10 I. hnemkw kxy-zq-x Pn. F v. tdmuv, timgn-t m-sv. t^m : 0495 (Mob.) (Land) } ^mivkv : sathyadoothan@ahmadiyya.com ÿm]nxw 1925 ap m \q m v ]n n ae-bm-f-ønse GI CkvemanI {]kn- o-i-cww 4 bpk-i_vzw 5 apj- p-dn v tej\w `uxn-i-hn- m-\-øns {]k n lzvdøv AlvaZv (A) am Ivkn-khpw Zzµm-flI `uxn-i-hm-zhpw lzvdøv an km Xzmln AlvaZv {InkvXps hnhm-lhpw auem\m A_vZp- mlv kmln_v H.A. hmkvzø ako-lns Ah-Xm-c-Im-e-sØ- n hnhn[ ax-{k-ÿ-ß-fnse kqn-\-iƒ F.-Iyp. alvzn apkvenwiƒ hnkva-cn Icm F. ]n. Ip map Ad-_n-`mj `mj-i-fpss amxmhv F. A_vZp dlnw tbip-{inkvxp Imivao-cn F. A_vZp-dlow kmln_v F. A_vZp dlnw A-\p-kva-cWw F. ]n. Ip map apl-ωzv Da F v.-f. timgn-t msv auehn apl-ωzv Ckvam-bn s{]m^. alvaqzv AlvaZv azm A_vZp-»- q F.-C. ljv ]n. hn. AlvaZv timb si. ]n. AlvaZv Fw. si. Cºn- n-tim-b n Sn. id-^p-±o F.-Fw. apl-ωzv keow A\p-kva-cWw, hm Ø-Iƒ. apj-nn{xw : Zmdp -A-am, JmZn-bm. apj-nn{xw : tdmb akvpnzv, _µ, shkv v Pmh Printed & Published by A. P. Kunhamoo, for the Kerala Ahmadiyya Jama-at at Geethanjali Offset Press, Feroke, Calicut. Edited by A. M. Muhammed Salim. Typeset, Layout & Cover Design : Victory Creations, CLT Pqembv 91 3

2 Jp -B-\n \n v \_n-h-n\w "A mlp \nß-fn \n v hnizkn- p- -h-tcbpw Adnhv \ I-s - n- izm-kn-bpss \jvs-s hkvxp- m\-hn- m-\-߃ kxy-hn- p- -h-tcbpw ]e ]Z-hn-I-fn-te v hm-wv. AXv F-hnsS ImW-s - Db Øp- -Xm-Wv. A mlp \nß-fpss mepw Ah AXp FSp-ØpsIm- s AXns bym {]h Øn-I-sf- pdn v \ -hæw Adnbp- -h-\m-wv.' (58:12) DSa Ah-\s{X (Xn an-zn). bp-k-i_vzw A ]w sszh-nn! hmkvzø akolv \iz-chpw AKWyhpw Bb Imcy-߃ tamln p \n߃ Zn\-cm-{X-߃ Xe-bn- -Sn- p- p. \nß-fpss Pohn-X-Øn\pw \nß-fpss kie Bi-Iƒ pw H -b- Sn v Ah-km-\-an-Sp Hcp thf F m-bmepw hs -Øm-\p-s p \n߃ -dnbmtam? Fs m-cm- cyw! Fs mcp lrzb Im-Tn\yw! Cu Adnhv D mbn pw Ime-a-{Xbpw Zp bmhv t\sp- -Xn\p th n-xs \in- n- p-i-f-bp- p-ht m!... A m-lp-hns Znhy-{]-ÿm-\sØ hfsc Zp ew F p \n߃ Icp-Xn-bn-cn- p-ibm-wv. AXn-s\- n kvacn- p-tºm-ƒ \nßfpss \mhp-isf \nµm-`-cn-x-amb hm p-i- fn Al- m-c-tømspw Ah- -tbmspw IqSn Nen- n- p-ibpw A]-l-kn- p-ibpw snøm \n߃ [rjvs-cm-ip- p. Cu {]ÿm\w A m-lp-hn \n p- -Xm-sW p F n\v Icp-X-W-sa p \n߃ Bh Øn- m-h Øn p tnmzn- p- p. Rm AXn- \p adp-]sn \ In- -gn- p. Cu hr sø CXns ^e-߃ t\m nbpw Cu \ -{XsØ CXns Xnf w t\ nbpw Xncn- -dn- p-sim- -W-sa mwv F\n v ]d-bm-\p adp-]-sn. (^Xvsl Ckvemw) kxyzqx

3 apj pdn v F. A_vZp- dlnw kmln_v 40 h jw kxy-zq-xs ]{Xm-[n] ÿm\-øn-cp F. A_vZp -dlnw kmln_v (79) 2006 Pq 24\v Znhw-K-X-\m-bn. C m en m-ln... GsXmcp Bflob {]ÿm-\-øn pw Hcp tzi-hp-ambn _ -s A{K-Km-an-I-fp-tS-Xmb Hcp mkn- Ime-L- -ap- m-ipw. AXn-am- \pj ]cn-th-j-tømss CXn-lm-k- ]pcp-j- m CØcw Ime-L- sø Np n- n Xfn mdp v. tic-f-øn AlvaZnøm Pam-A-Øns AØ-c-samcp sfxn-lm-kni Ime-L- -Ønse kpo-h-km- n- y-am-bn-cp p F. A_vZp- dlnw kmln-_v. At±lw \n -ln Xpey-X-bn- mø kmln-xy-tk-h-\-߃ tic-f-ønse AlvaZnøm Ncn-{X-Øns `mk-ambn F m-ehpw kvacn- -s -Spw. Ign Zi-I-ß-fn Ckveman-s\-Xn-tcbpw dkq Xncp-ta-\n(-k)-s -Xn-scbpw ae-bm-f- Øn Db ph hna i-\-߃ v A_vZp -dlnw kmln-_n-s\-t]mse Xr]vXn-I-cmb adp- ]Sn ]d- -h a m-cp-an-. AlvaZnøm Pam-A-Øn-s\-Xnsc i{xp- -fpss alm-{]-ÿm-\-ßfpw AXn-{]-i-kvX-cmb ]fin-x-ti-k-cn-ifpw \n Zb-amb hna i-\-ßfpw ]cn-lm-k-ß-fp-ambn kwlm-c-`m-h-øn AWn-\n-c- -t mƒ B [nj-wm-im-en- \S-Ønb {]Xyp-Ø-c-ßfpw {]Xym- {I-a-W-ßfpw X߃ Adn-hns Xd-hm- nse Aev] hn`-h- m-cmsw v Ah v t_m y-s - Sp-Øn-s m-sp-øp. kxy-øn-\p-th n XqenI ]S-hm-fm n, JmenZn_v\p heo-zns Du kz-e-x-tbm-spw, XmcnJn_v\p knbm-zns ssh-zkvzy-tøm-ss-bpw, kq Øm kem-lp-±o Aøq- -_n-bpss {]mkxv-`y-tøm-ssbpw At±lw s]mcpxn Pbn- p. {]kn- o-i-c-w-߃ Xptemw hnc-f-amb B ImeL Øn kxy-zq-x\neqss tlmjww snø-s A_vZp- dlnw kmln- _ns tal-k \w ti v apkvenw ticfw A -cm -Øn sr n hnd- p. B {]Xn-`mim-en-bpsS Adn-hns kmk-c-øn \n pw Db p-s]m-ßnb m\-ta-l-߃ s]øn {]Xn`m h jw AlvaZnøm {]ÿm-\-tøm-ssm w apkvenw tic-f-øns Xs m\ {]_p- -X v klm-b-i-c-am-bn- p- v. B[p-\nI imkv{x-øns {]mxn-\n[yw Ah-Im-i-s v Hu- Xy-tØmsS ax-ßsf B{I-an- p-sim- n-cp \n ΩX \nco-iz-c-hm-z-{]-ÿm-\-߃ bp nt_m-[-øns A w I B alm-{]-xn-` p apºn txm p Xp w ]mdn. A_vZp- dlnw kmln-_ns s]m Xq-en-I-bn \n pw 60 Hmfw sndpxpw h-ep-xp-amb ]pkvx-i-ßfpw hnh Ø-\-ßfpw ae-bm-f-øn v e`n- n- p- v. hnhmz a Ω- \pw ssien-h- -`-\p-amb At±l-Øn\v ae-bm-f-ønse Xs CkvemanI kmln-xy-øn v Znim-t_m[w \ Im Ign- n- p- v. ax-cwkw am-{x-am-bn-cp- n At±-l-Øns tifo-cw-kw. ]{X-{]-h Ø-I F \ne v IÆq-cns s]mxp-a-fi-e-øn \nd- p-\n A_vZp -dlnw kmln-_n v apkvenw hrøß-fn Xs Kpcp-Xpeyw kvt\ln- p hn]p-e-am-sbmcp Bcm-[I hrµ-ap- v. {]`mji, kwlm-s-i, hnh Ø-I, {]kw-k-]-cn-`m-j-i F n-ßs\ B _lp-ap-j-{]-xn` sxm sx mw s]m m n am n. ae-bm-f-ønse G hpw ]g -ta-dnb CkvemanI {]kn- o-i-c-w-amb kxy-zq-xs \mev ]Xn- m- p-iƒ A_vZp- dlnw kmln-_n-t -Xm-Wv. tnmcbpw hnb pw ajn-bm n At±lw Fgp-Xn. kxy-zq-xs\ PohnXw \ In {]W-bn B alm-a-\o-jn- p-ap-ºn BZ-cm- -en- Iƒ A n- p- p. k -i- -\mb A mlp At±-l-Øn\v P Øpw akv^ndøpw \ In A\p-{K-ln- pam-dmi-s. At±lw hn p-t]mb m\-\n-t -]-߃ kxym- -t\z-jn-iƒ v k m -]mx-sbm-cp- m Imc-W-ambn Xoc-s. (B-ao ) m 2006 Pqembv 261 5

4 `uxn-i-hn-pvrm-\-øns {]k n lzvdøv AlvaZv (A) \ ho-\- m-\-߃ B n- p Xns\ FXn p aue-hn-am ]ng- -h-cm-sw p Rm Icp-Xp- p. Xß-fpsS _e-lo-\-x- Iƒ ad- p-sh- m th nbmwv Ah-cn-ßs\ ]d-bp- -Xv. B[p-\nI hn m-\-ßsf Ipdn- p Kth-j- W-߃ sx n-te v \bn- p-sa pw Bfp-Isf Ckveman \n p AI- n- -f- -bp-sa pw Ch Icp-Xp- p. bp nbpw kb kpw Ckvemapambn s]mcp-ø-s -Sp-I-bn-s ho Ww Ah ]pe Øp- -Xm-bn- mwv txm p- -Xv. XXz-im-kv{Xß-fpsS Zu -ey߃ Xpd- pim- m Ah v Ign-hn- m-ø-xpsim v B[p-\nI hnj-b-߃ ]Tn- p- Xv A\p-h-Z-\o-b-a-s p kn m- n- p-sim v Xß-fpsS hogvn-isf ad p-]-sn- m Ah {ian- p-i-b-s{x. XXz-im-kv{X-ßfpsS apºn Ah-cpsS Bflm- ƒ hnd-sim- p-ibpw \hw-\-h-ß-fmb I p-]n-snø-߃ v apºn Ipºn- Sp-Ibpw snøp- p. Znhy-shfn-]m-Sp- I-fn-eqsS P -sa-sp- p- Xpw hnip- -Jp -B-\n \nd p Xpfp-ºp- - Xp-amb XXz-Nn- -Iƒ Ah v {] Zm\w snø-s - n- n-. Atß-b- sø hn\-b-tømspw iq-\y-`m-htøm-spwiqsn sszh-k-hn-[-øn {]Wn]-Xn- p- -h pw F m- Øcw Al- m-c-ß-fn \n pw a\ pw lrz-bhpw ap -am-bn- p- h pw Xß-fpsS Zu -ey-߃ G p-]-d- p-sim p bym sszh-zm-k-sc p khn-\bw kω-xn- p- -h p-as{x Cu Z i-\-߃ A\p-{K-ln- -cp-f-s -Sp-I. ax-øns tkh-\-øn\pw sszh-h-n-\-ßsf D-b Øn- n-sn- p- -Xn\pw F m B[p-\n-I-hn- m- \-ßfpw GXp hnt[\bpw ]Tn- p- Ibpw Ah {i m-]q w {Kln- -dnbp-ibpw sntø- Xp Bh-iy-am-Wv. Cu ]T\w Hcp hi-øn am{xw Du n-s m v XpS p-h- n- p- hcpw kmxzn-i-cp-ambn _ w ]pe Øm CS-h- n- n- m-ø-hcpw AXn-\p-ap-ºn Ad p \n bpw A-ßs\ Ckveman \n p th s - p-t]m-ibpw snbvx-xmbn F\n v Xs A\p-`-hn- -dn-bm Ign- n- p- v. Xß-fpsS ]T\w Ckv eman\v hnt[-b-am nøo p- - Xn\p ]Icw CkvemanI XXz-ßsf B[p\nI hn m-\-߃ v hnt[- b-am- n-øo m-\p hy -amb {ia-øn Ch G s -Sp-Ibpw ax- Øn-s -bpw P\-tk-h-\-Øn-s bpw IpØ-I-Iƒ X߃ mwv ssih- n- p- -sx p kzbw `mhn- p-i bpw sn-øp- p. F m, kz o-bamb {]Im-i-Øm hgn\s-ø-s - Sp Bƒ am{x-amwv ax-tk-h-\- ߃ v {]m]vx-\m-bn- p- -sx p [cn- p-sim-t - -Xm-Wv. (a ^qkm-øv, hmfyw 1 `m ) m Nn n v Imcyw {Kln- pi Xm Dt±-in- p- -h v Ah bp n- m\w \ Ip p. B s - nepw bp n- m\w \ I-s - m Ah\p hfsc-b-[niw \ -Iƒ \ I-s - p. _p n-am- mc- msx Bcpw Xs Nn- n p Imcyw {Kln- p- n-. hnip Jp -B (2:270) kxyzqx

5 REVELATION RATIONALITY KNOWLEDGE AND TRUTH am Ivknkhpw Zzµm-fl-I- `u-xn-i-hm-zhpw lzvdøv an km Xzmln AlvaZv Bi-btam hkvxpthm GXmWv BZy-ap- m-bxv F {Iam-\p-K-Xn-I-Xz-Øns tih-e-bm-{ ni N -b- msx Zzµm-flI `uxn-i-hmzw as m- p-a-. ss\xn-i-amb [m Ωn-IX sszhn-i-am-sw v ]d v \ncm-i-cn p am Ivkn-k-Øn\v AXns kmaq-lni e y-߃ km m-xvi-cn- m - [m ΩnI {]Xn-_- X Bh-iy-ant? ]søm-ºxmw \q m- nse \mkvxni XØz-im-kv{X- - mcn am Ivkn* ( )s\ At±l-Øns Xs Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-a-\pk-cn v {]txy-i-ambn hne-bn-cp-øs -ts- -Xp- v. At±-lsØ kw_- n- n-s-tømfw sszh-\n-tj[w F Xv tihew bmzr- n-i-a-. AXv am Ivkn-kv v XØz-im-kv{X- Øns Ahn-`m-Py-amb LS-I-am-Wv. ax-øn\mis am Ivkn-b XØz imkv{x-tøm-ssm w Hcn- epw Xs s]mcp-ø-s p t]mim km[y-hpa-. At±-l-Øns A`n- {]m-b-øn a\p-jy-sc mw Ahsc `cn- p kmaq-lni kmº-øni \nb-a-ß-fpss Iogn ]c-kv]cw {]Xn-{]-h Øn- p aqe-i-߃ t]mse-bm-wv. Ah Xß-fpsS {]Ir-Xn-P-\y-amb kzm`m-hnikxn hni-e-am- m-xn-cn- m ax-ß-fpss kzm[o-\-ß-fn \n pw \n ap- - am-th- -Xp- v. am Ivkns\ kw_- n- n-s-tømfw shfn-]mspw A x {]tnm-z-\hpw XØz-Nn- -bpss \njwvuphn-en- mø ]Z-ß-fm-Wv. am Ivkv Ign- m ]ns Xs hyxn-cn- -amb hy n-xz-hpambn {]ap-j-ambn \n p- Xv \osj-*bm-wv. "sszhw acn- pt]mbn' F v At±lw {]Jym-]n- p- Xv hsc As - n At±lw Nn n- p- Xv hsc, aq -tb-dnb Bbp[w t]mse-bp \osj-bpss Xqen-I-bpsS apjy Ccbpw sszhw Xs B-bn-cp- p. hmkvx-h-øn *Imd am Ivkv (Karl Marx ): P Ω XØz-Nn- -I\pw [\-im-kv{x- \pw kmaq-lnissk- m- n-i-\p-amb Imd am Ivkv {]jy-bnse {Xo \K-c-Øn P\n- p. blq-z-\mb am Ivkn s A 1824 s{]m- -à v axw kzoi-cn Hc-`n-`m-j-I-\m-bn-cp- p. XØz-Nn-, [\- im-kv{xw, cmjv{so bw F o aq v [mc-isf ka-\z-bn- n- p-sim- p Iayq-Wnkw F BZ i-øns D]- m-xm-hm-bn-cp p am Ivkv. "k temi sxmgn-em-fn-isf kwl-sn- p-hn ' F ap{zm-hm-iy-ap-b Øn-s m v 1848 At±lw G sk kp-ambn tn v IΩyq-WnÃv am\n-s^tãm F elp-ir-xn-]p-d-øn-d- n. CXn- mbn At±lw H mw C \m-j-w F t]cn km -tz-iob kwl-s-\bpw cq]o-i-cn- p. apx-em-fn-xz- Øns NqjWw Xpd- p-im- m 1867 {]kn- o-i-cn At±-l-Øns {]IrjvS IrXn-bmWv "aqe-[\w'. Ccp-]Xmw \q m- ns Ncn-{XsØ am Ivknkw KWy-ambn kzm[o-\n- p-i-bp- m-bn. am Ivknb cmjv{sob kn m- -ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn Bhn-jvI-cn Iayq-Wnkv v cmpy-߃ Ccp-]Xmw \q m- ns Ah-km-\-Øn Xs XI -Sn-bp-Ibpw Ah-ti-jn- p- -Xn\v apx-em-fn-xz-]m-x-bn-te p Xs KXn-am w kw`-hn- p-ibpw snbvxp. Pohn-X-Øn [mcmfw Zpcn-X-ßfpw IjvS- m-sp-ifpw kln am Ivkv Xs _mey-ime kjn-bm-bn-cp- sp n s^m shkvxv ^me-s\-bmwv hnhmlw snbvx-xv Ah acn- p. Zmcn{Zyw ImcWw a -fn ]ecpw _mey-z-i-bn Xs acn- p am v 14\v am Ivkv e \n sh v acn- p. * \osj, {^ouvdniv hn slw (Niezche Friedrich Wilhdm ): P Ω Zm i-\n-i \ne-hn-ep ax-cm-jv{sob XØz-kw-ln-X-Iƒ a\p-jys kzx-{ -amb hf p XS- -am-sw v At±lw hniz-kn- p. Bb-Xn\m AXn-s\-sbms AXn-\nin-X-ambn hna in- pibpw \ntj-[n- p-ibpw snbvxp. At±-l-Øns A`n{-{]mb- -Øn km[m-cwp\-߃ ]c-º-cm-kx amxr-ibn PohnXw HSp- p- p. AXn-am-\p-j-cm-Is ]q Æ-kzm-X-{ y-øn\v Ah-kcw Is Øp- p. {InkvXp-a-X-sØbpw [m Ωn-I-kwln-X-I-tfbpw IS- m-{i-an \osj Hcp amã samdm-en-d-dn-bmwv ip]m i snbvx-xv. ^m-jn-k-øns Bi-b-cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn\v \osjbpss XØz-imkv{Xw KWy-ambn kzm[o-\n- n- p- v. Pohn-X-Øn-eqS\ofw tcmkm-xp-c-\m-bn-cp p \osj. CS v _m[n am\- kn-im-kzm-ÿy-øn \n pw At±lw acww hsc ap -\m-bn-cp- n Pqembv 263 7

6 {In kvxy sszh-imkv{x kn m- -Øn-\-I-Øp sszhsøb m sx AXn-\- p-d-øp sszhsø At±-l-Øn- -dn-bn- m-bn-cp p. B sszhsø Bbn-cp p At±-l-Øn s bp n JWUvK-w h[-{in-b v hnt[-b-am- nb-xv. Io skkmzv* {In kvxob ]ptcm-ln-x- msc Xm oxv snbvxxv F{Xbpw icn-bm-sw v ]n osv sxfn-bp-i-bp- m-bn. AXmbXv Znhy-{Xn-Xz-Ønse \nkq-v- Xs Xn-sc-bp hna i-\-ßsf bp n sim v {]Xn-tcm-[n v {]bmk-߃ Wn- p-h-cp-øp- -Xn-t\- mƒ \ Xv AXn\p t\sc au\w ]men- p- -XmWv F m-bn-cp p Io sk-km-zns D]-tZ-iw. hmkvx-h-øn Akw-_- - tøm-f-sa-øn-\n p {In kvxpk-`-bpss CXn-lm-k-h-XvI-cn- -s sszh-k- -ev]-amwv A m-esø an -hmdpw bqtdm-]y XØz-imkv{X- - msc sszh-\n-tj-[-ønte v B\-bn- -Xv. a p \mkvxn-icmb XØz-im-kv{X- - m-cn Hcp ]t km {Xv* ( ) Bbn cn pw G hpw Xmev] cyw P\n- n- p- Xpw IuXpIapf-hm- p -Xpamb hy n. AKm-[-amb XØz߃ Bh-ln- p efnx ssien- Iƒ cq]-s -Sp-tØ sxßs\- sb v At±-l-Øn-\-dn-bm-am-bn-cp- p. a\p-jy Ahs kzmx-{ y- Øns \n -lm-bm-h-ÿ-bn sszh-c-ln-x-amb Hcp {]]- -Ønte v kzbw am -s -Sp- psh v At±lw B -cy-s -Sp- p. At± lw ]d-bp p: "a\p-jy kzx-{ -\m-hm th n i]n- -s - n-cn- p- p.' (Man is condemned to be free ) ChnsS At±lw A -am- p- Xv, a\p-jy\v kzbw Xnc-s -Sp- p- -Xns DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw as mhcptsbpw Npa- -ep-i-fn-emwv `cta n- -s - n-cn- p- -Xv F m-wv. Ah A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn- p G hpw henb sh p-hnfnbpw CXm-Ip- p. AkvXn-Xz-Øns timi-\n `-c-amb IncmX temiøv Ahs\ klm-bn- m\pw Ahs Nph-Sp-sh- p-isf hgn-imwn m\pw a m-cp-an-. A{_- lm-ans IYsb hymjym-\n- p-sim v At±lw hnh-cn- p- Xv amem- J-am-cpsS km n yw Hcp am\-kni {]Xn-`m-k-am-sW- m-wv. A{_-lman\v amem-j-am sim p-h Znhysh-fn-]m-Sp-Iƒ At±-l-Øns Bflm-hns Bi- -Iƒ am{x-am-bncp- p-sh- m-wv km {Xn-s A`n- {]m-bw. km {Xns hni-zo-i-c-ww \mw sx mbn IW- m- n-tb- mw. F nepw XojvW hn p-_v[n-bn s]m n-sø-dn- p At±-l-Øns \ncm-i pw simspw-]-ibv pw \mw ]cn-k-w\ \ ti- -Xp- v. sszhc-lnxamb Xs XØz-im-kv{X-Øn s AXnXo{h-amb DXvI-WvTbpw t m`-ßfpw Gsd kln bmfm-bncn- Ww km {Xv. Bb-Xn-\m Bflm-hns DXvIWvT F Xv Iq Sp-X tncp-i At±-l-Øn\v Xs bmwv. Bflmhv Ds - p- Hcp \nco-iz-c-hmzn Ft m-sg- nepw Aw Ko-I-cn- p-sa- n "shfn-]m-sp-iƒ' "Bflm-hns DXv -WvT'-bmWv' F Hcp \mkvxn-i-hm-zn-bpss ho W timwn \n p Cu {] kvxm-h\ AKm-[-amb A Xe ß-ƒ shfn-s -Sp-Øp H m-wv. s_ WmUv jm* km {X-nt\mSv ASpØv \n p Hcp XØz- Nn I-\m-Wv. ]t XnI pw km {Xns\ t]mse-b- _ Wm- Uvjm. shfn-]m-sns\ "Dƒhnfn' (inner voice) F v At±lw \n -Nn- p-tºmƒ km {Xns Nn -bp-ssb{x Xs AKm-[-Xbpw i nbpw C møxmsw- nepw Hcp \msi IrØns ssien-]-c-amb ]cm-a iambn ]c-am-h[n \ap- -Xns\ Im Wmw. Xs hm nepw {]hrønbnepsa mw km {Xn\v A :{]tnm- Z-\hpw shfn-]mspw XΩn-ep- hyxymkw Xncn- -dn-bp -Xn ]cm- Pn-X-\m-bn. At±-l-Øns XØz-Nn- -bn AØcw kw -Iƒ v ÿm\an- m-bn-cp- p. At±-l-sØ kw_- n-t -S-tØmfw AkvXnXzw F Xv Bflm-hns thz\ am{xam-bn-cp- p. \ncm-i-bpss simsp-apsn bn Xo]n-Sn hm p-i-fmbn AXv CS- nss At±-l-Øn \n pw ]pdtø v D Pn- p. At±-lsØ kw_- n-t -S- -tømfw D -X-ßfn \n v shfn-]m-sp-iƒ e`n- m- \n-. Db-cp- -sx mw Bg-ta-dnb C m-`wk-øn \n p Xv am{x- *Io si KmZv tkmd Bt_ (Kierkegaad Soren Aabye ): hy n-bpss AkvXnXzw A`n-cpNn, {]Xn-_- X, apx-emb hnjbßsf B[m-c-am n Nn n AkvXnXz-hm-Zn. {InkvXp-a-X-Øns ]q m-]c sshcp- y-߃ Nq n- m n AXv bp n-bp-ambn ka-c-k-s -Sp-tØ- - Xns Bh-iy-IX At±lw Nq n- m- n. At±-l-Øns Fear and Trembling F ]pkvx-i-øn ss nƒ Dev]Øn IY-bnse A{_-lmant\mSp kz w ais\ \n{k-ln- m Iev]n sszh-øns \oxnxøzsø \nin-x-ambn hna in- p- p- v. *km {Xv Po t]mƒ (Sartre Jean - Paul ) Cuiz-c-\n-tj-[n-bmb {^ v Zm i-\n-i\pw kmln-xy-im-c\pamb hnhm-z-]p-cp-j kmln-xy-øn-\p t\m_ kωm\w e`n- p-sh- nepw kωm\w \nc-kn- p. AkvXn-Xz-hm-Z-Øns {]tbm- m- -fn G hpw {]ap-j. kz w hn[n-bpss I Ømhv a\p-jy Xs -bm-sw v {]Jym-]n- p. c mw temi-a-lm-bp- -Øn ]s -SpØ At±lw \mkn ]mf-b-øn ]ou- \-ta- n- p- v. a\p-jy Ahs {]hrøn-bpss BsI XpI-bm-sW pw {]hrøn-iƒ - pdw Pohn-X-an-s pw At±lw hniz-kn- p. Xs AkvXn- Xz-hmZw {]ta-b-am n \ms-i-ßfpw t\mh-ep-ifpw At±lw cnn p Being and Nothingness F {KŸw cnn p. Fgp-Øp-Im-cn-bmb kntamßv Un_p PohnX kjn-bm-bn-cp- p-sh- nepw hnhmlw Ign- n-cp- n-. Ah-km-\-Im-eØv A -\m-bn-cp- p. *tpm Pv _ WmUv jm (George Bernard Shaw )Ab e- n P\n Cw ojv kmln-xy-im-c. tjivkv]n-b-dn\v tijw G hpw {]K- -\mb \ms-i-ir-ømwv jm. 1925\p t\m_ k-ωm\w t\sn. ÿm]-\-h-xvi-cn- -s F m- n-t\bpw cq -ambbt ]-lm-ky-øn-eqss hna in _ WmUvjm Xs \ms-i-ß-fn kmaq-lnihn-a i-\-߃ Dƒs -Sp-Øn-bn-cp- p. hnπ-h-am sø Xnc-kvI-cn t^_n-b tkmjyenãv {]ÿm-\-øns apjy h m-hm-bn-cp p _ WmUv jm kxyzqx

7 amwv. sltk * ( ) as mcp BRvtPb (Agnostic) hmzn-bm-wv. At±-l-Øns sszh \ntj[w A{X-am{Xw ITn\ Xctam {]Xn-_- -mfl-itam A. At±-l-Øns XØz-Nn t\cn v axhnj-b-ß-fpambn _ -s -Sp Xpa. Bfl \n jvt-xbpw hkvxp \njvt-xbpw XΩnep _ w ÿm]n- p- -Xn-ep At±-l-Øns {ia-amwv XØz imkv{x-øn At±lw \ Inb G hpw Aaq-ey-amb kw`m-h-\. Hcp Xe-ap-d-bnse Bi-b-ß fpw XpS p hcp Xe-ap-d-bnse Bi-b-ßfpw XΩnep m-ip Zzµm-flI kwl- \ (Dialectical Conflict) ambn-cp p BZyw At±-lw AhX-cn- n- -Xv. CXmWv Xnkokpw B n Xnkokpw AS-ßnb sltken-b sshcp- y-hmzw F v Adnb-s -Sp- -Xv. Bi-b-ß-fpsS kwl- -\-Øn At±lw hniz-kn- p. CXn-\ w ]c-kv]cw hn]-co-x (Contrary)hpw ]t sshcp- ymflia mø-xp-amb (Contradictory) Bi-b-߃ ta[m-hn-xz-øn\p th n \nc- cw Zzµm-fl-I ka-c-ønte s -Sp- p F m-wv. sltk-ens kn m {]Im cw sxm p-ap-ºsø sshcp- ym-fl- I {]{In-b-bn \n pw D X Bib-߃ A\n-hm-cy-ambpw P w sim p- p. Cßs\ ]q {]{Inb-bn cq]w sim Xnkokv as m cp B n Xnkokn\v bym-{iaw cq]w simsp- p p. Aßs\ k pe\m-xvai-amb Hcp Xnkokv cq]w {]m]n- p- Xv hsc Cu {]{In b XpS-cp- p. Cßs\ ssÿcyw {]m ]n Xnko-kv [\m-fl-i-ambpw IqSp- X \ne\n p- -Xp-amb hkvxp- \njvtm bmym y-øns kz`m hw shfn-s -Sp-Øp- p. PvRm\w B Pn- p- -Xn\v Xm ni bp n- p ] v ÿm ]n- p- -Xn\v At±lw Cu coxn bmwv Ah-ew-_n- p- -Xv. F pxs bm-bmepw hkvxp-\n-jvtm-]-camb Hcp hyh-ÿ-bn am{xta Cu sbmcp coxn km[y-am-hp-i-bp q. Aaq Ø-amb hyh-ÿ-bn Cu coxn km[y-a. Cu Bib kwl- -\-Øns BXy- ni ^ew ti he Bi-b-Øns D -h-ambncn- p-sa v At±lw ]d-bp- p. CXmbncp p BXy- ni {]m]- ni kxy-sø- - n-bp sltken-b k -ev]w. At±-l-Øns A`n {]mb {]Imcw Ncn-{X-sa- Xv Bib-ß-fpsS {]ÿm-\-a- msx as m- p-a-. Xnkokpw B n Xnkokpw DZv{KYn v kn -knkv Bbn Xocp- p. se\ns hm p-i-fn sl tk C{]-Imcw hniz-kn- -Xmbn ]d-bp p: a\p-jy Ahs Nn -I-fneqsS e`n- p Cu Xncp-Ø-ep-Iƒ kzoi-cn pw Xnc-kvI-cn pw Ahs {]h -Ø-\-ßfnepw kmt -XnI m\-ønepw {]tbm-kn- p- p. Cßs\-bmWv a\p-jy hkvxp- \njvtm bym y-øn-te v sn s -Øp- -Xv. sltk-ens\ kw_- n-t -StØmfw `uxn-i-amb A\p-`-h- tem I-hp-ambn _ -an- mø F m Bib kn m- -ßfpw Kuc-h-X-camb bmsxm-cp ]cym-tem-n-\ pw tbmky-a-. AXns {]m[m-\y-sø- - n-bp F m N bpw shdpsamcp A m-z-aniv Xmev]-cysØ ap \n Ønbp hymbmaw am{xamwv. sltk-ens XØz-Nn {]bp- -am- n-s m v a\pjy bp nbpss ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep ]co Wm-fl-I-amb Hcp \qx\ PohnX kwlnx a\p-jy\v kωm-\n- Xv Imd am Ivkm-bn-cp- p. XnI pw `uxn-i-amb Nn -tbm-sp-iqsn Bcw- `n AXv hfsc thk-øn kaql-øns BZcw t\sn-sb-sp-øp. Aßs\ sszh \ntj[-øn a\pjy-ir-x-amb Hcp kmaq-ln-i- -cmjv{sob axw P w sim p. am Ivkn-b ]WvUn-X- m ASn-ÿm- \-]-c-ambn sltk-en-b ho -Wß-tfmSv tbmpn- p- -h-cm-wv. Ah k\m-x\ kxy߃ F k - ev]sø \ncm-i-cn- p-i-bp- m-bn. hkvxp\njvtm kxy-߃ tih-e-ambncn- -W-sa XXzw Ah AwKo- I-cn- n-. AXv Ft mgpw Nne km l-n-cy-ß-tfmspw kµ `-tømspw _ -s - -Xm-sW- m-bn-cp p AhcpsS ho -Ww. tkmjy-enãv Nn -I- m-cn F sk km*wv tih-e-kxyw F Bi-bsØ AwKo-I-cn- p- Xv. At±lw _KvZ-t\m-hns hna- i\hpw G p hmßp p v. an IΩyqWnÃv XØz Nn -I- msc kw_- n-t -S-tØmfhpw kxys-a m Hcp \n nx ka-b-ønepw kml-n-cy-ønepw \S-Øp hkv Xp\njvTm ]T-\-ß-fn \n pw e`n- p m\-øns t]cm-wv. Cu \n nx ]cn-an-x-n p n, kxyw m\-amwv m\w kxyhp-am-wv. A{]-Imcw Ft mgpw amdns m- n-cn- p kml-n-cy-߃ - \p-k-cn v \nc- cw amdn-s m- n-cn- p hkvxp-\njvtm bmym yambn m\sø \n -Nn- m-hp- XpamWv. *slk tpm Pv hn slw. {^o UvdnIv (Hegal, George Withelm Friedrich ) : P Ω XØz-Nn- -I. Imƒam Ivkns XØz-Nn- sb henb txmxn kzm[o-\n- p. sshcp- ym-fl-i-x-bn-eq-ss-bmwv F m hnim-k-ßfpw D m-hp- -sx pw Xokn-kv B n-xo-kn-kv, kns -knkv F n-h-bmwv sshcp- ymfli `uxn-i-hmz-øns ASn-ÿm\ kz`m-h-sa pw At±lw I p. * G sk kv {^ouvdokv (Engels Friedrich ) P Ω Zm i-\n-i. am Ivkns D -an{xw. am Ivkns\ t]mse sltk-ens Z i-\-øn BIr-jvS-\mbn. apx-em-fn-xz-øns kmº-øn-im-]-{k-y-\-øn am Ivkpw Ncn-{Xm-]-{]-Y-\-ß-fn G K kpw apgp-in. Iayq-WnÃv am\n-s^tãm Ah c pw t]cpw tn mwv Fgp-Xn-b-Xv. am Ivkns acw-tijw "aq-e-[\w' {]kn- o-i-cn- Xv F sk km-wv. am Ivkns\ kmº-øn-i-ambn [mcmfw klm-bn G sk kv Cw - nse [\n-i-\mb Hcp an p-s-a-bm-bn-cp- p. G sk kpw ani IrXn-Iƒ cnn- n- p- v Pqembv 265 9

8 Gsd Xma-kn-bmsX Cu `u XnI hmz-x-øz-imkv{xw Hcp ax- Iob PohnX coxn-bmbn amdn. Cu sszh-c-lnx ax-øns apjy ]p tcm-ln-x am IvkmWv. AtX-t]m se At±-l-Øns shfn-s -Sp-Øep-Iƒ ax-]-c-amb Acp-f- m-sp-isf t]mse-bpam-bn. At±-l-Øn-te v \mw Bg-ta-dnb Hcp ]T-\-Øn-\mbn Xncn-tb- -Xp- v. temi-øns ap J-Omb am n Xo ØXv sshcp- ymfli `uxn-i-hm-z-øns {]h Ø \w sim. adn v At±-l-Øns Bi-b-ß-fpsS BI j-wo-b-amb \ hi-߃s m mwv. a\p-jys Bi-b-ß-fp-sSbpw hnizm-k-ß-fp-ssbpw kwl j thzn-bn axw Hc- Øv \ne-bp-d- n- p- p. shfn-]m-sp-i-fm-wv G hpw aqey-h-ømb am -Z i\ XØzw F \ne-]m-sn-eq- n-s m- mwv axw \n p- Xv. shfn-]m-sp- kxy ßsf ]q Æ-ambpw \ncm-i-cn- psim v am Ivknkw as m-c- Øpw \n p- p. CXv c n\pan-s-bn [mcmfw XØz-Nn I-fp-ap- v. Nne Xv ax-øn-t\msv ASpØp \n p p. NneXv am Ivkn-k-Øn-t\mSpw ASpØv \n p- p. ]t ax- Øn\v th n \ne-sim- p Xns - sb mw kºq Whpw tih-e-hpamb \ntj-[w am Ivkn-b ^ntemk-^n-bnse sshcp- ym-fli `uxn- I-hm-Z-Ønepw imkv{xob tkmjyen-k-øn-ep-a- msx as ßpw I n n-. F m bqtdm-]y XØz-imkv{X m-cn sh v G hpw kq{x-im-enbpw hkvxp\njvtm-hm-znbp-am-bn-cp p am Ivkv. F nepw kzbw Bi-b-hm-Zn-bm-bn-cp At± lw Xs Bi-b-hm-ZsØ] n Hcn- epw Ip -k-ωxw \S-Øn-bn- n-. sszh-øn\pw ax-øn\psaxn-scbp XØz-imkv{X X{ -ß-fn AXoh ka -\p-am-bn-cp p At±lw. At±-lsØ kw_- n-t -StØmfw sszhtam shfn-]m-sp-itfm \nc -I-amWv. AXp-t]mse A {]tnm-z-\-øn\pw At±-l- Øns XØz-im-kv{X-Øn ÿm\- an-. sltk-ens Bi-b-hm-ZtØmSpw At±lw tbmpn- n-. sl tk-ens Bib hmz-øn\v apºv hkvxp-\njvtm bmym y-ap-s pw AXp-ambn {]Xn-h Øn- mwv Bi-b-߃ cq]w sim p- -sx pw At±lw hmzn- p. sltk-en-b XØz-im-kv{X- Øn Bibw BZyw ]nd- p-ibpw ]n osv AXns kzm[o-\-øn ]Zm -ß-fn am w hcn-ibpamwv snøp- Xv. Cu `u-xn-i-am- -߃ \n n-x-amb ]Iz- - Xbn-te v hf-cptºmƒ \ho\ Bi-b-ß-fm ho pw Ah K `n-x-am-hp- p. Ah bym-{iaw ]pxnb ]cn-tim-[\-bneqss kxym-]\w snbvxv ÿnco-icn s -Sp- p. C{]-Imcw Bfl- \njvtm bmym y-߃ p ]ndsi hkvxp-\njvtm bmym y-߃ F coxn-bn H n\p ]nd-si as m v F hn[-øn hkvxp- \njvtm bmym y-ßfmbn amdp- Ibpw snøp- p Ip n- m- n ]p n-]p-en-bps v Duln- m th -{X kma yw am Ivkn- p- m-bn-cp- p. sltk-en-b XØz-im-kv{X- Øn-ep- -Xp-t]mse Bfl-\njvTm Bi-b-߃ hkvxp-\njvtm bmym y-ß-fmbn amdp-i-bm-sw- n hkvxp-\njvtm bmym y-߃ v aptº Bflm-\njvTm Bi-b-߃ htc- -Xp- v. CXv A]-I-S-I-c-amb Imcy-Im-c-W-]-c-ºc krjvsn- pw. Bi-b-߃ v AXv Ah-[m-cWw snøm Hcp t_m[-a\ v BZy-ap- m-h-ww. PohnXw IqSmsX Hcp t_m[-a-\ v D m-hpi km[y-a-. C{]-Imcw BZn-Im-cWw F \ne v Bibw F D]-I-c-W- Øn-eqsS hkvxp-\n-jvt-amb am - ߃ hcpøn sszh-øn-te v AXv \bn- pw. Hcp-]t C m-cww sim m-bn-cn mw am Ivkv Xpd \ne-bn sltk-en-b Bi-b-hm- ZsØ A\p-Iq-en- m-ø-xv. F n epw sndn-sbmcp am -Øn-eqsS sl tk-en-b ^ntem-k^n am Ivkv Xs -Xm n cq]m- -cww snbvxp. At±lw Bi-b-Øn\p apºv ]Zm sø {]Xn-jvTn- p. AXm-bXv Cu Zzµm-flI kwl- \w Bi-btØm-Sp-IqSnb Bcw-`n- p- -Xv. F m kzbw`qhmb {]IrXn \nb-a-ß-fm `cn- -s -Sp ]Zm -ß-tfmSp IqSn-bmWv Bcw-`n- p- -sx mwv am Ivkns ] w. A{]-Imcw Bi-b-hm-Z-Øns klm-btømsp-iq-sntbm C msxtbm sshcp- ym-fli `uxn-ihmzw AXns Xm n-i-amb \nka- \-Øn FØn-tN-cp- p. Cu kn m- -{]-Imcw tihe ]Zm w Pohn- X-Øn-\p-ta- {]h Øn- p-sim v AXns KXn-\n Æ-bn- p-ibpw hn[n cq]-s -Sp-Øp-Ibpw snøpw. sszh-an F v ap Iq n k -ev]n- p- Cu XØz-im-kv{X-Øn\v a\pjys\ kw_- n- p Imcyß-fpsS \nb-{ -W-ÿm-\-Øp-\n pw sszhsø \o w sntø- - Xp- v. a\p-jys Imcy-ß-fn Ah\v Xs bmwv hn[n \n Æ-b- Xzhpw ]cn-]q Æ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xzhpw F v Cu XØz-imkv{Xw ]dbp p. Aßs\ sszh-ß-tfbpw sh fn-]m-sn-t\bpw \ntj-[n- p- -txm ssm w am Ivkv bp n-bnepw X -im-kv{x-ønepw ]q Æ-ambpw B{ibw sim p p. tihe Bib-hm-Zhpw Zzµm-flI `uxn-i-hm- Zhpw XΩn-ep t]mcv ap ntem ]n ntem F {Iam-\p-K-Xn-I-Xz- Øns {]iv\-a- msx as m- p-a-. Bi-btam ]Zm tam GXmtWm ap n hcp- Xv AXmWv Imcy߃ \n Æ-bn-t - -Xv. (-tijw 21 mw t]pn ) kxyzqx

9 {In-kvXphns hnhm-lw auem\m A_vZp- mlv kmln_v H.A. (a lqw) tbip {]t_m-[n A ym-]-\-ß-fnepw At±-l-Øns \ymb-{]-amw- Ønepw hnhm-l-øns alxzw ]d- n-cns AXv At±lw Pohn-X- Øn {]mh Øn-Iam nbn F v Icp-Xm \ymb-an-. tbip-{inkvxp (Cu-km-\- _n) hnhm-ln-x-\m-bn-cp- pthm F tnmzy-øn\v "D v' F p adp- ]Sn ]d-bp- Xv hmb-\- m-cn ]e pw B cyw Df-hm- p- H m-bn-cn pw. Fs - m, At\Iw \q m- p-i-fm-bn v s]m Xpsh F m-hcpw hniz-kn p hcp- Xv At±lw hnhmlw snbvxn- ns - m-wv. {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ At±lsØ sszh-sa p hniz-kn- p- - Xp-sIm pw At±-l-Øn\p hnhm-l- Øns Bh-iy-an-s pw AXn\v At±lw hnt[-b-\m-im-h-x-s pw Ah Icp-Xn-t m-cp- p. apkvenw Iƒ hniz-kn- p- -Xm-Is At± lw sszh-a-, sszh-\n-bp- -\mb Hcp {]hm-n-i am{x-am-bn-cp p F pw F m Ipcn-ip-kw-`-hm-hk-c-Øn, Xs 33- mwasø hbn, At±lw hm\-tem-i-tø bv p Db Ø-s - n-cn- -sim v At±-l-Øn\p hnhm-l-øn-\p kµ `hpw kui-cyhpw D m-bn- ns pw BI-bm At±lw Xs ]p\-cm-k-a-\-øn- hnhmlw sn øp-sa pw BIp- p. Cu c p Iq cp-tsbpw hnizm-k-ßsf ap \n Øn {InkvXp-hns hnhm-l-sø- p-dn p ChnsS hnnn- \w snømw. tbip-{inkvxp Hcp kxymflmhpw sszh-øns Hcp- h-cn-jvt- Zm-k\pw C{km-bo-ey-cpsS Btflm- m-c-wm w \nbp- -\mb Hcp Bfl-Kp-cphpw Bbn-cp- p-sh pw F m At±lw sszhtam sszh- Xp-eyt\m Bbn-cp- n-s - p-ap hkvxpx \njv] \ne-bn ss nƒ hmbn p t\m p- -h-tch pw {Kln- m km[n- p- - XmWv. Cu ]c-am w C p A\- h[n {InkvXy-]-WvUn-X- m kω- Xn- p- p v. Xt -bp-a-, {InkvXp, tamsi (aq-km-\-_n) bpss \ymb- {]-am-w-a-\p-k-cn v PohnXw \bn- bmfpw B \ymb{]-amwsø {]_- e-s -Sp-Øp- -Xn\pw {]t_m-[n- p- -Xn\pw th n sszh-øm \nbp- -\p-am-sw- p-iqsn "kphn-tij' ßfn \n p a\- n-em-ip- p- v. B ÿnxn- v, At±lw hnhmlw snbvxn-cp- p-sh p ]d-bp- Xp B -cy-i-c-ambn hnnm-cn- m-\n-. a\pjy-cpss Btflm- m-c-wm w sszh-\n-bp- -cmb axm-nm-cy- mcpw Bfl-Kp-cp- - mcpw F mw hnhm-ln- X-cm-bn-cp p F Xp Hcp ]c-am -am-wv. {iocm-a, {ioir-jvw XpS-ßnb lnµp- -fpss Ah-Xm-c-]pcp-j- m am{x-a-, ss nƒ {] kvxm-hn- p {]hm-n-i- mcpw hn hmlw snbvxn- p- -h-cm-bn-cp- p. sszh-øns hcn-jvt-zm-kcpw Ah- \n p shfn-]msp kn n- -hcpw Ahs kmao-]yhpw t{]a-hpwsim p A\p-Krlo-X-cp-amb {]hm- N-I- m hnhmlw snbvx-h-cm-bn-cp- p-sh p sxfn-bp ÿnxn pw tbip-{inkvxp hnhm-ln-x-\m-bn-cp p F p ]d-bp- -Xp-sIm v At±l-Øn\p sszh-hp-am-bp t{]a-_- -Øns\m At±-l-Øns B flob ÿm\-ønt\m bmsxmcp If- hpw G p- -X-. At±lw Hcp a\pjy {]P-bmbn P\n p CXc a\p-jy-sc-t mse ]m\m-i-b-߃ snbvxpw a m-h-iy-߃ \nh Øn pw {Ia-hr w hf p-h Bfmbn-cp- p. At±-l-Øn\p oww _m[n- p-ibpw t i-߃ A\p-`h-s -Sp-Ibpw ]cp-t p-ibpw HSp-hn At±lw Ipcp-in Xd-bv -s -Sp-Ibpw AXn sh v arxn-b- S-bp-Ibpw snbvxp-sh p {InkvXy Pqembv

10 - k-tlm-z-c hniz-kn- p- p. CØcw Ah-ÿ-Iƒ v hnt[-b-\mb Hcmƒ hnhmlw snbvxn-cp- p-sh- p-iqsn hcp- Xp B -cym-h-l-a ; AXp At±-l-Øns ÿm\-am-lm-fly- Øn\p If- -I-c-am-hp-I-bp-an-. C\n At±-lsØ sszh-sa p k n- p- -Xm-bm X-s, GsXmcp sszhw C n[w Ime-]-cn-h Ø-\- ߃ pw B]-Øp-Iƒ pw hnt[- b-\mbn Xo n-cp- pthm B sszh- Øn\p hnhmlw Bh-iy-ambn h ncp p F Xp B -cy-i-c-amtwm? tbip Hcp-h-i-Øn sszhhpw adph-i-øn a\p-jy\pw BsW pw At±lw ap ]-d Ah-ÿ- Iƒ p hnt[-b-\m-bxp Xs am\pjni \ne-b-\p-k-cn- m-sw pw h hcpw ]d-bp-i-bm-sw- n, AXp F{X-Xs bp n-hn-cp- -amb Hcp hmz-am-bn-cp- m-epw, At±lw Xs am\p-jni \ne-b-\p-k-cn v hnhmlhpw snbvxn-cp p F p Xo bmbpw ]d-bm-hp- -Xm-Wv. CXn\p ]pd-sa, a\p-jys D Ir-jvS-amb ]e-kp-w-ßfpw shfn-s -Sp-am-dm-Ip- Xp Ah ` Ømhpw ]nxmhpw Bbn-cn- p Ah-ÿ-bn-em-WvXm- \pw. Hcmƒ DØ-a-\mb ` Ømhpw ]nxmhpw Bbn-cn- pi F Xp Abm-fpsS t{ijvt-x-c-amb KpW-ßfn s - -Xm-Ip- p. Bfl-Kp-cp- - m a\p-jy p D IrjvS amxr- I-I-fm-bn-cn- -sim p Ah Hmtcmcp-Øcpw ` Øm-hn-s bpw ]nxm-hns bpw \ne-bnepw a p- -h p amxr-i-i-fm-bn-cn-t - -Xm-Wv. As - n Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-am-XrI A]q Æ-am-b-Xm-sW- p-h-cpw. tbip hnhmlw snbvxn- n-s - n, At±-l-Øn\p DØ-a-\mb ` Ømsh- -\ne {]m]n- p-hmt\m AXphgn At±-l-Øn\p Zmº-Xy-Po-hn-X- Øn amxr-i-bm-bn-øo-cp-hmt\m km y-a-. Cu \ne-bn t\m ptºmƒ At±lw hnhmlw snbvxpsh p hcp- Xp At±-l-Øns ÿm\-am-lm-fly-øn\p If- -I-c-amhp-I-b-, adn v AXv At±-l- Øns D Ir-jvS-Kp-W-ßsf {]Imin- n- p- -Xn\pw At±-lsØ Hcp ]q Æ-am-Xr-I- -sb v ÿm]n- p- - Xn\pw klm-b-i-am-hp-i-bmwv sn øp- -Xv. sszh-øn- \n- p {]txy- Im-\p-{Klw C{km-bo-ey pw ]ns, Ah aptj\ {InkvXy-tem- I-Øn\pw e`n- p-hm Imc-W-{`-X- \mb A{_lmw (C-{_m-low-\-_n) hnhm-ln-x-s\ p am{x-a _lp-`mcy-am-cp Bfp-am-bn-cp- p-sh p ss nƒ ]Tn- n- p- p. CtX-{]- Imcw C{km-tb hwi-øns P\- bn-xm-hmb bmt m_v (b-a-vjq-_v- \-_n) hnhmlw snbvi am{x-a _lp-]-xv\n-amsc kzoi-cn- p-ibpw snbvxn-cp- p. A{]-Imcw Xs, B aptj\ C{km-bo-ey v \ymb- {]-amww e`n- pthm AY-hm, BcpsS \ymb-{]-am-wsø {]t_m- [n- p- -Xn\p tbip-irkvxp BK- X-\mtbm B kxym-flm-hmb tamsibpw _lp-`m-cy-am-cp Bfmbn-cp- p. Ch-sc mw k m -Z i- \m w sszh-\n-bp- -cmb almflm- fpw Bfl-Kp-cp- - mcpw Znhysh-fn-]m-Sp-I-fm A\pKr-lo-Xcpw Bbn-cp- p. hnhmlw snbvx-xpsim- v, F -, H n-e-[niw `mcyamsc kzoi-cn- -Xp-sIm- p Xs bpw Ch-cpsS Bflo-b-Xbv pw Ch v sszh-hp-am-bp t{]a-_- -Øn\pw bmsxmcp lm\nbpw kw`-hn- n- n-s - n ]ns tbip- IrkvXp hnhmlw snbvxn-cp- psh p hcp- -Xp-sIm p At±-l- Øns Bflob \nebv v bm sxmcp X-hp-ta p- -X-. Npcp n ]d-bp- -Xm-bm, "]gb \nbaw' ]d p Xcp {] hm-n-i- m an -hmdpw F m-hcpw hnhm-ln-x-cm-bn-cp- p-sh p am{xa, _lp-]-xv\n-amsc kzoi-cn- p-hcp-am-bn-cp- p. B thz-{kÿw a\pjy p hnhmlw Bh-iy-am-sW p am{x-a ]Tn- n- p- Xp; _lp `mcy-amsc kzoi-cn- m-sa- p-iq-sn bpw AXp ]Tn- n- p- p- v. t\m p- I. ]pd- msp 22:16, 17, Bh Ø\w 21:10, 13;22,28, 29;2mw iap-th 12:7.8. Cßs\ H n-e-[niw `mcy-amsc kzoi-cn- m-sa- p-t]mepw ]Tn- n- p "\ymb-{]-amw'søbpw {] hm-ni {KŸ-ß-sfbpw kw_- n p tbip ]d- n-cn- p- Xp Cßs\-bmWv: ""Rm \ymb-{]-am-wsøtbm {]hm-n-i- m-sctbm \o t - -Xn\p h p F p \ncq-]nt ; \o p-hm-\ \nh Øn m\s{x Rm h n-cn- p- -Xp. kxy-am-bn p Rm \nß-tfmsp ]dbp- p. BIm-ihpw `qanbpw Hgn- p-t]m-ipw-hsc ki-ehpw \nhr- Øn-bm-thmfw \ymb-{]amw-øn \n p Hcp h nsbm ]p nsbm Hcp {]Im-c-Ønepw Ign- p-t]m-ibn-.'' (aøm 5:17, 18) ]nt bpw At±lw ]d-bp- -Xm-hnXp: ""imkv{xn-ifpw ]co-i- mcpw tamsibpss ]ot-øn-t Ccn- p- p. BI-bm Ah \nß-tfmsp ]d-bp- Xp Hs bpw {]am-wn p sn bvhn ; Ah ]d-bp- -X- msx snøp- n- -t m.'' (a-øm. 23: 2,3). Cß-s\, tbip Xm BK-X-\mbXp \ymb-{]-am-w-tøbpw {]hm- NI- m-scbpw \nh Øn- m-\m-sw p ]d-bp-ibpw \ymb-{]-am-w-a-\pk-cn p {]h Øn- m Xs injy- m-tcm-sp-]-tz-in- p-ibpw snbv-xn-cn- p-tºmƒ B \ymb-{]-am-w-øns \n t±-i-߃ pw {]hm-n-i- m-cpss Pohn-X-am-Xr-I-Iƒ pw FXn-cmbn _lp ]Xv\o kzoi-cww F -, GI ]Xv\o kzoi-cww Xs ]msn- m-ø-xm-sw p At±lw DZvt_m- [n- n- n-cp- p-sht m Zmº-Xy-PohnXw Bflo-tbm- -Xn p lm\n-ic-am-sw p At±lw Icp-Xn-bn-cp- p-sht m Hcn- epw hnnm-cn- mh-x kxyzqx

11 ""kv{xosb sxmsm-xn-cn- p- Xp a\p-jy\p \ Xp F nepw thiymtzm-j-߃ \nanøw Hm-tcm-cp- Ø p kz w `mcybpw Hmtcm-cp- Øn p kz w ` Ømhpw D m-bncn- s.'' (1- mw timcn- y, 7: 1,2) F p ]utemkv At m-kvx-e ]d- n- p-s - nepw tbip-hns A ym-]\w Cu {]kvxm-h-\sb \ymbo-i-cn- p- n. At±lw kv{xo]p-cpj _ -sø- p-dn p Cß-s\-bmWv ]d-bp- Xv: ""BZnbn krjvsn- -h Ahsc BWpw s]æp-ambn krjvsn p F pw AXp-\n-anØw a\p-jy ]nxm-hnt\bpw amxm-hn-t\bpw hn v -Xs `mcy-tbmsp ] n-t -cpw, Ccp-hcpw Hcp PU-am-bn-Øo-cpw, F p Ah ]d- p-sh- pw \n߃ hmbn- n- n- tbm?'' (aøm. 19: 4, 5) Cu hn\wsim p At±lw a\- n-em- n-ø-cp- -Xp, Cuiz-c kv{xo]pcp-j- msc krjvsn- p- Xp Ah `mcym-` Øm- - m-cmbn Hcp PUsa t]mse h Øn-t - -Xn-\mbn- m-sw- m-ip- p. Cßs\ Cuiztc- -Xs kv{xo]p-cp-j- m ZmºXy PohnXw hcn-t -W-sa- msw p hcp-tºmƒ sshhm-lni PohnXw Bflo-b-Xz-Øn\p \nc- m- ØtXm sszh-k-hn-[-øn \n p a\p-jysc AI- n- -f-bp- txm Bs-W p Icp-Xp- Xp Hcp {]Imc-Øn sszh-zq-j-w-am-bn-øo-cp- p. Fs - m, AXp sszth- - b-\p-k-cn p a\p-jy {]h Øn- p- Xp sszh-øn\p Aln-X-am-bn- p- -Xm-sW p ]dbp- -Xn\v Xpeyam-b-Xm-Wv. AXp-sIm- p-x-s -bm- Wv, Nne-t mƒ sshhm-lni Pohn- X-Øn t\cn-sp Ipg- sø ASnÿm-\-am- n, ""Cßs\ F n hnhmlw snøp- Xp \ ; F p Xs injy-cn Nne A`n-{]m-bs - -t mƒ tbip C{]-Imcw ]d-bp- I-bm-Wp mbxv ""hcw In n-b-hc- msx F m-hcpw Cu hn\w ssis m p n-. F p-sim-s - m AΩ-bpsS K `-Øn jfi m-cmbn P\n- -h-cp p; a\pjy jfi- m-cm- nb jfi- mcpw D v; kz -cmpyw \nanøw X߃ p-xs jfi-xzw hcp- Ønb jfi-\v-amcpw D v. kzoicn- m Ign-bp- -h kzoi-cn- s '' (aøm 19:11,12). Cu hn\w aqew tbip a-\- n-em n Xcp- -Xp, jfi- m (\-]pw-k-i- m ) Bbncn- -sim p hnhmlw Bh-iy-an- m- Xm-b-h p AXn G s -Sm-Xn-cn- m-sa- - msx AXn \n p AI- n-cn- p- Xv Hcp ]pwy-am-i-bn F m-ip- p. kz -cmpyw \nanøw jfi- m-cm-b-h F p tbip ]d ncn- p- Xpw kxym-flmhmb At±-lsØ kzoi-cn \nanøw ]e {]Im-c-Øn-ep _p n-ap- p-iƒ p e o-`-hn- -bmsem, sszhm-e-b-ønse tkh-\-øn- mbn PohnXw Dgn- p-sh- -Xn- \msem hnhm-l-_- -Øn-te s - Sm \nhr-øn-bn- msx t]mb-h- -tc- p-dn p Bbn-cn- ms\ Xc-ap- p. A m-ø-] w At±-l-Øns Cu {]kvxm-h-\, kv{xo]p-cp-j- m-cpss krjvsn D-t±iy-sØ- p-dn p A t±lw Xs ]d- p-x- n- p- -Xn- pw, \ymb{-]-am-w-øn-e-s-ßnb \n t±-i-߃ pw At±-l-Øn-\papºp h p-i-gn {]hm-n-i- mcpss BN-c-W-Øn-\pw- hn-cp- ambnøocp- -Xm-Wv. Npcp- -Øn, hnhmlw am\p-j-[ Ω-am-sW pw Bh-iy-Øn\p H n-e-[niw `mcyam t]mepw BIm-sa pw "]g-b-\nba'øn \n p hy -am-ip- - Xn p hn]-co-x-am-bn p bmsxm- pw- Xs tbip-{inkvxp D]-tZ-in- pbp- m-bn- n-. C\n, tbip hmkvx-h-øn hnhmlw snbvxn-cp- pthm F m Wv \mw Nn n-t - n-bn-cn- p- -Xv. {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ ]q -Imew apx p-xs tbip hnhmlw snømø Bfm-bn-cp- p-sh v hnizkn v h -Xp-sIm- v, At±lw hnhmlw snbvxn-cp- -Xmbn kv] jvsamb Xc-Øn {]kvxm-hn- p hmiy-߃ "kphn-tij'ßfn ImWpI {]bm-k-am-ip- p. kphn-tij-ß-fm-is tbip-hns 33- mw hbp-h-sc-bp Pohn-X-Im-esØ Hcp kw n]vx Ncn-{X-a-S-ßnb At mkvx-e- m-cpss IrXn-Iƒ am{x-amsws Gdn-bm Ah-sb- p-d-n p ]d-bm \nhr-øn-bp- p. F p am{x-a-, Ah a\pjy Itø- - Øn \n p k-pc n-x-am-b-h-bs pw Ah {]Xy- cw sszh-h- N-\-a-s - p-ap kwkxn {InkvXp- ]-fin-x- m Xs kω-xn- n- p- - Xp- -am-ip- p. AXp-sIm- v, tbip hnhmlw snbvxn-cp- p-sh p hy -am-bn p {]kvxm-hn- p hn- \-߃ kp-hn-ti-j-ß-fn ImWpI {]bmkw Xs -bm-wv. F n-epw, Ah-bn-e-S-ßnb ]e kw`-h-hn-hcw-ß-fn \n pw At±lw hn hmlw snbvxn-cp- p-sh- p-am-{x-a-, H n-e-[niw `mcy-amsc kzoi-cn- pi IqSn snbvxn-cp p F pw a\- n-em-ip- p- v. tam a Im F p t] ]d-b-s -Sp {InkvXy- I n tbip hnhm-ln-x-\m-bn-cp- ph pw Ipd- -] w At±-l- Øn\p aq p `mcy-am-cp- m-bn-cp- psh pw kphn-ti-j-ß-fn \n p a\- n-em-ip p F p hniz-kn- p- Ibpw hmzn- p-ibpw snøp- -h-cm- Ip- p. C q- v Cu hnizmkw \nanøw Ata-cn- -bn _lp-`q-cn- ] - m-cmb FXn-cm-fn-I-fpsS ssi bm hf-sc-b-[niw lnwk-i-fpw ]ov-\-ßfpw kln-t - n-h- n- p- v. Ah Xß-fpsS hnizm-k-a-\pk-cn v _lp-`m-cy-amsc kzoi-cn p t]m n-cp- p-sh- n-epw, bp.-f-kv. Kh-tΩ p \nb-a-\n ΩmWw aqew Ah-cpsS Cu BNm-csØ XS- p- I-f-bp-I-bmWp snbvx-xv. (XpS-cpw) m 2006 Pqembv

12 h Ø-am-\-Im-e-Øv, \mw Pohn- p Cu 21- mw \q m v Dƒs -Sp Ime-L- -sø, Hcp ]p Xp-bp-K-sa pw ax-z i-\-`m-j-bn Ah-km-\-Im-e-sa pw hnhn[ ax- {K-Ÿ-߃ {]h-nn- p- p. Cu Ime- L- -Øns AS-bm-f-ßfpw e -Wßfpw F mw ]q -a-x-{k-ÿ-ßfnepw hyxy-kvx-x-c-øn F m GI-`m-h-Øn hnh-cn- -s - n- -p ap v. lnµp-a-x-{k-ÿ-ß-fn CXns\ Ien-Imew F p ]d-bp-tºmƒ, ]m gvkn ]pwy-{k-ÿ-amb "Pakv]n' bnepw C{k-bo-ey-cpsS ]g-b-\n-b-a- Ønepw ss{ikvx-h-p-\-x-bpss ss n-fn-epw, F n\v kn v {] ÿm-\-øns ]pwy-{k-ÿ-amb "P\w-kmJn'bn t]mepw Hcp khnti-j-im-e-sø- n kqn-\-iƒ ImWm-\p- v. Ckvemw ax-øns ASn-ÿm-\-{K-Ÿ-amb hn ip Jp - B-\n-emWv Ah-km-\-Im-e-Øns AS-bm-f-߃ kpkq- va-ambn hni- Z-am- -s - n- p- -Xv. \_n-h-n\ kam-lm-c-ß-fnepw Cu bpk-sø- n IrXy-amb kqn-\-i-fp- v. Cu khn-ti-j- -Im-e-L- -Øn Hcp [ Ωm-flmhv AYhm {]hm-n- I AhX-cn- n- -s -Sp-sa pw B alm-]p-cp-j-\n-eqss temiøv kxyhmkvzø a-ko-lns Ah-Xm-c-Im-e-sØ- n hnhn[ ax-{k-ÿ-ß-fnse kqn-\-iƒ F.Iyp alvzn F m ax-ß-fnepw {]h-nn- -s Ah-km\ ImesØ ]cn-jvi Ømhv Hcmƒ Xs bmwv B alm-flm-hmwv `mc-x-øn BK-X-\mb hmkvzø akolv lzvdøv AlvaZv (A) [ Ωw ]p\-ÿm-]n- -s -Sp-sa- pamwv hnhn[ ax-{k-ÿ-ß-fn Zo L-Z i\w snø-s - n- p- -Xv. Aß s\ [ tωm-zmcw snø-s -Sp Ime-L- -Øn\v "kxy-bpkw' AY hm "IrX-bpKw' F m-wv lnµp-]pcm-w-ß-fn hnh- n- -s - n- p- Xv. Cu F m AS-bm-f-ßfpw A p-x-i-c-ambn kzr-io-i-cn- s - ncn- p Hcp B[p-\n-I-Im-e-L- -am- WnXv. hnhn-[-ax-߃ hyxy-kvx-\ma-ß-fn kqnn- n- n p-, Cu ImeØv Ah-X-cn- p Bflo-b-Kpcp-hns AYhm {]hm-n-is {] txy-i-e- -W-ßfpw ax-{k-ÿ-ß-fn hy -ambn {]h-nn- -s -Sp-Ibpw Ah-sbms IrXy-ambn ]pe-cp- Ibpw snbvxp-i-gn- n-cn- p- p. lnµp-a-x-kvy "I n'sb bpw, ]mgvkn-iƒ "akntbm Z `an' sbbpw _p -a-x- m "ssas{xbm"sb-bpw, {InkvXp-a-X-hn-izm-kn- Iƒ "aninlm'bpss c mw-h-c-hn-s\ bpw {]Xo- n- p-sim- n-cn- ptºmƒ apkvenw-iƒ "hmkvzø alv Zotbbpw akoln's\bpamwv Im Øn-cn- p- -Xv. `qap-jøp Pohn- ncn- p timsn- -W- n\p hyxy kvx ax-k-aq-l-߃ Xe-ap-d-X-e-apd-bmbn Cu hnizmkw h p-]-ep Øp- p-sh- -Xp-Xs Cu bpk- Øns {]m[m-\yhpw bpk-]p-cpjs {]`m-hhpw hnfn- -dn-bn- p- p. Hcp hmkvzø ZqX shfn-s - Sp-sa v hnhn-[-a-x-{k-ÿ-ß-fn {] h-nn- -s - n-cn- pibpw Ah-bpsS ]q Øo-I-cWw bym-imew kw`-hn- pibpw snbvx-t mƒ, \ymb-am bpw Hcp tnmzyw Db p-h-t - mw. kqnn- n- -s F m hmkv ZØ {]hmn- -I- mcpw Htc Ime-L- -Øn Xß-fp-sS-Xs axsø as m CX-c-a-X-ß-fp-sSbpw ta hnp-bn- n p ImWn- pi F -Xm twm CXv F -XmWv B \ymbamb kwi-bw. CsXm-cn- epw kw`hy-amb Imcy-a- -t m. AXn-\m hnhn[ ax-{k-ÿ-ß-fnse F m {]h- N-\-ßfpw Htc alm-flm-hn-s\- pdn- p- -Xm-sW- pw, B Znhy-]p-cpj Xs Bflo-b-i n aptj\ F m ax-hn-izm-kn-i-sfbpw Hcp-an- p-iq- p-ibpw auen-i-amb [m Ωn- I-k-Xy-ßsf Db Øn- m n kie P\-ß-sfbpw k-xy-øns ]mxbn \bn- p-ibpw snøp-sa hnizm-k-øn-tebv v \msa-øn-tntc n hcp- p. kqnn- n- -s hm KvZØ ]pcp-j F m ax- -߃ pw Htc hy n Xs -bm-bn-cn- p kxyzqx

13 sa pw At±-lsØ Xß-fpsS kz -ambn kzoi-cn- -Ø- -hn[w Cu F m {]h-n-\-ß-fpw ]q Ønbm-bn- m-wp-i-bm Cu {]h-n-\- ß-fn hnhn[ kap-zm-b-ßsf _ n- n- p Hcp khn-ti-j-`mhw Dƒs m- n-cn- p- -Xmbn shfn-s - Sp-sa pw \ap p a\- n-em- m Ign-bpw. hnhn-[-a-x-{k-ÿ-ß-tfm-tcm pw hmkvzø {]hm-n-i-s\-] n Fßs\, F p-]-d-bp- psh p \ap p t\m mw. sslµh ]pwy-{k-ÿ-amb `Kh-ZvKo-X-bn Cßs\-sbmcp ktµi-ap- v. bzm-b-zmln [ Ωky m\n `-hxn `mcxx AZyp- m\ a[ Ωky XZm-flm\w krpm-aylw. ]cn-{xm-wmb km[q\mw hn\m-imb N Zpjv-IrXmw [ Ω kwÿm-]-\m mb kw`-hman bptk-bp-tk. temiøv [ Ωw bn- p- Ibpw A[ Ωw k {X hym]n- p- Ibpw snøp-tºmƒ, [ Ω-kw-kvYm- ]-\-Øn-\mbn {ioir-jvw ]p\- -ch-x-cn- -s -Sp- -Xm-sW mwv Cu KoXm-i-Iew DZvtLm-jn- p- -Xv. A[ Ωw k -{X hym-]n- ptºmƒ temiøv {]hm-n-i- msc \ntbm- -Kn- p-i-sb- -XmWv sszhn-i- \-b-sa v F m Znhy-{K-Ÿ-ßfpw a\- n-em- n-ø-cp-tºmƒ, ]cn-ip Jp -B ]d-bp- p, ""A tbm B Zw k -Xn-I-tf, Fs hn-\-߃ \n߃ p hnh-cn- p-x-cp \nßfn \n p dkq am ({]-hm-n- I- m ) \nß-fp-ss-b-sp- hcptºmƒ `b-` n ]pe Øp-Ibpw \ {]h Øn- bpw snøp- -h-cm tcm A-hcn `b- m-sp- m-hp-i-bn ; A-h tjzn-t n hcn-i-bp-an-.'' sslµh ]pwy-{k-ÿ-amb {ioazv `mk-h-x-øn Cu Ime-L- -sø- - n-bp kqn\ CXm-Wv. ""Ien-bp-K-Øn kxy-[ Ωm-Zn- Iƒ Dt]- n- -s -Spw, [ Ω-Øn\p _e- bw kw`-hn- pw. cmpm- - m P\-ßsf t{zmln- pw. ag Ipdbpw. [m\y-hn-f-iƒ v Xw ] -pw. ]m]w h n- pw. a\p-jys Bbp v Ipd-bpw. Ipg- hpw Ie-lßfpw s]cp-ipw. ]W-Øn-\p-th n I kxyw snøpw. ]m]-]p-wy-ßsf- p-dn- p hnnmcw Xs \-in- pw. \ -Xn hnth-n\w D m-hp- I-bn-. D- -Pm-Xn- m XmW PmXn- msc Hm p-i-bp-an-. hym]m-c- Øn NXn D m-ipw. _em kwkw h -n pw. {_m -W AhcpsS [ Ωw ad- pw. PS hf Øn {_ -Ncyw A`n-\bn- pw. I m-f ]W- msc Db PmXn- m-cmbn ImWpw. I w ]d-bp- -hsc _p nim-en-i-fmbn Icp-Xpw. X]-P-]-ß fpw I Ω-[ Ω-ßfpw Dt]- n- pw. kz w bi pw Db bpw hf Øn- -d-bpw. apsn hf Øpw. ]c-tem- I-in- -sb- - n-bp Nn -Xs D m-ip-i-bn-. I - mcpw sim - mcpw h n- pw. `c-w-i Øm- ƒ Ih - msc Iq p-]n-sn- pw. Ah {]P-I-fpsS kz Æ hpw apx epw ]nsn- p-]-dn- pw. _me-hn-hmlw s]cp-ipw. ]Øp-h-b- n K `w [cn- pw. _lp-`q-cn-]- hpw hkv {Xhpw [m\yhpw IqSmsX he-bpw. \mep h Æ- mcpw Hscm PmXn-bm- Ipw. kv{xoiƒ ]pcp-j- m-cpss ta `cww \S-Øpw. B Ip- n-iƒ amxm-]n-xm- -fpss tk h\w Dt]- n v izip-cm-e-b-ønse tkh-\- Øn kt mjw sim pw. kao- ]-Øp Xo w Dt]- n v Zqcÿ-e-ß-fnse Xo -߃ DØ-aambn IcpXn Ahn-tS bv v Kan- pw. ani Blm-c-ß-fn {]oxn h n- pw. k\ym-kn-iƒ hgn-sx- n-t m- Ipw. tpmen- m-c ZpxJn-X-\m-bn-cn- p DS-a-ÿ s\ klm-bn- n-. \nc-h-[n-t] a sf B{K-ln v `qx-t{]-xm-zn-isf ]qpn p XpS-ßpw. amxmhpw ]q{x- mcpw ]c-kv]chpw ktlm-z-c- m At\ym\yhpw ZpxJn- n- pw. At\Iw ]m]-߃ s]cp- Ipw. ]c-am-flm-hn-t\m-sp ` n Ipd- p-t]m-ipw...'' {ioazv `mk-h-x-ønse 120- mw kvi -Øn-ep hcn-i-fmwv taep- -cn- -Xv. blq-z-a-x- m-cpss ]g-b-\n-baw ss n-fn, slk- n-tb 34:20/ 26- C{]-Imcw ]d-bp- p. ""Rm Ah v Hcp C-S-bs\ \nb-an- pw. Fs Zmk-\mb ZmhoZv, Abmƒ Ahsb tabv p CS-b- \m-bn-cn- pw. I Øm-hmb Rm\mbn-cn pw Ah-cpsS sszhw. Fs Zmk-\mb ZmhoZv Bbn-cn pw AhcpsS CS-bnse {]`p. I Øm-hmb Rm CXv Acpƒ snbvxn-cn- p- p. Rm Ah-bp-ambn Hcp kam- [m\ DS-ºSn D m- pw. Rm tzi- Øp-\n v h\y-ar-k-ßsf ]pd- - pw. At mƒ Ahbv v kpc- n- X-amb hnp-\-x-bn ]m mw, h\- Øn Dd-ßmw...'' ""CXm, hgn-sbm-cp- m F\n- p-aptº Fs ZqXs\ Rm \bn- p- p. \n߃ At\z-jn- p I Ømhv DSs\ Xs tzhm-e-b- Øn-tebv p hcpw; \n߃ v CjvS-ap B DS-º-Sn-bpsS ZqX CXm hcp- p. CXv ssk\y-ß-fpss I Ømhv Acpƒ snøp- p.'' (aemjn 3:1) ChnsS Zm-hoZv F pw DS-º-SnbpsS ZqX F pw ]d-b-s - n- p {]hm-n-is BK-a-\-sØ- n kqn\ \ In-bn-cn- p- p. hcm- \p B hmkvzø ]pcp-j tbiphm-bn-cp- n-. ImcWw tbip ZmhoZv F "ZmhoZv ]p{x ' F mwp ]d-b-s - n-cp- -Xv. ]mgvkn ax-{k-ÿ-amb "k^v d v Zkm-Øodn'epw Hcp {]h-n-\-ap v. ""]ns Iptd- mew Ign- m Ah n-s-bn bp w D m-ipw. Ah aæv Bcm-[\ Bcw-`n- pw. (jn-bm- ƒ a I ap ]n h v \a-kvim-c-a-\p-jvtn- p Pqembv

14 Ibpw AXn-t kppqzv snøp-i bpw snøp- p.) Zn\w-{]Xn Ah-cn i{xp-xbpw `n n pw hf-cp-ibpw snøpw. \n߃ v CXn \n v {]tbm-p\w D m-ipw. Ime-Øns Hcp Znhkw am{xw _m n-bm-bmepw \ns a -fn ]mgvkn ]c-º-cbn Hcmƒ Fgp-t -s -Spw. \ns A pw al-xzhpw \ne-\n- Øpw. Znhy-a-Xhpw t\xr-xzhpw \ns a -fn \n pw FSp- -s - Sp-I-bn-.'' alm-flm-_p- \pw \ In-bn- p v CXp-kw-_- -amb kqn- \Iƒ. _p -`-K-hms Nc-a-Øn\p Ipd- p-apºv injy-\mb B\-µv, `Khm-t\mSp tnmzn- p, ""Aßp t]mbn- -gn- m R߃ p BcmWv D]-tZiw \ Ip-I...?'' {io_p- adp-]sn ]d- p. ""Rm am{x-a _p ; Rm Ah-km-\sØ _p -\p-a-... X -k-a-bøv a-s mcp _p P\n- pw. At±lw Rm\p-]-tZ-in- -Xpt]mse kxyw shfn-s -Sp-Øn-Øcpw...'' injy B\µv ho pw tnmzn p. ""R߃ At±-lsØ Fß s\ Xncn- -dn-bpw...?'' DS adp-]sn D m-bn. ""F\n- p-tijw hcp _p "ssat{xbm' F t]cn A dn-b-s -Spw...'' (ssa-t{xb aønb aiolm ako-lv) kn v {]ÿm-\-øns ]pwy- {K-Ÿ-amb "P\w-kmJn'bnepw hm KvZØ akolv hcp Ime-L- sø- n ]d-bp- p- v. ""t{zml-{]-h Ø- -\-ß-fp-sSbpw \nµ-\-øn-s bpw \mfp-iƒ hcm-\ncn- p p. lnµp- -fpw apkvenwifpw Xß-fpsS ax-[ Ω-߃ Dt]- n- pw. Kpcp- - msc BZ-cn- -bn-. Xß-fpsS hnip {KŸ-ß-fmb thz-ßfpw Jp -B\pw Bcm-[-\m-eb-ß-fmb aµn-c-ßfpw ] n-ifpw hnkva-cn- -s -Spw. kz`m-h-io-e-ß fpw hnir-x-ß-fm-ipw. Bcpw Bsc bpw Ku\n- p-i-bn-. Btcm Spw kemw snøp-i-bp-an-. A-Xm-b-Xv, Hmtcm Bfpw XΩn X-Ωn c - Zm-ln-I-fm-bn-cn- pw.'' {InkvXp-aX {KŸ-߃ anio lm shfn-s -Sp Ime-sØ- n F p-]-d-bp- p-sh p t\m mw. am t m-kns kphn-ti-j- Øn Cßs\ ImWmw. ""B \mfpw \mgn-ibpw kw_ n v ]nxm-h- msx Bcpw kz - Ønse ZqXcpw ]p{x\pw t]mepw Adn-bp- n-. aøm-bn-bpss h-n-\-߃ C{]- Im-c-am-Wv. ""B kabw Ft mƒ F v Adn-bm-bvI-sIm v kq n psimƒhn ; DW pw {]m n- psim pw Ccn- p-hn. ]c-tz-iøv t]mip a\p-jy Xs hosp-hn v Zmk v A[n-Im-chpw Ah-\-hs thebpw simsp-øn v Imh mtcmsv DW n-cn- m I n- -Xpt]mse \nß-fpss ho p-s-b-h k yt m ]mxn-cm-{xnbvt m ]qh timgn Iqhp t\ctøm cmhn-setbm Ft mƒ hcp-sa v Adn-bm-bvI-sIm v Ah s]s p h v \n-ßsf Dd-ßp- -Xmbn ImWm-Xn-cn- p- -Xn\v DW n-cn- n. Rm \nß-tfmsp ]d- -bp- Xv F m-h-tcmspw ]d-bp- p, DW ncn- n.'' eqt mkpw kqn-\-iƒ \ Ip- p- v. ""P\X P\-X-tbmSpw cmpyw cmpy-tømspw bp w snøpw. henb `qi-º-ßfpw ]e-ÿ-e-ßfnepw ma-ß-fpw, amdm-_m-[-ifpw D m-ipw. `b- -c-kw-`-h-ßfpw BIm-i-Øp-\n p ]e AS-bm-fßfpw D m-ipw. B Znh-k-ß-fn K `n-wn-iƒ pw ape-bq- p- -h pw lm IjvSw! ImcWw `qan-bn simsnb Zpcn-Xhpw Cu P\-Øn-\pta t{im[hpw D m-ipw. kqcy- \nepw N{µ-\nepw \ -{X-ß-fnepw AS-bm-f-߃ ImWpw. `qan-bn kap-{z-øn-s bpw Xnc-am-e-I-fpsSbpw K \w aqew P\-߃ p Zpcn-Xhpw Aº-c pw D mipw. `bw sim pw temiøp hcm-\n-cn- p- - Xn-s\- - n-bp kqn-\-iƒ sim pw a\p-jy t_m[w si p hogpw. Imc-Ww, BIm-i-Ønse i n- Iƒ pw Cf w X pw. At mƒ a\p-jy-]p{-{x {]Xm-]-tØmSpw alm-txp-t m-spw-iqsn Hcp tal- Øn hcp- Xv Ah ImWpw. Ch kw`-hn- p-tºmƒ Xe Db Øn t\m p-i, \nß-fpss hos -Sp v ASp-Øn-cn- p- p.'' ""Rm \nß-tfmsp ]d-bp- p, F mw kw`-hn pwhsc Cu Xe-apd IS- p-t]m-i-bn-. BIm-ihpw `qanbpw \iz-c-am-wv. Fs hn-\- ß-tfm, A\-iz-c-a-s{X.'' ""\n߃ kzbw kq n- p-sim- p-i. As - n kpj-tem-ep-]- Xzw, azym-k- n, Cu Pohn-X-Øns hy{k-x-iƒ F n-h-bn \n-ß-fpss lrz-b-߃ `b-s -Sp-Ibpw B Znh kw Hcp siwn \nß-fpss ta s] s p h p-ho-gp-ibpw snøpw. `q Xeam-sI-bp k -\n-hm-kn-i-fpss-bpw -ta AXp h p-ho-gpw. kw`hn- m-\n-cn- p Ch-bn \ns mw c -{]m-]n v a\p-jy-]p-{x s apºn \n m th i n- mbn {]m n- p-sim- n-cn- pi.'' aøm-bn-bpss kphn-ti-j-øn C{]-Imcw IqSn ]d-bp- p- v. ""kqcy Ccp- p-t]m-ipw. N{µ {] Imiw FSp- m-xn-cn- pw. \ -{X߃ BIm-i-Øp-\n p hogpw. B Im-i-Ønse i n-iƒ Cf-In-t m- Ipw. At mƒ a\p-jy-]p-{xs ASbmfw am\øp Xnf-ßpw. A p `qanbnse kie-i- n-ifpw {]e-]n- psim v a\p-jy-]p-{x BIm-i-Øn se tal-ß-fn alm-i- n-tbmspw txp-t m-spw-iqsn hcp- -XmWv.'' {Xntam-sØ-tbmkv Xs hn kxyzqx

15 \-ß-fn-eqsS hy -amb Nne kqn- \-Iƒ \ Ip- p- v. ""P\-߃ DØ-a-t_m-[-\- Øn Ak-ln-jvWp- fm-ip Imew hcp- p... tiƒhn v Cº-ap- -h-bn X ]-c-cmbn Ah XßfpsS C -bv n-w-ßp {]t_m-[- Isc hnfn- p-iq- pw. kxyw {i-hn- p- -Xn \n v hyxn-n-en v ]gw-i-y- I-fn-tebv v Xncn-bpw...'' ""hcpw-im-eøv Nne Bfp-Iƒ I]-Sm-flm- -sfbpw ]nim-np- sfbpw ]nim-np- -fpss kn m- -ßsfbpw snhn-s m- v, hnizm-k- Øn \n p hyxn-n-en- p-t]mipw F v kv]jvs-ambn ]d-bp- p. a\- m n IØn- -cn- p-t]mb Ak- Xy-hm-Zn-I-fpsS I]-S-\m-Sy-ß-fn-eq-sSbm-WnXp kw`-hn- p-i. Ah hnhmlw hne- pw...'' ""A y-zn-h-k-ß-fn IjvS- m- Sp-I-fpsS ka-b-߃ h p-tn-cpw. At mƒ a\p-jy kzm -X ]- ccpw {Zhym-{K-ln-Ifpw Al- m-cn- Ifpw K n-jvs- mcpw Zqj-Icpw amxm-]n-xm- sf A\p-k-cn- m- Øhcpw Ahn-ip- cpw a\p-jy-xz-an- m-ø-hcpw {Iqccpw Xs shdp- p- -h-cp-am-bn-øo-cpw. Ah h - Icpw ho p-hn-nm-c-an- m-ø-hcpw Al- m-cn-ifpw sszhsø kvt\ ln- p- -Xn-ep-]cn kpj-t`m-k-ßsf kvt\ln- p- -h-cp-am-bn-øo-cpw. Ah ax-øns _mly-cq]w apdp si ]nsn- p-ibpw AXns i n X n- -fbpibpw snøpw...'' C\n, ]cn-ip Jp -B-\nepw lzo-kp-i-fnepw Ah-km-\-ImesØ AS-bm-f-ßsf- n F p ]dbp- p-sh p t\m mw. kqd XIvho-dn ]d-bp- p. ""kqcy ad-bv -s Spw (k- -hntij {Kl-W-ap- m-ipw). \ -{X߃ DXn -s Spw (sim- n-ao ]X-\w). ] -X-߃ Nen- n- -s - Spw. H -I-߃ Dt]- n- -s Spw ({Sm kvt]m v hnπhw D m-ipw). hlvin-iƒ (h-\y-p- p- ƒ, BZnhm-kn-Iƒ, Kncn-P-\-߃) kwl-sn- n- -s -Spw. kap-{-z-߃ (I-\m-ep- Iƒ hgn) kwtbm-pn- n- -s Spw (kq-bkv I\m ). P\w D {K-Yn- s Spw (tz-iob sfiyw, sf-iy-cmjv{s-k-`, hm Øm-hn-\n-ab hnπ-hw), s] Ip- n-iƒ sim -s -Sp- Xp tnmzn- -s Spw ({`q-w-l-xy, iniph-[w, h[q-h-[w, _em kwkw XpSßn-bh s]cp-in, AXn-s -Xn-cn hym]-i-amb N -I-fpw \nb-a-\n Ωm-W-ßfpw D m-ipw). "kplv^p- Iƒ' ({K-Ÿ-߃, ]{X-am-kn-I-Iƒ, B\p-Im-en-I-߃ XpS-ßn-b-h) hn]p-e-ambn {]kn- o-i-cn- -s -Sp-I bpw {]N-cn- n- -s -Sp-Ibpw snøpw. BIm-i-a-fiew ad-\o- -s Spw (-iq- \y-a-fi-e-bm-{x, tkmfm- -c-k- mcw, F nh km[y-am-ipw). (\-c-iw) D z-en- -s Spw (\m-c-io-b-`-c-w߃ `qan-bn \SamSpw Xo fn h n- pw, ]pibpw Xobpw han- p bp -ßfpw Bbp-[-{]-tbm-K-ß fpw D mipw \c-i-øn-te-bv p hgn-iƒ BI jhpw Ffp- -hpam- -s -Spw). kz w ASp- n- -s - Spw. (-kz -Xp-ey-amb `uxn-i-kp-jt`m-k-߃ h n- pw. `qan-bn kz w ]Wn-bm-\p {ia-߃ D mipw b-ym -amb Bflob-kz w t\sp - -Xn-\p hgn-iƒ ` - m p Ffp- -am- -s -Spw.) "Jnbm-aØv' \mfn Ckveman s ]p\-cp- m-\-im-e-kq-n-i-ambn khn-ti-j-amb kqcy-n-{µ-{k-l-w ߃ kw`-hn- p-sa pw ]cn-ip Jp -B ]d-bp p. "kqd A Jn-bm-a-bn, "N{µ \p {KlWw ] pw, kqcy\pw N{µ \pw {Kl-W-Øn kwtbm-pn- n- s Spw (Htc cmin-bn hcpw)' F pw kqn-\-bp- v. kqd Awºnbm-bn Cßns\ ]d-bp- p. ""bavpqpv aavpqpv (GOG - MAGOG) Xpd- p-hn-s-s -Spw. Ah F m Db-c-ß-fn \n pw IpXn-s - Øn, kxy-øns hmkvzøw ASp- p-tºmƒ Ahn-izm-kn-Isf A mfn- n- pw. H w, "Atlm, P\-ßfpsS Zpcn-Xta \n -b-ambpw Rßf-Xns t\tc A{i- -cm-bn-cp- p, A, R߃ t{zmln-i-fm-bncp p'f v ]d-bpi IqSn snøpw. lzvdøv Aen (d)s Hcp \nth-z-\-øn C{]-Im-c-ap- v. ""temi-cn Hcp Imew hcpw. Ckvemw t]cn am{xta D m-ip- I-bp- q. Jp -B-\m-Is en]n am{xambn Ah-ti-jn- pw. Ah-cpsS ]fin-x- m (B-enw-Iƒ) BIm-i- Øn Io-gn G hpw \nir-jvscpw t{zmln-i-fp-am-bn-cn- pw. ^nxv\ (Ipg- w) Ah-cn XpSßn Ah-cnte-bv p-xs as-ßpw.'' hmkvzø ako-lns Bhn `m-h-sø- p-dn v lzo-kp-i-fn h a p Nne {]hn-\-߃ Cu h Ø-am-\-Im-e-Øp-Xs ]q Ønbmbn ImWp- -h-bm-wv. ""H -I-߃ D]-tbm-K-c-ln-X-ambn-Øo-cpw. Hcp ]pxn-b-xcw hml \w I p-]n-sn- -s Spw (B-hn-b- { w, sdbn th, I k ho-kv, tamt m Im, hnam\w XpS-ßn-b-hbpsS {]Nm-c-tØmsS CXp ]q Ønbm-bn). hm Øm-hn-\n-a-b-_ w hni-kn-x-amhpw (ss-en-{km-^v, ssent^m, hb e- v, C s\- v, Cu sa-bn XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS I p-]n- Sp-Ø-tØmsS CXpw km[y-am-bn). Nc- p-iƒ hn \ \S-Øp- -Xn\v kv{xoiƒ [mcm-f-ambn D]-tbm-K-s - Sp-Ø-s -Spw. ad-bv -s -ts icoc-`m-k-߃ Xpd- p-in-s- p Xc- Øn-ep hkv{x-[m-cww kv{xo Iƒ kzoi-cn- pw. aq p h i- n- Iƒ tn v bp w \S-Øpw... {In kvxo-b-cm-jv{s-߃ Fhn-sSbpw D -X-ÿm-\-ß-fn-em-bn-Øo-cpw. Atd_y Xp n km{am-py-øn \n pw th s - p-t]m-ipw. saskt]m-t -may, kndn-b, CuPn]vXv F nhn-s-ßn {]txyi `c-w-iq-s-߃ ÿm]n- -s -Spw. Nne hn`mkw Bfp-Iƒ amk-ß-fpss Imem-h[n 2006 Pqembv

16 Npcp pw (_-lm-bn-i-fpss amkw 19 Znhkw IqSp-tºm-gm-Wv). CkvemanI \nb-a-߃ [n- -cn- -s -Spw. NqXp- Ifn h n- pw. (Gjy-bnse G hpw henb NqXp- fn ti{µw (CA- SINO) Hcp apkvenw cmjv{s-amb atejy-bn-em-sw- Xp hnnn-{x-x-c-ambn txm mw. ate-jy-bn Ipem-ekv{X-cn-\-Sp-Øp "sp nßv ssl em v' F kpj-hmk ÿe-øm Wv CXp ÿm]n- -s n-cn- p- -Xv. temisø G hpw henb NqXm- ti-{µ-km-{am-py-am-is Ata-cn- bnse emkvthkmkv \K-c-am-Wv. AhnsS \K-cm-Xn Øn-I-fn am{xw Hcp e Øn Ccp-]-Xn-\m-bn-c-Øne-[nIw NqXp-I-fn-b-{ -߃ ÿm]n- n- p v. hntz-i-bm-{x- n-s-bn {]kvxpx c p ti{µ-ßfpw Cu tej-i kµ in- n- p- v. Kƒ^v taj-e-bn-sebpw Ad-_n-\m-Sp-I-fnsebpw timso-iz-c- m-cmb tjbv am, emkv thkm-knse Kmªnßv ti{µ-ß-fnse {]nb IÃ-ta-gvkm-Wv. Cu [\m-vy- m tihew Xam-i- p-th n hmxp-h-bv p G hpw sndnb tsm -Wns aqey t]mepw Hcp e w tumf BWv. AXmbXv 45 e w cq]. kz w hnam-\- ß-fn emkvth-kmkv hnam-\-ømh-f-øn h n-dßn `mkyw ]co- n- p temi-tim-so-iz-c- m-cpss FÆw {]Xn-Zn\w h n p-h-cn-i-bmsw v IW- p-iƒ ]d-bp- p. temisø G hpw henb tlm epw emkvthkm-kn X-s -; tlm Fw.-Pn.-Fw. {Km v. Cu tlm en H m-si-bp apdn-i-fpss FÆw ti m Aº-c- p-t]m-ipw dqap-iƒ. Hs bpw F pw `mkym-t\z-jni- -sf-s m v \nd n cn pw).'' lzvdøv Aen(-d)s hm p- Iƒ XpS-cp- p. ""kv{xoiƒ ]pcp-j- m-sc t]m se thj-an-spw. sxmgn-em-fn-iƒ A[n-Im-c-Øn hcpw. [\hm m Zm\-[ Ωw \ Ip- -Xn ]mh-ßtfmsp Akqb ImWn- pw. Ckvem ani Kh sa p-iƒ \in- n- -s - Spw. \n o-h-h-kvxp- ƒ kwkmcn pw ({Km-a-t^m, tdun-tbm, ts v sd-t m U, UnPn- thm bvkv sdt m U XpS-ßnb D]-Ic-W-߃. Hcp `mkøv ]hn-g-ßfpw as mcp `mkøv apøp-i-fpw hnfbp c p kap- -{Z-߃ ns-bn-ep `qxew apdn- -s -Spw. c p IS-ep- Iƒ I\m-en-\m Iq n-t -s Spw (kq-bkv/]\ma I\m-ep-Iƒ) AXneqsS [mcmfw I -ep-iƒ IS- p-\oßpw. hm\im-kv{x-]-c-amb At\ Iw I p-]n-sp-ø-߃ ]pd-øp-hcpw. \Zn-Isf ti{µo-i-cn v [mcmfw P-e-tk-N-\-]- -Xn-Iƒ \n Ωn- -s - Spw, F m Ah ÿnc-ambn hc p InS- pw. k mcw h n- pw. Nne cmpy-ß-fnse BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ XpS- p-\o- -s -Spw. hn[-hm-z-l\w (k-xn) XpS-ßnb BNm-c-߃ \n Ø-em- -s -Spw.'' A\-kv(-d)-bpsS Hcp \nth-z-\- Øn, Z m ]pds - m temi Øv tπkv ]c pw F v kqnn- n- n- p- v. azo\ tπkn \n pw c n- -s Spw F pw ]d-b-s - n-cn- p- p. tπkv am{x-a-, tπkv t]mep ]pxnb a v hym[n-i-fpw (D-Zml-lcWw "FbvUvkv') {]Xy- -s -Sp-sa pw, lrz-b-kvxw-`-\hpw a pw h n- p-sa pw Cu \nth-z-\-øn Iq n-t -s - n- p- v.) ""Z m-ens IgpX sh - Ønepw Ic-bnepw k -cn- pw, k -cn- p-tºmƒ apºnepw ]n n epw tal-߃ D m-ipw.'' Cu {]h- N\w Xoh- n-sbbpw Bhn- - -ens\bpw kqnn- n- p- p. Xncp-\-_n(-k) Acpƒ snøp p. ""Ah-km-\-Im-esØ apkvenw Iƒ blq-zn-\-km-dm- sf NmWn\p NmWmbpw apg-øn\p apg-ambpw A\p-I-cn- pw. cmjv{so-b-amb A[n- Im-chpw cmjv{so-b-ta-[m-hn-xzhpw apkvenwiƒ v \jvs-s -Spw. Ah a p- -h-cpss Zbbv pw Imcp-Wy- Øn\pw hnt[-b-cm-bn-øo-cpw...'' Ad-_n-I-fpsS Ah-ÿ-sb- pdn- p \_n-xn-cp-ta-\n-bpss {]h- N-\-sØ- n kv] in- p-sim- v, Cu hcn-iƒ Ah-km-\n- - mw. ""Cdm v AXns D - -ß fpw ]ptcm-kxnbpw a p- -h n-sbn ] n-sm Iq m- p-i-bn-. (A Xv Ct mƒ kw`-hn- p-i-gn- p). A {]-Imcw Xs -bm-bn-cn pw CuPn ]vxpw kndn-b-bpw. Ad-_n-Iƒ ] - sø-t mse ]c-kv]cw `n n- n epw Ass\-Iy-Ønepw Bbn-Øo-cpw..'' ASn- p-dn v "Cu {]h-n-\-ß-fp-ss-sbms shfn- -Øn `bm-\-i-am-sbmcp temi-\miw kw`-hn- m t]mip- p-sh- Xp hy w. AsXmcp `qi- º-tam, `oi-c-amb Hcp kp\m-an-tbm, Hcp temi-a-lm-bp- tam Hs B hmw. Hcp-]-t, Ct m-gsø Cdm B-W-h-{]iv\w Xs temisø hn\m-i-i-c-amb Hcp alm-bp Øntebv v \bn-s - p-h-cmw. Cu `bm- \-I-amb ÿnxn-hn-tijw D m-hpi F msw v \ap- -dn-bn-. AXv, Ct m \msftbm ASpØ Xe-ap-dbpsS ImetØm F pw ]d-bm-\mhn ; F p thw-sa- nepw Bhmw. temiw Xß-fpsS sx p-iƒ a\- n- em- n, Xncp-Øn, ] m-ø-]n- v, t\ am -Øn-te p as-ßn-bn-s - n Cu sszh-tim-]-øn\p Xo - -bmbpw \mapw km n-i-fm-hpw. F m k h-i- -\mb A m-lp- Ø-ºp-cm Imc-Wy-hm-\m-Wv, Icp- Wm-\n-[n-bm-Wv, sx p-iƒ s]mdp- p- -h-\m-wv, {]m \ tiƒ p- hm-wv, kzoi-cn- p- -h-\m-wv. G hpw Npcp-ßn-bXv kam-[m\w \nd \s mcp temi-km-aq-ly-hy-hÿn-xn p th n \ -\n-d Hcp a\p-jy-k-aq-l-øn-\p-th n \ap p Bflm -ambpw Iq- mbpw {]m n- mw. d v \ΩpsS ZpB kzoicn- m-\n-s-h-cp-ø-s. CØcw `bm- \I Zpc- - -߃ kw`-hn- m-xn-cn- m, ZpB-bn-se- nepw \ap p ssitim mw. Ahs A\- ]- amb A\p-{K-l-߃ m-bn, \ap p a-tbmss ImØn-cn- mw. m kxyzqx

17 44 apkvenwiƒ hnkva-cn Icm F.-]n. Ip maq kqd: Alvkm_n apkvenwiƒ A m-lp-hn-t\msv snbvx Icm {]Imcw apl-ωzv \_n(-k)s\ km y-s -Sp-Øn-s m v h Ahn-SsØ injy- {]-hm-n-i-\mb hmkvzø ako-lns\ hniz-kn- \n - -am-wv ""Hcmƒ Xs \my-\n \n p hy -amb sxfn-thm SpwIqSn Bbn-cn- p- p; A m-lphn \n v Hcp km n At±lsØ XpS - p-h-cp-ibpw snøp- p; aqkm-bpss {KŸw hgn-im- n-bpw Imcp-Wy-ambpw At±-l-Øn\v aptº h n- p-ap- v. (A-ßs\-bp Hcmƒ I -hm-zn-bm-iptam?) A q- At±-l-Øn hniz-kn- p- p. FXn I- n-i-fn \n v h -h\pw At±-lsØ \ntj-[n- p- -Xmbm \ciw Ahs hmkvzø kt -X-am-Wv. AXn-\m X kw-_- -ambn \o kwi-b-øn-em-h-cp-xv. AXv \ns \my-\n \n p kxyw Xs -bm-wv. F m A[n- I-am-fp-I-fpw hniz-kn- p- n (11:18) Cu hmiyw dkq Xn-cp-ta-\n- (k)bpss kxy-km- y-ambn hnhcn- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. CXn dkq Xncp-ta-\n-(k)bpsS kxy-ønte v ]d-b-s Hcp hmzw apl-ωzv \_n (k) A m-lp-hn \n p hy - amb sxfn-thm-spw-iq-sn-bmwv BK- X-\m-b-Xv F mwv. as m v At±lsØ kxy-s -Sp-Øp Hcp km n At±-l-sØ- ]n Xp-S p-hcpw. At±lØn\p-ap-ºmbn aqkm- (A) bpss {KŸ-amb XudmØn apl-ωzv \_n(-k)sb ] n-bp {] h-n-\-߃ hnh-cn- n- p-ap v. dkq Xncp-ta-\n(k)-bn hniz-kn- -h-cn-ep- mb ]-cn- -h Ø-\-amWv At±-l- Øns BZysØ kxy-km- yw. Hcp ]cn-ip- m-flm-hn\v am{xsa AXp km[y-am-hp-i-bp- q. Xncp-ta- \n-bpss Ah-X-c-W-Im-esØ Ad- _n-i-fpss Ah-ÿ-]c-a-Z-b-\o-b-ambn-cp- p. CXp a\p-jy-cmtwm AtXm a\p-jy-ar-ktam F v txm n-t m-ip coxn-bn A[x-]-Xn Ad-_n-Iƒ ]n osv B ym-flni hnlm-b- n ]d- p ] n-ifmbn ]cn-h Ø-\-s -Sp-Øp-I-bp- m-bn. Cu hnπ-h-amwv Xncp-ta- \n-(k)bpss A-\pN-c-cn Zriy-amb-Xv. CXp-Iq-SmsX dkq Xn-cpta\n(k) sim p-h XXz-kwlnX h n pw ]p n pw hyxymkw hcmsx Ah Pohn-X- Øn ]I Øp-Ibp m-bn. AXpap-tJ\ ax-øns icn-bmb s]m cpƒ ÿm]n- -s - p. GsXm-cp-aXw Hcp ` s\ sszh-z i-\-øn\v {]m]vx-\m- p- pthm B ax-amwv bym axw. Cu Jp -B hn- \-Øn ]d {]Imcw Cu Im-e- L- -Øn dkq Xncp-ta-\n(-k)- bpss km n-bmbn hmkvzø ako lv lzvdøv AlvaZv (A) BK-X- \m-bn. F m-a-x-ß-fp-ssbpw ]q mh-\-amb `mc-x-øn \n pw ]q Æ {]hm-n-i-\mb apl-ωzv \_n(-k)- bpss km n-bmbn sim mwv At±lw h -Xv. "Xm sszhn-i-khn-[-øn kzoim-cy-\m-hp-ibpw sszh -Z i\w sim p A\p-{K-lo- X-\m-hp-Ibpw snbvxn p- v F v At±lw {]Jym-]n- p-ibpw sn bvxp. \n߃ pw Cu `qan-bn sh p sszh-z i\w km[yam-ipw. Aßs\ Hcp km n ] m-_nse JmZn-bm-\n \n p hnfn- p-]-d- p. At±-l-amWv lzvd Øv AlvaZv (A). CXn-\p-]pdsa dkq Xncp-ta- \n-(k)bpss hc-hns\ kw_- n p sxu-dm-øn Hcp-]mSp {]h-n-\- ߃ D v. AsXms A -cw- {]Xn Xncp-ta-\n (k)bn ]q Ønbm-b-Xmbn ImWm-hp- -XmWv. Cu hn\w IqSmsX hnip Jp -B-\n Hcp Icm hmßnb hn\hpw h n- p- v. "AXm-bXv Hcp {KŸ-tØm-Sp-IqsS Hcp {]hm- N-I hcp-ibpw AXn-\p-tijw {]kvxpx P\-X hgn-sx- p-tºmƒ B {KŸ-Ønse hn[nhn-e- pisf Hm Ω-s -Sp-Øm-\pw, \S- n hcp- Øm\pw Hcp klmbn sszh-øn hcn-i-bm-sw- n \n߃ At± lsø hnizkn- p-ibpw klm-bn- p-ibpw snø-w-sa v {]hm-n-i- m-tcmsv A mlp Hcp Icm hm ßnbn p- v. AXm-bXv {]hm-n-i-p- \-Xsb {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn- mwv {]hm Pqembv

18 N-I-t\mSv Icm hmßp- -Xv. - "A mlp {]hm-n-i- m-tcmsv Icm hmßnb Ah-kcw Hm pi! Rm \n߃ v h {KŸhpw m\hpw \ In-bn v ]ns \nßfpss IqsS-bp- -Xns\ (k-tµ-isø) kxy-s -Sp-Øp Hcp ZqX \nßfpss ASp- hcp- -Xmbm Xo -bmbpw \n߃ At±l- Øn hniz-kn- p-ibpw At±lsØ klm-bn- p-ibpw sntø- -XmWv (F p ]d- p-sim- v) Ah (A mlp) tnmzn- p. "\n ߃ kω-xn- p-ibpw Fs Icmdns\ (Cu _m[y-x-sb) Gs Sp p- Ibpw snbvxpthm? Ah ]d p; (A-sX)' R߃ kω-xn- p. A mlp ]d- p. "\n߃ km yw hln- p-ho ; \nß-tfmssm w Rm\pw km n-i-fn s] h-\mwv' (3:82) Cu Icm {]hm-n- I- m-cn \n v A mlp hmßnbxv Ah-cpsS A\p-N-c- m-cn CXp kw- _- n- p Ah-t_m[w krjvsn- m-\m-wv. Aßs\ ]n osv hcp {]hm-n-i- msc Ah \ntj-[n- m- Xn-cn- m th n-bpam-wv. A mlp Ah-tcmSv km yw hlnt m? F p tnmzn- p- p- v. CXp-Iq- SmsX kqdx Alvkm-_nepw Hcp Icm-dns\ pdn v ]d-bp- p. ChnsS dkq Xncp-ta-\n(-k)tbmSv t\cn p hmßp Icm-dn-s\- p-dn- v ]d-bp- -Xv F Imcyw ]c-a-{]-[m-\-am- Wv. ImcWw AXv apkvenwifmb \sω _m[n- p- -Xm-Wv. \mw AXv ]men- m _m[y-ÿ-cp-amwv. A Xm-bXv Xncp-ta-\n(-k) v tijw Hcp km n Xncp-ta\n(k) sim ph Zo\ns\ ]p\cp o-hn n m hcp-sa v Xs. Jp -B hn\w C{]Im-c-amWv. "" \mw {]hm-n-i- m-cn \n pw Ah-cpsS Icm hmßnb kµ `w (kva-cn- p-i) \n n \n pw \qlv C_vdmlnw, aqkm, Cuk-_v\p-adnbw F n-h-cn \n pw (\mw Icm hmßnb kµ `w) ZrV-amsbmcp Icm-dmWv \m Ah-cn \n pw hmßn-b-xv.'' (33:8) CXp-kw-_- n p dkq Xncpta\n ]e {]h-n-\-ßfpw snbvx- Xmbn lzo-kp-{k-ÿ-ß-fn hmbn- m km[n- pw. ChnsS dkq (k)xncp-ta-\n-tbmsv Icm hmßn-b- Xns\ {]txyiw A mlp FSpØp ]d-bm-\p Imc-Ww. `mhn-bn apkvenwi-fn Hcp A -hn-izmkw AXm-bXv Xncp-ta-\n-(k)tbm-Sp-IqSn F m \p_p- Øpw Ah-km-\n- pt]mbn F A -hn-izmkw hym]- I-am-Ip-w. B Ime-Øm-bn-cn pw Cu {]h-n\w ]q Øn-bm-Ip- -Xv. XZ-hk-c-Øn A mesø Nn n- p P\-߃ c -s -Ss F p a\- n-em- n-bm-bn-cn pw A mlp Xncp-ta-\n-(k)bn \n pw B Icm hmßn-b-xmbn Jp -B FSpØv ]d- Xv. F m {]hm-n- I- m-cn \n p hmßn F p ]d- m Xs axn-bm-ip-am-bn-cp- n pw Xncp-ta-\n-bn \n pw Icm hmßn-sb v ]d p-sim v Xncpta-\n-(k)bpsS DΩ-Øns\ A mlp ChnsS klm-bn- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. A lw-zp-en- m-lv. Cu -km- n-sb-] n Xs bmwv Cukm-sb pw, Cuk_v\pa-dn-b-sa pw, alvzn-sb pw, akosl pw Xncp-ta\n (k) {]txy-iambn {]h-n\w snbvx-xv. Hcp lzokn ""C_v\p adnbw \nß-fn \n v \nß-fpss Cam-ambn \nßfn Cd-ßp-tºmƒ \nß- -fpss Ah ÿ F m-bn-cn- pw.'' F v Im Wmw. Cu lzokp _pjm-cn-bn h -Xm-Wv. apkvenanepw CtX cq]- Øn-ep lzokv h n- p- v. Iq SmsX "C_v \p-a-dn-b-ans\ ak-embn v (km-zriy-am-bn) ]d-b-s - m \ns P\-߃ AXv kw_- n v ssisim n- n-cn pw' (43:58) AXmbXv ]cn-l-kn- p-sa v hnip Jp -B-\n Dt -J\w snø-s - ncn- p- p. Aßs\ a\p-jys\ \mep-`m-khpw A mlp Xs Nn m-_v[n-x-\m- n-bn-cn- p-i-bm-wv. AXm-bXv Nn n- p a\p-jy\v A mlp Ab- p dkq Xncpta-\n(-k)-bpsS km n sb kzoicn- m-xn-cn- m bmsxm cp \ymbhp-an-. ChnsS Cukm-\-_n(A) bpss kmzr-iy-tømss Hcmƒ hcpsa v ]d-b-s - ncn- p- p. \ns P\X ssisim n Bchw apg psa pw ]d-b-s - p. lzvdøv Alv azn(-a)s\] n adn-b-ans ai Fßs\ NncmKv _o_n-bpss ai \mipw F v ]d v ssi sim n Bchw Iq p- -Xmbn \mw C v Z in- p- p. Jp -Bs hn-\-߃ F{X bmym yw. hmkvzø ako lv lzvdøv AlvΩZns\ Cuk _v\p adn-b-ap-ambn kmzr-iy-øn am{x-amwv ]d- Xv. Aßs\ kmzr-iy-cq-]-øn ]d- m ssi sim n Nncn- msx AXns\ Kuch-ambn FSpØp kzoi-cn- m-\mwv Cu hn-\-øn IqSn A mlp Blzm\w snøp- -Xv. Cßs\ Hcp kxysø \mev hihpw hnh-cn v Ahn-iz-kn- m-\p F m ]gp-xp- Ifpw ChnsS AS- n-cn- -bm-wv. B hcp Bƒ \nß-fn \n p AXm-bXv apkvenw DΩ-Øn \n p Hcm-fm-bn-cn- p-sa v Xncpta\n (k) \ap v a\- n-em- n-øcp- p. blq-zn-i-ƒ v aqkm \_n (A) bv p tijw Ahsc D -cn- m 14- mw \q m- ns Xe- h Ah-cpsS D m-ci-\mwv Cukm-\- _n (A). AtX-t]mse apkvenwifn 14- -\q- m- n Ahsc D- -cn- m Cukm-\-_n(-A) v kzr-i- \mbn Hcmƒ hcp-sa- mwv ChnsS ]d- n-cn- p- -Xv. B kmzr-iy sø ImWn- m-\mwv ""ak '' F ]Zw AhnsS D]-tbm-Kn- -Xv. CXp-X-s -bmwv tbip-hns c mw-h-c-sh pw ]d-b-s - -Xv. hnip Jp -B-\n Cukm-\- _n(a)sb _\oc-{km-tb-en-b-cpss {]hm-n-i-\m-bn- mwv a\- n-em- n kxyzqx

19 Ø-cp- -Xv ss nfnepw A{]- Imcw Xs. At mƒ _\oc-{km- bo-ense {]hm-n-i-zu-xy-tøm-ss - At±-l-Øns ZuXyw Ah-km-\n- p- p. Cukm-\_n ho pw hcpsa v ]d- m At±-lØn\v kzr-i-\mb as m-cmƒ hcp-sa v Xs -bmwv a\- n-em-t - -Xv. Genbm-{]-h-Nm-I (C- ymkv \_n) hcp-sa- -Xns\ tbml- m {]hm-n-is (blvbm) hc-thmss ]q Øn-bm-b-Xmbn tbip Xs \ap v ]d- p-x- n-cn- p- p. At mƒ Aßs\ kzr-io-i-cn- s -Sp-sa v kmcw. At mƒ B Ime-L- -Øn hcp {]hm-n-i \sω D t_m-[n- n- p-tºmƒ B Imcyw ti DSs\ X n- -f-bp kz`mhw \ap v D m-im ]msn -F- mwv Ncn{Xw \tωmsv Bh-iys -Sp- -Xv. {]hm-n-i m-tcmsv A mlp hmßnb Icmdpw \mw AK-Wy-tIm Sn-bn X cpxv. apkvenw DΩ-Øn\v sx p ] pw F p a\- n-em- nbmwv dkq Xncp-ta-\n(k)-bn \n pw {]kvxpx Icm hmßn-b- Xmbn Jp -B DW Øp- -Xv. ImcWw At±-l-Øn\v tijw Ckv emans\ D -cn- m Hcp km n (Hcp {]hm-n-i ) htc- n-bn-cn- p- p. Aßs\ Hcmƒ htc- p Ime-L- -sø- p-dn pw ÿe-sø- p-dn pw At±-l-Øns t]cpw BIr-Xnbpw F mw Xncp-ta-\n(k) Af- p-ap-dn v {]h-n\w snbvxp. Xs A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ A m-lphns Imcp-Wy-Øn \n pw AI- p-t]m-icpxv F p a\- nem- n- Xs F n pw AXn-s\m pw apkvenw temiw bmsxmcp hnebpw Iev]n- n-. A m-lp-hns `mk-øp- \n- p-h, dkq Xncp-ta-\n(-k) bpss Cu km nbmbn h hmkv ZØ ako-lns\ \ncm-i-cn- -Xns ^e-ambn apkvenw temiw ]e-hn[ bmx-\-iƒ pw Cc-bm-bn-Øo ncn- -bm-wv. Ah-cpsS `uxn-ihpw Bflo-b-hp-amb A`n-hr n A mlp-hns hmkvzø alvzn-a-ko-lpam-bn v _ -s - n-cn- -bm-wv. Cu kxyw F{X thkøn apkvenw temiw a\- n-em- p- pthm A{X bpw thk-øn Ct m-gp Ahÿ-bn \n pw Ah tamnn-x-cm- Ipw. A m-ø-] w C\nbpw `mcn \mi-\-jvs-߃ v apkvenw temiw Ipdn-am-\-am-Ipw-. A mlp hrym Hcp c -Is\ Ab- p-i-bn-. bymka-b-øp-xs {]kvxpx c -I h n-cn- p- p. Cu bm Ym yw a\- n-em- m-\p hn thihpw `mkyhpw apkvenw tem IØn\v A mlp Imcp-Wy-ambn \ I-s -sb v \ap v {]m n mw. kqd:lqzn ]d hmiy- Øn h -h\pw At±-lsØ \n tj-[n- -bm-sw- n \ciw Ah s hm-kvzø kt -X-am-sW v ]db-s - n-cn- p- p. At mƒ Aß s\ km y-tøm-sp-iqsnh-cp Bsf \ntj-[n- p- -h v \c-i-ambn-cn- p-w {]Xn-^esa- mwv Chn ss ]d- n-cn- p- -Xv. "X kw-_- -ambn \o kwi-b-øn-em-hcpxv' F pw hnip Jp B \sω DW -Øp- p. CsXms \mw icn pw lrz-b-]q w {Kln-t Xm o-xp-i-fm-wv. F mw I n pw ImWm-Ø-h-s\-t]mse F mw ti n pw tiƒ m-ø-h-s\-t]mse \Sn- p- Xv Cl-Ønepw ]c-ønepw \jvsw `hn P\-X-bmbn apkvenw Isf am p-sa v Ah-tcm p-i. m (10 mw t]pn \n v XpS ) cy-߃ kwc- n- m\pw IΩyq- CXv as mcp {][m\ {]iv\-ønte v \sω B\-bn- pw. AXv DNn- X-ambn ]cn-l-cn- -s -Sp-tºmƒ am Ivkns \nkq-v-amb Dt±iyw F m-sw v a\- n-em- m AXv \sω klm-bn- pw. [m ΩnI \n ba-an- msx GsX- nepw Hcp hyh ÿ \ncw p-i-ambpw Ffp- -Ønepw {]h Øn- m Ign-bp-sa v Fßs\-bmWv At±-l-Øn\v Z in- phm km[n- pi? Cusbmcp hkv XpX ImWm-Xn-cn- p Xn At± lw AXohkma yw ImWn- p- p- v. AtX-k-abw [m Ωn-I-X bpw sszhhpw XΩn-ep _ w {Kln- p Xn At±lw axn-bmb _p n-am-\p-am-wv. {]Ir-Xn-P-\y-amb a\p-jy Hcp [m Ωn-I-Po-hn-bmbncn- n-. adn v Ah BIm-i-Øn\v Iognse G hpw \nir-jvs-po-hn-bmbn-cn- pw. a\p-jys\ [m Ωn-I-\m- p F m {ia-ßfpw Bcw-`n- p- Xv sszh-hn-izm-k-øn \n m Wv. ]t sszh-hn-izm-k-hp-ambn s]mcp-ø-s - p-t]m-im Xs X Øz-im-kv{X-Øn- m-hn-s v am Ivkn p ]q Æ-t_m- y-ap- m-bn-cp- p. sszh-øn-te v \bn- p- txm \bn- -s -t - p txm Bb-sX mw am Ivkn\v h P-\o-b-am-bn-cp- p. At±-l-Øn\v Xnc-s -Sp- m- \p- m-bn-cp- Xv c v am -ß-fm-bncp- p. IΩyq-Wn-k-Øns Xmev]- WnÃv temiw sszh-øn-te v Xncn- p-t]mim-xn-cn- m\pw IΩyq-Wn-k- Øn-\-IØv Xs Hcp [m ΩnI hyh-ÿ-bp- m- pi. As - n sszh-nn- -bn-te v Xncn pt]m- IpI F A]-ISw Hgn-hm- m Iayq-Wn-Ãv hyhÿ AØ-c-samcp `ojwn kzbw t\cn-sp p F Imcyw kωxn p-i. Hcp-]t [m Ωn-I-Nn- -bn-tet m sszh-øntet m Xncn- p-t]m-ipi F A]-ISw Hgn-hm- m IΩyq-WnÃv t\xr-xz-øns A[m ani Pohn-X- Øns A\p-io-e\w sim v km[n- p-sa v At±lw Duln- p-im-wpw. (Xp-S-cpw) hnh: F.-Fw. m 2006 Pqembv

20 Ad-_n-`mj `mj-i-fpss amxmhv F. A_vZp dlnw 1996 am n {]kn- o-i-cn kxy-zq-x-\nse Ipdn- v. `mj Fßn-s\-bp- mbn? temiøv ImW-s -Sp AkwJyw `mj-iƒ v s]mxp-hmb [ Ω-߃ Dt m? F m `mj-i-fp-ssbpw amxmhv AYhm `mjm P\\n F p ]d-b-s -Sm-hp aqe-`mj GXmWv? Xptemw Nn m l-amb ka-ky-ifmwv Ch-sb- Xv \n hn-hm-z-am-wv. `mtjm ]Øn imkv{x-pvr m CXp-kw-_- n p ]e kn m- ßfpw Ah-X-cn- n- n- -p v. Xncy- p- I-fn \n v hyxy-kvx-ambn `mj F p ]d-b-s -Sp kwth- Z\am yaw a\p-jy hi-am- n-bsx-ßs\ F Imcy-Øn kwxr- ]vx-amb Hcp-Øcw Is -Øm i_v-zim-kv{x- - m v Ign- ncp- n-s - -XmWv bmym yw. a\p-jy I p-]n-sn- -p m- n-sb-sp- Ø-XmtWm `mj? AtXm, AXv ]ca-im-cp-wn-is Hcp Zm-\tam? `mj ]c-a-im-cp-wn-i-\mb sszh-øns Hcp Zm\-am-sW p hmkv ZØ akolv lzvdøv AlvaZv(-A) Xs "an\-\p dlvam ' (Favours of the Beneficient) F IrXn-bn kn m- n- p. temiøv C p 500 timsn P\- ߃ 4000 Gsd `mj-iƒ kwkmcn- p-h-cp- p-sh p `mjm im kv{x- IW- m- n-bn-cn- p- p. Ahsb hnhn[ {Kq p-i-fmbn Ah th Xn-cn- n- p- v. 12-Hmfw ASnÿm\ `mjm-ip-spw-_-ß-fm-ws{x D -Xv. Ch-bn G hpw {]mno-\- am-bn- p `mj GXmWv? `mjm-p- \\n F p ]d-b-s -Sm-hp Hcp `mj Dt m? (Often the question is asked as to which of these is the most ancient? is there a mother of all languages?) Nn -I- m-cpss kpo-h-amb N bv v hnt[-b-am-bn- p Hcp hnj-b-am-wn-xv. `m-j-i-fpss amxmhv F io -j-i-øn sslz-cm- _m-znse "sk p-e B v tamfn- Iyq-f _tbm-fpn sk -dnse Un. _me-kp-{_- Wyw Fgp-Xnb Hcp tej\w CønsS "lnµp' ]{X-Øn {]kn- o-i-cn- p-i-bp- m-bn. (The Hindu, ). C y-bn 400-Hmfw `mj-iƒ kwkm-cn- -s -Sp- p. Ch-bn 23 `mj-iƒ BWv {]-[m-\-ambpw FÆs -Sp- -Xv. C y-bnse 15 `mj-ifpss amxm-hmbn kwkvirxw AwKo-I-cn- -s - n-cn- p- p. CXp- {]Imcw Xs ]e ]uckvxy `mj- I-fp-sSbpw aqe-`mj ssn \okv BsW p ]d-b-s -Sp- p. F m, temi-øns hnhn-[-`m-k-ß-fn kwkm-cn- -s -Sp Cu F m `mjm-p-\-\n-i-fp-ssbpw BZn-am-Xmhmb `mj GXmWv? aq-e-`mj Is -Øm-\p {iaw A -mno-\tam B[p-\nI imkv{x Kth-j-I-cpsS kw`m-h- \tbm H p-a-. _n.-kn. 700 CuPn-]vXnse ^dmthm (^n -Hu ) Bbn-cp kmwsn v H m-a (Psamtik I)\S-Ønb Hcp ]co- -WsØ- n {Ko v Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb lntdm-tum- kv tcj-s -Sp-Øn-bn- p- v. P\n- p-how c v inip- sf AΩ-bn \n v th s]-spøn kwkm-c-ti-jn-bn- mø Hcp B n- S-bs kwc- -W-bn-em- n-s m- v, B inip- sf a m-cp-ambpw _ - s -Sp-ØmØ \ne-bn ]q Æ-amb hnhm-k-\-øn hf Ø-W-sa v ^dmthm \n ±-in- p-h-s{x. Cu inip- ƒ Dcp-hn-Sp BZysØ hm v F v F v {i n- -Wsa pw B Dua-bmb B n-s-b-t\msv Bh-iys n-cp- p. Ip n-ifn \n v ]pds- Sp BZysØ hm v F m `mj-i-fp-ssbpw Dd-hn-S-amb aqe-`m-jsb {]Xn-\n-[m\w snøp- - Xm-bn-cn- p-sa v k ]n- -s - p. Ip n-iƒ ]pd-s -Sp-hn BZysØ hm v "s_t mkv' F m-bn-cp- ph-s{x. Xp n-bn kwkm-cn p t]m n-cp {^opn-b F ]pcm- X-\-`m-j-bn "A w' F ap Hcp ]Z-am-Wn-Xv. Aßs\ {^opn-b `mj-bmwv a\p-jy-k-ap- Zm-b-Øn s BZn-`m-j-sb p ^dmthm kmwsniv H m-a Xocpam-\n- p-i-bp- mbn! F m, ^-dmthm bym - Øn I_-fn- n- -s -Sp-I-bm-bn-cp- p-sh pw Btcm Hcmƒ B Ip n- Isf {^opn-b `mj kwkm-cn- m ]Tn- n- p-sh p hy -am-sw- pw ]n m-esø Kth-j-I- m A`n-{]m-b-s - p. B Ip n-iƒ v kxyzqx

21 Hcp `mjbpw ]c-k-lm-b-an- msx ]Tn- m Ign-bp-am-bn-cp- n-s v Ah Xo Øp ]d- p. (i-_vz-ß fpw Nn -ßfpw Hcp `mjm C Ãn- yq v {]kn- o-i-cww, `m. 169). hmkvzø akolv lzvdøv AlvaZv (A) CXv kw_- n p C{]I-mcw ]d-bp- p. ""kwkmcw A`y-kvX-am-sW v kω-xn- -s - n-cn- p-tºmƒ, as mcmƒ a\- n-em- n-s m-sp- msx I v BZy-a-\p-jy\v AXv a\- n- em- m km[n- n- p- m-bn-cn- ns pw kω-xn- m \n _- -s - Sp- -Xm-Wv. ]pxp-xmbn P\n inip- sf H pw ]Tn- n- -s -SmØ \nebn, Hcp Kpcp-\m-Y Ah v `mj A`y-kn- n- mø \ne-bn, hnt - n-cp- p-sh- n, B \h-pm-xin-ip- ƒ v kzbw kwkm-cn- m km[y-a-s pw Ah v a p- -hcp-ss hnfnbv v DØcw \ Im Ign-bp-I-bn-s pw Dua-sb-t mse au\n-bm-bn-cn- p-itb D q-sh pw ]co- -W-ßfpw ]cn-tim-[-\-ifpw aptj\ ÿm]n- -s - n- p- Xpw AtXm-sSm w DZm-l-c-W-߃ sim v km y-s -Sp-Øm-hp- Xpw BIp- p. (an-\\p dlvam Favours of the Beneficient P - 87). At±lw XpS-cp p: ""sszhw a\p-jy\v kwkm-c-tijn {]txy-i- \n-e-bn \ -In-bn-cn- p- p. sszh- Øn \n p am{x-ambn a\p-jy\v Poh Zm\-ambn \ I-s - Xv t]mse-bmwv bym HuZm-cy-hm- \n \n p-xs kwkm-c-tijnbpw {]Zm\w snø-s - Xv. AXmWv kxy-h-kvxp-x.'' (92). `m-j-i-sf- n Jp -B C{]- Imcw ]d-bp p: ""BIm-i-`q-an-IfpsS krjvsn- nepw \nß-fpss `mj- I-fp-sSbpw h Æ-ß-fp-sSbpw hyxym-k-ß-fnepw Nn n- p- h v ZrjvSm- -ß-fp- v.'' (30:23). `mjm-im-kv{x-k-th-j-w-߃ (Philological Researches) \S-Øp-hm- \p Blzm-\-amWv Jp -B CXp-hgn \S-Øn-bn- p- -Xv. CXp-{]- I-cw, Cu Ime-L- -Øn Cu almkw-cw-`-øn lzvdøv AlvaZp JmZn-bm-\n(-A) ap-tj\ ASn-ÿm-\- s - n-cn- p- Xv sszhn-i-amb Hcp ] -Xn-bpsS `mk-am-wv. Ad_n `mj-bmwv `mjm P\-bn{Xn F p ]d-b-s -Sm-hp aqe-`m-j-sb v lzv døv AlvaZv(-A) tlmjn- p. Cu aqe-`m-j-bn hnip Jp B Ah-X-cn- Xv B `mj-bpss km P-\o\ {]mxn-\n-[ysø hnfw-_cw snøp- p. B alm-flmhv C{]-Imcw ]d p: ""F m {KŸ-ß-fp-sSbpw ap{z-bm-bp k -i- -\mb sszh-øns ]cn-]q Æ-{KŸw F m `mj-i-fp-ssbpw amxm-hmb Hcp `mj-bn shfn-s -S-W-sa v sszth- -bpss \n _- -am-bn-cp- p.'' (t]pv 93). At±lw {]Jym- ]n p: ""Rm\nXv kz -Øn ]d-bp- -X-. A mlp shfn-]msp cq]- Øn F\n-bv n-d- n-ø m- \-am-wn-xv.'' (t]pv : 119). hnip Jp -B-s\ {]Xyp- cn- m-\m-bn- s{x hmkvzø alvzo akolv shfn-s - n-cn- p- -Xv. CXv Hcp A -amb ax-]- -]m-xhpw `mjm-{]-w-bhpw B-sW p Icp-Xp- -h-cp- m-im-sa- nepw imkv{xo-bamb ASn-ÿm-\-ß-fn-emWv At± lw CXp Imcy-Im-c-W-k-lnXw sxfn-bn- n- p- -sx v ImWmw. GXv imkv{xob Kth-j-Whpw At±lw {]tlm-jn Cu kxy-øns A\m-h-c-W-Øn-emWv sns -Øp I. "an\-\p dlvam ' F ASnÿm\ {KŸw At±lw cnn- -Xn\v tijw At±-l-Øns Nne injy- m Cu hnj-b-i-ambn imkv{xob-amb Kth-jW {KŸ-߃ ]pd- Øn-d- p-i-bp- m-bn. At±-l-Øn s Hcp {]apj injy-\m-bn-cp _mcn-ã JmPm Iam-ep-±o kmln_v F t]cnepw as mcp injy- \mb AUz. akvl AlvaZv km ln_v F t]cnepw Kth-j-W-{K- Ÿ-߃ cnn p Cu {KŸ-ß-fn-e-Sßnb XXz-km-c-ßsf temiw AwKo-I-cn- p Imew hnzq-c-as v R߃ Icp-Xp- p. \mtem At m Bbncw sim -߃ n-s-bn C{Xbpw henb `mjm sshhn-[y-߃ k`hn- -sx-ßs\ F kwibw ASnÿm-\-c-ln-X-am-Wv. `qan-bpss hb v Bdm-bncw sim -am-sw- p ss nƒ ]mt-߃ krjvsn A_- -[m-c-w-bn \n m Wv Cu kwibw DZn- p- -sx v lzvdøv AlvaZv (A) Nq n- m- n. ÿe-ime-߃ p AI am{x-a `mjm-t`-z-߃ p ImcWw `qa- [y-tc-j-tbmsv ASpØpw AI-e Øpw ÿnxn-sn-øp {]tz-i-ßfn hkn- p- -h-cn Nne {]txyi Bh-b-hnI kwhn-[m-\- ßfpw {]h-w-x-ifpw kl-p-am-bn- Øs hf-cp-am-dm-ip- p. hnhn-[-ßfmb hr -ß-fp-sSbpw kky-ß-fpssbpw kzm[o-\-ßfpw Adn-b-s - SmØ a p Nne hkvxp-x-ifpw ImcWw Cu `qhm-kn-i-fn Nne {]txyi imco-cni i_vz-\n-b-{ W kwhn-[m-\-ßfpw D m-c-w-{-i-aßfpw DS-se-Sp- p-am-dm-ip- p-s v At±lw Nq n- m n. AXmWv {I taw khn-tij kwkm-c-k-{º-zmb-ß-fmbn th Xn-cn- -Xv. Nne {]tz-i-ß-fn A -c-ßfpw kz\na-ßfpw AtX-]Sn samgn-bm km y-ta-b-. Cu am -ß-sf mw {]IrXn \nb-a-߃ pw kl-p-kn- n-iƒ pw hnt[-b-am-wv. B[p-\n-I-imkv{Xw ssish- mø a\p-jy-_- -Øns Hcp imjbpw C-s v \ap- -dn-bmw. B[p-\nI P\n-XI imkv{x-øn\p (Genetics) a\pjy-po-hn-x-øns hnhn[ cwk-ß-fn Db n- p Ht sd {]iv\-߃ v ]cn-lmcw ImWm Ign- n- p- v. Poh-imkv{X-Øn\v (Biology) `mj-bpss {]m (-tijw 29 mw t]pn ) 2006 Pqembv

22 tbip{inkvxp Imivao-cn F. A_vZp-dlnw kmln_v "tbip-{inkvxp Imivao-cn ' F hnh Ø\ ]pkvx-i-øn\v A_vZp- dlnw kmln_v Fgp-Xnb {]kvxm-h\. tbip-{inkvxp Ipcn-in acn- n n ; aq n-x-\m-hp-i-bs{x snbvx-xv. "ham JX-eqlp ham ke-_qlp' (A-t±-lsØ Ah sim n- n-. {Iqin p sim n- p-an- ) F p hnip Jp -B tlm-jn- p- p. Gsd- psd A q-dp-sim- - mew {]N-cn Hcp sx p-[m-c-wsb-bmwv 1400 sim w apºp Jp - B Xncp-Øn-b-Xv. IØn-an- p Cu Jp -B-\nI hn-\-øns hymjym-\tam hni-zo-i-c-wtam BWv Cu IrXn. tbip-{inkvxp F-s m-cmƒ Pohn- n-cp- n- n-s p kn m- n- p- -h-cp- v. {InkvXp Hcp "anøv' am{x-am-sw- -h hmzn- p- p (Christ Myth Theory). F m, IrkvXp Hcp Ncn-{X-]pcp-j-\m-sW- s{x Jp -B hy -am- n-ø- n- p- -Xv. temi-]-cn-jv Øm- fmb {]hm-n-i- m-cpss ]c-º-c-bn AXn-{]-[m-\-amb Hcp ÿm\w Ae- -cn- p Hcp alm-{]-hm-n-i Xs -bmwv tbip AYhm Cukm- \-_n(-a) F p Jp -B {]Jym- ]n- p- p. F p am{x-a-, At±lsØ Hcp AS-bm-f-am- n-b-xmbpw B hnip- -{KŸw ]d-bp- p. F ph- m, sszho-i-amb At\Iw kxy-߃ At±l-Øns Pohn-Xhp-ambn _ -s Imcy-ß-fn-eqsS temiøv ]n m-eøv shfn-s -Spsa pw sszh-a-lxzw {]Im-in- n- s -Sp- -Xn\v At±-l-Øns Pohn Xw khn-ti-j-amb H-cp-]m-[n-bmbn amdp-sa pw Xs. tbip-hns ]p\-c-h-xm-c-sø- n {]h-n-\-ap- v. Cu Ime-L- -Øn AlvaZnøm {]ÿm-\-øns ÿm ]-I-cn B {]h-n\w ]q Øn-bm-bn-cn- -bm-sw pw At±lw "hmkvzø akolv' BsW pw AlvaZn øm {]ÿm-\- m hnizkn- p- p. B alm-flm hv Xs -bmwv tbip-hns\ AYhm Cukm-\-_nsb kw_- n a Ω- {]-[m-\-amb kxy-߃ Cu Ime- L- -Øn shfn-s -Sp-Øn-b-Xpw. "hmkvzø akolv Ipcn-ins\ apdn pw' (h-b-ivk-dp- -eo-_v) F p \_n-xn-cp-ta-\n(-k) {]h-nn- n- p v. {InkvXp Ipcn-in ta acn p F hnizm-k-øns s]m -Øcw hmkvzø akolv sxfnbn- p-im pw F m-wn-xns A -sa v \q- m- p-iƒ v apºv Xp n-kvxm-\n Pohn _Zvdp- ±o sf\n F alm {]kvxmhn- -bp- m-bn. "akolv lnµpÿm sa' (Jesus in India) F IrXn-bn-eqsS Alv aznøm {]ÿm- \-ÿm-]-i (A) XpS-ßn-h almhn-hm-z-øns Ae-bSn-Iƒ C p Hcp then-tb- -ambn amdn- - -gn- p. IrkvXp Ipcn-in ta acn- n- ns p ÿm]n- -s -Sp- -txm-ssbmwv Ncn-{X-]p-cp-j-\mb tbip- {InkvXp temi-øns I ap- n {]Xy- -\m-ip-i, Fs - m, Ipcn-ip-a-cWw F si p-i-y-bpambn IqSn- n-cn A hpw A_- -]q Æ-hp-amb At\Iw hnizm-kß-fp-ssbpw Ncn-{Xm-`m-k-ß-fp-sS bpw Iqºm-c-ß-fn ako-ln-kxyw Hfn- p-in-s- p-i-bm-bn-cp- p. ss n-fn {] n-]vx-ßfp v; kphn-ti-j ßfn {]txy- In- pw. kphn-ti-j-ß-fn ImW-s - Sp Ncn-{X-]-c-amb sshcp- yßfpw Akw-`m-hy-X-I-fp-amWv {InkvXp-an- ym-hm-z-øn p cq]w \ In-b-sX pw B s]mcp-ø-t - Sp-Iƒ Kuc-h-X-c-ß-fm-sW pw {]ikvx ss{ikvx-h-k-`m-n-cn-{x-]- fin-x-\mb kn.-sp. ImUp Nq n- m-wn- n- p- v. The historical inconsistencies and improbabilities in parts of the Gospels form some of the arguments advanced in facour of the Christ Myth Theory... discrepencies and uncertainities that remain are serious (the Life of Jesus - C.J. Cadoux, P ). ss nƒ ]fin-x- m s]mxpsh Nq n-im- Wn- n- p Hcp kxy-am-wnxv IrkvXp Hcp ""sszh''amsw- n kxyzqx

23 ""ssz h-]p{x''\mb-h-x-cn v tem-i- Øns ]m]-ap- n v th n ac- pcn-in Xqßn-a-cn p F n Aßs\sbmcp IrkvXp Cu temiøv Pohn- n- n-. IrkvXp-an- ym-hm-z-øns D] mxm- ƒ hn h-c-an- m-øhscm- p-a-, _p n-cm- -k am Xs. {_qtwm _mhc (Bruno Baur) Bƒ_ v Im tøm^v (Albert Kalthof) B X {Uqkv (Arthur Drews) XpS-ßn-b-h-cmWv Ah-cn {][m-\niƒ. _ {S v d epw AXm-h Øn p ]d- p. ""bcq-iteapw ]e-kvxo- -\p-a-, Ae-Ivkm- { n-bbpw tdmap-amwv Ir kvxp-a-x- Øns bym P -ÿew'' F -Xm-bn-cp p Ah-cpsS {]ta-bw. Ccp- qdv sim w apºv am{xamwv {InkvXp Hcp si p-i-y-bm-sw hmzw BZy-ambn D -bn- -s - Xv. ]Xn-s\ p \q m-t mfw tbiphns Ncn-{X-_- sø {]mam-wycmb Bcpw tnmzyw snbvxn- n-s hkvxp-x -Xs B hmzsø AXoh-Zp -e-am- p- p- v. c m-bncw sim sø blq-z-n-cn{xw IrkvXp F bmym ysø ti{µ-am- nbp- -Xm-bn-cp- p. C mø Hcp hy n-s -Xn-cm-bmtWm blq-z-p- \X \q m- p-i-tfmfw s]mcp-xnbxv? at -sxmcp P\-X-sb- p-dn v ]d- mepw Ncn-{X-t_m-[-ap blq-z-sc- n Aßs\ ]d- p-iq- Sm-Ø-Xm-Wv. tbip Hcp k ]w am{x-am-bn-cp- p-sh- n XpS- -Øn Xs Ah-cXp Nq n- m- p-ambn-cp- p. C mø Hcp hy n-bpss t]cn-emwv IrkvXym-\n-Iƒ \q m- p-i-tfmfw {Iqc-amb lnw-k-iƒ v kzbw Cc-bm-b-sX p Icp-Xp- Xpw bp n-k-l-a-. thz-]p-kvx-i-ßfpss imkv {Xob Kth-jW ]T-\m w ÿm ]n- -s P Ω-\n-bnse Sq_nw-K bq\n-h kn n apt m- p-h kn m- -ß-fp-sSbpw {_qtwm-_m-h D bn hmz-ß-fp-ssbpw CS-bn-em-Wv. ""bym kxyw'' \ne-sim- p- sx v GwK kv A`n-{]m-bs n ps hkvxpx Rm\nhnsS Nq n- m-wn p sim -s. ""B kxyw F{XtØmf-ap-s p C p \ΩpsS ssih-i-ap hkvxp- X-I-sf-sIm v Jfin-X-ambn Xn s -Sp-Øm Ign-bptam F v kwib-am-wv. tdman \n pw ]uc-kvxytz-i-ß-fn \n pw {]txy-in- p, k t m-]cn CuPn-]vXn \n pw In p ]pxnb I p-]n-sp-ø-߃ hna i-\-ß-sf- mƒ IqSp-X-embn CXn-tebv v kw`m-h\ \ Ipw.'' F p GwK kv ]d-bp- p. (On Religion, K. Marx & F. Engels P. 322). tbip-hns Ncn-{X-_ w Is - Øm-\p Bflm amb Hcp {iaw ]uc-kvxy-tz-i-ß-fn ho pw \S-Ø-W-sa pw F m am{xsa Ncn-{X-]p-cpj-\mb tbiphns\ Is -Øm-\mIq F p-amwv GwK kv A`n-{]m-b-s - -Xv. GwK kv CXp Fgp-Xn-b-Xn-\ptijw IrkvXp-hns\ kw_- n Ht sd I p-]n-sp-ø-߃ ]uckvxy-tz-iøv Ccp-]Xmw \q m- ns XpS w sxm p ]pcm-x-xz-kth-j-i-cpss ]T-\-߃ pw ]cntim-[-\-iƒ pw hnt[-b-am-bn. Uakv kv tcj-iƒ (Damascus Documents) Jpwdm Npcp-fp-Iƒ (Dead Sea Scrolls) F nh A q- -Øn G- hpw HSp-hn-e-tØ-Xm-Wv. Chbv v ]pdsa thsdbpw At\Iw tcj- Ifpw enjn-x-ßfpw I p-i- n-bn- p- v. Cu F m I p-]n-sp-ø-߃ pw aipsw Nm Øp H mwv Imivao-cn tbip-hns ihip-so-c- Øns I p]n-sp-øw. bpk-{]-[m- \-amb Cu I p-]n-sp-ø-tømss tbip-hns Pohn-XsØ kw_- n F m X -߃ pw imiz- X-]-cn-lmcw Is -Ø-s - n-cn- p-ibm-wv. {]kvxpx I_ Xpd- p-t\m- p- -]- w, AXp IrkvXp-hn-s - Xm-sW p sxfn-bn- p Fs - nepw inem-te-jtam a -S-bm-ftam e`n- m-xn-cn- n-s lzvdøv AlvaZp JmZn-bm-\n-bpsS {]Jym- ]-\sø Hcp sh p-hn-fn-bmbn kzoicn- m ss{i kvx-h-tem-ihpw t\xr-xzhpw Xømdm-Ip-sa- - n, Cu {]iv\-øn Hc- n-a-xo-cp-am\w ImWm {]bm-k-ap- m-i-bn-. AtXm-sSm w Cu temi-øn\v aq mw kl-{km-_vz-øns XpS- - Øn Xs Hcp -a-x-a-l-hn-π-h- Øn p km yw hln- m km[n- p- -Xp-am-Wv. GwK kv \n t±-in At\zj-W-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn Hcp hkvxpx \mw {]txyiw Hm t - -Xp- v. tim Ã-bn N{Ih ØnbpsS {InkvXp-a-Xm-t«-jtØmsS {InkvXp-aXw tdmanse k m a-x-ambn amdn-b-tijw \njym-iu kn-ens Xocp-am-\-ßf-\p-k-cn v AwKo-I-cn- -s Im t\m-\n-i-kp-hn-ti-j-ß-fnse ]mt߃ v \nc- mø F m tcj- Ifpw ]n m-e-øp- mb C Iznkn-js\ XpS v bm sxmcp hnth- N-\hpw IqSmsX km -{Xn-I-ambn \in- n- -s -Sp-I-bp- m-sb pw ]utem-kns ]mt-߃ -\p-cq-]- amb [mcmfw Ir{Xn-a-tc-J-Iƒ \n Ωn- -s - n- p-s - p-ap Ncn- {X-h-kvXp-X-bm-W-Xv. Aº-Øm-tdm fw kphn-ti-j-{k-ÿ-߃ A{]m-am- Wy-]p-kvX-I-ß-fmbn {]-Jym-]n- s -Sp-Ibpw ]n m-eøv \in- n- s -Sp-I-bp-ap- m-bn. Ah-bn Nne- XmWv ASpØImeØv Is -Sp- s "BIvSvkv Hm^v tnmam kv', "tkmkvs] Hm^v ^nen-t mkv' XpSßnb-h. H mw \q m- n IrkvXp-hns Ime-Øp-Xs ss{ikvxh ktµiw FØn-t Cu tic-f-øn epw DZ-bw-t]-cq kp -l-tzmkv (Synod of Diamper) hn[n-i-f-\p-k-cn v \io-i-c-w-߃ \S- n- p- v. tdma B v _nj v sa ko-kns (Menzis)t\Xr-Xz- Øn \S kp -l-tzmkv Xocp Pqembv

24 am-\-ß-f-\p-k-cn- mwv ChnsS N - I-fn BZy-ambn _nw_-ß-sf-ønb-xv. BZna {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ XßfpsS hnizm-k-߃ Isøm-gn- m\pw F m Ncn-{X-tc-J-Ifpw ASn-b-d-sh- m\pw \n - n- -s -Sp-I-bp-ap- m-bn. F-Xn Øp-\n ]ptcm-ln- X- m-cn Nne h[n- -s - p. IrkvXp Ipcn-in \n p c -s p C y-bn hs -Øn-sb hmz-k- Xn-bpsS ] m-ø-e-øn tic-f- Ønse ss{ikvxh]mc-º-cy-ßsfbpw Ncn-{X-tc-J-I-sfbpw ] n ]pxn-sbmcp Kth-j-W-Øn\v Ncn-{X- ]-fin-x- mcpw hnzym n-ifpw apxn-cp ] w ]expw Is - Øm Ign-t - pw. bqtdm]y IrkvXym-\n-Iƒ Good Friday BtLm-jn- p-tºmƒ AXp ""ZpxJsh n-bmgvn'' Bbn- p-xs tic-f-øn-ep- -h BN-cn- m Imc-W-sa- mwv? IrkvXp \S-Ønb-Xmbn Nq n- m-wn- -s -Sp `mc-x-bm-{x-bn At±lw I-S- p-\oßnb am -ß-fnepw Hcp KthjWw Bhiy-ambn hcpw. hnzzm- m B hgn v \oßn-øp- -S-ßo- p- v. C{km-bo-en \n p c p-]-t- \-kw-l-߃ CXp-kw-_- n v Iivao kµ -in- p-i-bp- m-sb Im cyw Rm\n-hnsS kvacn- p- p. Cu ]pkvx-i-øns H mw ]Xn v "amxr-`qan BgvN- Xn' n \ncq-]ww snbvxn-cp- Xp tic-f- Ønse bp n-hm-zn-i-fpss BNm-cy- \m-bn-cp {io. Fw.-kn. tpmk^v Bbn-cp- p. At±lw D -bn H p c p {]iv\-߃ v Rm\n-hnsS adp-]sn \ Is : {io\-k-dnse I_-dn- p- n ad-b-s- -s - Xp Hcp apkvenw ]pwyhm-f-\m-bn-cn- m-sa- mwv tpmk- ^ns ] w. At±-l-sØ-t]mse Adn-hp Hcmƒ ]d-tb- -Xm-bn-cp- n CXv. Hcp C{km-bo-eys\ I_- d-s- p sxß-s\-sb p At±-l- Øn\p Adn- p-iq-smsx hcn-. apkvenans\ ad-b-s- p- -sx-ßn-s\- sb pw At±lw Adn- p-im-wpw. Hcp C{km-bo-ens\ Ing v ]Sn- m-dmbn InS-Øp-tºmƒ Hcp apkv enans arx-tzlw hs- p-sx- m-bn- mwv sh p-i. {io\-k-dnse ar-x- Ip-Socw \ne-sim- - p coxn-xs AsXmcp C{km-bo-ey-s -Xm-sW p hnfn- -dn-bn- p- p- v. B Nm-c-ßfpsS Ncn-{X-aqeyw B\p-jw-Kn-Iambn Rm\n-hnsS Nq- n- m-wn- s. I -d-bpss ]m iz-hm-xn-ep-i-fp ss LS-\m-hn-ti-jw-Xs AsXm cp C{km-boen inev]-am-sw p sxfnbn p- p. Im _ subn- nßv A\p-k-cn p Ime-\n Æ-b- Øn p {]bm-k-apt m? Cu imkv {X-bp-K-Øn B pw Btc bpw I_-fn- n m km y-a-. {io. Fw.-kn. tpmk^v D -bn as mcp kwibw Imivao at yjy {]tz-iøv ss{ikvxh kwkvim-c-øns Ah-injvSw ImW-s -ts- -Xm-bn-cp- nt F p- -Xm-Wv. tbip-hn hniz-kn- ncn- m-hp I-ivao-cn-Iƒ apgp-h\pw ]n m-eøv Ckvemw axw Bt«- jn- p-i-bm Ah-cpsS kwkvim cw AXns bmsxm-c-s-bm-fhpw _m n-bm-hm-xn-cn- p-amdv Ckv eman ebn p tncp-i-bm-wp- mb-xv. {]à -tpm Fs mcp {In kvxob cmpmhv at y-jy-bn hm Wn-cp- -Xmbn am t m-t]msfm tcj-s -Sp-Ønbn- p- -t m. (am t m-t]m-tfm-hns k m-c-i-yiƒ ]n.-pn. ]pcp-tjm-ø-a ]n ). ] m-_nepw a pw \S-Ønb Nne D J-\-\-ß-fn \n v C{km-bneys cq]w ap{zn-x-amb \mw-b߃ Is -Sp- -s - n- p- v. at yjy-bm-is apkvenw {]`m-h-øns aq Øn-a-Zv`m-h-ß-fmb km-{am-py-\mb-i- m-cpss \msp-a-s{x. \n -lm-b-\m-bn, arxyp- p-j-\m bn Ipcn-in Xqßn- n-s tbiphns\ t\m n Ahn-izm-kn-I-fmb blq-z-]p-cp-jmcw Iq n-hn-fn p; Im n p Xp n. Iq -Øn Ah ]d p: ""aµncw s]mfn p aq p- \mƒ sim p ]Wn-bp- -h-t\, \n s -Øs c n. sszh-]p-{x F n {Iqin \n p Cd-ßnhm!'' imkv{xn-amcpw aq - mcpw ]c-a-]p- - tømss ]cn-l-kn p ]d- p, ""Ch C{k-tb-ens cmpmhv B Ip p F n Ct mƒ {Iqin \n v Cd-ßn-h-cs!.'' F m, {InkvXp F alm- {]-hm-n-i Ipcn-in \n n-dßn h p ]mh-\-amb ]e-kvxo-\ns a- Æn-eqsS \S p ImWn p! temi- N-cn-{X-Ønse alm- p-x-ß-fn H mb Cu Znhy-m pxw ImWm- \p IÆv IjvSw, {InkvXym-\n- Iƒ n msx t]mbn! sszh-øn hniz-kn- p- -Xn p ]Icw Ah _lp-p-\-øn-emwv hniz-kn- -Xv. IrkvXp Ing-t m-t bv v \oßn-bt mƒ ]utemkv ]Sn- m-tdm p t]mbn. ]s, tbip-hns\ Hc-S-bmf-am- n-b sszhw Cu Ime-L- - Øn B Ncn-{X-k-Xy-ßsf hmkvz- Ø-a-kolv apjm- - ncw ]pd-øp-sim- p-h- n-cn- -bm-wv. Cu ]pkvxiw Ccp-]-Ø v sim w apºp Rm X a snbv Xp Xøm-dm- n-b-xm-sw- nepw CXp hnh Ø\w snøp Imcy-Øn Fs AIagn p klm-bn- p- Ibpw \nc-h[n sx p-iƒ Nq n- m- Wn p Xncp-Øn-Ø-cn-Ibpw snbvx Xp alm-]-fin-x\pw _-lp-`m- -j- \pw tic-f-ønse AlvaZnøm kmln-xy-øn-\p-th n AXp-ey-tkh-\-ß-f n alm-\p-amb Fs hµy-am-xp-e P:F. lmanzv kmln_v BsW kxyw Rm ChnsS shfn-s -Sp-Øn-s m- p- p. Cu {KŸ-Ønse Adn-hp-Iƒ aptj\ A-\p-Kr-lo-X-cm-Ip- -h {KŸ-I Øm-hn-\p-th- nbpw F\nbv p th nbpw {]m n- p- -txm-ssm w At±-l-Øn-\p-th- nbpw {]m n- -W-sa p Rm\- t]- n- p- p. m kxyzqx

25 bp-h-xz-ønse ]IzX ssih Fgp-Øp-Im-c F.-]n. Ip map F. A_vZp- d-low kmln_v F. A_vZp- dlow kmln_v ticf Alva-Znøm Pam- A-Øns \nkvxp-ey-amb Hcp {]Xn` Bbn-cp- p. Rm Alva- Znøm Pam-A-Øn Aw-KXzw kzoicn- Xv 1960 BWv. AXn-\p-aptº kxy-zq-x hmb-\- m-c-\m-bn-cp- p. Hcp Zo L-Imew 40 sim -tømfw At±lw {]kvxpx amkn-i-bpss ]{Xm-[n-]-cm-bn-cp- p. Rm At m tg At±-l-Øns tej-\-߃ hmbn- p-ibpw At±-l-Øns Fgp- Øn BIr-jvS-\m-hp-Ibpw sn bvxn-cp- p. A v At±-lsØ t\ cn I n-cp- n-. At±-l-Øns Fgp-Ønse m\hpw ]Iz-Xbpw hmbn- -dn Rm At±lw XmSnsh Hcp- m-\-hr- -\m-bn-cn p-sa- mwv Icp-Xn-b-Xv. Ipd- p-im-e-߃ v tijw t\cn I -t mgmwv At±lw Hcp sndp- - m-c-\msw v a\- n-em-b-xv. At±-l-Øns Xqen- I-bn \n pw \n fn Db -Nn- bpw `mjm-ssi-enbpw Bscbpw BI jn- p- -Xm-Wv. kxy-zq-x amkn-i-bmwv At±-lsØ tic-f- Øn Adn-b-s -Sp Hcp kmln- Xy-Im-c\pw Hcp henb ]{X-{]hh Ø-I-\p-ambn am n-b-xv. At±lw ticf Alva-Znøm Pam-A-Øn\v \ Inb hn m-\- `-fim-c-߃ F pw kvacn- -s - Spw. D Zp-hn \n pw Cw o-jn \n pw hmkvzø al-zo- a-ko-ln-s bpw A-t±-l-Øns Jeo-^-am-cp-tS bpw hne-s ]e {KŸ-ßfpw aebm-f-øn ]cn-`m-j-s -Sp-Øp-hm- \p ku`mkyw At±-l-Øn\v e`n- n- p- v. Cßs\ At±-l-Øns kz w IrXn-Ifpw ]cn`m-jm-{k-ÿßfpw tn 60-Hmfw ]pkvx-i-ßfpss I Øm-hmWv At±-lw. hnip Jp -Bs BZy-h- N\w Xs hmbn- p-i. ""CJvd-Av'' F m-wv. hmb-\-bpss enjnx cq]- Øn-ep Hcp hn m\ hnπ-h- Øns Hcp Ime-L w hcm t]mip- psh Hcp {]h-n-\w IqSn bmwv Cu hn\w Dƒs m- p- Xv. AlvaZnøm Pam-A-Øn-s\- p-dn p ]d-bp-tºmƒ F m apkvenw hn`m- K- mcpw ]e-cq-]-ønepw ]e Zpjv {]-Nm-c-W-ßfpw \S-Øn-s m- n-cn- p B Ime-L- -Øn "Dcp-f v Dt cn' F IW- n\v adp-]sn Fgp-Xm At±-l-Øn\v Hcp {] txyi NmXpcyw A mlp \ In. AtX-t]mse bp n-hm-zn-i-fp-ambpw ]e-t mgpw At± lw Xqen-Im-kacw \S-Øn-bn- p- v. At±-l-sØ hcpw-x-e-ap-d \µn-tbm-sp-iqss kvacn- p Xm-Wv. CXp-Iq-SmsX At±lw \s m cp {]kw-ki-\p-am-bn-cp- p. Rm tã v Aao-dmb Ime-L- -ß-fn At±lw \ \ne-bn kl-i-cn- ncp- Imcyw ChnsS \µn-]q w kvacn- -s. B {]Xn-`-bpsS hntbm Kw Alva-Znøm Pam-A-Øn\v hensbmcp \jvs-am-wv. A mlp B \jvsw \niønxcp-am-dm-is Bao! At±-l-Øns hntbmk \jvsw kln- m-\p IcpØv At±l-Øns `mcym-k- m-\- (-tijw 29 mw t]pn ) F. A_vZp- dlnw kmln_v, lzvdøv an km hknw AlvaZv (\m-kn -AAvem), F. ]n. Ip m-ap-km-ln_v (A-ao, timgn-t m-svtaj-e) F n-h-cpss IqsS 2006 Pqembv

26 F. A_vZp- d-low kmln_v Ahn-kva-c-Wo-b-\mb Bfl-kp-lrØv apl-ωzv Da F v.-f. timgn-t msv (No^v anjy-\dn & tim -Hm Un. Hm^o-k Hm^v Cam-dØvkv, tic-f) _mey-imew sxm p kplr-zv _ w ]pe Øn h Fs HuZm-cy-hm\pw Ckveman pw AlvaZn-ø-Øn pw th n Xs PohnXw ka Ww snbvx amxrim]pcp-j\pw Bb P\m_v F. A_vZp dlnw kmln-_ns hntbmkw ti cf AlvaZnøm Pam- A-Øn v Hcp Xocm-\-jvS-am-Ip- p. a lqw Cubp- -hs hnzym n Pohn-X-Ønepw AXn- p-ti-j-ap {]h Ø-\-cw-K-ß-fnepw H-cn- epw hnkva-cn- m km [n- mø t{]m m-l-\hpw {] tnm-z-\-hp-am- Wv \ In-s m- n-cp- -Xv. IÆq kztz-in-i-fmb R߃ _mey-imew sxm p 1954 Rm JmZn-bm-\n ]Tn- m sn Xv hsc k -X-k-l-Nm-cn-I-fm-bn-cp- p. Cu hn\o-xs\ BZy-ambn {]kw-kth-zn-b B\-bn- Xv A_vZp- dlnw kmln_v Bbn-cp- p hn\o-x IÆq kn n kviqfn F mw m v hnzym n-bm-bn-cp- t mƒ kv qfn \S \_n-zn-\- tbm-k-øn {]kw-kn- p-hm a lpw F\n p \s mcp tej\w Fgp-Xn-Ø p. AXp Rm \ m bn ]Tn p. B ImesØ kp{]- kn apkvenweokv t\xm-hm-bn-cp P\m_v si.-fw. koxn-km-ln-_n s A y- -X-bn tn \_n- Zn-\-tbm-K-Øn Fs {]kw-k-øn- p-tijw tbmkm y- F\n p lkvx-zm\w \ In, \o AlvaZnbmtWm? \Sp-hn-e-I-ØmtWm \ns hosp F -t\z-jn- Xv Ct mgpw Fs Hm Ω-bn-ep- v. AXm-bXv B {]kw-k-øn AlvaZn-ø-Øns Omb P\m_v koxnkm-ln-_n p Z in- p-hm km[n- p. P\m_v A_vZp dlnw kmln-_ns ho pt]cp \Sp-hn-e-I-sØ- m-bn-cp- p. B ImeØv \Sp-hn-e-IØv F `h\w AlvaZnbm Pam-A-Øn-s Bÿm-\-am-bn-cp- p. lzvdøv au em\m _n. A_vZp- mlv kmln-_ns bpw At±-l-Øns hew-ssi- Bbn {]h Øn- n-cp P: F. A_vZp dlow kmln-_n-s bpw AlvaZnøm kmln-xy-cw-ksø in ev]-im-ebpw ]Wn- p-c-bp-am-bn-cp p B `h-\w. kxy-zq-x Hm^o-s t]cn-em-bn-cp p AX-dn-b-s - n-cp- Xv. IÆq kn n-bnse hnzym n- I-fm-bn-cp AlvaZnIfpw A\lva Zn-I-fp-amb R߃ Nne sndp- - m ap\- -dp Ckvemw kmlnxy kampw F t]cn Hcp {]kwk ]cn-io-e\ m v \S-Øn-bn-cp- p. AXn s ta t\m w hln p F m HØm-i-Ifpw snbvxp-x- Xv A_vZp dlnw kmln-_m-bn-cp- p. Cu hn\o-x {]kvxpx kmlnxy kam-p-øns sshkv {]kn- -U pw Ct m-gsø ti{µ-a{ n P\m_v C. AlvaZv kmln_v P\-d kn{i- dn-bp-am-bn-cp- p. {]kvxpx kmln Xy kam-p-øns hi-bmbn hn m-\-in-cww -F t]cn Hcp Isø-gpØp amkn-ibpw \S-Øn-bncp- p. B Ime-L- -Ønepw AXn- p-ti-j-ap Fs Pohn-X-Øns ]e L -ß-fnepw ]tc-x F\n p \nkzm hpw \njvi-f- -hp-amb t{]m m-l\w \ In-bn-cp- p. hn \o-x JmZn-bm-\n a{z Alv azn-ø-bn hnzym n-bm-bn-cp- t mƒ Xs kxy-zq-x-\n tej- \-sa-gp-xm At±lw Fs t{]m m-ln- n- p-sim- n-cp p. At± lw Fs Hcp tej-\hpw {]kn- o-i-cn- msx Xncn- -b-bv p-i-bp- m-bn-cp- n-. akolv lnµp-kvxm sa, ^Xv sl Ckvemw, eivn knbm t m- v, CIv K Øo-In Ckm-e, PnlmZv F o hmkvzø ako-lns {K-Ÿßƒ At±lw ae-bm-f-øn hn h Ø\w snbvxn-cp- p. c p _r l-ømb hmey-ß-fn {]kn- o-ir- X-amb lzvdøv AlvaZv (A)s kºq Æ Poh-N-cn{Xw AlvaZnøm kmln-xy-ønse At±-l-Øns Hcp apx Iq- m-bn-cp- p. Cu hnh Ø-\-߃ IqSmsX ]tc-x cnn Aº-Xn A[nIw {KŸ-߃ Hcp kzvjm Pmcnbm Bbn ]e klr-zb pw am -Z i\w \ In-s m- n-cn- p- -XmWv. At±lw 31 hn hn[ {KŸ-߃ hnh Ø\w snøp- Ibpw 20 {KŸ-߃ cnn- p-i-bp-ap- m-bn. Aßs\ AlvaZnøm km ln-xy-cw-køv At±lw snbvx hn e-s tkh\w Fs pw Ahn kvac-wo-b-am-wv. Ign h jw lzvdøv Jeo-^-Øp akolv Jm Zn-bm kµ in- -t m-ƒ Xosc kp J-an- msx Ah-i-\mb \ne-bnepw kpzo L-bm{X snbvxp Xs bp kxyzqx

27 am\-\mb Bflob t\xm-hns\ ImWp-hm JmZn-bm-\n sn n-cp- p. Xs c p a -fpss Npa-ep-Ifn ssish v Xs Bflob Kpcphns\ kµ in ImgvN timƒabn sim n- p- -Xm-bn-cp- p. Xm Ah-km-\-ambn cnn ""C y kzmx-{ y-øn p AlvaZnøm kw`m-h\'' F Ncn-{X-{K-Ÿ-Øn s {]kn- o-i-c-w-øn p A\p-hm- Zw tnmzn- p-ibpw lpkq Xncp-a- \ v kzbw A\p-hm-Zw simsp- p- Ibpw snbvxp. P: A_vZp dlnw kmln-_n s hntbm-k-øn p Hs m- camkw apºv Rm\pw `mcybpw At±lsØ ImWp-hm ho n sn ncp- p. At±lw hfsc timjn kzc-øn Xs A ym-`n-em-j-sat mww Ft msv tic-f-ønse ]ªn-t -j hip p hfsc tim jn p t]mbn-cn- p- p-sh pw AXn s\ ]p\-cp- -cn-t -W-sa pw hfsc thz-\-tbm-sp-iq-sn- -d-bp-i-bp- m-bn. {]kn- o-i-c-w-cw-k-øp \ΩpsS A{i- bpw Aew-`m-hhpw At±lsØ hfsc thz-\n- n- n-cp p. Npcp- -Øn AlvaZn-ø-Øn- p-th n Dgn- p-sh [\y-po-hn- X-am-bn-cp p ]tc-xt -Xv. AlvaZnø-Øn- p-th n \nkzm tkh \w sntø-w-sa- m-{k-ln- p- -h v At±lw Hcp am -Zo-]-am-bn-cp- p. A mlp ]tc-x v akv^n-døp \ Ip-Ibpw kz -Øn D X ]Zhn \ In A\p-{K-ln- p-ibpw snøp-am-dm-i-s. Bao. m (23 mw t]pn \n v XpS ) No-\X \n Æ-bn- p- -Xn Fs - nepw kw`m-h\ A n- m Ignbptam? F m-h pw s]mx-p-hm-bpf-f Nne tijn-i-fmwv `mj-i-fnse kmzr-iy-߃ Snÿm-\-sa v tum.susdiv _n S (Dr. Der ek Bickerton) A`n-{]m-b-s - p. CXn s A w `mj D]-tbm-Kn- p- - Xn- -\p-iq-e-amb Hc-hÿ BZysa a\p-jy-\n D m-bn-cp p F m Wv. `mjbv pw hymi-c-w-øn\pw Hcp P\n-XI aqeiw (Genetic elem ent) AYhm, Poh-im-kv{X-]-c-amb ASn-ÿm\w D m-bn-cn- m-sa p {]Im-cm- -tcw ]d-bmw. Cu XXzw 40 sim w apºv {]apj Ata-cn- en znãv Bb tambw tnmw kvin BWv BZy-ambn apt m- p-h- -Xs{X. hnhn[ `mj-i-fnse hm Iy-L- S-\-I-fn ImW-s -Sp A p-xmh-l-amb ASn-ÿm-\-km-Zr-iy-߃ a\p-jys at\m-a-fi-e-øn Xs Bg-amb LS\ AYhm {] Ir-Xn-kn- -amb aps m-cp- -߃ D s - -Xn-te-bv mwv hnc Nq- p- Xv F v tnmwkvin kn m- n p. `mj cq]-s -Sp- -Xn\v Hcp ap \n- bw D m-bn-cp p F m Wv Npcp- -Øn s{]m]. tnmw kvin-bpss kn m- w. Pohn- n-cn- p G hpw henb B[p-\nI Nn -I\pw `mjm imkv{x- \pw BWv tnmwkvin. At±lw C ybn ]cys\w \S-Øn-s m- n-cn- bm-wv. B[p-\nI en znãv kb kns ÿm]-i\pw amk- p-sk vkv C Ãn- yq v Hm^v ssiv t\m-f-pnbnse s{]m^-k-dp-amb Ct±lw Imƒam Ivkv, slk, Acn-tÃm- n, πmt m, t{^mbnuv XpS-ßn-bh-cpsS \nc-bn-emwv FÆ-s -Sp- Xv. a\p-jys at\m-a-fi-e-øn AKm-[-amb LS-\-I-fm \n Æbn- -s -Sp k -km-am-\y-amb hymi-cw ] -Xn-sb- p-dn v AYhm, kl-p-amb ap kw-hn-[m-\- ߃ kw_- n p s{]m^. tnmw kvin hnh-cn- p- p. AXp-sIm v `mj F Xv k -km-am-\yhpw kl-p-hp-amb kui-cym-h-ÿ-bpss, Poh-im-kv{X-]-c-amb ss]xr-i- Øns AY-hm, P\n-X-I-amb ]mc- º-cy-kn- n-bpss ^e-]-cn-w-xn-bm Wv F p ]d-bmw. aqe-`m-jsb AY-hm, `mjm-p- \-\nsb Is -Øm-\p {ia-߃ Kl-\-amb Kth-j-W-ßsf hnfn- p- W Øp Hcp kwcw-`-am-ip- p. A Xv Cu Ime-L- -Øns alm-kw-cw- `-am-sw p R߃ ]d-bpw. AXpsIm- vx-s -bmwv Cu Ime-L- - Øn hmkvzø akolv (A) Cu hnjbw ssiimcyw snbvxn- p- Xpw "D-Ωp A kn\' AYhm `m jm-p-\-\nsb kw_- n Xs G hpw {it -b-amb Xnkokv "an\-\p dlvam ' (]-c-a-im-cp-wn-is A\p-{K-l-Zm-\w) F t]cn Ah- X-cn- n- -Xpw. aqe-`mj sszhw X s a\p-jy v ]Tn- n- -Xm-sW pw, AXv a\p-jy Xs Ahs kz w Ign-h-\p-k-cn p hf Ønsb-Sp-Ø-X-s pw BWv At±lw kn m- n- -Xv. P a Im-c-\mb thm sl U-dp-sS, "{]Ir-Xy-\p-IcW kn m w' BWv imkv{x-øn s kw`m-h-\-bmbn hmkvzø akolns ImeØv {]Nm-c-Øn-ep- mbn-cp- -sx- nepw Cu kn m w "UnwKv tumwkv Xnbdn' F pw CXdn-b-s -Sp p B Ime-L- -Øn Xs XI p Ign- n-cp- -Xmbn amivkvap Nq n- m-wn- n- p- v. `mj a\p-jy\v ]Tn- n- -s - -XmsW ax-io-b-kn- m- -Øn-\mWv C p ap Xq- -ap- -Xv. m (27 mw t]pn \n v XpS ) Bao. Ah-cpsS k m-]-øn ߃ v \ Ip-am-dm-Is Bao. Cu hn\o-x\pw ] p-tn-cp p. ]tc- At±-l-Øns a ƒ pw Cu Xm-flm-hn\v A mlp s]mdp-øpsim-sp- p-ibpw P -Øn D -X- tkh-\-]m-c-º-cy-øn Pohn- m- \p Xu^o v \ Ip-am-dm-Is amb ÿm\w \ Ip-Ibpw snøpam-dm-is Bao. At±-l-Øns tkh-\-ßsf {]Io Øn- p-i-bmsw- n Hcp-]mSv Fgp-Xm-\p v. ssz Ly-`bw sim p Rm \n Øp- p. m 2006 Pqembv

28 F. A_vZp- d-low kmln_v ""Rm CXm Cu {] kvxm-h-\-tbm-sp-iqsn kxy-zq-xs ]{Xm-[n-]cpw DØ-c-hm-Znbpw F `mc-øn \n v Hgn- n-cn- p p. F pw P\p-hcn e w apx AXn s ]{Xm-[n-]-cm-bn-cn pi an. F. A_vZp dlow BsW pw D hnhcw kxy-zq-x hmb-\- msc Adn-bn- p-sim v Ah-tcmSv hns-hmßn-s m- p- p. Rm ]{Xm-[n-]- cm-bn-cp ImeØv kxy-zqx-s D]- ]-{Xm-[n-]-sc \ne-bn {]h Øn- p-ibpw tej-\-ß-sf-gp-xp- - Xn Fs klm-bn- p-ibpw kxy-zq-x A -Sn- p- {]-kn- -s -Sp- Øp Xn\p-th as m `mcß fpw Np-a- p-ibpw snbvxn-cp- -Xpan. A_vZp dlow Xs -bm-wv. B \nebn C\n kxy-zq-xs ]{Xm- [n-]xyw hln- p-sim v ]{Xw {] kn- o-i-cn-t `mcw At±-lsØ Gev]n- p Xv Hcp {]Im-c-Ønepw AkwK-X-am-bn-cn- -bn.'' auem\m A_vZp- mlv kmln _v F v.-f. (d-lv) 1957 Un-kw-_ e w kxy-zq-x-\n Fgp-Xnb hcn- I-fm-Wn-Xv. Aßs\ 1958 P\p-hcn apx kxy-zq-xs F m-sa- mambn-s m v A_vZp dlow kmln _v {]h Ø\w Bcw-`n- p. \o 50 h jw At±lw Pam-A-Øns\ tkhn- p. AXn 40 sim w At± lw kxy-zq-xs ]{Xm-[n-]-cm-bn-cp- p. C{Xbpw \o -Imew ]{Xm-[n- ]-ÿm-\øv tpmen-sb-spø Bschm p-iƒ A\z -am- nb {]Xn` auehn apl-ωzv Ckvam-bn (No^v FUn-, kxy-zq-x ) F. A_vZp-dlnw kmln_v Jeo-^-Øp akolv lzvdøv an km akvdq AlvaZv kmln_ns IqsS nepw tic-f-ønse ]{X-{]-h Ø- \-cw-køv Dt m F Imcyw kwi-b-am-wv. 18 h jw "amxr-`qan' Zn\-]-{X- Øns IÆq tej-i\mbpw A_vZp dlnw km-ln_v tpmen t\m n-bn- p- v. AXn-t\m-sSm w kxy-zq-xs tkh-\-ønepw apgp- In. C m-e-b-f-hn Hcp ss]k t]mepw {]Xn-^ew ] m-sxbpw FXm\pw sim w kxy-zq-xs ]{Xm-[n-]Xyw t]cp-sh- m-sxbpw At±lw \n -ln- p-t]m- p. sn dpxpw hep-xp-amb Aº-Xn-tesd {KŸ-߃ At±lw cnn- n- p- v. an\m-døv ]ªn-t -j, kndmpv ]ªn-t -j XpS-ßnb ÿm]-\- ߃ At±-l-Øns {KŸ-߃ {]kn- o-i-cn- n-cp- p. tic-f-øn Gsd H - m-sp- m- nb Hcp {KŸ-am-bn-cp- p, tb ip-{inkvxp Iivao-cn.- {io. F.- hn. IrjvW-hm-cn-b ]{Xm-[n-]-cm-bncp amxr- -`q-an-bn bp- n-hm-zm-nm cy-\m-bn-cp Fw.-kn. tpmk^v B ]pkvxiw \ncq]-ww snbvxn-cp p. hnh Ø\ kmln-xy-cw-k-ømbn-cp p F. A_vZp dlow kmln_v Gsd {]h Øn- n-cp- -Xv. sszh-\n-tbm-kn-x-\mb lzvdøv (-tijw 33 mw t]pn ) kxyzqx