ESE 570: Digital Integrated Circuits and VLSI Fundamentals

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1 ESE 570: Digital Integrated Circuits and VLSI Fundamentals Lec 15: March 15, 2018 Euler Paths, Energy Basics and Optimization

2 Midterm! Midterm " Mean: 89.7 " Standard Dev:

3 Lecture Outline! Euler Path for Layout! Energy and Power Basics! Energy and Power Optimization 3

4 Performance Design

5 NOR2 Layout 5

6 NAND2 Layout 6

7 Layout of Complex CMOS Gate S DDS GND 7

8 Layout of Complex CMOS Gate 8

9 Layout of Complex CMOS Gate diffusion breaks d d d. d d i.e. n, p Euler paths with identical sequences of inputs 9

10 Minimize Number of Diffusion Paths 10

11 Minimize Number of Diffusion Paths 11

12 Minimize Number of Diffusion Paths 12

13 Minimize Number of Diffusion Paths 13

14 Gate Layout Algorithm! 1. Find all Euler paths that cover the graph! 2. Find common n- and p- Euler paths! 3. If no common n- and p- Euler paths are found in step 2, partition the gate n- and p- graphs into the minimum number of sub-graphs that will result in separate common n- and p- Euler paths 14

15 Review Motivation, Abstraction, and Design Tradeoffs

16 Digital Logic: Gate Level! We care about design for performance " Functionality (e.g. F = A + B*C) " Speed " Each gate has a delay " Critical path defines delay " Power " Area " Switching power (comprised of dynamic and short circuit power) and static power (I.e P tot =P dyn +P SC + P stat ) " For a gate the standard cell area 16

17 Digital Logic: Transistor Level 17

18 Digital Logic: Transistor Level! We care about design for performance " Functionality (e.g. F = A + B*C) " Speed " Power " Area " Design for abstraction (VTC: switching voltage, restoration, noise margins) " Transistor sizing affects the output resistance and capacitance allowing for a tau estimate of each gate dependent on W and L of transistors " Switching power (comprised of dynamic and short circuit power) and static power (I.e P tot =P dyn +P SC + P stat ). Transistor sizing affects drive current and impacts power consumption " For a gate the standard cell area, dependent on W and L of transistors 18

19 Review: MOS Inverter Dynamic Performance! ANALYSIS (OR SIMULATION): For a given MOS inverter schematic and C load, estimate (or measure) the propagation delays! DESIGN: For given specs for the propagation delays and C load*, determine the MOS inverter schematic METHODS: 1. Average Current Model τ PHL C load 2. Differential Equation Model i C = C load dv out dt ΔV HL I avg,hl = C load V OH V 50% I avg,hl dv dt = C out load dt τ PHL or τ PLH 3. 1 st Order RC delay Model i C Assume V in ideal τ PHL 0.69 C load R n 19

20 Review: nmos IV Characteristics I D = I S! # " W L! # " $ &e % V GS V th nkt /q $ & %!! # " 1 e # " V DS $ & kt /q % $ & 1+ λv DS % ( ) V GS V Tn Subthreshold µ n C ox W ( 2 L 2 ( V GS V Tn (V SB ))V DS V 2 DS )(1+ λ V DS ) V GS > V Tn,V DS < V GS Linear µ n C ox W ( 2 L V V (V ) GS Tn SB ) 2 (1+ λ V DS ) V GS > V Tn,V DS V GS V Tn Saturation, v sat C OX W ( V GS V th ) V / dsat E y > E cn (short channel) Velocity Saturation 20

21 nmos 1st Order RC Delay Model Equiv. R n κ n C d R n = R un /κ n κ n κ n C g ON/ OFF Where W n = κ n W un κ n 1, usually κ n = 1 κ n C d s κ p C d R p = R up /κ p Where W p = κ p W up κ p ON/ OFF κ p 1, usually κ p µ n /µ p κ p C g d κ p C d 21

22 Energy and Power Basics

23 Today! Power Sources " Static power " Dynamic switching power " Short circuit power 23

24 Power! P = I V! Tricky part: " Understanding I " (pairing with correct V) 24

25 Understanding Currents Static Power 25

26 Operating Modes! Steady-State: What modes are the transistors in? " V in =V dd " V in =Gnd! What current flows in steady state? 26

27 Operating Modes! Steady-State: V in =V dd " PMOS: subthreshold " NMOS: resistive 27

28 Operating Modes! Steady-State: V in =V dd " PMOS: subthreshold " NMOS: resistive $ I DSp = I S #& W % L ' ) e ( $ & % V GS V T nkt / q ' $ $ V DS ) & ( 1 e % & % ' ) kt / q ( ' ) 1 λv DS ( ( ) I DSn = µ n C OX! # " W L $ ( & ( V GS V T )V DS V 2 DS * %) 2 + -, Which current determines I static? 28

29 Static Power! P = I V! What V should we use? " Where is the static current flowing? 29

30 Understanding Currents Dynamic Switching Currents 30

31 Power: During Switching! P = IV! Input switch: 1#0! Where does I go? " V in =Gnd 31

32 Power: During Switching! P = IV! Input switch: 1#0! Where does I go? " V in =Gnd 32

33 Power: During Switching! P = IV! Input switch: 1#0! Where does I go? " V in =Gnd (Saturation/Linear) I dyn Subtheshold Leakage 33

34 Power: During Switching! P = IV! Input switch 0#1! Where does I go? " V in =V dd 34

35 Power: During Switching! P = IV! Input switch 0#1! Where does I go? " V in =V dd 35

36 Power: During Switching! P = IV! Input switch 0#1! Where does I go? Subtheshold Leakage " V in =V dd I dyn (Saturation/Linear) 36

37 Switching Currents! Dynamic current flow: 37

38 Understanding Currents Short Circuit Currents 38

39 Power: During Switching! P = IV! Where does I go? " V in =V dd /2 " And V dd >V thn + V thp 39

40 Power: During Switching! P = IV! Where does I go? " V in =V dd /2 " And V dd >V thn + V thp Saturation Vout CMOS Inverter DC Transfer Vin Saturation 40

41 Switching Currents! Dynamic current flow:! If both transistor on: " Current path from V dd to Gnd " Short circuit current 41

42 Currents Summary! I changes over time! At least two components " I static no switching " I switch when switching " I dyn and I sc 42

43 Switching Dynamic Power 43

44 Switching Currents! I total (t) = I static (t)+i switch (t)! I switch (t) = I sc (t) + I dyn (t) I dyn I static I sc Penn ESE 570 Spring Khanna 44

45 Charging! I dyn (t) why changing? " I ds = f(v ds,v gs ) " and V gs, V ds changing % I DS ν sat C OX W V GS V T V DSAT ' & 2 I DS = µ n C OX " $ # W L ( * ) %) ' ( V & GS V T )V DS V 2 DS + * 2,. - 45

46 Switching Energy! Do we know what this is? Q = I dyn (t)dt! What is Q? I dyn E = P(t)dt Q = CV = I(t)dt = I(t)V dd dt = V dd I(t)dt E = CV dd 2 Capacitor charging energy 46

47 Switching Power! Every time output switches 0#1 pay: " E = CV 2! P dyn = (# 0#1 trans) CV 2 / time! # 0#1 trans = ½ # of transitions! P dyn = (# trans) ½CV 2 / time 47

48 Switching Short Circuit Power 48

49 Short Circuit Power! Between V TN and V dd - V TP " Both N and P devices conducting Penn ESE 570 Spring Khanna 49

50 Short Circuit Power! Between V TN and V dd - V TP " Both N and P devices conducting! Roughly: I sc Vin Vdd-Vthp Vthn time Vdd Vdd Isc Vout tsc tsc time 50

51 Peak Current! I peak around V dd /2 " If V TN = V TP and sized equal rise/fall % I DS ν sat C OX W V GS V T V ( DSAT ' * & 2 ) I(t)dt I t % ' 1( peak sc & 2 * ) # E = V dd I peak t sc % 1& ( $ 2' Vin Vdd-Vthp Vthn Vdd Isc Vdd time Vout tsc tsc time 51

52 Short Circuit Energy! Make it look like a capacitance, C SC " Q=I t " Q=CV " " E = V dd I peak t sc 1 %% $ $ '' # # 2 && E = V dd Q SC E = V dd (C SC V dd ) = C SC V 2 dd Penn ESE 570 Spring Khanna 52

53 Short Circuit Energy! Every time switch " Also dissipate short-circuit energy: E = CV 2 " Different C = C sc " C cs fake capacitance (for accounting) Penn ESE 570 Spring Khanna 53

54 Switching Power! Every time output switches 0#1 pay: " E = CV 2! P dyn = (# 0#1 trans) CV 2 / time! # 0#1 trans = ½ # of transitions! P dyn = (# trans) ½CV 2 / time 54

55 Charging Power! P dyn = (# trans) ½CV 2 / time! Often like to think about switching frequency! Useful to consider per clock cycle " Frequency f = 1/clock-period! P dyn = (#trans/clock) ½CV 2 f 55

56 Charging Power! P dyn = (# 0#1 trans) CV 2 / time! Often like to think about switching frequency! Useful to consider per clock cycle " Frequency f = 1/clock-period! P dyn = (# 0#1 trans/clock) CV 2 f 56

57 Switching Power! P dyn = (#0#1 trans/clock) CV 2 f! Let a = activity factor a = average #tran 0#1 /clock! P dyn = acv 2 f! P sc = ac sc V 2 f Penn ESE 570 Spring Khanna 57

58 Activity Factor! Let a = activity factor " a = average #tran 0#1 /clock a = p(out i = 0) p(out i+1 =1) a = N N N 2 = N 0 (2N N 0 ) N 2 2N Penn ESE 570 Spring Khanna 58

59 Activity Factor! Let a = activity factor " a = average #tran 0#1 /clock a = p(out i = 0)p(out i+1 =1) a = N 0 N 1 2 N 2 = N (2 N 0 N 0 ) N 2 2 N Penn ESE 570 Spring Khanna 59

60 Reduce Dynamic Power?! P dyn = acv 2 f! How do we reduce dynamic power? Penn ESE 570 Spring Khanna 60

61 Reduce Activity Factor Tree Chain A B O 1 A B O 1 C D O 2 F C D O 2 F a = p(out i = 0)p(out i+1 =1) a = N 0 N 1 2 N 2 = N (2 N 0 N 0 ) N 2 2 N Penn ESE 570 Spring Khanna 61

62 Reduce Activity Factor Tree Chain A B 3/16 O 1 A B O 1 C D O 2 3/16 F a = p(out i = 0)p(out i+1 =1) C D O 2 F a = N 0 N 1 2 N 2 = N (2 N 0 N 0 ) N 2 2 N Penn ESE 570 Spring Khanna 62

63 Reduce Activity Factor Tree Chain A B 3/16 O 1 15/256 A B O 1 C D O 2 3/16 F a = p(out i = 0)p(out i+1 =1) C D O 2 F a = N 0 N 1 2 N 2 = N (2 N 0 N 0 ) N 2 2 N Penn ESE 570 Spring Khanna 63

64 Reduce Activity Factor Tree Chain A B C D O 1 O 2 F A B C 3/16 O 1 D 7/64 O 2 15/256 F a = p(out i = 0)p(out i+1 =1) a = N 0 N 1 2 N 2 = N (2 N 0 N 0 ) N 2 2 N Penn ESE 570 Spring Khanna 64

65 Reduce Activity Factor Tree Chain A B C D 3/16 O 1 O 2 3/16 15/256 F A B C 3/16 O 1 a = p(out i = 0)p(out i+1 =1) D 7/64 O 2 15/256 F a = N 0 N 1 2 N 2 = N (2 N 0 N 0 ) N 2 2 N Penn ESE 570 Spring Khanna 65

66 Total Power! P tot = P static + P sc + P dyn! P sw = P dyn + P sc = a(c load V 2 f) + C sc V 2 f! P tot a(c load V 2 f) + C sc V 2 f + VI s (W/L)e-Vt/(nkT/q)! Let a = activity factor a = average #tran 0#1 /clock 66

67 Energy and Power Optimization

68 Power Sources Review: P tot = P static + P dyn + P sc

69 Worksheet Problem 1 V in I static I dynamic I sc 0V 140mV 400mV 500mV 600mV 860mV 1V 69

70 Worksheet Problem 1 V in I static I dynamic I sc 0V 180pA 126uA 140mV 6nA 100uA 400mV 36uA 18uA 500mV 36uA 600mV 36uA 18uA 860mV 6nA 100uA 1V 180pA 126uA 70

71 Idea! Gate layout optimization " Euler Paths! Power Basics Review! Energy and Power Tradeoffs 71

72 Admin! HW 6 " Out now " Due Tuesday 3/28 Penn ESE 570 Spring Khanna 72

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