Digital Integrated Circuits

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1 Chapter 6 The CMOS Inverter 1

2 Contents Introduction (MOST models) 0, 1 st, 2 nd order The CMOS inverter : The static behavior: o DC transfer characteristics, o Short-circuit current The CMOS inverter : The dynamic behavior Energy, power, and energy delay 2

3 Introduction - 1 Zero-order model (ideal switch) of n- and p-channel MOSFETs What for a signal between 0 and 1? Inverter Source: Weste & Harris 3

4 Introduction - 2 First-order model of a MOSFET Non ideal switch An MOS Transistor V GS V T S Ron D V GS What s the value of R on? Abrupt transition from on to off? 4

5 Introduction - 3 The MOS Transistor Polysilicon Aluminum 5

6 Introduction - 4 MOS Transistors n- and p-channel D D G G B In general connected to GND S NMOS S Enhancement D G G B In general connected to S PMOS Enhancement 6

7 Introduction - 5 I-V Relations Long-channel n-most 6 x 10-4 VGS= 2.5 V G D I D I D (A) Resistive Saturation VGS= 2.0 V V DS = V GS -V T S 2 VGS= 1.5 V 1 VGS= 1.0 V VGS< 0.5 V V DS (V) 7

8 Introduction - 6 I-V Relations Long-channel p-most 6 x VGS=- 2.5 V S 4 Resistive Saturation VGS= -2.0 V G I D (A) 3 I D V DS = V GS -V T D 2 VGS= -1.5 V 1 VGS= -1.0 V VGS>- 0.5 V V DS (V) 8

9 Introduction - 7 9

10 Introduction - 8 I D versus V GS Saturation mode: V DS >V GS -V T 6 x V DS =2.5 V V T = 0.5 V constant I D (A) 4 3 quadratic V GS (V) 10

11 Introduction 9 Experimental setup - V GS S G 2 B I D 1 - V DS VDD = 3.3 V [0,3.3] step 0,5 V - D 3 + [0,3.3] step 0,050 V - 11

12 Introduction 9 An experiment Circuit description (SPICE) ment/pmosa.cir Steps ment/roteiro.txt 12

13 Introduction 10 Simulation 6.1a lambda = 0.1 V GS =-3.3 V V GS =-2.8 V V GS =-2.3 V V GS =-1.8 V V GS =-1.3 V 13

14 Introduction - 12 The Transistor as a Switch I D V GS = V GS V T S Ron D I DSAT R mid R 0 1 Req R0 + R 2 ( ) mid /2 V DS KP W I V V 2 L ( ) 2 DSAT DD T 14

15 Introduction - 13 CMOS static logic the beginning 15

16 Introduction - 14 CMOS static logic the beginning 16

17 Introduction - 15 CMOS device structure from Frank Wanlass's patent drawing. U. S. Patent Office. 17

18 Introduction - 16 Schematic and layout -1 N Well PMOS 2λ PMOS Contacts In Out In Out Metal 1 NMOS Polysilicon NMOS GND 18

19 Introduction - 17 Schematic and layout -2 19

20 Static characteristics - 1 R p V in C L R n V in NMOS PMOS 0 OFF ON ON OFF V in = V in = 0 VGSn = VDD > VTn VGSn = 0 < VTn V = 0 > V V = V < V GSp Tp GSp DD Tp 0 20

21 Static characteristics - 1 R p V in C L R n V in NMOS PMOS 0 OFF ON ON OFF V in = V in = 0 VGSn = VDD > VTn VGSn = 0 < VTn V = 0 > V V = V < V GSp Tp GSp DD Tp 0 21

22 Static characteristics - 1 R p V in C L R n V in NMOS PMOS 0 OFF ON ON OFF V in = V in = 0 VGSn = VDD > VTn VGSn = 0 < VTn V = 0 > V V = V < V GSp Tp GSp DD Tp 0 22

23 Static characteristics - 2 V in C L Voltage swing is equal to the supply voltage; Logic levels are not dependent upon the relative device sizes; In steady state there always exists a path with finite resistance between the output and either or ground; The input resistance ; No direct path exists between supply and ground rails under steady-state operating conditions (this is first order approx. and is far from reality in more advanced technologies) static power 0 23

24 Static characteristics PMOS Load Line I Dn V GSp + - V DSp V in = +V GSp I Dn = - I Dp V in I Dp + = +V DSp I Dn CL I Dp =2.5 V V in =0 I Dn I Dn V in =0 V in =1.5 V in =1.5 V GSp =-1 V DSp V DSp 2.5 V GSp =-2.5 V in = +V GSp I Dn = - I Dp = +V DSp 24

25 Static characteristics - 4 VTC V in - V GSp + I Dp I Dn - V DSp + IDn Vin= 1.5 Vin= 2 Vin= 2.5 Vin= PMOS NMOS Vin= Vin= 1 Vin= 0.5 Vin= NMOS off PMOS res NMOS sat PMOS res NMOS sat PMOS sat NMOS res PMOS sat Vout NMOS res PMOS off V in 25

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