An 85%-Efficiency Fully Integrated 15-Ratio Recursive Switched- Capacitor DC-DC Converter with 0.1-to-2.2V Output Voltage Range
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1 An 85%-Efficiency Fully Integrated 15-Ratio Recursive Switched- Capacitor DC-DC Converter with 0.1-to-2.2V Output Voltage Range Loai G. Salem and Patrick P. Mercier University of California, San Diego ISSCC 2014
2 Higher-frequency exceeds thermal limits High performance & low power: Parallel processing (multi-core) Per-module voltage scaling for adapting power with processing load Fully-integrated DC-DC Converters are required No. of processing engines exponentially increases to meet customer expectations DC/DC ITRS DC/DC T5 SPARC, 16 Core, ISSCC 13 2 of 35
3 On-Die DC-DC Converters Recursive SC Topology All Digital Binary Search Control Measurement Results Conclusions 3 of 35
4 A resistive divider Compact Very lossy No switching noise Fast 2 V drop R pass when V DD goes far below V IN 4 of 35
5 How to convert input DC voltage? Switched Capacitor - + V in - 5 of 35
6 How to convert input DC voltage? Switched Capacitor Voltage doubler fixed 1:2 conversion + V in - V IN 5 of 35
7 How to convert input DC voltage? Swap V IN and R L for V IN /2 instead of a 2V IN swap = 2V IN = V IN /2 5 of 35
8 Why SC ɳ 100%? Large decoupling cap C out R L R L 6 of 35
9 Why SC ɳ 100%? q q out = 2q V IN q = V IN /2 2q E in = E out q q q R L R L Charging discharging 6 of 35
10 Why SC ɳ 100%? Equivalent q q ΔV ½ CΔV 2 f sw f sw => ΔV C => ΔV q q q E loss = CΔV 2 No R on dependence R L R L Charging discharging 6 of 35
11 Loss can be modeled by R out f sw This is how to provide continuous conversion: change R out, like an LDO R out ΔV decreases 2R on f sw 7 of 35
12 Efficiency vs. at V in = 2.5V 2:1 SC 3:2 SC 3:1 SC Requires more ratios 8 of 35
13 Problem: Given certain C, re-use that to produce different ratios 1/3 1/2 3/5 2/3 No. Of caps and switches increases exponentially Each ratio requires a unique arrangement, which is difficult to reuse among other ratios Higher no. of ratios requires a Modular topology 9 of 35
14 Conventional 4:1 = V IN /4 Cap no. 3 SW no Parallel Series 10 of 35
15 Ratio = 1/4 Connect a second 2:1 cell (C 2 ) between cell (C 1 ) output & GND V IN /2 SP 1/4 New 1/4 Cap no. 3 2 SW no = V IN /4 11 of 35
16 Ratio = 3/4 Connect the second 2:1 cell (C 2 ) between V IN & cell (C 1 ) output SP 3/4 New 3/4 Cap no. 3 2 SW no V IN /2 = (V in +V in /2)/2 = 3V IN /4 12 of 35
17 1/4, 3/4 are realized, how to get 1/2 Cells Stacked for 3/4 = 3V IN /4 Route from 1 st cell for 1/2 V IN /2 Cells cascaded for 1/4 V IN /2 = V IN /4 = V IN /2 Wastes the capacitance of the 2 nd cell, lower η 13 of 35
18 1/4, 3/4 are realized, how to get 1/2 Cells Stacked for 3/4 Cells in parallel for 1/2 = 3V IN /4 V IN /2 Cells cascaded for 1/4 V IN /2 = V IN /4 = V IN /2 Recursive Inter-cell Connection:100% of the Caps used among all ratios 14 of 35
19 How to realize 1/2, the switch detail Ratio = 1/2 two cells in parallel 15 of 35
20 How to realize 1/4, the switch detail Ratio Reconfiguration Switches 15 of 35
21 How to realize 1/4, the switch detail q Disabled S R2 & S R3 work as OUTPUT switches 15 of 35
22 How to realize 1/4, the switch detail Disabled q Disabled Disabled S R1 works as INPUT switch S1 15 of 35
23 How to realize 1/4, the switch detail Disabled q MID = MID/2 Ratio = 1/4 two cells in cascade 15 of 35
24 How to realize 3/4, the switch detail q Disabled Disabled S R4 works as GND switch S4 Disabled 15 of 35
25 How to realize 3/4, the switch detail q MID Disabled = (V IN +MID)/2 Ratio = 3/4 two cells are stacked 15 of 35
26 Adding a third 2:1 SC cell: resolution = V in /2 3 V in V in /2 V in /4 = V in /8 16 of 35
27 Realizing 3/8 ratio 3V in /4 = 3V in /8 Move 2 nd cell UP 17 of 35
28 Another way to realize 3/8 ratio V in V in /2 = (V in /2+V in /4)/2 =3V in /8 V in /4 Move 3 rd cell UP 18 of 35
29 Which one is better to realize 3/8 ratio? 3V IN /8 3V IN /8 V in 3q/4 q/2 q/2 q/4 q q/4 q q/2 19 of 35
30 Which one is better to realize 3/8 ratio? Binary relative sizing C/4 C/2 q/4 q/2 C q V in 3q/4 1 st Cell is loaded by extra q/2 q/2 q/4 q/2 q For same q output, SC is less loaded, thus lower losses Higher η Maximizing V in & GND connections maximizes η 20 of 35
31 Now 1/8, 3/8, 5/8, 7/8 are realized, how to achieve 1/2 using 3 cells? Recursion: Connect 3 cells in parallel for 1/2 Cells connected in cascade for n odd /8 21 of 35
32 Now 1/8, 3/8, 5/8, 7/8, and 1/2 are realized, what about 1/4, 3/4? VSlice 3 rd out = 3V in cell /4 into 2 cells C2 C1 C3 2 C3 1 Put the 2 slices in cascade & in parallel to the other 2 cells cascade C3 1 C1 V in /2 C3 2 C2 = 3V in /4 22 of 35
33 A 4-bit Recursive SC topology is implemented Balance between complexity and flat η Realizing 15-ratio, of high η by: Recursive inter-cell connection for 100% cap utilization Maximizing V in & GND connections Binary relative sizing 23 of 35
34 Proposed 4-bit RSC 2:1 3:2 4:3 16:15 3:1 4:1 4.4% predicted ɳ by model All topologies Tech. 0.25µm 16:3 8:1 falls bellow 3-ratio linear regulation Cap 3nF V in 2.5V I L 2mA For same silicon area: widest operating range, highest average efficiency 24 of 35
35 Compare V ref (desired output) with levels from a resistor string to find desired ratio 0 V ref 1 25 of 35
36 Challenge of large number of ratios Decision element Ratio threshold generation For 8-bit resolution~256 accurate resistors and comparators are needed 26 of 35
37 Ratios threshold levels mismatch due to SC R out R out3 R out2 V ref R out changes from one ratio to another R out1 27 of 35
38 Solution: Ratios threshold levels are produced by the SC itself Switching at highest f sw, R out is min SC outputs the max Vout for certain n/m RATIO 28 of 35
39 Binary Search Algorithm: Strobe Reset: R = 1/2 Max resolution V in /2 2 V in Apply Ratio: = RxV in End No Depth<=4 No resistor string 1 comparator & simple gates No R out mismatch Go to higher binary ratio R n = (1+R n-1 )/2 No Yes >V ref Yes Go to lower binary ratio R n = R n-1 /2 29 of 35
40 8 µs response time 1/2 3/4 7/8 13/16 7/8 V ref ~8µs 30 of 35
41 0.25um 2.5V bulk CMOS MIM ~ 0.9 ff/um 2 4C/45 2C/15 C/15 8C/45 8 2:1 cells are used to enable recursion 32C/ C/105 8C/ C/315 Cells are binary weighted for optimal relative sizing 31 of 35
42 0.25µm: Cap = 3nF, V in = 2.5, I L = 2mA 2:1 3:2 4:3 16:15 4:1 3:1 predicted ɳ by model 16:3 8:1 Measurements within 1% of the Model ɳ peak = 85% For same silicon area: widest operating range, highest average efficiency 32 of 35
43 0.25µm: C = 3nF, V in = 2.5, Ratio = 1/2 30µA 1mA Switching losses scale with lower power levels 33 of 35
44 Tracking an input stair control voltage Binary search 500µs stair control voltage 34 of 35
45 A new Modular SC topology comprising individual 2:1 SC High η through: Recursive interconnection achieving 100% cap utilization Maximizing V in & GND connections for minimum overhead charge through the SC Optimal resource allocation (C,G) through BINARY relative sizing Highest average ɳ & widest operating range amongst other SC topologies for same silicon area 35 of 35
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