{KmahnIk\w, Bkq{XWw. BZm-b-I-c-amb sxmgn \ In ]p\-c-[nh-kn- n- m

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1 {KmahnIk\w, Bkq{XWw {io\n-ti-x ]co- Ww cho-{μ-\my SmtKm-dm-Wv CXns D]- m- Xm-hv Bcw`n p. K K-thm ]co- Ww K K-thm Pn -bnse su]yq n IΩoj-W-dm-bn-cp F^v.-F.-s{_bv F knhn k hokv DtZym-K-ÿ-\mWv Cu {]ÿm\w Bhn-jv -cn- -Xv. am ØmWvUw s{]mpœv Xan-gv\m- nse am ØmWvUw F ÿeøv aq p-ssa Np -f-hn-ep \m ]-txmfw hnt -Pp-Iƒ Dƒs m- n- psim v tum. kvs] k lm v \S- m- nb {Kma-]p-\ \n ΩmW {]h Ø-\- amwv am ØmWvUw s{]mp-œv. C mh s{]mpœv 1952 Bcw-`n Iayq-Wn n Uh-e- ]vsa v s{]mp-œn-te v hgn-sx-fn Hcp kp{]-[m\ ] -Xn-bmWv DØ {]-tz-in 1948 \S- m- nb C mh s{]mpœv. \otem-t cn ]co- Ww C ym hn`-p-\-sø-øp-s v ]minkvxm-\n \n- p-h A`-bm n-i-sf, BZm-b-I-c-amb sxmgn \ In ]p\-c-[nh-kn- n- m Fkv.-sI. tubpss t\xr- Xz-Øn ]pxnb Su jn v \otem-t -cnbn hni-kn- n-s -Sp-ØXmWv \otem t cn ]co Ww. tkhm{kmw tkhm{kman\v cq]w simsp-øxv Km n-pn-bm-wv. Iayq-Wn n suh-e-]vsa v t{]m{kmw Bkq-{XnX hni-k-\-øns `mk-ambn 1952 BWv Iayq-Wn n suh-e-]vsa v t{]m{kmw Bcw-`n- -Xv. sndp-ins I ji hni-k\ FP kn 1971 emwv sndpins I ji hnik\ GP kn Bcw`n Xv CXv sf.- B.-Un.-]n.bn ebn- n p. hcƒ -_m-[nx {]tz-i-߃ m-bp ] Xn (Drought Prone Area Programme) DPAP- hcƒ _m[nx {]tz-i-ß-fnse Im jni hni-k-\-øn-\mbn 1973 Cu ] Xn Bcw-`n- p. Iam Uv Fcnb hni-k\ ] Xn (Command Area Development Programme) CADP 1974 Bcw`n p.

2 {]m -h- IrX I j-i I j-i-sømgn-em-fn- hni-k\ GP kn (Marginal Farmers and Agricultural Labours Development Agency) 1975 Bcw`n Cu GP knsb 1977 SFDA bn ebn- n- p. ^puv t^m h v t{]m{kmw emwv Bcw`n Xv NREP F t]cn ]cn-jvi-cn- -s - p. tziob sxmgn-ep-d v ] Xn cmpyønse P\-ß-fn ImbnI sxmgn snøphm k - -X-bp- -h v Hcp h jw 100 Znhkw sxmgn Dd- p-h-cp- Øp ] -Xn-bmWv tziob {KmaoW sxmgn-ep-d v ] -Xn. ss{skw (Training of Rural Youth for Self Employment TRYSEM) A`y-kvX-hn-Zy-cmb Zcn-{Z-{Km-ao-W-cpsS sxmgn-en- mbva am m-\mbn Bcw-`n ]- -Xn. tziob sxmgn Zm\ ] Xn (National Rural Employment Programme - NREP) ^puv -t^m h v ] -Xn-bpsS ]cnjvirx cq]-amb CXv 1980 HtŒm-_ c n\v \ne-hn h p Cu ] Xn Phl tdmkvkm tbmp-\-bn ebn- n- p. kwtbm-pnx {Kma-hn-I-k\ ]cn-]msn (Integrated Rural Development Programme) 1980 XpS w. At ym-zb ] Xn {]Imc-amWv sf.-b.-un.-]n. \S- m- n-b-xv G{]n H n\v Cu ] -Xnsb kz W Pb n {Kma kztdm-kvkm tbmp-\-bn ebn- n- p. {KmaoW h\nxm inip-hn-i-k\ ]cn-]msn (Development of Women and Children in Rural Area - DWCRA) Zmcn-{Zy-tc-Jbv v Xmsg-bp {KmaoW IpSpw-_-ß-fnse h\n-x-i-fpss Iq mb sxmgn kw-cw-`-߃ v t{]m km-l\w \ Ip- t{]mpivsv. {KmaoW `qc-lnx sxmgn `{ZXm ]cn-]msn (Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme) BWv Cu ] -Xn-bpsS XpS- w.`qc-lnx sxmgn-emfn IpSpw-_-ß-fnse Hcmƒs - nepw h j-øn Ipd- Xv 100 {]hr-øn-zn-\-߃ D m- n-s m-sp- pi F -Xm-bn-cp p ] -Xn-bpsS apjye- yw. Cμncm Bhmkv tbmp\ (IAY) 1985 ] n-i-pmxn ] n-i-h -Øn s h pw Zmcn-{Zy-tc-Jbv v Xmsg-bp a phn-`m-k-øn s - -h pw hosp-\n Ωn- m\pw ]p\-cp- m-c-w-øn\pw kmº-øni klmbw \ Ip ] -Xn-bmWv CXv. Phl tdmkvkm tbmp\ 1989 tziob sxmgn Zm\ ] -Xnbpw {KmaoW `qc-lnx sxmgn `{ZXm ]cn-]m-snbpw kwtbm-pn- n v AXns ÿm\øv 1989 cmpohv Km n k m \S- n-em- nb ] -Xn-bm-Wn-Xv. s\{lp tdmkvkm tbmp\ 1989 \K-c-ß-fnse Zcn-{Z-bp-h-P-\-߃ v sxmgn-e-h-k-c-߃ e`y-am- m-\p-xip Cu ] Xn 1989 Bcw-`n- p. Zi-e w InW ] Xn (Million Well Scheme) tziob {KmaoW sxmgn ] -Xn-bp-sSbpw {KmaoW `qc-lnx sxmgn ] -Xn-bpsSbpw Hcp D]] -Xn-. alnfm kar n tbmp\ 1993 {Kmao-W-kv{Xo-I-fn \nt -]-kz-`mhw hf ØpI F e y-tømss 1993 Cu ] Xn Bcw-`n- p. ]n o-sxv Cμn-cm-aln-fm-tbm-P-\-bn ebn- n- p. ss{]wan-\n-tãgvkv tdmkvkm tbmp\ 1993 A`y-kvX-hn-Zycpw sxmgn cln-x-cpamb bph-p-\-ßsf e yw-h- p-sim v \c-knw-l-dmhp k m-cns Ime-ØmWv Cu ] Xn Bcw-`n- -Xv. KwKm Ieym tbmp\ 1997 {KmaoW Zmcn{Zy \n Ωm \amwv e yw. kz W-P-b n jlcn tdmkvkm tbmp\ 1997 \K-c-{]-tZ-i-ß-fnse Zmcn{Zy \n

3 Ωm -\-Øn-\p ] -Xn-bm-Wn-Xv. Ph-l {Kma-k-ar n tbmp\ (JGSY) Phl tdmkvkm tbmp-\-bpss \ho- I-cn cq]-amb CXv 1999 G{]n H p-ap- X-emWv \ne-hn h -Xv. kz W-P-b n {Kma kztdm-kvkm tbmp\ (SGSY) 1978 epw AXn-\p-tijw hnhn[ h jß-fn-embpw \ne-hn h sf.-b.-un.- ]n. ss{skw, aney sh ] Xn, KwKm Ieym tbmp-\, Un.-U-ªyq.-kn.-B.-F. {KmaoW ssisøm-gn-ep-]-i-cw ]cn-]msn F nh kwtbm-pn- n- p-sim v ti{μ k m Bcw-`n Cu ] Xn 1999 G{]n 1 \v \ne-hn h p. A -]q Æ ] Xn 2000 apxn ]uc am mbn ti{μ k m \S- m- nb ] Xn. {][m-\-a{ n {KmakUIv tbmp\ 2000 tdmup-_- -an- m-ø- Bhm-k-tI-{μ-ßsf tdmup-ambn _ -s - p-in-s- p GsX- nepw Bhm-k-tI-{μ-hp-amtbm _ -s - SpØn tdmup \n Ωn- p ] -Xn-. kºq W ipnnxz b ]cn-]msn kºq W ipnnxz ]cn-]msn 2001 Bcw-`n- p. hmevaoin Awt_-ZvI Bhmkv tbmp\ 2001 \K-c-{]-tZ-i-ß-fnse tncn-i-fn hkn- p `h\cln-x v hosp-h p simsp- em-wv CXns e yw. kºq Æ {Kmao tdmkvkm tbmp\ SGRY sxmgn-ep-d- p-]- -Xnbpw sp.-pn.-f-kv.- sshbpw kwtbm-pn- n- -XmWv SGRY. kzp [mc 2002 kaq-l-]- m-fn-ø-tømss \S- m- p IpSn-sh ] -Xn-. ]pc -]- Xn 2003 {KmaoW P\-X-bpsS ka{k hni-k-\- amwv ]pc (Provision of Urban Ameneties in Rural Areas - PURA) ] -Xn-. Ph-l em s\{lp \mj-w A _ dn\yq-h anj 2005 G- hpw henb \Kc]-cn-jvI-cW ] - Xn-bm-Wv. cm{ ob kzmÿy _oam tbmp\ 2007 Bcw`n p. Zmcn-{Zy-tc-Jbv v Xmsgbp IpSpw-_-߃ p th n-bp BtcmKy C jp-d kv ] -Xn. cmpohv Km n {KmaoW sshzypxnic tbmp\ (RGGVY) {KmaßfpsS sshzypxoicww, Zmcn{ZytcJ v Xmsgbp h v kup\y sshzypxn IWIvj F o Dt±iytØmsS Bcw`n ] Xn. Bkq-{XWw πm\nwkv IΩo-j 1950 am v 15- \v πm\nwkv IΩo-j \nehn h- p. ] h c ] XnIƒ v XpS w Ipdn psim mwv πm\nmv IΩoj \nehn h Xv. πm\nwkv IΩo-js BZy-sN-b am s\lvdphm-wv. πm\nwkv IΩo-js BZysØ sshkv snb am Kp km-cn-em \μ-bm-bn-cp- p. snb am F mbvt mgpw C y {][m-\-a-{ n- Xs bm-bn-cn- pw. Ct m-gsø sshkv snb am samt Iv knmv Aep-hmenb H mw ] -h- -c-]- Xn ( ). cmpy-øns hn`-p-\w, c mw temi-a-lm-bp w F n-h-bpss ^e-am-bp- mb kmº-øni Ak-aXzw am p-i, k penx hni-k\w F n-h- e yw. Pe-tk-N-\w, Pe-ssh-ZypX ] -Xn-Iƒ F n-h-bpƒs ss Im jni taj-e- mwv H mw ] Xn Du \ In-b-Xv. `{I, lncm- puv, ta q AW-s - p-iƒ H mw ] -Xn- m-e-ømwv \n amww Bcw-`n- -Xv.

4 c mw ] -h- -c-]- Xn ( ). tkmjy-enãv kmaq-lni ÿnxn D w h p-sim- mwv c mw ] Xn XpS-ßn-b-Xv. hyh-km-b-h -c- WØn\pw h hyhkmb߃ pw Cu ] -Xn-bn Du \ In. tziob hcpam\w 25 ix-am\w h [n- n- m c mw ] Xn e y-an- n-cp- p. aq mw ] -h- c ] Xn ( ). tziob hcp-am-\-øn {]Xnh jw A v ix-am\w h -\-hv, ` ykzbw ]cym-]vx-x, ASn-ÿm\ hyh-km-bß-fpss hni-k-\w, kmº-øni AkaXzw elq-i-cn- F n-h-bm-bn-cp p aq mw ] -Xn-bpsS apjy-e- y-߃. F m ssn\-bp-am-bp- mb bp w ] Xn e y-߃ ]q W-ambpw t\sp- -Xn\v XS- -am-bn. hm jni ] -Xn-Iƒ ( ) ]min-ÿm-\p-am-bp- mb kwl jsø XpS p c v h j-ß-fnse ISpØ hcƒ, cq]-bpss aqey-an-sn-hv, hne-\n-e-hm-c-øn D mb h h [\ F nh \memw ] Xn \n ±njvs ka-bøv Xs XpS-ßm XS- -am-bn. AXn-\m 1966 apx 1969 hscbp ImeØv hm jni ] XnI-fmWv \S- m- n-b-xv. \memw ] -h- c ] Xn ( ). tziob hcp-am-\-øn 5.5 ix-am\w hm jni h -\-hv, kzbw-]- cym-]vx-x, aqey-ÿn-c-x, D]-t`m r km[- \-ßfpsS DXv]m-Z\Øn-ep h -\-hv, P\-kwJym hnkvt^m-s\w XS-b, am\pjni hn`-h-ß-fpss hni-k-\w F n-h-bmbn-cp p ] Xn e y-߃. A mw ] -h- -c-]- Xn ( ). Zmcn{Zy \n Ωm -\w, kzbw ]cym-]vxx F n-h-bm-bn-cp p A mw ] -Xn-bpsS {][m\ e y-߃. Bdmw ] -h- c] Xn ( ). Zmcn{Zy \n Ωm -\-am-bncp p {][m\ e yw. Cu ] Xn s]mxpta-j-ebv v {]m-[m\yw \ In. Ggmw ] -h- c ] Xn ( ). Ggmw ] -Xn- m-eøv hf e ysø adn-i-s- p. s]mxp-ta-je-bn e y-an- n-cp- -Xn-t\- mƒ 23 ixam\w hf -bp- m-bn. F mw ] -h- c ] Xn ( ). ""\q m- ns Ah-km-\- tømss F m-h pw sxmgn '', P\- kwjym hnkvt^m-s-\-øn\v ISn- m-wn-sp- I, {]my-ani hnzym-`ym-kw km h-{xn-i-am- p-i, \nc- -cx \n Ωm \w snøp- I, F m-h pw ip -P-ehpw {]my-ani BtcmKy kwhn-[m-\hpw FØn- p-i, Im jn-tim m-z\w h n- n- p-i, ÿnc-amb hni-k\ coxn- mbn ASnÿm\ kui-cy-߃ hn]p-e-s -Sp-Øp-I XpS-ßn-b-h- e y-߃. 9 mw ] -h- c ] Xn ( ). Im jni cwk-øn\p Du, ` y- -t]m-ji kpc \ Ip-I, ASn-ÿm\ ]m n-s, km h-{xni hnzym-`ymk, ip -P-e, {]my-an-im-tcmky kwhn-[m- \-߃, P\-kwJym h -\hv \nb-{ n- pi, hni-k\ {]h Ø-\-߃s m w ]cn-ÿnxn kwc- -Ww, kv{xoiƒ, ]nt m hn`m-k-߃, \yq\-]- -߃ F n-h-cpss D -a\w, ] m-bøv cmpv, kl-i-c-w-ÿm-]-\-߃, kzm-{ib kwl߃ XpS-ßnb ÿm]-\-ßsf t{]m mln- n- p-i. ]Ømw ] -h- c ] Xn F p ix-am\w hf m-\n-c- mwv Cu ] -Xn-bn {]Xo- n- p- -Xv. ]Xn-s\m mw ] -Xn 10% hf m-\n-c v {]Xo- n- p- p. Im jni cwksø hf, 70 Zi-e w sxmgn-e-h-k-c-߃, inip-a-c-w-\n-c v Ipdbv p-i, F m hosp-i-fnepw sshzypxn F Øn- p-i, h\-hnkvxrxn Iq p-i, Imem-hÿbv v A\p-tbm-Py-amb tdm-upiƒ \n Ωn- pi F n-h- apjy e y-߃.

5 P\kwJy 2001 se sk kkv A\pkcn v C ybnse P\kwJy P\kwJybn temi cmjv{sßfn c mw ÿm\w C y mwv. hen Øns ImcyØn temiøns 2.4% am{xap C ybn temi P\XbpsS 16.7% t]cpw hkn p p. `qanbnse Bdp t]cn Hcmƒ C ym mc\mwv se axn v IW v {]Imcw P\ßfp v timsn, timsn se IW v {]Imcw 11,66,079,217 (1.17 _ney ). 116 timsnbne[niw P\߃ hkn p p BIptºmƒ axn v IW v {]Imcw C y P\kwJy 1.6 _neywpw ssn\bntexv 1.4 _neywpw BIpsa mwv \nka\w. P\kwJybn H mw ÿm\øv \n p ssn\sb adnis v C y H mw ÿm\øv FØm A[nIw Znhkw th n hcpibn. G hpa[niw P\߃ Xmakn p Xv C ybnse {KmaßfnemWv se sk kkv {]Imcw samøw P\kwJybn 72% t] GItZiw 6,38,000 {Kmaßfnepw 38% t] 5100 ] Wßfnepw 380 cw \KcßfnepamWv Xmakn p Xv. G hpw IqSp-X P\-kw-Jy-bp kwÿm\w DØ {]-tziv (166,197,921) G hpw Ipdhv P\-kw-Jy-bp kwÿm\w kn nw (540,851) G hpw IqSp-X P\-kw-Jy-bp ti{μ `-cw {]tziw Z ln (13,850,507) G hpw Ipdhv P\-kw-Jy-bp ti{μ-`-cw {]tziw e -Zzo]v (60,650) P\-kwJy IqSnb C y Pn ] na_wkm-fnse anuv\m-]q BWv. C ybn G -hpw P\-kwJy IqSnb \Kcw apwss_

6 GgmasØ sk kkv 2011 \S p sk kkv C ybnse ]Xn\ matøxpw kzx{ C ybnse GgmatØXpamWv s^{_phcn 9 apx 28 hscbmwv C\nbp IWs Sp v kabw. Cu kμ `Ønse P\kwJym hnhc߃ am v H n\v kotdm Ahdn (00.00 awn sk kkv kabw) \nps SpØpw. cpnkv{sm P\d B v sk kkv P\kwJym hf m \nc v 1991 apx 2001 hsc {][m\ kwÿm\ßfn ticfw Xangv\mSv B{ m tkmh Hdok I WmSI ] m_v KpPdmØv almcmjv{s a[y{]tziv DØ {]tziv lcnbm\ cmpÿm _olm C y kv{xo ]p-cp-jm-\p-]mxw G hpw IqSp-X kv{xo]p-cp-jm-\p-]m-x-ap kwÿm\w ticfw (1058/1000 ]pcp.) G hpw Ipdhv kv{xo]p-cp-jm-\p-]m-x-ap kwÿm\w lcn-bm\ (861/1000 ]pcp.) IqSp-X kv{xo]p-cp-jm-\p-]m-x ti{μ-`-c-w- {]-tziw t]m n-t cn (1001/1000 ]pcp.) IΩojW Hm^v C y tzth{μipam kn{in BZysØ sk kkv {iaw \S Xv 1871 emwv. C ysbm msi sk kkv \S Xv 1881 apxemwv apxemwv 10 h jønsemcn sk kkv FSp m Bcw`n Xv. kzx{ C ybn BZy sk kkv 1951 embncp p. 1961, 1971, 1981, 1991, 2001 F o h jßfnembn BsI Bdv sk kkpiƒ \S p. C y-bn sk kkv tu Bbn BN-cn p- Xv s^{_p-hcn 9 Ipdhv kv{xo]p-cp-jm-\p-]m-x-ap ti{μ `c- W-{]-tZiw Zma Znbp (710/1000 ]pcp.) C y-bnse kv{xo]p-cp-jm-\p-]mxw 933 BWv. km -cx C y-bnse km -cxm ix-am\w 64.84% ]pcpj km -cx 75.36%. kv{xo km -cx 53.7% G hpw IqSp-X km -c-x-bp kwÿm\w ticfw (90.9%) G hpw Ipdhv km -c-x-bp kwÿm\w _olm (47%) G hpw IqSp-X km -c-x-bp ti{μ-`-cw {]tziw e -Zzo]v (86.7%) G hpw Ipdhv km -c-x-bp ti{μ `c-w- {]-tziw Zm{Z \K lthen (57.6) G hpw IqSp-X km -c-x-bp Pn sfkv hmƒ (an-tkm-dw) 96.5% G hpw Ipdhv km -c-x-bp Pn Zt -hmu, {Xn]pc (30.17%) P\-km-{μX C y-bpss P\-km-{μX 324/N.In.ao. BWv. G hpw IqSp-X P\-km-{μ-X-bp kwÿm\w ] na _wkmƒ G hpw Ipd P\-km-{μ-X-bp kwÿm\w Acp-Wm-N {]tziv

7 Cb Hm^v t{k v UnsshUv 1921 hsc-bp h j-ß-fn hfsc aμ-k-xn-bn-em-bn-cp p P\-kw-Jym-h -\hv \p tijw cmpyøv h txm-xn-ep hf m-\n-c v Zriy-ambn. AXn-\m Cb Hm^v t{k v UnsshUv F -dn-b-s -Sp h jw 1921 BWv. G hpw IqSp-X P\-km-{μ-X-bp ti{μ `c-w-{]-tziw Z ln G hpw Ipd P\-km-{μ-X-bp ti{μ `c- W-{]-tZiw B U-am \nt m-_m G hpw IqSp-X P\-km-{μ-X-bp Pn t\m Øv CuÃv Z ln G hpw Ipd P\-km-{μ-X-bp Pn emlp & kv]nxn (ln-am-n {]-tz-iv) ] nipmxn ] nih P\kwJy ] nih w C y P\kwJybpsS 8.20% G hpw IqSp-X ix-am\w ] n-i- Pm-Xn- mcp kwÿm\w ] m_v (28.9%) G hpw Ipdhv ix-am\w ] n-i -Pm-Xn- m-cp kwÿm\w antkmdw (0.03%) G hpw IqSp-X ix-am\w ] n-i-h - mcp kwÿm\w antkmdw (94.5%) G hpw Ipdhv ix-am\w ] n-i-h m-cp kwÿm\w tkmh (0.04%%) C y P\kwJybpsS 16.20% ] ni PmXn mcmwv. \Kc {Kma P\kwJy {KmaoW P\kwJy 72.2% \Kc P\kwJy 27.8% \Kcßfpw ] Wßfpw Hcp e Øne[nIw P\kwJybp ] WßfpsS FÆw 178, e Øn IqSpX P\kwJybp \KcßfpsS FÆw 35 CXn ticfønse sim nbpw Dƒs Sp p (13,55,406) sutam-{km^n sutam, {Km^n F c v ]Z-߃ tn Hcp kakvx ]Z-amWv sutam- {Km-^n. "Utam' F m "a\p-jy ' "{Km^n' F m "Fgp-XpI' F mwv Ch-bpsS A -kq-n-\. AXm-bXv a\p-jy-s\- n Fgp-XpI F p Npcp- w. AXp ]n osv P\-kw-Jymimkv{Xw F m-bn.

8 PekºØv kn p kn p- \Zn kwt`-z, kwka F o t]cp-i-fnepw Adnbs Sp p. {]mno\ Bcy- m-cmwv Cu \Znsb kn p F t]cv hnfn- -Xv. kn p\zoxs kwkvimcøn {]apj ÿm\amwv kn p \Zn p Xv. C y F t]cn\v Bkv]Zw kn p \Zn-bpsS \ma-am-wv. kn p \Zn v 2880 In.-ao. \of-ap- v. kn p \Zn-bpsS G hpw IqSp-X `mkhpw ]min-ÿm-\n-eqssbmwv Hgp-Ip- -Xv. ]min-ÿm-\nse tziob \Znbpw kn p-hm-wv. \ZnIƒ ]e hn[w C y-bnse \Zn-Isf ]e-x-c-øn Xcw-Xn-cn- mw. lnam-e-b \Zn-Iƒ, D]-Zzo-]nb \Zn-Iƒ F pw a[y C y-bnepw su m-wnepw D -h, lnam-e-b-øn \n pw D -hn- p- -h, Xoc-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn D -h, Dƒ\m-S XSm-I-ß-fn tncp- -h, F pw _wkmƒ Dƒ -S-en tncp- -h, Ad-_n- -S-en tncp- -h, A kwÿm\ \Zn-Iƒ, Ab cm-py-ß-fn-te v Hgp-Ip- -h, acp-`q-an-bnse \Zn-Iƒ F nßs\ ]e Xc-Øn Chn-SpsØ \Zn-Isf th Xn-cn- m-hp- -Xm-Wv. kn p \Zn-bpsS A v {][m\ t]mji \Zn-Iƒ Qew, Nn\m-_v, cmhn, kxve-pv, _obmkv. C y-bn ] m-_v, lnam-n {]tziv, PΩp-Im-ivao F o kwÿm-\- ß-fn kn p \Zn- HgpIp p em-wv C ybpw ]min-ÿm\pw XΩn kn p-pe k n Icm H ph Xv. kn p-hns t]mji \Zn-I-fmb _nbm-kv, cmhn F o \Zn-I-fnse Pew C y- m-wv. kn p, Qew, No\m_v F o \Zn- I-fnse Pew ]min-ÿm-\pam-wv. Idm n v sx mbn Ad-_n- -S-enemWv kn p \Zn ]Xn p Xv.

9 A p \ZnIfpsS \msv Qew, cmhn, _obm-kv, kxve-pv, Nn\m-_v F o \Zn-Isf ] -\-Zn-Iƒ F p ]d-bp- p. Ch kn p-\-zn-bpss t]mji \Zn-I-fp-am-Wv. ] m-_n-eq-ss-bmwv Ch {]h-ln- p- -Xv. A v \Zn-I-fpsS {]hml ÿe-am-bxp sim mwv ] m-_n\v Cu ÿe-t -cp- m-b-xv. k]vx \Zn-Iƒ KwK, bap-\, tkmzm-h-cn, kc-kz-xn, \ Ω-Z, kn p, Imthcn Chsb `mc-x-ønse Ggp ]pwy-\-zn-i-fmbn ]cn-k-wn- p- p. KwK `mc-x-øn-ep G hpw \ofw IqSnb \ZnbmWv KwK KwKm-\-Znsb tziob \Znbmbn {]Jym-]n- p. KwK-bpsS BsI \ofw 2510 In.-ao. ssz Ly-Øn temi-øn 39- mw ÿm\hpw Gjy-bn 15- mw ÿm\hpamwv D -Xv. C y-bn G hpw IqSp-X t]m ji \Zn-Iƒ D Xpw KwK- m-wv. `mc-xo-b-cpss ]pwy-\-zn-i-fn H mwv KwK. hnjvwp-]-zn, kpc-\nav\km, {Xn]-Y- Km, `ojva-kp, `KocYn F n-ßs\ ]e ]cymb -]-Z-ß-fp-ap- v. tzh-{]-bm-kn h v `mko-c-yn, Af- I-\μ F n-h-bp-ambn tn - Xn\p tijamwv KwK F t]cn Adn-b-s -Sp- -Xv. ] na _wkmfnte v HgpIp KwKbpsS imjbv v `KocYn F mwv ]dbp Xv. ]fl F t]cnemwv Hcp imj _w mtzinte v HgpIp Xv. G hpw IqSpX Zqcw HgpIp Xv DØ {]tziv kwÿm\ønemwv. DØ-cm-J-WvUv, _olm, cmpÿm, a[y-{]-tz-iv, OØo-kvK- Vv, Pm J-WvUv F o kwÿm-\- ß-fn-eqsSbpw KwK Hgp-Ip p. bap-\, cmwkw-k, tkma-xn, KWvU- Iv, alm-\-μ, Zmtam-Z, cq]v \mcm- bw XpS-ßn-bh KwK-bpsS {][m\ t]mji \Zn-I-fm-Wv. C ybpw _w m-tz-ip-w KwKm k n Icm H p-h- p. KwK-bpsS Agn-apJw kpμ-c-h-\- sa t]cn {]kn- -amb I h\-am-wv. Z ln, _\m-d-kv, Ae-l-_mZv XpSßnb Iem-e-b-ßfpw C{μ-{]- ÿw, ^tø- q kn{in XpS-ßnb \K-c-ßfpw KwKm XS-ß-fn-em-Wv. _wkmƒ Dƒ -S-en-emWv KwK ]Xn- p- -Xv. KwKm, bap-\, kc-kzxn F o \Zn-Iƒ Hcp-an- p ÿe-amwv {XnthWn kwk-aw. CXv Ae-l-_m- Zn-em-Wv. KwKbpw bap-\bpw AhnsS Hgp-In-sb-Øp-tºmƒ kckzxn \Zn `qan- -Sn-bn-eqsS {]hln v AXn tncp Xmbn k w. lnμp- -fpss G hpw {][m-\-amb Hcp ]pwy-ÿ-e-hp-am- W-Xv. {_ ]p{x G hpw Pe-k-ar- -amb \Zn-bmWv {_ -]p-{x. {_ -]p-{x-bpss BsI \ofw 2990 In.-ao. BWv. 916 In.ao am{xta C y-bn-eqss Hgp-Ip- p- p. _w m-tz-in "Pap\m' F mwv Adn-b-s -Sp- -Xv. Acp-Wm-N {]tzin "ZnlmMv' F v t]cp hnfn- p- p. "knbmmv' F t]cnepw Adnb-s -Sp- p. Ak-an {]th-in- -Xn\v tij-amwv "{_ -]p{x' F v hnfn- p- -Xv.

10 Acp-Wm-N {]tz-iv, Akw, kn nw, ] n-a-_w-kmƒ F o kwÿm-\-ß-fn {_ -]p-{x-bpss km n-[y-ap v. C ysb IqSmsX ssn\, `q m, _w m-tziv F o cmpy-ß-fn-eq-ssbpw {_ -]p{x {]h-ln- p- p. Akans Zp:Jw, Nph \Zn F nh {_ ]p{xbpss hntijwßfmwv. bap\ DØ {]-tz-inse \tc-{μ-\-k-dnse bap-t\{xn \n mwv D -hn- p- -Xv. BsI \ofw 1376 In.-ao. {ioir-jvws P -ÿ-e-amb aypc, hrμm-h\w F nh Cu \Zn-bpsS Xoc-Øm-Wv. apkƒ km{ampy ti{μ-ÿm-\-ßfmb B{K, SmPv al, B[p-\nI \K-c-ß-fmb \yqz ln F n-hbpw bap-\-bpss Ic-I-fn-em-Wv. \ ΩZ ]Sn- m-tdm v Hgp-Ip \Zn-I-fn G hpw hepxv \ Ω-Z-bm-Wv. \ Ω-ZbpsS BsI \ofw 1300 In.-ao- -dm-wv. sxt C y-tbbpw hst C ytbbpw th Xn-cn- p \Znbpw \ Ω-Z-bm-Wv. tch, ktamzv `b, tai-e, kpcp F o t]cp-i-fnepw \ ΩZ Adn-bs -Sp- p. A kwÿm\ hnhn-t[m-t±iy ] -Xn-bmb k Zm ktcm-h t{]mpivsv \ Ω-Z-bn-em-Wv. D -h-ÿm-\-øn\v ASp-Øp HmwIm-tc-iz {]kn Xo m-s-\- ti-{μ-am-wv. KpP-dm-Ønse t{_m n\v kao]w Ad-_n- -S-en ]Xn- p- p. Imthcn X m-hq Pn sb Xan-gv\m-Sns s\ -d-bm- p \ZnbmWv Imth-cn. I Wm-S-I-bnse simukp (Iq Kv) D]-Zzo-]nb \Zn-Iƒ D]-Zzo-]nb \Zn-Iƒ ] n-a-l- -Øn- \n mwv D hn- p- Xv. Ahsb Ingt m-s m-gp-ip- -h, ]Sn- m-tdm-s m-gp- Ip- h F n-ßs\ c mbn Xn-cn ncn- p- p. \ Ω-Z, Xm]n, tkmzm-h-cn, IrjvW, Imth-cn, alm-\zn F n-hbmwv {][m\ D]-Zzo-]nb \Zn-Iƒ Pn -bn Xe- m-th-cn-bn D -hw. Imth-cn-bpsS BsI \ofw 765 In.ao. I Wm-SIw, Xan-gv\mSv F o kwÿm-\-ß-fn-eqss Hgp-Ip p {iocw-k-]- -Ww, inh-k-ap{zw, {Sn n F o ] -W-߃ Imthcn Xoc- ØmWv. Imthcn PesØ kw_- n v Zo L-\m-fsØ X w D m-bn-cp- p s^{_p-hcn A n-\p A n-a-hn[n A\p-k-cn v 419 SnFwkn Pew Xan-gv\m-Sn\pw 270 SnFwkn I Wm-S-Ibv pw 50 SnFwkn tic-f-øn\pw 7 SnFwkn ]pxpt -cn- p-am-wv. lmcw-kn, e va-w-xo Yw, `hm-\n, Aa-cm-hXn F nh t]mji \Zn-IfmWv. Xan-gv\m- nse Imthcn]qw]- -W- Øn h v _wkmƒ Dƒ -S-en ]Xn- p- p. IrjvW IrjvWm \Zn-bpsS BsI \ofw 1400 In.-ao. BWv. alm-cm-jv{s-bnse alm-_-teiz-dn\v hs v `mk-øp-\n pw D -hw. {]kn- -amb a n-im Pp\ t {Xw, hnp-b-hmu \Kcw F nh IrjvWm- \-Zn-bpsS Xoc-Øm-Wv. tkmzm-hcn \Znsb Pe-tk-N\ I\m hgn _ n- n- n- p- v. \mkm p\ kmk ] Xn Imthcn \Zn-bn-em-Wv. ]mxmf KwK F v IrjvWm\Znsb hntijn n p p v.

11 IrjvWm \Zn-bnse sh w D]-tbm- Kn- m th n hnp-b-hm-u-bn \n Ωn- n-cn- p ] -Xn-bmWv {]Imiw _mtc-pv. alm-cm-jv{s, B{, I Wm-SI kwÿm-\-ß-fn-eqss Hgp-Ip- p. akqen ] -W-Øn h v KwKm \Zn _wkmƒ Dƒ -S-en tncp- p. XpwK`{Z {ioi- -cm-nm-cy ÿm]n irwtkcn atw XpwK-`-{Z-bpsS Xoc-Øm-Wv. IrjvWm-\-Zn-bpsS t]mj-i-\-znbmwv XpwK-`-{Z. I Wm-S-I-Øn-epw B{ m-{]-tz-in-epambn Hgp-Ip- p. XpwK-`-{Z-bpsS BsI \ofw 644 In.- ao. BWv. I Wm-S-I-Ønse NnIvawKveqcn KwKm ae-bn \n pw HgpIn FØp XpwKbpw ] n-a-l- - Øn \n pw hcp `{Zbpw jntam-k-bn h v H n- mwv XpwK- `-{Z-bmbn Xocp- -Xv. B{ -bnse I Wq ] -W-Øn kao]w XpwK`{Z IrjvW-bn ebn- p- p. temi ss]xr-i- - n-i-bn s hnpb-\-kc km{ampy Xe-ÿm\w lw]nbpw {]kn- -amb hncq-]m t {Xhpw XpwK`{Z-bpsS Ic-bnemWv. alm\zn Hdo-k-bnse {][m\ \Zn-bm-Wn-Xv. OØo-kvK-Vnse dmbv]q Pn bn D -hn- p- p. C y-bnse G hpw \ofw IqSnb lncm- puv AW-s v alm-\-zn-bnemwv. alm-\-zn-bpss BsI \ofw 860 In.ao. OØo-kvK-Vv, Hdok F o kwÿm-\-ß-fn-eqss Hgp-Ip- p. C y-bn G hpw IqSp-X F \nt -]n- p \Zn-I-fnsem v. _wkmƒ Dƒ -S-en ]Xn- p- p. tkmzmhcn tkmzm-h-cn-bmwv hen- -Ønepw \of- Ønepw Z n-tw- y-bnse G hpw henb \Zn. tkmzm-h-cn-bpss \ofw 1450 In.-ao. alm-cm-jv{s, I Wm-S-Iw, B{, a[y-{]-tz-iv, Hdok F o kwÿm-\- ß-fneqsS Hgp-Ip- p. alm-cm-jv{s-bnse \mkniv Pn -bn {_ -Kn-cn-bn \n v D -hn- p- p. ]q W, {]m Ko-X, C{μm-h-Xn, amrvpn-d, am\ F nh {][m\ t]mj-i-\-zn-i-fm-wv. alm-cm-jv{s-bn \mkn- n Ipw`taf \S-Øp- Xv Cu \Zo-Xo-c- ØmWv. ]pwy-\-zn-isf hmgvøn-s m- p ]{ v h j-øn-sem-cn- \S- Øp "]pjvi ' F D hw tkmzm-hcn Xoc-Øp "cmpap{zn'bn \S- p- p. kckzxn A hmln\nbmb \Zn F v hntijwap v Bcy- m-cpss Ime- Øn ix{zp (k-xve-pv), bap\ F o \Zn-Iƒ ns-bnembn Hgp-In-bn-cp _rl-ømb \Zn-bmWv kc-kz-xn F v EtKz-Z-Øn ]cm-a i-ap- v. lnam- N {]tz-in \n v D -hn v sxt m v HgpIn lcn-bm-\-bn {]thin tijw L \Zn-bp-ambn k n v cmp-ÿm acp-`q-an-bn A{]-Xy- -am-hp- p. ]n osv `qan- -Snbn-eqsS k -cn- p- p-sh- mwv k w. ]pcmwßfn CXns\ pdn v ]e IYIfpw ]dbp p. {]IrXnt m`øns ^eambn A{]Xy ambn p mimw `qan imkv{ximc mcpw A`n{]mbs Sp p. KwKbpw bap-\bpw Ae-l-_m- Zn h v kwk-an- p-tºmƒ kc-kzxn `qan- -Sn-bn-eqsS HgpInsbØp- psh pw ]d-bp- p. Aß-s\-bmWv {XnthWn kwkaw F -dn-b-s -Sp- -Xv.

12 acp-`q-an-i-fneqss Hgp-Ip \Zn-Iƒ L m : D hw lnam-e-bw. (cm-p-ÿm acp-`q-an-bn ) kc-kzxn: D hw lnam-n {]tziw (cm-pÿm acp-`q-an) eq\n: D hw: cmp-ÿm-\nse Bc-h n (tpm-[v]q /_muv ta acp-`q-an) a p cmpy-ß-fn-te v Hgp-Ip Nne \Zn-Iƒ I \-^pen: antkm-dm-an D -hn v _w m-tz-in-te v Hgp-Ip- p. Ie-Z : antkm-dm-an D -hw. aym a-dn-te v Hgp-Ip- p. Cw^m : awn- q-cn D -hw. aym a-dn-te v Hgp-Ip- p. kn p: lnam-e-b-øn D -hw. ]min-ÿm-\n-te v Hgp-Ip p. ]pcm-w-\-zn-iƒ... Ct m-gsø t]cv Xakm... tsm kv kcbp... LmL Imfnμn... bap\ IrX-ame...sshK Ipw`... Im_qƒ kphmkvxp...kzmxv N{μ-`mK... Nn\m_v hn]mi... _nbmkv ix{zp... kxvepv Ccm-hXn... cmhn N a-wzxn... Nw_ in{]... Ah n th{x-hxn... s_xvh hnxkvx... Qew kyμni... kmbv hnxkv... tplvew kptkma... tkmlm XSmI-߃ XSm-I-߃ C y-bn s]mxpsh Ipd-hm-Wv. C ybnse G hpw henb XSmIw Hdokbnse Nn I XSmIamWv. 64 In.ao. \ofhpw icmicn 16 In.ao. hoxnbpamwv CXn\p Xv. t{_iv ^mãv Zzo]v Cu XSmIØnemWv. C ybnse G hpw henb ip Pe XSmIw B{ m{]tzinse simt cphmwv. kw`m (cmpÿm ), ]pent m (Xangv\mSv), thº\m v Imb (ticfw) F nh C ybnse {][m\s XSmIßfmWv. a v {][m\ \Zn-Iƒ kph W-tc-J, \mk-h-xn, ]mem, s]mss -bm, k_ a-xn, amln, Xm]n, ]q W, at -izcw ]pg, sam{km, Nn mcn, IΔm-bn- p-g, amln \Zn, timc- p-g, amwvu-hn, D -f, N{μ-Kn-cn, `mc-x- p-g, L K, s]cn-bm, ]º, hwi-[m-c, ss_x-c-wn, ]te-cp, kz W-ap-Jn, sh m, sshk, Xm{a-] Wn, ssh m, [m[, Aw_n-I, kmhn-{xn, t\{xm-h-xn, Cw^m-k, SnIvkp.

13 Pe-tk-N-\hpw sshzypx ] -Xn-Ifpw kn p-\-zo-xs {]tziw Dƒs m- p C y-bnse A p kwÿm-\-ß-fn G hpw IqSp-X Irjn-`q-anbpw Petk-N\ kui-cy-ß-fp-ap kwÿm\w ] m-_m-wv. kn phns {][m\ t]mj-i-\-zn-iƒ: A^vKm-\n-ÿm-\n \n pw Hgp-Inh-cp kn p, Qew, Nn\m-_v, chn, _nbm-kv, kxvepv F n-hbmwv. a p-a-e-i-fn \n pw Hgp-Inh-cp Bdp \Zn-I-fpsS (kn- p, Qew, Nn\m-_v, cmhn, _nbm-kv, kxve-pv) ka-xe {]tz-i-ß-sf-t mse Pe-tk-N-\-Øn\v D]-bp- -amb as mcp ÿew temi-sø-ßp-an-. kn p-\-zo-xs ] -Xn-Iƒ C Ukv hm {Sn\n n C ybpw ]minÿm\pw XΩn kn p-\-zo-p-esø kw_- n X w Gsd-\mƒ D m-bn-cp- p. HSp-hn temi- _m- ns a[y-ÿ-x-bn C Ukv hm {Sn\n n cq]w sim p. AX-\p-k-cn v kn p, Qew, Nn\m-_v F o \Zn-I-fnse Pew ]min-ÿm\pw chn, _nbm-kv, kxvepv XpS-ßnb \Zn- I-fnse Pew C y- p-amwv. CXns ta t\m w C Ukv IΩo-j-\m-Wv. _nbmkv ] Xn kn p-\-zn-bpss t]mji \Zn-I-fmb _nbm-kn-s\bpw kxve-pn-s\bpw XΩn _ n- n- p p. _nbm-kn lnam-n {]tz-i-øp ]mt m F ÿeøv 61 ao Db-c-ap AW si n `{Im Pem-i-b-Øn\p api-fn tzlmzv F ÿeøv \n Ωn- n-cn- p ]h lu-kn-te pw Ahn-sS-\n v kxve-pn-te pw _nbmkv \Zo- Pew Xncn- p-hn-sp- p. 669 sakm-hm v sshzypxn D m-zn- n- m\pw `{Im ] -XnbpsS Iogn hcp ÿe-߃ v ]pdta 5.3 e w slivs ÿe-øp-iqsn Petk-N\w \S-Øm\pw Ign-bpw. cmp-ÿm I\m ] Xn kxvepv \Zn-bn \n m-cw-`n- p Hcp Nm\-emWv cmp-ÿm I\m. cmpÿm kwÿm-\-ønse _n m-\o, {iokw, Km[-\-K, Pbvkm a F o Pn - I-fn GI-tZiw 1.26 Zie w slivs ÿeøv Irjn \S-Øm-\p ] -Xn-. AW-s - p-i-fpss Imcy-Øn temi-øn \memw-ÿm\w `mc-x-øn-\m-wv. C y-bnse G hpw Dbcw IqSnb AW-s v `{Im\wK C y-bnse G hpw henb hnhn-t[m-t±iy ] -Xn-bmWv emwv ]q Øn-bm- n-bxv. kxvepv \Zn-bn ] m_nse `{I F ÿeøv \n Ωn- n-cn- p 226 ao Db-chpw 518 ao \of-hp-ap Hcp AW-s - m-wn-xv e w slivs ÿeøv Pe-tk-N\w \S-Øm\pw 1204 sakmhm v sshzypxn D m- Zn- n- m\pw Ign-bpw. lcn-bm-\, ] m-_v, cmp-ÿm F o kwÿm-\-߃ v ] p ] -Xn-bpsS {]h Ø-\hpw ta t\m- hpw ti{μ Kh sa ns Iognep t_m Un\m-Wv.

14 Zmtam-Z hmen ] Xn ] n-a-_w-kmƒ, _olm F o kwÿm-\-ß-fpss Bh-iy-߃ mbn ti{μ k m Bkq-{XWw snbvx hnhn-t[m-t±i ] -Xn-bm-Wn-Xv. hyh-kmb kmº-øni ]ptcm-kxn, s]mxp- P-\m-tcm-Kyw, h\-h-ev -c-ww, Pe-K-Xm-K- Xw, {]fb \nb-{ -Ww, sshzypxn Dev]m- Z\w F nh Cu ] -Xn-bpsS e y-ßfm-wv. Zmtam-Z \Zn _olm-dnse tom m \mkv]q Ip p-i-fn \n v DZv`-hn v lq o \Zn-bp-ambn tbmpn- p- p. Pe-{]-fbw \nanøw \Zn-bpsS Ccp-h-i-Øp-ap {]tzi-ß-fn \mi-\-jvs-߃ A\p-`-h-s - psim- n-cp- p. AXn-\m bp.-f-knse ss\-kn-hmen ] -Xn-bpsS amxr-i-bnemwv CXv \n Ωn- n-cn- p- -Xv. _olm IqSmsX ] na _wkmƒ, a[y-{]-tziv F o kwÿm-\-߃ p-iqsn {]tbm-p\w e`n- p- ] -Xn-bm-Wn-Xv. \m]vx PmIncn Pe-ssh-ZypX ] Xn kxvepv Pe-ssh-ZypX ] Xn F t]cn Adn-b-s -Sp \m]vx PmIncn Pessh-ZypX ] Xn ti{μ Kh sa n-s bpw lnam-n {]tziv Kh sa n-s bpw kwbp kwcw`amwv. Cu ] -Xn v th n temi-_m- v, kxvepv hnzypxv \nkw enan- Uv, bqtdm-]y _m v, ]h ^n\m kv tim -td-j F n-h-bpss kmº-øni klmbw e`n- p- p- v sakm-hm v BWv Cu ] -Xn-bn-eqsS D m-zn- n- p samøw Pe-ssh-Zyp-Xn. {_ -]p{x 12,000 sakm-hm v sshzypxn Dev]m-Z-\-tijn-bp ] -Xn-Iƒ {_ -]p-{x-bn-ep- v. Py-am-Wv ti{μ Kh sa v Pe-K-Xm-K-X-Øn\v {_ -]p{x A\p-tbm- F m hf-sc- p-d p am{xta sshzypxn ÿm]n sk {S C em Uv hm D m-z\w \S- p- p- p. ae-bn-sp- p-i-fneqss AW-s - p-iƒ \n Ωn- p-tºmƒ ae- Øn _w m-tziv hgn sim -Øbv pw {Sm kv t]m v tim -td-js t\xr-xzbn-sn-bm-\p km[yx IqSp-X-em-b-Xn-\m Ak-an\pw CSbv v Nc- p-k-xm-kxw \SsshZypXn D m-z\w Ipd-hm-Wv. p- p- v. C y-bp-ssbpw _w m-tz-ins bpw kmº-øni hymh-km-bni Dw{Xp ] -Xn, Danbw ] -Xn, sim]nen F nh CXns t]mji \Zn-I-fn-ep kº w Cu Pe-K-Xm-K-X-Øn-eqsS Ffp- {][m\ Pe-ssh-ZypX ] -Xn-I-fm-Wv. -amwv. \ ΩZm \ZoXS-]- -Xn-Iƒ _m Wm-]- Xn:a[y-{]-tZ-ineqsS HgpIn \ ΩZm \Zn-bn tncp H mwv _m Wm- \-Zn. aæv AW-s - mwv Cu ] -Xn-bpsS {][m\ LS-Iw. Xhm ] Xn: a[y-{]-tz-inse tlmjw-km- _mzv Pn -bn \ Ω-Z-bpsS t]mji \Znbmb Xh-bn aæw si n I\m-ep-Iƒ hgn 3 e w slivs Pe-kn- -am- pi F mwv Cu ] -Xn-bpsS Dt±-iyw. \ azm ] Xn: KpP-dm-Ønse `tcmbv Pn bn \ azm \Zn v IpdpsI AW \n Ωn v Pe-tk-N\w \S-Øp- - ] Xn. \ofw IqSnb AW-s v alm-\-zn-bnse G hpw {][m-\- s ] -Xn-. samøw A v AW-s - p-iƒ IqSn IW- m- p-tºmƒ temi-øn C p G hpw \ofw IqSnb AW-s - mbn amdp- -Xm-Wv aæp sim v \n Ωn Cu AW-s - v.

15 C y-bn G hpw IqSp-X Irjn snøp \Zo-XS {]tziw KwKm-k-a-Xe {]tz-i-ß-fm-wv. `mko-c-yn, Af-I-\-μ, aμm- In-\n, Kufn-Kw-K, ]nwvum, bap\ (Imfn-μn), Nº, kn{], knμv, s_xvh, Xakm, I a-\m-i, cmwkw-k, tkma-xn, Lm{K, Ia-e, _mkva-xn, timkn, tkm, ZzmcI XpS-ßn-bh KwK-bpsS {][m\ t]mji \Zn-I-fm-Wv. bap\m I\m-ep-Iƒ ] na bap\m- I-\m ]Xn-\memw ixm-_vz-øn DØ-tc y `cn- n-cp ^ntdmkv jm Xp - v, bap-\-bnse sh s m ImesØ A[n-I-Pew ln m Pn -bnse Irjn-bm-h-iy-߃ m bn Xncn- p-hn-sp- -Xn\p th n Bhn-jvI-cn- -Xm- WnXv. ]q h-b-ap\m I\m c v e w slivs ÿeøpw ] na bap\m I\m Ggp e w slivs ÿeøpw Pe-tk-N\w \ Ip p. Nº ] Xn bap-\-bpss {][m\ t]mj-i-\-zn-bmwv Nº. a[y-{]-tz-iv, cmp-ÿm F o c v kwÿm-\-߃ tn p ] -Xn. Km n-km-k, dmwm {]Xm]v kmk, Phl kmk F o aq v AW-s - p-iƒ Nº \Zo-XS ] -Xn-bn \n Ωn- n- p- v. sxlvcn ] Xn ti{μ Kh sa n-s bpw bp.-]n. Kh sa n-s bpw kwbp kwcw`w. sxlvcnbnse `Ko-cYn \Zn-bp-sSbpw AXns t]mji \Zn-I-fn-tebpw Pew sshzypxn D m-z-\-øn\pw a v Bh-iy߃ p-ambn D]-tbm-K-s -Sp-ØpI F - XmWv Cu ] -Xn-bpsS {][m\ e yw. KwKm I\m-ep-Iƒ lcn-zzm-dn 19- mw \q m- n \Zn v IpdpsI Hcp AW si n DØ {]-tz-iøv 6.4 e w slivs ÿeøv Pe-tk-N\w \S-Øm th n A KwKm I\mse pw temh KwKm I\m-se pw t]cp c p txmsp-iƒ \n Ωn- p. cmwkwk ] Xn DØ {]-tz-ins hs- p-]-sn- mdp `mk-øv I\u-Pn\v kao]w KwKm-\-Zn-bn KwKm-\-Zo-XS ] -Xn-Iƒ tncp cmwkw-k-bnemwv Db-c-ap Hcp AW-s v. imczm I\m ] Xn t\ mƒ lnam-e-b-øn \n v DZv`hn v DØ {]-tz-in IqSn Hgp-Ip LmLvc-bpsS Hcp t]mji \Zn-bmWv imcz Hcp AWs pw as mcp AW-s - p- IqSn \n Ωn p. tkm _cmjv _nlm-dnse jmlm-_mzv Pn -bn C{μ-]pcn F ÿeøv tkm \Zn v IpdpsIbp Hcp AW-s v. dnl Uv ] Xn _olm-dnse an km- q Pn -bn dnl Uv \Zn tkm \Zn-bp-ambn tbmpn- p ÿe-øn\v 46 In.-ao. api-fn-embn dnl Uv \Zn-bn 91.4 ao. Db-c-ap AWsI n sshzyp-txm m-z-\w. KmWvUIv ] Xn C ybpw t\ mfpw XΩn D m- nb Hcp DS-ºSn A\p-k-cn v t\ mfn\pw C y-bn _olm, DØ {]-tziv F o kwÿm-\-߃ pw {]tbm- P\ap ] -Xn-. {Xnth-Wn, a[p-_, em _lpp F n-h-bmwv I\m-ep-Iƒ. timkn ] Xn _olm-dn D m- p sh -s m w \nb-{ n- m Dt±-in ] -Xn-bn t\ mfnse l\p-am \K-dn Hcp AW-s - v, \Zn-bpsS KXn-am w XSbm-\p-t±-in v Ccp- I-c-I-fnepw 250 In.-ao. \of-øn \n Ωn- p Icn- n-d-iƒ, ]q h ] na timkn Pe-tk-N\ I\m-ep-Iƒ, timkn ]h lu-kv, cmpm-]q Pe-tk-N\ I\m F nh Dƒs m- p- p. ^dm m _cmjv lq n \Zn-apJsØ I Øm XpdapJw KwKm-\-Zn-bn h jw-txmdpw ASnbp aæp-sim v \ni- - v KXm-K-X-X-S w D m-ip- Xv Hgn-hm n Xpd-apJ {]h Ø \w kpk-a-am- m Bhn-jvI-cn- ] -Xn-. KwKm-\-Zn v IpdpsI ]mehpw ASn-bn AW-s pw; `mko-cyn \Zn-bn PwKm-]qcn\v kao]w Pe-\n-b-{ W _cm-jv, `mkoc-yn-bn \n v Hcp t]mji I\m.

16 tkmzm-hcn \Zo-XS ] -Xn-Iƒ Z n-tw- y \Zn-I-fn hen- -Ønepw \of-ønepw H mw-ÿm\w tkmzm-h-cn- m-wv. ]q Wm ] Xn tkmzm-h-cn-bpss Hcp t]mji \Zn-bmb ]q Wm \Zn-bn c v AW-Iƒ si n Petk-N-\-Øn\pw sshzypxn D m-z-\-øn\pw D]-tbm-Kn- p Hcp ] -Xn. alm-cm-jv{sbnse ]mz\n Pn -bnse sb `mcn F ÿeøpw Ahn-sS-\n pw 64 In.-ao. Xmsg knt -iz-dn-epamwv Cu c v AW-s - p-iƒ \n Ωn- n- p- -Xv. BZysØ AW-s - n\v 51.4 ao dpw c m-a-tø-xn\v 38.3 ao dpw BWv Db-cw. I\m-ep-I-fpsS samøw \ofw 45 In.-ao. BWv. PbIvhmUn ] Xn alm-cm-jv{s-bnse s]bn-^m F ÿeøv tkmzm-hco \Zn-bn 36.6 ao. Db-cap Hcp aæw \n Ωn v 1,41,645 slivs ÿeøv Pe-tk-N\w \S-Øm Dt±-in- n- p Cu ] -Xn-bn s Sp {][m\ I\m-ens \ofw 185 In.-ao. BWv. tnmfw-]muv ] Xn B{ m kwÿm-\øv \nan-e-bn tkmzm-hcn \Zn-bnse tkm ]me-øn\v 5 In.- ao. api-fn-embn ao. Db-c-ap Xpw 13.7 In.-ao. \ofw hcp- -Xp-amb Hcp aæw si n {]Ya L -Øn 2.7 e w slivsdpw ÿeøv Pe-tk-N\w \S-Øm Dt±-in- p Hcp ] -Xn-. iotecp ] Xn tkmzm-h-cn-bpss Hcp t]mji \Zn-bmb iote-cp-hn a vipwvuv, _men-tae A iote-cp, temh iotecp F n-ßs\ \mev Pe-ssh-ZypX ] -Xn-Iƒ aqew 235 sakmhm v sshzypxn D m-zn- n- m Ign-bp- p. Imthcn \Zo-XS ] -Xn-Iƒ t] q, ta p-xp-cwkw, Ipμ, inh-kap{zw, jnwi F n-h-bmwv Imth-cn-bnse Nne sshzypx ] -Xn-Iƒ. I Wm-S-I-Ønse inh-k-ap-{z-ømwv C y-bnse BZy Pe-ssh-ZypX ] Xn \nehn h Xv. I_\n ] Xn hb-\m-sn \n v DZv`-hn- p I_\nbn I Æm-S-I-Ønse _n`m-cl n {Kma-Øn ao. Db-c-ap AW si n 51,874 slivs ÿeøv Petk-N\Øn\p ] Xn. ta qcv ] Xn Imthcn \Zn ssakq ]ot-`qan hn p Xan-gv\mSv AXn Øn-bn {]th-in- p ÿe-øn\v kao]w tkeøp\n pw 51.5 In.-ao. AI-se-bp ta q-cnse c v ae- Iƒ n-s-bn-eqss Hgp-Ip- p. AhnsS AW si n 5,50,000 slivs ÿeøv Pe-tk-N\w \S-Øp p. Xm]vXn \Zo-XS ] -Xn-Iƒ I Uv ] -Xn-Iƒ KpP-dmØv kwÿm-\-øp kqdøv ] -W-Øn\v 81. In.ao api-fn-embn Xm]vXn \Zn v IpdpsI 14 ao. Db-c-ap Hcp AW si n Pew Xncn- p-hn-sp-i-sb- -XmWv Cu ] Xn sim v Dt±-in- n-cn- p- -Xv. I\m-ep-I-fpsS samøw \ofw 435 In.- ao. hcpw. D mbv ] Xn KpP-dm-Ønse kqdøv ] -W-Øn\v 116 In.-ao. api-fn-embn Xm]vXn \Zn-bn 69 ao. Db-c-ap Hcp AW si n Pe-tk-N-\- Øn\pw sshzypxn D m-z-\-øn-\p-ambn Xncn- p-hn-sp-i-sb- -XmWv Cu ] -Xn-bpsS Dt±-iyw. \ ΩZm hm Unkv]yq v {Sn_yq-W-ens \n t±i-{]-imcw cq]w-sim- -XmWv \ Ω-Zmhmen hni-k\ ] -Xn. CXns `mk-ambn \n Ωn- p h AW-s - p-i-fn H mwv k Zm ktcm-h AW-s v ] -Xn.

17 IrjvWm \Zo-XS ] -Xn-Iƒ simbv\m Pe-ssh-ZypX ] Xn IrjvWm-\-Zn-bpsS {]`-h-ÿm-\øv ASpØv alm-cm-jv{s-bnse kxmcm Pn -bn AXn-t\mSp tbmpn- p Hcp t]mji \Zn-bmWv simbv\. IcmUv ] -W-Øn \n v 80 In.-ao. AIse ae-i-fpss ASn-hm-c-Øn \n Ωn- n-cn- p Hcp `K ` ]h lukpw t_mws_bv p 240 In.-ao. sx v sl hm v {Kma-Øn\SpØv simbv\ \Zn v IpdpsI \n Ωn- n-cn- p Hcp AW-bp-amWv CXns {][m\ LS-I-߃ Cu ] Xn aqew 866 sakm-hm v sshzypxn D m-zn- n- p- p- v D mb `qn-e-\-øn AW-s - n\v Nne \mi-߃ kw`-hn p. `oam-]- Xn IrjvWm-\-Zn-bpsS t]mji \Zn-bmb `oam \Zn-bn alm-cm-jv{s-bnse tjmem- q Pn -bn 51.8 ao. Db-c-ap D -bn\n AWbpw `oa-bpss t]mji \Znbmb timwm \Zn-bn 43 ao. Db-c-ap as mcp AW-bp-amWv Cu ] -XnbpsS {][m\ LS-I-߃. timwm \Zn-bnse AW aæp sim mwv \n Ωn- ncn- p- -Xv. GI-tZiw 475 In.-ao. \ofw hcp {][m\ I\m-ep-Ifpw a p D]-I- \m-ep-ifpw aqew BsI 1.9 e w slivs Irjn-`q-an v sh w \ Im Cu ] Xn D]-I-cn- p- p. IrjvWm-]- Xn alm-cm-jv{s-bnse kxmcm Pn -bn t[mw, t_ fn, Im luv F o ÿeß-fn IrjvWm \Zn v IpdpsI aq v AW-s - p-iƒ si n 1.06 e w slivs ÿeøv Pe-tk-N\w \S-Øm Dt±-in- n-cn- p Cu ] -Xn-bnse AW-Ifn G hpw Dbcw IqSn-b-Xn\v 50 ao. s]m w D m-bn-cn- pw. XpwK-`{Zm ] Xn A sø a{zmkv {]hn-iybpw ssakq, sslzcm-_mzv \m p-cm-py-ßfpw XΩn-ep- m- nb Hcp Icm A\p-k-cn v DS-se-SpØ Hcp h InS Pe-tk-N\ ] -Xn-bm-Wn-Xv. IrjvWbpsS t]mji \Zn-bmWv XpwK-`-{Z. XpwKbpw `{Zbpw tbmpn- -XmWv XpwK-`-{Z. I Wm-S-I-bnse inh-sam Pn -bn sh mwv Ch Hcp-an- p- -Xv. ssakq-dnse s_ mdn Pn -bn tlmkvs]- n\v 4.8 In.-ao. AIse XpwK-`-{Zm- \- Zn-bn \n Ωn- n- p 49.4 ao. Db-c-ap Hcp AWbpw 346 In.-ao. \ofw hcp CS-Xp-`mK I-\mepw D]-I-\m-ep-I-fp-amWv Cu ] -Xn-bpsS {][m\ LS-I-߃ \mkm p-\-km-k ] Xn B{ m-{]-tz-inse \ skm Pn -bn ssl-z-cm-_m-zn \n v 144 In.-ao. AIse-bp \μn-sim {Kma-Øn ao. Db-c-ap Hcp AW IrjvWm-\- Zn v IpdpsI si n 8.3 e w slivs ÿeøv Pe-tk-N\w \S-Øm-\mWv Cu ] Xn Bhn-jvI-cn- -Xv. icm-hxn Pe-ssh-ZypX ] Xn klym-{zn-bn \n v DZv`-hn v I Wm-S-I-bnse jntamkm Pn -bn IqSn ]Sn- m-tdm v HgpIn Atd-_y IS-en tncp \Zn-bmWv icm-h-xn. tpmkv Pe- ]mxw Cu \Zn-bn-em-Wv. AXn-\p-ap-I-fn-embn 61.3 ao dpw 62.5 ao dpw Db-c-ap c v AW-Iƒ si n Ir{Xna Pe-]mXw krjvsn v 891 sakm-hm v sshzypxn D m- Zn- n- m Cu ] Xn D]-I-cn- p- p.