Digital Integrated Circuits. Inverter. YuZhuo Fu. Digital IC. Introduction

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1 Digital Itegrated Circuits Iverter YuZhuo Fu Itroductio

2 outlie CMOS at a glace CMOS static behavior CMOS dyamic behavior Power, Eergy, ad Eergy Delay Persective tech. /48

3 outlie CMOS at a glace CMOS static behavior CMOS dyamic behavior Power, Eergy, ad Eergy Delay Persective tech. 3/48

4 A trasistor Activity 1 If the width icreases, the curret will icrease decrease ot chage If the legth icreases, the curret will icrease decrease ot chage 3 If the suly voltage icreases, the maximum trasistor curret will icrease decrease ot chage 4 If the width icreases, its gate caacitace will icrease decrease ot chage 5 If the legth icreases, its gate caacitace will icrease decrease ot chage 6 If the suly voltage, the gate caacitace of each trasistor will icrease decrease ot chage 4/48

5 A trasistor Activity 1 If the width icreases, the curret will icrease decrease ot chage If the legth icreases, the curret will icrease decrease ot chage 3 If the suly voltage icreases, the maximum trasistor curret will icrease decrease ot chage 4 If the width icreases, its gate caacitace will icrease decrease ot chage 5 If the legth icreases, its gate caacitace will icrease decrease ot chage 6 If the suly voltage, the gate caacitace of each trasistor will icrease decrease ot chage 5/48

6 CMOS Iverter DD N Well DD PMOS l PMOS Cotacts I Out I Out Metal 1 NMOS Polysilico NMOS GND 6/48

7 A First Glace of CMOS A switch with ifiite off-resistace ad a fiite oresistace Whe gs < t,mos is off whe gs > t,mos is o just like a resistace R o whe i dd,mos o,mos off Whe i 0,MOS off,mos o GS R o GS < T GS > T 7

8 CMOS Iverter First-Order DC Aalysis DD DD R OL 0 OH DD out M f(r, R out R i DD i 0 8/48

9 CMOS Iverter: Trasiet Resose DD DD R t HL f(r o.c L 0.69 R o C L out out C L C L R i 0 (a Low-to-high i DD (b High-to-low 9/48

10 DC Resose Whe 0 > i out DD Whe DD > 0 i out I betwee, deeds o trasistor size ad out curret By KCL, must settle such that I I ds ds DD I ds We could solve equatios,but i out grahical solutio gives more isight I ds 10/48

11 Trasistor Oeratio For what ad are MOS ad i out MOS i Cutoff? Liear? Saturatio? 11/48

12 MOS Oeratio Cutoff Liear Saturated gs < gs > gs > ds < ds > DD I ds i out I ds 1/48

13 MOS Oeratio Cutoff Liear Saturated gs < t gs > t gs > t ds < gs t ds > gs t DD i I ds out I ds 13/48

14 MOS Oeratio Cutoff Liear Saturated gs < t gs > t gs > t ds < gs t ds > gs t DD I ds gs i i out ds out I ds 14/48

15 MOS Oeratio Cutoff Liear Saturated gs < t gs > t gs > t i < t i > t i > t ds < gs t ds > gs t out < i - t out > i - t DD I ds i out gs i I ds ds out 15/48

16 MOS Oeratio Cutoff Liear Saturated gs > gs < ds > gs < ds < DD I ds i out I ds 16/48

17 MOS Oeratio Cutoff Liear Saturated gs > t gs < t gs < t ds > gs t ds < gs t DD I ds i out I ds 17/48

18 MOS Oeratio Cutoff Liear Saturated gs > t gs < t gs < t ds > gs t ds < gs t DD - < 0 gs i DD t - ds out DD i I ds I ds out 18/48

19 MOS Oeratio Cutoff Liear Saturated gs > t gs < t gs < t i > DD t i < DD t i < DD t ds > gs t ds < gs t out > i - t out < i - t gs i - DD DD ds out - DD t < 0 I ds i out I ds 19/48

20 CMOS roerties High oise margis, the voltage swig is equal to the suly voltage Ratioless circuit structure Low outut imedace High iut resistace Low ower 0/48

21 PMOS Load Lies I D i DD GS I D - I D out DD DS out I D I D I D i 0 i 0 i 1.5 i 1.5 DS DS out GS -1 GS -.5 i DD GS out DD DS I D - I D 1/48

22 CMOS Iverter Load Characteristics I D i 0 i.5 PMOS i 0.5 i NMOS i 1 i 1.5 i 1.5 i 1 i 1.5 i 1 i i 0.5 i.5 i 0 out /48

23 CMOS Iverter TC Summary of CMOS iverter oeratio Regio Coditio P-device N-device outut A [0,t] liear cutoff DD B [t,dd/] liear saturated DD/ C DD/ saturated saturated X dro D [DD/,DD- TP ] saturated liear <DD/ E [DD- TP, DD] cutoff liear 0 3/48

24 TTL NAND 4/48

25 Other iverters 5/48

26 outlie CMOS at a glace CMOS static behavior CMOS dyamic behavior Power, Eergy, ad Eergy Delay Persective tech. 6/48

27 CMOS static behavior CMOS threshold voltage CMOS oise margi CMOS gai DC robust 7/48

28 CMOS static behavior CMOS threshold voltage CMOS oise margi CMOS gai DC robust 8/48

29 Switchig Threshold as a fuctio of Trasistor Ratio 0 ( ( T DD M T M k k sat sat T DD T M W v W v k k r r r 1 ( ( 1 r r DD M ( ( ( ( ' ' T M DD T M k k L W L W 9 SAT c Lv L GT µ ξ ( T GS ox sat T GS ox D W C v L W C I µ

30 Switchig threshold of CMOS iverter Assumig W /W 8, calculatig M? k ' W r L 30*( 1 *8 3.3 k ' W 115*0.63 L ( r ( T DD T M 1 r ( ( * /48

31 Switchig threshold of CMOS iverter ( W L k ' ( M T ( ( W L k ' ( ( DD M T This rate let M dd /! 31/48

32 Switchig Threshold as a fuctio of Trasistor Ratio M is relatively isesitive to variatios i the device ratio Icreasig the width of the PMOS or NMOS moves M toward DD or GND 1.4 M (3, 1. (.5, 1.18 (, W/W 3/48

33 CMOS static behavior CMOS threshold voltage CMOS oise margi CMOS gai DC robust 33/48

34 Noise Margi NM L The differece i maximum LOW iut voltage recogized by the receivig gate ad the maximum LOW outut voltage roduced by the drivig gate NM L IL - OL NM H The differece i miimum HIGH iut voltage recogized by the receivig gate ad the miimum HIGH outut voltage roduced by the drivig gate NM H OH - IH 34/48

35 Noise Margi IHmiimum HIGH iut voltage ILmaximum LOW iut voltage OHmiimum HIGH outut voltage OLmaximum LOW outut voltage Outut Characteristics Iut Characteristics DD Logical High Outut Rage OH NM H Logical High Iut Rage IH IL Idetermiate Regio Logical Low Outut Rage OL NM L GND Logical Low Iut Rage 35/48

36 Determiig IH ad IL 36/48

37 Determiig IH ad IL out A simlified aroach! OH ( OH OL DD IH IL g g M, DD M M IH M g IL M g NM, NM H DD IH L IL i OL IL IH 37/48

38 Determiig IH ad IL i out OH t out M i t OL IL IH 38/48

39 Examle g-30, dd.5, M 1.0 Please estimate NM H ad NM L IH M - M /G1.0*(11/ IL ( DD - M /G M -1.5/ NM H OH - IH NM L IL - OL /48

40 CMOS static behavior CMOS threshold voltage CMOS oise margi CMOS gai DC robust 40/48

41 i ( gai Iverter Gai ( ( 1 ( 1 ( ( (1 (1 T M T M T DD i T i DD out out i out M i k k k k k k k d d g λ λ γ λ λ λ λ λ λ λ 41/48 0 ( (1 ( (1 ( out DD T DD i out T i k k λ λ

42 A examle Assume a iverter i the geeric 0.5um CMOS techology desiged with a PMOS-to-NMOS ratio of 3.4 ad with the NMOS trasistor miimum size (W0.375um, L0.5um,W/L1.5,Please give the gai of, ad,,nm,nm, TC curve M IL IH L H 4/48

43 A examle:iverter Gai I ( k ( (1 λ D M M T out ( ( A 0.5 g 1 k k I ( λ λ D M The gai is almost urely determied by techology arameters! 43/48

44 A examle : oise margi G-M/(IH-M IHM-M/G1.5*(11/ G-(DD-M/(M-IL IL(DD-M/GM-1.5/ NMHOH-IH NMLIL-OL1. Simulated valued IL1.03 out OH IH1.45 M Gai is overestimated i Liear aroximatio of TC OL IL IH 44/48

45 CMOS static behavior CMOS threshold voltage CMOS oise margi CMOS gai DC robust 45/48

46 Imact of Process ariatios The variatios of device maily cause a.5 shift i the switchig threshold, this robust behavior esures fuctioality of the gate over a wide rage of coditios Good PMOS Bad NMOS out ( Good NMOS Bad PMOS Nomial i ( 46/48

47 Trasfer characteristics of skewed iverter uskewed HI-Skewed LOW-Skewed 47/48

48 Gai as a fuctio of DD kt > ~ 4 ~ 4 5m DD mi q out ( % out ( % Gai i ( i ( 1 γ g Low ower voltage is useful! ( ( λ λ But ot too low M T 48/48

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