Power Dissipation. Where Does Power Go in CMOS?
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1 Power Dissipation [Adapted from Chapter 5 of Digital Integrated Circuits, 2003, J. Rabaey et al.] Where Does Power Go in CMOS? Dynamic Power Consumption Charging and Discharging Capacitors Short Circuit Currents Short Circuit Path between Supply Rails during Switching Leakage Leaking diodes and transistors
2 Dynamic Power Dissipation Vdd Energy/transition = * V dd 2 Power = Energy/transition * f = * V dd 2 * f Not a function of transistor sizes! Need to reduce, V dd, and f to reduce power. Modification for Circuits with Reduced Swing V dd V dd V dd -V t E 0 1 = V dd ( V dd V t ) Can exploit reduced swing to lower power (e.g., reduced bit-line swing in memory)
3 Node Transition Activity and Power Consider switching a CMOS gate for N clock cycles E = C V N L 2 nn dd ( ) E N : the energy consumed for N clock cycles n(n): the number of 0->1 transition in N clock cycles P = lim avg N E N f N clk = nn ( ) lim C N N L V 2 fclk dd α 0 1 = nn ( ) lim N N P avg = α 0 1 C L V 2 fclk dd Short Circuit Currents Vd d 0.15 I VDD (ma) V in (V)
4 Short Circuit Power Consumption I sc Finite slope of the input signal causes a direct current path between V DD and GND for a short period of time during switching when both the NMOS and PMOS transistors are conducting. Short Circuit Currents Determinates E sc = t sc V DD I peak P 0 1 P sc = t sc V DD I peak f 0 1 Duration and slope of the input signal, t sc I peak determined by the saturation current of the P and N transistors which depend on their sizes, process technology, temperature, etc. strong function of the ratio between input and output slopes a function of
5 Impact of on P sc I sc 0 I sc I max Large capacitive load Small capacitive load Output fall time significantly larger than input rise time. Output fall time substantially smaller than the input rise time. I peak as a Function of x = 20 ff When load capacitance is small, I peak is large. 1.5 I peak (A) = 100 ff = 500 ff x time (sec) 500 psec input slope Short circuit dissipation is minimized by matching the rise/fall times of the input and output signals - slope engineering.
6 P normalized P sc sc as a Function of Rise/Fall Times V DD = 3.3 V V DD = 2.5 V V DD = 1.5V 0 2 t sin /t sout 4 When load capacitance is small (t sin /t sout > 2 for V DD > 2V) the power is dominated by P sc If V DD < V Tn + V Tp then P sc is eliminated since both devices are never on at the same time. W/L p = µm/0.25 µm normalized wrt zero input W/L n = µm/0.25 µm rise-time dissipation = 30 ff Leakage Vdd Drain Junction Leakage Sub-Threshold Current Sub-threshold current one of most compelling issues in low-energy circuit design!
7 Reverse-Biased Diode Leakage GATE p + p+ N Reverse Leakage Current + - V dd I DL = J S A JS = pa/µm2 at 25 deg C for 0.25µm CMOS JS doubles for every 9 deg C! Subthreshold Leakage Component
8 Review: Power Equations P = V DD2 f t sc V DD I peak f V DD I leakage Dynamic power (~90% today and decreasing relatively) Short-circuit power (~8% today and decreasing absolutely) Leakage power (~2% today and increasing) Static Power Consumption Vdd I stat V out V in =5V P stat = P (In=1).V dd. I stat Wasted energy Should be avoided in almost all cases, but could help reducing energy in others (e.g. sense amps)
9 Principles for Power Reduction Prime choice: Reduce voltage! Recent years have seen an acceleration in supply voltage reduction Design at very low voltages still open question ( V by 2010!) Reduce switching activity Reduce physical capacitance
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