PpapA JpXzv_ lzvdøv an km akvdq AlvaZv Jeo-^-Øp akolv A Jm-ankv

Transcription

1 JpXzv_ \º PpapA JpXzv_ lzvdøv an km akvdq AlvaZv Jeo-^-Øp akolv A Jm-ankv hnh Ø\w: Sn.Fw.A p appo_v Ct mƒ Rm lzvdøv akolv auduzv (A) s klm _m fpss ss_aøpambn _ s cnhmbøpiƒ tiƒ n p XmWv. BZysØ cnhmbøv lzvdøv apl ΩZv imlv kmln_nt XmWv. Cu D cwn FSpØ ÿeøv At±lw BZyw Nne kw`h߃ hnhcn Xn\p tijw ]dbp p, AlvaZnbmIp Xn\v apºv ep[n bm\ tãj\n sh v lzvdøv akolv auduzv (A) s\ ImWpIbp mbn. kønzn\v ss_aøns Bhiy ans v At±lw t\csø FgpXnbncp p. AXmbXv Hcp kønzn\v a p hcn ss_aøv sntø Bh iyans mwv Rm a\ nem nbncp sx v At± lw t\csø FgpXnbncp p. AXpsIm v lzvdøv akolv auduzv (A) s\ kxyhm\mbn a\ nem n bn pw ss_aøv A\nhmcyamsW v IcpXnbn. Cu Nn bn Akzÿ\mbn Rm Ipd pimew Ign p Iq n. kz pifn lzvdøv ao km kmln_ns KpW KWßsf Ipdn p ]cma iap miptºmsg mw Xs Xm ]cytømss {ihn pibpw FXn p kz pifn Ccn m CjvSs SmsX AhnsS \n v Fgpt v t]mipibpw snøpambncp p. Ahkm\w Hcp Znhkw Bcn \nt m t_ ]o h t_ ]o ap izv F v hm p tiƒ pibp mbn. t_ ]o h t_ ap inzv Hcp Ak`yamsW pw Rm kzbw t_ ]o h t_ ap inzv BsW pw F\n v txm n. kønzv CXn \n pw hyxncn amtwm? Nne knwlmk\mcqvcmb henb almflm sf Ipdn v Hm Ω h p. kønzmbn cp Ah kønz mxncp Nne almflm fn ss_ AØv snbvxv A\p{Klw Icÿam nbncp p. Rm\pw kzbw Nn mhnjvs\mbn. F m A Xbpw ]IzX bn mbvabpw ImcWw BtcmSpw At\zjn n. F m Hcp e yw a\ n sh p sim v Nne \ BfpItfmSv Xs e y]q ØoIcWØn\pXIp ZpBIƒ tnmzn dn v snøm XpSßn. Dt±iyw ]cn]q Æ\mb Bflob Kpcphpw kønzpw e`n Ww F Xmbncp p. AXmbXv kønzmb Hcp Kpcphns\ e`n Ww. Aßn s\ \o Imew hsc J_ ÿm\ßfnepw, almflm fpss J_dnSßfnepw, \ZnIfnepw, InWdpIfnepw, ] Xßfnepsa mw GIm hmkønepw ZpBbnepw Ign p Iq n. Npcp Øn cm{xnbn clkyÿeß fn t]mbns m v 40 Znhkßtfmfw GIm hmkw 1 A\pjvTn p. H pw e`n n. Ahkm\w Hcp \mƒ \ncm i\mbn InS pdßnt mbn. kz]v\øn Hcp almflmhv Cßns\ Bizkn n p Xmbn I p. ais\! \n\ v e`n p Kpcp F mhcpssbpw Kpcphmbncn pw. At±l Øn\p ap n F m ]o amcpw Kpcp mcpw H pw Xs b. B Zriyw I t mƒ a\ n\v kwxr]vxn e`n p. ]cn]q Æ Bflob Kpcp C ima mlv e`n p XmsW ZrVhnizmkw D mipibpw snbvxp. Ahkm\w 1905 Hcp cm{xn Rms\mcp kz]v\w I p. hrønbpw shsn pap hnimeamb Hcp ssaxm\w. Hcp henb ktωf\ \Kcn t]mse ]q Æambpw hrønbm nb ssaxm\w. AXn Hcp tãppap v. AXv hfsc Db Xpw cmpm mcptsxv t]mse {]uvnbp Xp amwv. AXns\ \n hnn m Fs t msebp Aev] m\niƒ v km[ya. Ft msv Hcmƒ ]dbpibmwv, C v ChnsS \_namcpss (A) CPvXnambmWv. dkq Xncpta\n lzvdøv aplωzv dkqep mlv (k) C v {]nb s kz w ais\ knwlmk\øn hmgn p Xn \mbn BKXcmIp XmWv. Rm kt mjøm Xp n msp p. hfsc thkøn HmSn InX p sim v B ssaxm\øp tãpn\v sxm SpØv G hpw ap n FØpIbp mbn. Ipd v kabøn\p n B ssaxm \w ]cnip cpw {]IminX apjap hscbpw sim v \nd p. DS Xs F mhcpw apifnte v t\m phm XpSßn. Rm\pw apifnte v t\m n. At mƒ hnam\ sø t]mse Aaqeyßfmb cyßsf D m nbncn p Xmbn I p. AXn NneXn Hcp ]pcpj am{xam bpw, NneXn Hcp kv{xobpw Hcp ]pcpj\pw am{xambpw, NneXn c p kv{xoiƒ am{xambpw, As n ]pcpj m am{xambpw BImiØp \n v kpkaambn Cdßn sim ncn p p. CXv C \_nbmwv AXv C \_n bmwv F v kzbw F\n v t_m[yamip p. [mcmfw DΩlmØp apavan\owifpw, DZmlcWambn l, lmp d, a bw, _ohn ^mxzna, JZoP (d) F mhcpw hcp p. F m {]hmnicpw (A) DΩlmØp apavan\owifpw FØn AhchcpsS ItkcIfn Ccn pd n p. PpapA Znhkw JmZnbm\n akvpnzv AJvkbn At±lsØ lzvdxv Jeo^Øp akolv km\nsb Ipdn mwv ]d bp Xv {]Xo n ncn p Xv t]mse F mhcpw Bsc tbm {]Xo n ncn pibmwv. Nnet mƒ BImiØn

2 te v apjapb Øn ]dbpw, ]nxmhpw ]p{x\pw hcp p mipw. Ipd p t\cøn\v tijw Hcp cyandßn. AXv F m cyßsf mfpw Ae cn Xmbncp p. AXn \n v lzvdøv aplωzv apkvx^m (k) bpw lzvdøv an km Kpemw AlvaZv kmln_v akolv auduzv (A) apw Cdßn. tãpn ASpØSpØmbn sh ncp c v Itkc Ifn Ccp p. BZyw aplωzv dkqkp mlv (k) bpw ]n osv lzvdxv an km kmln_v akolv auduzv (A) apw Ft msv A emap Asse pw ]d p. ]n osv Bcw`{]`mjWw dkq Xncpta\n (k) \n hln p. AXn ]d p, \n߃ v aptº Xs Adnbn s X \pkcn v Fs ais\ \n߃ F m \_namcpssbpw ap n sh v Rm knwlmk\øn CcpØpIbmWv. ]n osv lzvdøv an km kmln_v akolv auduzv (A) {]kwkn p. At cw F\n v kønzns bmym yw a\ nembn. ep[nbm\bnse tãj\n sh p I AtX ao km kmln_p Xs bmbncp p AXv. ]dbp p, AXv a\ nembt mƒ ASpØ Znhkw Xs Fgp t DS ss_aøn\p IsØgpXn. ]n osv FgpXp p, lzvdøv akolv auduzv (A) Bbncambncw A\p{Kl߃ h jn pamdmis. Kmsa kmln_ns ai\mb lzvdøv aplωzv Aen kmln_v ]dbp p. henb tπkv ]S ImeL amb 1903 tem 1904 tem BWv ss_aøv snbvxxv. AXn\p tijap DjvW ImeØmWv ss_aøv snbvxxv. ]nxmhv BZysa ss_aøv snbvxncp p. At±lw aqkn bmbncp p. _lnivxn ajv_dbnemwv AS w snbvxn cn p Xv. kz]v\øn At±lw Hcp he si nbncn p Xmbn ImWp p. AXn aq v Acn{]mhv IpSpßnbncn p p. th mbn hncn hebmbncp p. auehn _qt Jm kmln_v _Iv\ inim AXns hymjym\ambn ]d Xv, \nßfpss aq v B a fpw AlvaZnbmIpsa mwv. Aßns\ R߃ aq v ktlmzc mcpw ]n osv AlvaZnIfmbnØo p. lzvdøv auehn ti Aen kmln_v (d) kodm ]dbp p, 1906emWv ss_aøv snbvxxv. Cu auehn ti Aen kmln_v thsdbmwv. kw`hw Cßns\bmWv. Rm auehn Pemep±o kmln_ns ktlmzc\mb auehn aplωzv Aen kmln_v ap_ nkv bp.]n bn \n pw Jp B ]Tn pambncp p. auehn Pemep±o kmln _n \n pw e`n t{]cwbm At±lw ss_aøv snbvxp. ]n osv auehn Aen aplωzv kmln_v Rß sf X_veoKv snøm XpSßn. Rm CkvXnJmd snøm XpSßn. 40 ZnhktØmfw bmj_odp AJv_n \o F ZpB Dcphn p sim ncp p. hmzn kxyamsw v Ft m Sv ]dbs p. ]dbp p, ]e hmznifpw D mbncp p. Bsc kw_ n msw v a\ nembn. ASpØ cm{xn ho pw ]dbs p hmzn p Bƒ kxyhm\mwv. aq m asø cm{xn ]dbs p, JmZnbm\n hmzw ]pds Sphn hy n kxyhm\mwv. At mƒ Rm ss_aøv sn bvxp. ]n osv c mw Jnem^Øv ImeØpw kphm Ø 2 bpss ASnÿm\Øn Rm ss_aøv snøpibp mbn. Jeo^Øp akolv km\nbpss ImeØv ^nxv\ DSseSpØt mgpw A mlphn \n v kphm Ø e`n p Ibpw At±lw ss_aøv snøpibpw snbvxp. lzvdøv tijv aplωzv lbmøv kmln_v tamk \nth Z\w snøp p lzvdøv kmln_ns Iøn ss_aøv snbvxp. auehn \q aplωzv kmln_v Hm^v am m v BWv X_veoKv snbvxxv. tijv kmln_v ]dbp p, Rm kz w hosns ap Øv InS p Xmbn kz]v\w I p. Hcp N{µcq]w Fs ap neqss IS p t]mbn. CXv JmZnbm\n AlvaZv BsW v AtXmsSm w ]dbs SpIbpw snbvxp. kz]v\øn Rm kzbw Nn n pibmwv, CXv icnb. B Ahÿbn Rm DW p. auehn \q aplωzv kmln_nt\msv kz]v \sø Ipdn v ]cma in p. kz]\øne msx a\ n h sx mw ss]imnniamsw v At±lw ]d p. Aßns\ Rm ss_aøv snbvxp. anbm JmZ _Jniv kmln_ns ai\mb lzvdøv A p dlow _q v ta Zn Zvkmkv ]dbp p, 1906 F\n v JmZnbm\n hcp Xn\p Xm ]cyw P\n p. aplωzv A p mlv kmln_v Zn Zvkmkns ai\pw Fs AΩmh\pamb aplωzv CkvamCu kmln_v Zn Zvkmkpw At±lØns ai `mbn aplωzv A p mlv kmln_v Zn Zvkmkpw am{xamwv Fs IpSpw_ Øn AlvaZnbmbp mbncp Xv. Ahtc mƒ IqSpX Bflm X Fs AΩmbn mbncp p. AXmbXv apl ΩZv A p mlv kmln_ns amxmhv. Ah apjm ncw Fs AΩmh\pw `mbn aplωzv A p mlv kmln_pw JmZnbm\n hcpibpw AlvaZnbmIpIbpw snbvxp. Rm AΩmhs ASp Jp B ]Tn pambncp p. At±lØns hm piƒ {ihn pambncp p. \obpw F \n v A p msb t]msebmsw v At±lw ]dbpam bncp p. AXmbXv A{Xbpw {]nbs XmWv. Fs hm piƒ tiƒ pi. P\߃ lzvdøv an km kmln_n s\ tamiambn Nn{XoIcn p p. F n pw PamAØv hf cpibmwv. DZmlcWambn, IrjnbnSØn F{Xam{Xw amen\yhpw XhnSpw CSp pthm A{X I v hnfhv ] fn p XmbnØocp XmsW v Hm pi. Ch F{X I v Ak`yw ]dbp pthm AX\pkcn v PamAØn\v ]ptcmkxn e`n p sim ncn p XmWv. A mlphn\v Bbncambncw \µn. tamiambhcpss Iq Øn Ign n pw lzvdøv akolv auduzv (A) s ZmkXzØn {]thin m km[n p. AΩmbntbmSp F\n v {]txyi kvt\lambncp p. \n s Xo bmbpw JmZnbm\n sim p t]mip Xm sw v Ah Ft msv ]d ncp p. F\n pw Xm ]cyw D mbncp p. Hcn ]d p, Hcp `mktø p Nnehv \o hln pi. Hcp `mktø p Xv Rms\ SpØp sim mw. Xm ]cyw P\n p Xn\pw, t]mip XmWv F m kzbw \n\ pw Nnehgnt n hcpw F t_m[w B Ip nbn P\n p Xn\p th nbm

3 WnXv. ]dbp p, F m PpapB pw F\n v Hcp ss]k Nnehn\mbn e`n pambncp p. A meøv AXn\v henb aqeyap mbncp p. ]dbp p, Hmtcm amkhpw Hmtcm AW kzcp q pambncp p. AWbn \mev ss] kbmwp mbncp Xv. amkw Hcp AW Hcp q pw. Fs Iøn F{X AWbmbncp p Fs \nt m abn. D mbncp {Xbpw Rms\s AΩmhs\ G n p. _m n apgph Nnehpw AΩmh\mbncp p hln Xv. akolv auduzv (A) s\ kµ in m\mwv t]mip Xv AXn\m \n\ pw Aev]w XymKw klnt n hcpw F t_m[w DfhmIm th nbmbncp p AXv. Hcp ioeap m nsbsp p Xn\v. AXv \nkmc kwjytb D p. bym Nnehv hln Xv AΩmh\mWv aplωzv A p m kmln_ns ktlmzcnbmb ^mxzn asb Ah Fs bpw apeipsn _ Ønep ktlmz cnbmwv hnsp Xn\mbn JmZnbm\n FØn. ChnsS h mwv bym apkvenambxv. PamAØn {]thin pibpw snbvxp. A mlphn\v \µn. A p mlv kmln_ns ai A p Øm kmln_v ]dbp p. Rm Fs ]nxmhnt\msv tnmzn p, akolv \mkncnb h^mømbn F Xv F\n p a\ nemip n. Pohn ncn p p F v Adnbmw. AXmbXv At± lw At mƒ AlvaZn Bbn p mbncp n. ]nxmhv AlvaZn Bbncp p. akolv Pohn ncn p p F Rß ƒ dnbmw Fßns\ acws p F dnbn. R߃ Xv a\ nem n XcnI. At mƒ Fs ]nxmhv ss_ AØn\v F v ]Øv amkw apºv I Hcp kz]v\w hnh cn p. ]dbp p, Rm dmhn \Zn cbn c v IqSmcw si nbncn p Xmbn I p. H v akolv auduzv (A) t Xpw c matøxv dkq Xncpta\n(k)bptSXpw. Rm Xncp\_n(k) bpss IqSmcØn {]thin p sim v tnzn p, akolv auduzmsw v hmzn p am\y Fßns\bp hy nbmwv? \_n (k) ]d p, Cu hy n hfscb[niw A l\mwv, hfscb[niw A l \mwv, hfscb[niw A l\mwv. aq v XhWbpw hnc sim mwkyw ImWn p sim v ]d p. ]cn]q Æ km yw I v sim v B almflmhv AXmbXv akolv auduzv (A) hmzøn kxyhm\msw ZrVhnizm kw ssi h p. Pohn ncn p pt m acnt m F Xv \ap v {]iv\a. AXmbXv kz]v\w hfsc kv]jvs ambncp p. AXn\m lzvdøv Cukm (A) acnt m Pohn ncn pt m F dnbn. AXns Bhiyhpan. Cu km yhpw Zriyhpw F\n v axnbmbxmwv. AXv sim v Rm ss_aøv snbvxp. anbm \_n _Jviv kmln_ns ai lzvdøv Nu[cn \nkmap±o kmln_v ]dbp p, tπkns {]hn\ Øns AhkcØnep aq masø kw`hw, in m amonbm F ÿesø auehn dp Zp kmln_ns `mcybpw A mdv kv{xoifpw tπkns\ `b v ITn\ XWp pw agbpw D kabøv ss_aøv snøp Xn mbn lzvdøv akolv auduzv (A) s ka Øn lmp 3 cmbn. tπkns kabambncp p. in m amobn \n v A mdp kv{xoiƒ ITn\ ssixyhpw agbpw hish msx tπkns\ `b p sim v ss_aøv snbvxmse c bp p F v a\ nem n lzvdøv akolv auduzv (A) s k n[nbn agbn \\ v FØnt p. lzvdøv kmln_v AhcpsS {]bmkßfpw bm{xbpw XWp pw F mw I p sim v Atßb w ImcpWy tømspw A\pIºtbmSpw IqSn DNnXamb kwhn[m\ ߃ G s SpØn. \\ hkv{x߃ am n v ]pxnbxv [cn n p. Ah v hkv{x߃ p kwhn[m\w G s SpØn. XWp I m\mbn Xo IØn p. Ahÿ t`zs t mƒ Ah ]d p, lpkq RßfpsS ss_aøv kzoicn mepw. lpkq ImcpWytØmSpw A\p{Kl tømspw IqSn At] kzoicn p sim v ss_aøv snbvxhcn Ahsc Dƒs SpØn. auehn kmln_ns `mcy \_n (k) bpss ktµiw AXmbXv A emap A sse pw Adnbn p. Ahcn Aev]w Adnhpw m\ hpw D Xv auehn kmln_ns `mcy mbncp p. Ah lzndøv akolv auduzv (A) s khn[øn ss_ AØn\p tijw lzokn h n p \_n (k)bpss ktµiw akolv auduzn\v Fs kemw FØn pi F Xv FØn p. At mƒ lpkq hfsc kt mjn p. ]d p, \_n (k)bpss Cu ktµiw CXp hsc Bcpw Xs FØn n n. BfpIƒ hcp p, ss_aøv snøp p, Xncn v t]mip p. ]n osv ss_aøv snbvx kv{xo Iƒ X_ dp v Ahiys t mƒ Ah v \ IpI bp mbn. lwkdn XpSßnb ÿeßfn ap_ nkmbncp Nu[cn lmpn Abmkv Jm kmln_v Xs ]nxmhv Nu[cn Idw Zo kmln_ns\ kw_ n v ]dbp p, At±l Øns Ahÿsb kw_ n v At±lØns ai ]dbpibmwv. Nu[cn Idw Zo kmln_ns hm piƒ C{]ImcamWv, lzvdøv kmln_ns Plvepw BKa \sø kw_ n p InwhZ n ]c t mƒ RßfpsS amxmhmb lpssk _oln kmln_bv v kz]v\øn eqss Adnbn v simspøxv P\߃ FXn p, Plve an BKX\mIp Cu hy n kxyhm\mwv. cmhnse RßfpsS amxmhv RßtfmSv ]d p, B ]cnip hy nsb AXmbXv lzvdøv akolv auduzv (A)s\ ImWpIbpw ss_aøv snøm\p Ahkcw e`n pi bmsw n AXv ku`mkyambncn pw. Aßns\ lzvdøv kmln_v PlveanseØnb Znhk hpw AXn\v Xte pw Jmcnb XpSßnb sdbn sh tãj\pifn Akmam\y Xnc v A\p`hs p. [mcmfw P\߃ FØnt ncp Xn\m lzvdøv kmln _ns\ ImWp Xn\p Hcp am Khpw ImWp p mbn cp n. AXpsIm v tikns XnøXnbp Znhkw RßfpsS amxmhv AXncmhnse F\n v sdm nbp m n X p. AXv Ign Xn\v tijw Im \Sbmbn Rm PlveanseØn. timsxnbpss axn si n\p n IjvS s v FØns p. P\߃ ]e am Kßfpw Ahew_n p

4 sim v lzvdøv kmln_ns ]cnip apjw Z in p Xn\p {iaønembncp p. U]yq n kmln_ns si nsøn\p ]n n kpµcamb XmSnbp auehnam D]tZi {]kwk߃ \SØns m ncp p. AXmbXv Ipd v AlvaZnIƒ. Ah ] m_n bn ]dbpibmbncp p, Hm J sø JpZmZnsb, _Tnbm VowtI hmem akolv thm BKbm a tem sx thempmsb. AXmbXv A mlphns krjvsnisf, Imeßfmbn {]Xo n ncp akolv auduzpw alvzn aavduzpw BKXcmbncn p p. C\nbpw kabap v, At±lØn hnizkn pi. \ΩpsS Jmcnbnep Nne AlvaZnIƒ Ipd p Znhkw aptº PlvepanseØn bncp p. Ah hnss e dn\pw AXpt]mse kpc bv pap kwhn[m\߃ G s SptØ nbncp p. lzvdøv kmln_v U]yq nbpss timsxnbn {]thin v H v c v an\n piƒ Iw Xs ]pdtø v h p. At± lsø hn b ncn p p F Bchw Db p. akolv auduzv (A) Hcp IpXnc h nbn Ibdn tãj \nte v ]pds p. lpkqdn\sptø v Fßns\ FØn s Spw Fßns\ ss_aøv snøpw F Xn Rm A `pxs p. lpkq \Kcam KØneqsSbmtWm AtXm at sx nepw am KØneqsSbmtWm tãj\n te v t]mbsx dnbn. F m Rm HmSn t\sc tãj\nseøn. lpkq h nbnembncp p. t]meokv F mhscbpw tãj\p shfnbnte v B pibmbn cp p. Ccpºp then v ]pdøv t\ms Øm Zqcw hsc h P\mhenbmbncp p. t]meokv Rßsf πm v t^m an \n pw ]pdøm m XpSßnbt mƒ sdbn th bnse Hcp Poh\ mcs\ Rm I p. AbmfpsS t]cv A p mlv F mbncp p. KpUm P \nhmknbmbn cp Abmƒ KpkvXnbpepw I_Unbnepw {]kn \m bncp p. Fs ]cnnb mc\pambncp p. t]meokv Fs ]pdøm mxncn m Fs nepw am Kw ]d p XcnI, F\n v ASpØv sn v an km kmln_ns\ ImWWw F v AbmtfmSv ]d t mƒ Abmƒ Fs Iøn sdbn shbpss Hcp simsn \ In. H v AbmfpsS Iønepw as m v Fs Iønepw. sdbn sh Poh\ msc t]mse Rm\pw AbmtfmsSm w Atßm pantßm pw DemØm XpSßn. Ipd mfpisf AhnsS D mbncp p p. _m nbp h Ccpºp then pdhpw. Rm simsn AhnsS Fdn v lzvdøv kmln_ncp t_mknbnte v HmSn. lzvdøv kmln_v t]m n \n pw hm v FSpØv t\m n sim v ]d p, C\nbpw 10 an\n v _m nbp v. ss_aøv sntø h v snømhp XmsW v hnfw_c SpØpI. ss_aøv F hm v lpkqdns \mhn \n pw ]pds t mƒ Rm lkq Ccn p t_mknbpss sã n\spøv FØnbncp p. Rm apt m v \oßn. Hcp auehn kmln_v ]pdøv h v ss_aøn \mbn hnfw_cw snbvxp. AXn\mbn ]pdtø nd ßnbt mƒ Xs Rm H p IqSn Xe apt m v Ip\n p. At mƒ lzvdøv kmln_v F nte v {i n v sim v ]d p, ss_aøv snøm\mtwm? AsX F v Rm DW Øn. Aßns\ lpkq Fs Iøv kz w ]cnip ssiifn FSpØp sim v ilmzøv Iena snm n Ø p. ]n osv in v snøp X, kxyw am{xta ]d bpibp p F v XpSßnb ]e Imcyßfpw ]d p X p. F\n sx mw Hm abn. lpkq Fs Iøv kz w Iøn FSpØt mƒ Hcp auehn kmln_v ss_ AØn\mbp hnfw_cw \SØn. At mƒ tãjs hcm bn \n hcpw Ccpºpthen pdw \n hcpw F mw ]m SpØp. Ccpºp then NmSn S v Hcp \nan jw sim v P\kmKcambn. lpkq ]d p, Ct±lØn s Iøn ]nsn pi. AXmbXv At±lØns Iøv lzvdøv akolv auduzv (A)s ssiifnembncp p. lzvdøv akolv auduzv (A) ]d p, ss_aøv sntø h Ct±lØns Iøn ]nsn pi. F m BZy sø \me v t] v am{xta Fs Iønepw ssiap n epsa mw ]nsn m Ign p p. ]ndinsemcp h P\m henbp mbncp p. lpkq ]d p, Ct±lØns Npa en ssish pi. Fs Iøv lzvdøv kmln_ns ssiifnembncp p. ]pdin Npaen ssi sh v FhnSw hsc BfpIƒ D mbncp p Fs \n dnbn. lzvdøv kmln_v Fs Iøns\ _eambn ]nsn ncn pibmbncp p. IÆv an hmdpw AS ncn pibm bn cp p. lpkqdns Xe mhv a p t]mse shfpøxmbn cp p. Xe mhns Iogv`mKw Xpd Xmbncp n. ^nsdm\n sxm nsbt mse Ft m Bbncp p. 15 Hm 20 Hm C v ]pdtø v Xe mhn\p neqss Xqßn ns ncp p. AXv hfsc at\mlcambncp p. ss_aøn\p tijw lpkq hm v FSpØv t\m nsim v ]d p, Hcp an\n v _m nbp v. A]ISsam pw D mimxncn phm kplrøp sf h nbn \n pw AI n \n tø XmWv. CXv lzvdøv AJvZkns kz w hm p If. kmcanxmwv. P\߃ h nbn \n pw Aev]w AI p. F m Rm P\ens Iºnbn Xs ]nsn ncp p. h n ]Xps Nen m XpSßn. Rm \ncmi ZrjvSntbmsS lzvdøns\ t\m nbt mƒ Aev]w ap t m v Ip\n v Fs Npaen X ns m v ]d p, icn A mlp kwc I\mWv. lpkq A{Xbpw ]d t mƒ Rm sã n \n pw Xmsgbndßn. F mwv ]dbpi, Hcp {]txyi Ahÿ bpw ÿnxnbpambncp p. C{Xb[nIw P\ßsf Hcpan v JnbmaØv \mfn I m I p A{X Xs! hr ßfpw \nehpsa mw a\pjysc sim v \nd ncp p. ss_aøv kabøv ]nxmhns {]mbw 52 hb m bncp p. lzvdøv auemzøv kmln_v \nthz\w snøp p, 1880 \v apºp kw`hamwv. A v Fs {]mbw 10 Hm 11 Hm hb mbncn pw. Rms\mcp kz]v\w I p. hensbmcp P\mhen k cmbn \oßpibmwv. AhcpsS ap n ep hy nbpw k h k ml\mwv. Xebpw IgpØpw 4

5 F mhcpssbpw \ cmbmwv I Xv. Acbn Ac bpap v. t\xmhmsw v txm p G hpw ap nep hy n Cßns\ ]dbp p v, l^vøv kao l^vøv Bkvam, Akv t]iv ss]zm\ni\w. ]ndip h Cßns\ G p ]dbp p v, t]iv ss]zm \nip\w t]iv ss]zm \nip\w. ]dbp Xnt\msSm w Xs \nd m SpIbpw snøp p v. kpzrvamb Hcp \mepsi n\p n {]thin p p. AXmbXv GgmImihpw Ggv `qanbpw Rm\mWv krjvsn p Xv, Rm kzbamwv krjvsn Xv As n krjvsn p Xv. GXmbmepw CXpw ]pxnb BImiØns bpw ]pxnb `qanbpssbpw krjvsn n s\bmwv kqnn n p Xv. kz]v\øn CXv ImWn s SpIbp mbn. ASpØ cnhmbøn ]dbp p, Fs henb ktlmz c A p l oan\v A p apx ]\nbmbncp p. PamAØns ITn\ hntcm[nbmb Hcp auehnbmbn cp p NnIn kn ncp Xv. AbmfpsS aqø ktlmzc iwkp±o AlvaZnbmbncp p. k i F ÿe sø tamztzmz \nhmknbmbncp p. sshzy\mb B auehn akolv auduzv(a) s\ kw_ n v ITn\amb hm pifp]tbmkn p. AXmbXv \ coxnbne ]d Xv. Rm At mfhnss D mbncp n. ktlmzc tcmknbpambncp p. At±lw Xs shzys\ XSbpIbp mbn. ]n osv Rm ]pdøp \n v h t mƒ B auehn asßnt mbncp p. ktlmzc hfsc Kuch tømsp IqSn ]d p, Rm Cu sshzys\ sim v NnIn kn n pibn. Cbmƒ lzvdøv kmln_ns\ A]am\n p. B auehn am Kat y tπkn\ncbmbn. ]n osv Rm ktlmzcs\ `mh \Kdnte v sim v t]mbn. AhnsS c v Aknà v k P am NnIn kn m XpSßn. F m Ahkm\w Ahcpw ]d p, C\n c bn. NnIn kn v shdpsx ss]k \in n. ITn\amb tπkv ]c ncp p. Ak`yw ]d auehn hgnbn Xs tπkn\ncbmbn. Abmƒ NnIn kn ncp Fs ktlmzc\pw tcmkw aq \ymhÿbn embncp p. `mh \Kdnse tumivs amcpw Isømgn p. ]dbp p, Hcp h jøn\p tijw Rm lzvdøv AJvZkn IsØgpXn. lzvdøv akolv auduzv (A) adp]snbmbn FgpXn, ]cn{`ant, A mlp arxsc Pohn n p h\m Wv. \mw ZpB snøp XmWv. \nßfpw ZpB snøpi. C im A mlv BtcmKyw ho p In p XmWv. Cu IØp In nbxns ASpØ Znhkw Xs ktlmz cs ]\n hn Iep XmbmWv Rm I Xv. Rm ]d p, Ct mƒ Xm ƒ v ]\nbn. Rm Fgpt n ncpøn. At±lw Nmcn Ccp p. ktlmzc ]d p, Fs s\ v Fcn ncp p. F m Ct mƒ \ Ipfn a A\p`hs Sp p v. Rm ]d p, Rm lpkqdn\v IØb ncp p. \mw ZpB snøp XmWv. A mlp ia \w \ Ip XmWv F adp]snbmwv lzvdøv AJvZkv \ InbXv. AXv ti t mƒ ] m_nbn ]d p, 5 Hmtlm, lp ta \lnw a Xm. akolv t\ ap Zm knwzm IoXmsl. ( C\n Rm acn n. akolv arx\v Poh \ Inbncn p p.) AXn\p tijw At±lw Alv aznbmbn. AXmbXv ss_aøp snbvxp. ]n osv Btcm Kyw hos Sp pibpw snbvxp. AXn\p apºv AlvaZnbm bncp ns nepw lzvdøv akolv auduzv (A) s\xn cn H pw tiƒ m CjvSs ncp n. lzvdøv kq^n \_n _Jviv kmln_v ]dbp p, lpkq ] nbn hcnibpw Fs ZrjvSn lpkqdns apjøv ]XnbpIbpw snbvxt mƒ Rm lpkqdns\ Xncn dn p. s]s v sshzypxn IWs Fs lrzbøn Hcp Xncame Db p. Cu ]cnip hy nxzsøbmwv hnzym`ymk ImeL Øn AXmbXv 1882 sk]vxw_ dn Rm kz]v\øn Z in Xv. kz]v\øn I AtX hkv{xambncp p lzvdøv kmln_v [cn ncp Xv. auem\m _Zdp±o kmln_ns ai lzvdøv aue hn Camap±o kmln_v ss^kv ]dbp p, kn kne Benb AlvaZnømbn {]thin p Xn\p ]q Æ am KZ i\w kz]v\øneqssbmwv e`n Xv. ]e XhW kp Ømb CkvXnJmd snbvxxns ^eambmwv AXv e`n Xv. BZyambn Rm _ mebnse ]q kmln_ns A\paXntbmsS JmZnbm kµ in m\mbn h t mƒ lzvdøv akolv auduzv (A) ambn I p ap n. At cw Rm tnmzn p, {]hmni mcpss khntijx hlvbv BIp p. Xm ƒ F ns ASnÿm\ØnemWv hmzn p Xv? adp]sn ]d p. hlvbv tx\o Iƒ p t]mepw D mip p. kønzv A p JmZdn\pw lzvdøv app±nzv A s^ km\n tijv AlvaZv knµnbpw ]d Xv hlv bpw C lmapw sszhoi`mjwhpw A mlphns hen øvam pw D mipw F mwv. X n m\ h ncn p sx v Rm ]d p. F\n v kq^nbm sf t]mse k kz]v\øneqsstbm As n C lmaneqsstbm As n \_n (k) bpss Z i\øneqsstbm am{xsa Xm fpss kxyxbn ZrVhnizmkw hcpibp p. AXmbXv Rm X n ms\m pan. k kz]v\ap m bmtem As n C lmap mbmtem As n \_n (k) bpss Z i\w D mbmsem am{xsa F\n v ZrVhnizmkw hcpibp p. Xm ƒ Aßns\ snbvxv ImWn pi. ]d p Xm ƒ CkvXnJmd snøpi. Rm ]d p, GXv CkvXnJmd? ]d p, \_n (k) ]d Xp t]msebp Xv. Fs kxykm yw A mlphnt\msv tnmzn pi. Rm tnmzn p, Fßns\? lzvdøv akolv auduzv (A) ]d p, CkvXnJmd snbvxpsim v. Cu c v ImcyßfneqsS F\n v Cu hy n h I\ F v t_m[yambn. \mev amkw CkvXnJmd snbvxp. AXn\p tijw Rms\mcp kz]v\w I p. akvpnzv ap_m d v t]mep Hcp ] nbn Rm h ncn pibmwv. lzvdøv kmln_v kp_vln \akvicn v ap Øv hfscb [niw ]cnip {]IminX cq]øn h ncp p. Rm ]d p, Rm Xm fpss hmzøns kxyx At\zjn

6 p h\mwv. Fßns\bmWv Xm fpss hmzw kxyam IpI F v tnmzn m B{Kln p p. ]dbp p, Aß bn \n pw Hcp Db i w h p. AXv ] m_n bn Bbncp p. Pnsk Hu\mkn th sx BKbm. ]d bp p, Cu i w Fs lrzbøn {]thin p. BK X\mtI akolv auduzpw alvzn auduzpw CtX hy n an km kmln_v Xs bmsw ZrVhnizmkw ssih p. CkvXnJmdbpsS kabøv [mcmfw ZpBIƒ Ffna tbmspw hw tømspw snbvxncp p. A mlphnt\msv Cßns\bpw At] n ncp p, A mlpth, F\n v hy ambn a\ nembns n, JnbmaØv \mfn Ft msv tnmzn ptºmƒ Cukm alvzn CXp Xs bm sw n F\n v Adnbn v XcnI F v Rm temiøv hfsc hn\bm\znx\mbn ZpB snbvxncp p. \osb p sim v ]d p X n F v ]dbp XmWv. ]n osv Rm lzvdøv kmln_pambn IØnS]mSpIƒ XpSßn. adp]snbmbn A[nIhpw a\ ncpøn \akvicn p Xn\p \n t±iamwv e`n ncp Xv. AXmbXv hfsc `b` ntbmss \akvicn pi. A[nIhpw akolv auduzv (A) Cu \n tziamwv \ Inbncp Xv. FXncm fniƒ D bn p F m Btcm]W߃ pw auehn A p Icow kmln_v (d) FgpXpambncp p. Rm ]d p, Rm _bvaøv t\ctø lzvdøv JmPm iwkp±o knbm ico^v a lqan\v NnivXn XzcoJn snbvxncp p. ]n osv Fs Kpcphpw klhmkhpw At± løns injy appmkv Jeo] kønzv sslz imlv kmln_v a lqapw, JmZcnø XzcoJn Kpcp ]o klq lpssk kmln_v a lqw _ mebpamip p. C\n _bvaøv A\nhmcyamtWm? B almflmhv ]d p, B _bvaøv thsdbmwv. Ct mƒ snøp Cu ss_ AØmWv A\nhmcyambXv. Aßns\ Rm lzvdøv akolv auduzv (A) s Iøn ss_aøv snbvxp. Nne cnhmbøpifmwv Rm\nt mƒ ]cma in Xv. C\n Nne a lqaowisf Rm kvacn p XmWv. H ma tøxv _lpam\y ^fvep dlvam kmln_mwv. At±lw dmh ]nwvun Pn m Aaodmbncp p HIv tsm_ 29\v Aev]Ime AkpJØn\v tijw 83 mw hb n h^mømbn C men mln hc m Csseln dmpndu. Cu Znhkßfn At±lw ChnsSbp m bncp p. P kbv v h Xmbncp p. AXn\p tijw Ipd v Imew Xßp Xn mbn Rm\t±ltØmSv ]dbpi bp mbn. \o Imeambn tcmknbmbncp p. F m amima mlv \ DW p mbncp p. hfsc ss[cy tømsp IqSn Aaodns DØchmZnXz߃ \ndth n. Ct±lw auehn A p K^q kmln_ns ai\m bncp p. c mw Jnem^Øv ImeØmWv At±lw ss_ AØv snbvxxv. F m ^fvep dlvam kmln_v P \m AlvaZnbmbncp p. {]mcw` hnzym`ymkw At±lw _mdm Nn\mdn \n pw Icÿam n. anunepw sa{sn pw _lpaxnitfmss ]m mbn Ckvemanb timtfpv 6 ]nimhdn {]thi\w t\sn. 85% t\sn F^v.Fkv.kn ]m mbn. XpS v ] m_v timtfpv Hm^v F n\o bdnßv ssivt\msfmpn emtlmdn {]thi\w t\sn _n.f v,kn sa m\n F n\obdnßpw knhn F n\odnßpw ]m mbn. hnhn[ k m kzimcy ÿm]\ßfnse ]e D X hip pifnepw At±lw D] hnjvt\mbncp p. F n\obdnßv timtfpn hnzym nbmbncp ImeØv lzvdøv Jeo^Øp akolv km\n(d) At±lsØ AlvaZnø C timtfpv Atkm kntbjs {]knu mbn \nban ncp p. Hcn AhnsS A\lvaZn hnzym nifpambn lzvdøv Jeo^ Øp akolv km\n (d) s Hcp ao nßv At±lw kwl Sn n p. AXn\ptijw AXns Adnbn v \ Inbt mƒ Jeo^Øp akolv km\n ]d p, F\n v hfsc Xnc mwv. At mƒ At±lw ]d p, Rm hnfw_ cs SpØn Ign p. Jeo^ Øp akolv km\n(d) ]d p, F m icn, Rm emtlmdn hcp XmWv. Xm ƒ kwhn[m\߃ Hcp ns m pi. At±lw th Hcp ߃ snbvxp. emtlm Aao kmln_n\v t]mepw Jeo ^Øp akolv km\n emtlmdn hcp p F hnhcw ]n osmwv e`n p Xv. Npcp Øn At±lw A mew apx p Xs Pam AØn {]h Ø\ßfn \ncx\mbncp p. tpmen kw_ ambn Ipd v Imew sslzcm_mznepw Xßnbn cp p. Jeo^Øp akolv kmenkns ImeØv JmCZv CemJ Jp±map AlvaZnøbmbpw ]n osv sslzcm_mzv Pn m Jmfnbmbpw tkh\a\pjvsn ncp p. IqSmsX kzv l Jbmbpw sk{i dn Ckvemlv C imzmbpw Pn m \mc_v Aaodmbpw kwh\a\pjvsn p lzvdøv Jeo^Øp akolv dm_nav At±lsØ dmh ]nwvun Pn m Aaodmbn \nban p. Jnem^Ønt\mSpw PamAØv hyhÿnxntbmspw AXn bmb kvt\lambncp p. F m kz pifnepw kw`m jw hnjbw PamAØnse kw`hßfpw, lzvdøv akolv auduzv(a)s klm_m fpss PohnXhpw km`hßfpw, AlvaZnøØns Jeo^amcpw Bbncp p. Ft mgpw Jnem^Øpambn A\pkcWw ]pe Øns m ncn p Xn\pw ImeØns Jeo^bpambn kpzrv _ w ÿm]n p Xn\pw kz w a sf Xm oxv snbvxp sim ncn pambncp p. hfscb[niw ZpB snøp hy nbmbncp p. At±lØns Ip niƒ ]d bp p, \nxyhpw cmhnse ho n \n v ]pds Sp Xn\p apºmbn F mhscbpw hnfn ncpøn ZpB snøn n pambncp p. Bcw`w apx Xs Cu coxnbmbncp p. Ign Ipd p Znhkßfmbn Bip]{Xnbnembncp p. AhnsSbpw t_m[w sxfnbptºmƒ Iøpb Øn ZpB snøm\mwv Ip nitfmsv ]d ncp Xv. At±lØns IpSpw_mwKßfn `mcysb IqSmsX 2 s] a fpw 4 B a fpamwp Xv. F mhcpw hntz iømwv. At±lØns aqø ktlmzcn h^mømb t mƒ AhcpsS sndnb Ip nisf At±lamWv ]cn]m

7 en Xv. AhcpsS s] Ip nifn Hcmƒ v c v {]mh iyw B]Øv t\cn t mƒ At±lw Ahsc \ t]mse {i n ncp p. At±lØns ktlmzc ]p{xnbpss BZy hnhmlw km SnemWv \S Xv. AhnsS AhcpsS ` Ømhv ilozm s p. ]n osv c maxv At±l Øns ktlmzc ]o l_o_v kmln_pambn hnhm lw \S p. At±lsØbpw Ipd p ImeØn\p tijw ilozm pibp mbn. Aßns\ At±lØns ktlm Zc ]p{xn v c p {]mhiyw hn[hbmti n h p. c p {]mhiyhpw ilozpifpss hn[hbmwmbxv. At±lsØ kw_ n v \nbp Aao kmln_v dmh ]nwvun ap_mdiv AlvaZv kmln_v ]dbp p, PamAØnse Hmtcm AwKßfpw sndnbhtcm henb htcm ]pcpjt\m kv{xosb F mhcpw Xs At±l Øns hm keyøn \n pw A\p{Klw Icÿam nbhcmbncp p. A mlp At±lØn\v [mcmfw t\xr Xz]mSh߃ \ In A\p{Kln ncp p. CtX sszhoi IgnhpIfpsS ^eambn mwv \hw_ 1998 XpSßnb At±lØns CamdØns ImeL Øn dmh ]nwvun PamAØv AwKkwJybpsSbpw kºøns bpw ImcyØn D Xamb ]ptcmkxn ssihcn v sim v cmpysø ani PamAØpIfn ÿm\w ]nsn Xv. samøøn At±lØns PamAØn tkh\ Ime L w 50 h jtømfamwv. c mw Jnem^Øv Imew apxemwv AXv Bcw`n p Xv. hnhn[ ti{µ IΩn ni fpss saºdmbncp p. At±lw Aaodmbncp Ime ØmWv dmh ]nwvunbpss AlvaZnøm Ncn{Xw t{imuo Icn Xpw {]kn s Sp ØnbXpw. AXn mbn hm Iyhpw tcmkhpw AhKWn psim v Znhkßtfmfw \nc cambn Ccp p sim v Hmtcm tcjisfbpw {]txyiw {]txyiw hmbn p t\m pibpw tiƒ pibpw snbvxn mwv A\paXn \ InbXv. AXpt]mse Jnem^Øv ixhm jni Pq_nenbpsS AhkcØn dmh ]nwv Un PamAØn\v at\mlchpw hyxncn hpamb Hcp Jnem^Øv Pq_nen tkmh\o {]kn oicn m\p Xu^oJpw e`n ncp p. AXns apgph s{iun pw At±lØn\mWv. At±lw kp{][m\amb Cu tpmenbn hfsc D kmlw ImWn p sim v tej\sagpxp h v hy n]cambn t^m snbvxv tej\sagpxn p. Rm ]d Xpt]mse 1998 Jeo^Øp akolv dm_nav At±lsØ dmh ]nwvun PamAØns Aao dmbn \nban p. AXn\p apºv At±lw GItZiw \mec h jtømfw \mc_v Aaodmbpw tkh\a\pjvtn n p v. Aaodns\ \nban kabøv Rm \mkn AAve Bbncp p. At±lw Jeo^Øp akolv dm_navt\m ssm w JmCZv Jp±map AlvaZnøbmbn {]h Øn n ps v F\n dnbmambncp p. A v Jeo^Øp akmlv dm_nav kzv Jp±map AlvaZnø Bbncp p. Jeo^Øp akolv dm_nav Pn m Aaodn\mbn t]cv \n tzin m\mbn ]d t mƒ IqSpX t]cpiƒ Fs ap nep mbncp n. Ct±lØns t]cv am{x 7 amwv Rm\b Xv. AXn\v DS Xs Jeo^Øp akolv dm_nav AwKoImcw \ InbXnt\msSm w X s At±lsØ F\n dnbmw, At±lw \ mbn {]h Øn p hy nbmwv, kwls\mkeønepw a pw. hfsc Bflm Xbpw Iqdpap hy nbpamwv, C im A mlv At±lw {]h Øn p XmWv F v ]dbpibpw snbvxp. A mlphns A\p{KlØm B tpmen At±lw \ t]mse \ndth n. PohnXØns Ahkm\\mƒ hsc G n s NpaXeIsf `wknbmbn \ndth n. Jnem ^Øns A\pkmcnbpw Poh XyPn m k \mb hy nbpambncp p. \n tzi߃ \pkrxambn ap t m v Nen m Adnbp hy nbpambncp p. AXn s\ ku`mkambn mbncp p At±lw IcpXnbncp Xpw. PamAØnImcyßfn am{xa hy n]camb Imcyß fnepw Rm\Xv I n p v. P kbv mbn h t mƒ Ipd p Znhkw ChnsS XßpI F v Rm\t±ltØmSv ]d p. F m At±lØns `mcybpss apjøv \n pw Ah Xßm B{Kln p ns Imcyw Rm a\ nem n. F m At±lw hfsc {]k `mh tømsp IqSn ]d p, Xm ƒ \n tzin p Xp hsc C im A mlv R߃ Xßp XmWv. Hcp ]s At± løns h^møv ChnsS BIpIbpw Rm P\mk \akvicn n pibpw snøwambncp p. C im A mlv Rm Pamk \akvicn n p XmWv. AXv sim v A mlp Cßns\sbmcp kwhn[m\samcp n. tumivs \qcn kmln_pambn At±lØn\v \ _ ap mbncp p. At±lw FgpXp p, At±lhpambp Fs _ w hnhn[ \neifnembncp p. ASpØ an{x hpambncp p. tumivs kmln_v At±lØns \mc_v Aaodmbpw {]h Øn n p v. tumivssd \nebnepw At±lØns tumivsdmbncp p. ]dbp p, F m \neifnepw Rm\t±lsØ I n p v. hfsc \ Ifp hy nbmbncp p. A mlphnt\msv hfsc `bhpw, F m Ahÿbnepw Ah\n Xs `cta n p hy n bpamb hy nbpambncp p. Jnem^Øpambn At±l Øn\v ]cn]q Æ A\pkcWØns bpw Iqdns bpw Bflm XbpsSbpw _ ambncp p. ImeØns Jeo^bpsS ]cma iap miptºmsg mw Xs At± løns i w hndsim pibpw IÆp\o s]mgn pibpw snøpambncp p. PamAØns tkh\w am{xambncp p At±lØns e yw. At±lØn\v [mcmfw tcmkßfp mbncp p. ho snb D]tbmKn ncp n pw Zo\otkh\Øn\mbn [mcmfw {]bxv\n pambncp p. Ahkm\ c v aq v h jw ho snbdnembncp p. Hcn epw ]cmxns Sp Itbm s\ n Npfn pitbm snbvxn n. \n [\scbpw Bhiy mscbpw A\mYscbpw hn[hisfbpw A l cmb hnzym nisfbpw hfsc {i n ncp p. {]nbs IpSpw_ mscbpw hnh[ _p nap pifn AIs h scbpw kmºøniambn {]bmkw A\p`hn p IpSpw

8 _ mscbpw At±lw klmbn pibpw th am K \n tzi߃ \ IpIbpw snbvxncp p. JmCZv Jp±map AlvaZnø dmh ]nwvun FgpXp p, _lpam\y Aao kmln_v hyxncn hy nxzøn\v DSabmbncp p. hfscb[niw kulrzat\m`mhap hy nbpw, Zcn{Zsc klmbn pibpw, Ft mgpw hn[n bn Xr]vXns Sp {]IrX mc\pw Bbncp p. Jnem ^Ønt\mSv lrzbm\pcmkw ]pe Øp hy nbpw kl\ioe\pw \µn {]ISn n p kz`mh mc\pambn cp p. Zo\n\v Zp bmhnt\ mƒ ap KW\ \ Ip Xn s bym {]Xncq]ambncp p. ]dbp p, F\n v Aao kmln_pambn hfsc ASpØv Ignbp Xn\p Ahkcw e`n n p v. At±lØns hm keyhpw kvt\lhpw ]nxmhnt\ mƒ hepxmbncp p. Cusbmcp \ne]msmwv F m Aao am pw kzv am pw Jp±map AlvaZnømbpsS kwhn[m\ambpw a v hyhÿnxnifp ambpw bphm fpambpw Hmtcm JmCZpambpw D mti Xv. AXp t]mse F m JmCZpamcpw {]knu vamcpw {i nt XmWv. At±lw FgpXp p, hn\ox\v Ignhns ]camh[n Hcp ais\ t]mse At±lØns XWen PamAØn\v tkh\w snøp Xn\p Xu^oJv e`n p. hnhcn s Sp At±lØns Cu \ Ifnsem pw bmsxmcp AXnitbm nbpan. adn v, Fs nepw Ipdhv D m bn p mimw. JmCZv kmln_v FgpXp p, A mlp Aao kmln_n\v alømb t\xrxz ]mshw \ In A\p{Kln ncp p. F m tpmen mcn \n pw AhcpsS Ignhpw {]m]vxnbpw A\pkcn v tpmen snøn m\p ]mshw D mbncp p. F m `mchmlnifpw adn v, F m AwKßfpw At±lØns F m Iev]\Isfbpw \n t± ißsfbpw {]mh ØnIam ns m v \n hrxn AS bpibpw AsXmcp _lpaxnbmbn [cn pibpw snbvxn cp p. Jp±map AlvaZnømtbmSp At±lØns hm keyw Hcp ]nxmhns\ mƒ hepxmbncp p. Jp±map AlvaZnø dmh ]nwvun Ign 10 h jøn\p n Icÿam nb hnkvabicamb ]ptcmkxnbn _lpam \s Aao kmln_ns ] v hepxmsw v ]dbp Xn hn\ox\v bmsxmcp kt mnhpan. ]n osv Fgp Xp p, PamAØwKßsf kvt\ln pibpw AhcpsS {]bmk߃ hfsc {i n pibpw snbvxncp p. sabv 28 \p tijw Aao kmln_v Jp±map AlvaZnøm dmh ]nwvunbpss Npaen [mcmfw tpmeniƒ G n ncp p. AXn \n amw {]h Ø\ßfpw kpc m {]h Ø\ßfpw Dƒs ncp p. C mcyßfn [mcmfw NnehpIfpw D mbncp p. F m Hcn epw Xs Aao kmln_v AXn Bi {]ISn n ncp n. Hc hkcøn dmh ]nwvunbnse HclvaZn ]d p, Aao kmln_v [mcmfw ss]k NnehmIp p v. A t mƒ Aao kmln_v ]d p, HclvaZnbpsS Poh\v ap n e W n\v cq]bv v bmsxmcp hnebpan. 8 GsX nepw HclvaZnbpsS Poh l\n s SpIbmsW n ImeØns Jeo^tbmSv F v adp]snbmwv ]d bpi. GXm\pw e w cq]bv p th n R߃ Cu kwhn[m\w snbvxn F mtwm ]dbpi? dmh ]nwvunbnse Ahÿ tamiambxn\v tijw l JIfmbn PpapA \akvicn m XpSßnbt mƒ AhnsS ] nbn PpapA \akvicn p Xn\p A\paXnbn, AXn\m hnh[ l JIfmbn mwv \akvicn p Xv. ]nwvun \KcØnepw hfsc {]iv\ß fp v. A mlp A\p{Kln s. AhnSpsØ Ahÿ icnbmip Xn\v th nbpw ZpB snøpi. ]dbp p, B Ahÿbn PamAØpambn _ s Sm Ignbp ns Nn At±lsØ Ae nbncp p. Hcp ÿeøv Hcpan v IqSpIbmsW n Ah v \n tziw \ Ip Xn\pw AhcpsS Imcy߃ tiƒ p Xn\p ap Ahkcw e`n pambncp p. F m AhnsS Hm^o kn Ccn p Xn\p A\paXn t]mepw D mbncp n. AS v ap{zsh ncp p. ]dbp p, GsX nepw l Jbn kwhn[m\w Hcp m \pw PpapB mbn Xs AhnsS FØn m\pw hn\o Xt\mSv \n tzin ncp p. Hcp ÿeøv Hcpan v IqSm IgnbmØXv sim v Aao F \nebn hnhn[ ÿ eßfn t]mipibpw BfpIfpambn _ w ÿm]n p Ibpw snbvxncp p. ]dbp p, F m ]SnIƒ Ib td n hcp ÿeøv sim p t]mimxncn m Rm {i n ncp p. ImcWw At±lØns Im ap n\v _p nap p mbncp p. Hcn At±lw kzbw ]d p, ss_øp lwzv aco tdmun t]mimw. JmCZv kmln_v ]dbp p, At mƒ Rm ]d p, Aao kmln_v AhnsS [mcmfw ]Sn Ibtd n hcpw. Xm ƒ v _p n ap mipw. F m Aao kmln_v ]d p, H pw kw` hn pibn. kplrøpifpambn I n v Ipsd Imeambn. ti{µ `mchmlnisf \ t]mse BZcn ncp p. CXpw Ft mgpw Hm abn sht XmWv. ti{µ `mchmln Isf Ft mgpw BZcn pibpw _lpam\n pibpw sn tø XmWv. Ah Ahiys Sp ns n t]mepw. Hcp ti{µ`mchmlnbpss a\ n F\n v _lpam\hpw BZ chpw e`n Ww F Nn bpw hccpxv. F m PamA Øns `mchmlnifpw Aaodpamcpw CXv {i nt XmWv. Hcn kzv Jp±map AlvaZnø ]nwvunbn h t mƒ Aao kmln_ns\ ImWp Xn mbn ka bw tnmzn p. At mƒ Aao kmln_v ]d p, Xm ƒ Ctßm v htc. AhnsS Xs \n psim pi. Rm kzbw Atßm v hcp XmWv. ChnsS FØnb tijhpw ]nwvunpamaøns\ Ipdn p Nn Ft mgpap mbncp p. JmCZv kmln_p ambn \nc cw _ s p sim ncn pibpw th \n t±i߃ \ Ins m ncp p. XlvcoIv PZoZns\ kw_ n v, h jw Ahkm\n p F mwhÿ F v tnmzn p. At±lw h^mømsb nepw A mlphns A\p{KlØm XlvcoIv PZoZnse ÿm\w D Xnbn

9 emwv. AXns hnfw_cw C im A mlv ASpØ PpapB Znhkw snøp XmWv. Cu PamAØv AXn hfsc sa s n p v. amim A mlv. hnfw_cs SpØphm\p c masø h^møv, B{^n Atacn AlvaZnbmb _lpam\s aplvkn alvaqzv kmln_ns XmWv. 84 masø hb n HIvtSm _ 19 mw XnøXnbmWv At±lw h^mømbxv. C men mln hc m Csseln dmpndu At±lw ss_ AØv snbvxv Ckvemw AlvaZnøØn {]thin Xv. AlvaZnøØv kzoicn tijw At±lØn\v [mcmfw ZpcnXßsf A`napJoIcnt n h n p v. hfsc kl\tømspw ss[cytømspw IqSn AsX mw kln p. sk{i dn X_veoKv Bbncp p. 15 h jøne[niw At± lw \yqtbm v kzv PamAØmbn tkh\a\pjvtn p Xn\p Xu^oJv e`n p. X_veoKnt\mSv {`m amb Bthiambncp p. X_veoKns ÃmfnSptºmsg mw Xs As n t\m okv hnxcwøn\p ]cn]msn kwlsn n ptºmsg mw Xs hfsc D kmltøm ss AXn ]s Sp pambncp p. am{xa, apgph Znhk hpw AXn\mbn Nnehgn pambncp p. t\mºnepw \akvimcønepw IrXy\njvT ]pe Ønbn cp p. Xl pzv \akvicn pambncp p. Atßb w kuay\pw, hn\bm\znx\pw, Atßb w kvt\ln p hy nbpw, Zbmephpw, Ft mgpw ]p ncn p h\pw, D X [m ani KpWßfpsS DSaÿ\pw, kl\ioe\pw, Zcn{Zsc kwc n p h\pw, k {]IrX mc\pw, `b ` \pw, Bflm hy nbpambncp p. Jnem^Øn s A\pc \pw, Jeo^bpsS F m \n tzißsfbpw DS {]mh ØnIam p hy nbpw, PamAØv hyh ÿnxnsb A\pkcn p hy nbpambncp p. PamAØnse ap_ nkowitfmsv hfsc kvt\lhpw BZ chpw {]ISn n ncp p. PamAØns F m ao nßp Ifnepw k nlnx\mipibpw F m Imcyßfpw \ni \mbn {ihn pibpw snøpambncp p. A`n{]mbw Bcm bptºmƒ Ft mgpw KpW{]Zhpw DNnXhpamb A`n{]m bw \ Inbncp p. \yqtbm nse ss_øp ^dn F m h jhpw snsniƒ \ p ]nsn n pibpw h jw apgph\pw AXns\ ]cn]men pibpw snøpambncp p. ] n hrønbm epw Ae cn epsa mw ku`mky ambn IcpXn sim v snøpambncp p. kmºøni XymKØn Ft mgpw ap nembncp p. Xs Ignhn\XoXambn kmºøni XymKw snøpambn cp p Rm hknøøns Blzm\w \SØnb t mƒ AhnsS {]mtziniamb \nebn PamAØn Xe Øn At±ltØmbpw ] mfnbmiphm ]dbpibp mbn. At mƒ At±lw tnmzn p, F mwv \n_ \? AXns XymKØns i lv 10 ixam\amsw v ]d t mƒ At±lw ]d p, Rm t\ctø Xs hcpam\ Øns 20,25 ixam\tømfw Nµbmbn \ Ip p v. F mbmepw At±lw AXn Xr]vX\mbn. ImeØn s Jeo^bpsS Blzm\Øn ess v ]dbw ambn cp p. DS Xs hknøøv ] Xnbn AwK ambn. ]dbp p, dn tb Umbncp n pw s] j\n PohnXw Ign p Iq nbncp n p t]mepw {]kvxpx PamAØn At±lØns Nµ G hpw IqSpXembncp p. Nnet mƒ kºmzn p hsc mfpw IqSpXembncp p. At±lw icnbmb i l\pkcn mwv Nµ \ Inbncp Xv. A mlp Cu c v a lqaowiƒ pw akv^ndøv \ In A\p{Kln pamdmis. Xs kwxr]vxnbpss kz K Øn CSw \ IpamdmIs. D X ]ZhnIƒ \ Ipamdm Is. Ct±lw B{^n Atacn AlvaZnbmbn cp p. At±lØns _ p fn `mcysb IqSmsX \mev hf Øp a fmwp Xv. Ah v a sfm pan. A mlp ChcpsS PamAØpambp _ sø Du nbp d n s. At±lw \ne\m nb \ sb Ft mgpw \ne\n Øp Xn\p Xu^oJv \ Is. AXpt]mse ^fvep dlvam kmln_ns a ƒ p th nbpw ZpB snøpi. At±lØns \ Isf \ne \n Øn sim p t]mip Xn\p Xu^oJv A mlp Ah v \ IpamdmIs. Jnem^Øpambpw PamA Øpambpw Ah v Bflm XbpsSbpw Iqdns bpw _ w Ft mgpw D mis. PpapB \akvimcøn\p tijw ChcpsS c pt]cpssbpw P\mk \akvicn n p XmWv. H v P\mk lmfndmwv. ^fvep dlvam kmln_nt Xv. AXn\p th n Rm ]pdøp t]mip XmWv. ]pdøp t]mbn \akvicn n p XmWv. \n߃ ChnsS Xs \n p sim v P\m k \akvicn pi. To PRINTED BOOKS From Ahmadiyya Mission House K.N.Road Karapparamba Calicut - 10 KHUTBA: HADRAT MIRZA MASROOR AHMED (atba) on 2012 November 02 at : Baitul Futuh London Translation: T.M.Abdul Mujeeb Mob: Typing: T.M.Abdul Mujeeb Printed at: Digital Image Calicut. Published by: Majlis Khuddamul Ahmadiyya, North Kerala 9