Explain the polar nature of water? ssl{u-psâ CeIvt{Sm s\kän-hnän

Transcription

1 c k -X { w Name the acid in the stomach? What is its importance? sslt{um-t m-dniv BknUv Bam-i-b- n-se- p t{]m«o\p- IÄ, ImÀt_m-ssl-t{U-äp-IÄ XpS nb Blm-c-km-[\- Ä Ffp w hnl-sn- p- -Xn\v CXv k- lm-bn- p- CXn\p ]pdsa t{]m«o-\p-isf AXnepw sndnb s]]vtsm-wp-i-fmb Aant\m Bkn-Up-I-fmbpw ImÀt_m-sslt{U-äp-Isf sndnb X m-{x-bmb qt m-kmbpw hnl-sn- n- m³ Cu BknUv klm-bn- p- Name some familiar acids. What are its uses? 1. kä^yq-cn- m-knuv þ kw`-c- W-_m-ä-dn-I-fn Ce-Ivt{Sm-ssfäm-bn. 2. Ak-än- m-knuv þ dºà ]mâ Dd-sbm-gn- p-hm³ 3. ss\{sn- m-knuv þ kzà - nâ ambw tnà n-«pt m F -dn-bm³. 4. t^mk-t^m-dniv BknUv þ cmk-h-f- -fpss \nà½m-ww. 5. ImÀt_m-Wn- m-knuv þ tkmum-hm-«à F ]m\o-bambn 6. sslt{um-t m-dn- m-knuv þ Ab KmÂh-ss\kv sn p- -Xn\v {]Xew ipnn-bm- m³. A cycle rusts faster during hot season or cold season why? X W p - p - I m - e - m W v ssk nä thkw Xpcp-¼n- p- Xv ImcWw Ccp¼v CuÀ -apå hmbp-hnâ s]s«v Xpcp-¼n- p- How does buffer solution whose ph value is constant affect our human body? Zl-\s klm-bn- p Bam-ib ck- nsâ ph aqeyw 1.6 \pw 1.7 \pw CSbv v Øncambn \nâ -Ww. cà- n-epå ImÀt_m-Wn- -¾hpw tkmunbw ImÀ_-tWäpw tnà v Hcp _^À Bbn {]hà n- p- -Xp-sIm v cà- nsâ 7.4 ph t\ms-sp v \nâ pw. CXv Poh {][m-\- amb Imcy-am-Wv. ImcWw ph aqeyw A w IqSp-Itbm Ipdbp-Itbm snbvxmâ ^ew amc-iam-bn-cn- pw. Explain the polar nature of water? ssl{u-psâ CeIvt{Sm s\kän-hnän 2.1 Dw HmIvkn-Psâ Cevt{Sm s\k-än-hnän 3.5 Dw BWv. HmIvkn-P³ Bä- n\v CeIvt{Sm s\k-än-hn-än IqSp-X-em-bXn-\m ] p-h-bv -s «Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wp-IÄ HmIvkn-P³ Bä- nsâ \yq n-bknsâ ASp- m-bn-cn pw ImWp-I XÂ^e-ambn ssl{u-p³ Bä- Ä `mkn-i-ambn t]mkn-äohv NmÀÖpw HmIvkn-P³ Bä- n\v `mkn-i-ambn s\käohv NmÀÖpw D mip- O H H Pe-X- m-{xbv v V BIr-Xn-bm-b- Xn-\m t]mfmà kz`mhw ImWn- p- On certain medicine bottles it is written 'shake well before use' why? \½psS ico-c- nse càw simtfm-bn-um-b-xn-\mâ simtfmbnup cq]- n-epå acp- p-iä AXv \ mbn BKn-cWw sn p- ]t C cw acp- p-iä ZoÀL-\mÄ A\- msx kq n- p-t¼mä Ah-bnse IWn-I-IÄ ASnbp- Chsb ho pw Iq«n- -eà p- -Xn-\mWv D]-tbm-Kn- p- -Xn\v ap³]v \ mbn Ipep- p- -Xv. Knife made of Iron or stainless steel rusts faster why? Cc p¼v sim v \ nà½n I n-bmwv s]s«v Xpcp-¼n- p- Xv. sìbn³ekv Ìo Ab, \n Â, t{imanbw Ch-bpsS k -c-am-wv. CXv Xpcp- ¼-n n-ã. Ccp¼v A -co- -hm-bp- -hnse HmIvkn-P-\p-ambn {]hà n v Xpcp-¼n- p- 70

2 How are metals useful to us? sdbnâsh, hnam-\w, tamt«m- ÀImÀ, ssen-t^m, ssen-hn-j³, iq\ym-imi hml-\- Ä F nbv p ]pdsa km[m-cw hkvxp- -fmb ]mn-i-]m-{x- Ä, b{ - Ä, D]-I-c-W- Ä, kqnn, B`c-W- Ä, \mw-b- Ä ChsbÃmw D m- p-hm³ teml- Ä D]-tbm-Kn- p- What is Galvanising? How is it done? What is its advantages? Ccp-¼ns\ kn v sim v BhcWw sn p {]{In-bbv v KmÂh-ss\-knMv F p-]-d-bp- B-h-cW ^e-amb DÂ]- s -KmÂh-ss\kvUv Ab F p ]d-bp Ab-Wns\ Dcp-Inb kn nâ ap n-sb-sp pw kn v _mjv]w kvt{] snbvxpw sshzyp- X-te-]\w hgnbpw KmÂh-ss\kv sn mw. KmÂh-ss\kv snbvx Ab \mi-\s ^-e-{]-z-ambn sndp- p- Xv sim v taâ qc- IÄ \nà½n- p Pe hnx-c-w- n-\på ss] p-iä \nà½n- m\pw D]-tbm-Kn- p- Name the alley of aluminium which is used to make permanent magnet why? Aep-an-\n-b- nsâ Abncv (Ore) t_mivsskäv (Al 2 O 3, 2H 2 )) BWv. {Itbm-sseäv tkmunbw, Aep-an-\nbw ^vfqssduv () BWv. ip²o-i-cn Aep-an-\nbw HmIvsskUv Dcp-Inb {Itbm-sseän ebn- n an{in-x-amwv Aepan-\n-bw \nà½m-w- nâ Ce-Ivs{Smsse-ämbn D]-tbm-Kn- p- -Xv. Thunder and lightning is dangerous as well as a boon why? CSn-an- -ep- m-ip-t¼mä A co- -hm-bp-hnse ss\{s-p³ HmIv- P-\p-ambn tbm-pn v ss\{s-psâ H- Ivssk-Up-IÄ D m-ip- CXv ag-sh-å- nâ ebn v `pan-bnâ F n-t -cp- A s\ kky- -fpss hfà -bv m-h-iy-amb ss\{s-p³ e`n- p- AXn-\m CSn-an-  A]-I-S-sa- -Xpt]mse A\p-{K-l-hp-am-sW v ]d-bp- How is biogas prepared? Mention its advantages as a fuel? P p- -fp-tsbpw kky- -fptsbpw Ah-in-jvS- Ä Pe- nsâ kmao-]y- nâ kq va-po-hn-ifpss {]hà -\- n\p hnt[- amipibpw hn-l-sn v _tbm- Kymkv D m-hp-ibpw sn pw. CXn aoty-bv³, H 2 S XpS- nb hmx-i- Ä AS- n-bn-cn- p- -Xn- \mâ AXv \à CÔ-\-am-Wv. NmWIw Ie n knaâ v snbvx Hcp Ipgn-bn Hgn- p-i. Ipgnbv p-ån-epå an{in-x- nâ Smt m-sp-iq-snb Hcp hen-b-]m{xw Iagv n \nà p-i. hmxiw D m-ip-t mdpw ]m{xw DbÀ pbà p hcpw. ss] v LSn- n v hmxiw ASp- n-tebv v \bn- p- Ibpw I n- p-ibpw sn mw. _tbm-kym-knâ 65% Hmfw aotybv³ AS- n-bn-cn- p- -Xn- \mâ ]pi-bn-ãmsx ImWp-Ibpw [mcmfw NqSv \ÂIp-Ibpw sn pw. How is nuclear energy released from nuclear fuels? bptd-\nbw þ235 t]mepå Atäm-anI \yq n-b-kp-i-fnâ \yqt{sm-wp-iä X«p-t¼mÄ AXv GI-tZiw Xpey hen- -apå c v \yq n-b-êp-i-fmbn thà]n-cn-bp- Cu {]hà -\s \yq nbmà ^nj³ F p ]d-bp- ^nj³ \S- p-t¼mä ct m aqt m \yqt{smwpw Aev]w {Zhyw DuÀÖambn amdp- -Xv aqew Iqtd DuÀÖhpw D m-ip- ]pxp-xm-bp- mb \yqt{sm-wp- IÄ aäv \yq n-b-kp-i-fp-ambpw C{]-Imcw ^nj³ dnbm- ³ \S- p- -Xn-\m {]hà -\- nsâ thkx hà²n- p-ibpw [mcmfw DuÀÖw D m-zn- n- p-ibpw sn p- What is phosphoroscence? shå-t^m-kv^-dkv hmbphnâ Xpd- p-h- n-cp- mâ HmIvko- I-c-W-{]-{In-b-bpsS ^e-ambn AXv kzbw I p- p-. CXns\ t^mkvt^m-d-sk³kv F p ]dbp- Where is white phosphorus kept? why? shå-t^m-kv^-d-knsâ Pzet\m-jvamhv 30 0 C BWv. hmbpk-¼à - nâ AXv I p- hmbp k¼à w CÃm-Xm- m³ AXv shå- n-\-sn-bnâ kq n- p- What is Aquaregia, what is its importance? KmV-ss\-{Sn- m-knupw KmVssl-t{Um-t m-dn- m-knupw 1:3 F A\p-]m-X- nâ IeÀ nb an{in-xs AIzm-do-Pnb F p hnfn- p- CXv kzà -t bpw ¹män-\-t bpw ebn- n- p- What are the uses of diamond and graphite? h{p- n\v ImTn\yw IqSp-X-embXv sim v mkv ap-dn- p- -Xn\pw B`-c-W- Ä \nà½n- m\pw D]-tbm-Kn- p- Idp s]bnâ v \nà½n- m³ {Kmss^äv D]-tbm-Kn- p- {Kmss^äv sshzyp-x-hm-ln-bm-wv. seuv s]³kn-ep-iä \nà½n- m³ {Kmss^äv D]-tbm-Kn- p- Why are diamonds used in ornaments? h{p nsâ kpxm-cyx aqew AXn\v {]Im-is {]Xn-^-en- n- m³ Ign-bpw. AXn-\m BIÀj-Wo-b-amb Hcp Xnf w h{p- n-\p- v. Cu Xnf- hpw h{p- nsâ ImTn-\yhpw DbÀ km{µ-xbpw aqew B`-c-W- Ä \À½n- m³ D]-tbm-Kn- p- 71

3 Why are graphites used to manufacture lead pencils? {Kmss^-än ImÀ_-Wnsâ ]mfn-iä DÅ Hcp LS-\-bmWv DÅ-Xv. Cu LS-\-bp-Å-Xn-\m seuv s]³kn-ep-iä \nà½n- m³ D]-tbm-Kn- p- Why is Dry ice? 31 o C  Xmsg CO 2 s\ {Zmh- I-am- mw. A -co- -aà±- nâ {Zmh-I- n\p Ønc-X-bn-Ã. A co- -aà±- nâ hmxiw XWp n- p-t¼mä Jc cq]- n-epå CO 2 D mipw. ipj-viamb sfkv (Dry Ice) F t]cnâ CXv Adn-b-s - Sp- What are petrochemicals? give examples s]t{sm-fn-b- nâ \n pw e`n- p HmÀKm-\nIv hkvxp- sf s]t{sm-si-an- Âkv F p ]d-bp- ]mc-^n-\p-iä, Btcm-am-änIv sslt{um-imà_-wp-iä, as, eq{_n-t -än v Hmbn Ch DZm-lc-W- -fm-wv. What is meant by natural gas? temi- nsâ Nne `mk- - fnâ `qan- n-s-bn-embn h³txm- Xn I p-h-cp hmx-i- -fpss an{in-x-amwv {]Ir-Xn-hm-X-Iw. {]Ir-Xn-hm-X-I- nâ {][m-\- ambpw aosybv\pw CusYbv\pw AS- n-bn-cn- p- CXp \à CÔ-\-am-Wv. What is meant by antifreeze? Pehpw B -tlmfpw tnà an{inxw Pew I«n-bm-Ip- -Xn-t\- mä Xmgv Dujvamhnte Ddªp I«n-bm-Ip- påq. AXp sim v Bân-{^okv F Cu an{inxw ssixy-cm-py- -fnse hml-\- -fpss tdun-tb-ä-dp-i-fnâ D]-tbm-Kn- p- What is vinegar? Ggp apxâ F«v ix-am\w hsc Ak-änIv BknUv (F-Yt\m-bnIv Bkn-Uv) emb-\nsb hns\-kà F p ]d-bp- CXv Blm-c-km-[-\- Ä p ]pfncpnn \ÂIm³ D]-tbm-Kn- p ]ZmÀ -am-wv. How is DDT prepared? What are its uses? t mtdm-s_³ko³, t mdmâ, KmV-kÄ^yq-dnIv BknUv F nh-bpss an{inxw NqSm- n-bmwv Un.-Un.-än. (ssu-t m-tdm ssu^oss\â ss{st mtdm CusY-bv³) \nà½n- p- -Xv. CXv Hcp iàntbdnb k¼à IoS- \m-in-\n-bmbn D]-tbm-Kn- p- Can we boil water in a paper cup? why? Ign-bpw. Pzme-bn \n pw e`n- p Xm]w DS³ Xs t] -dnâ \n pw Pe- n-te v amä-s -Sp- Xv sim v t] À AXnsâ Pze-t\m-jvam- hnâ F n-t -cp- n-ã. What do you mean by monoatomic molecule give examples? Nne aqe-i- -fpss X m-{x-ifnâ Hcmäw am{xta D m-bn-cn- pi-bp-åq. A cw aqe-i- - fpss X m-{x-isf GIm-täm-an-I- Ä F p hnfn- p DZm: ImÀ_ (C), tkmunbw (Na) What is atomic nucleus? Name the lightest atom? t{]mt«m-wp-ifpw \yqt{sm-wp- Ifpw DÄs m-åp Bä- nsâ ti{µ-`m-k-amwv \yq n-bkv. Bä- nsâ `mcw apgp-h\pw ti{µoi cn- n-cn- p- -Xv \yq n-b-kn-emwv. Gähpw elp-hmb Bä-apÅ aqeiw ssl{u-p-\m-wv. State Dalton's atomic theory? FÃm hkvxp- fpw AXn-kq- va- -fmb IW- Ä sim v \nà½n- -s -«n-cn- q- Bä- sf \nà½n- mt\m \in- n- mt\m km²y-a-ã. Hcp aqe-i- nsâ Bä- -sfãmw FÃm hn[- nepw Hcp t]mse Bbncn pw. hyxykvx aqe-i- -fnse Bä- Ä v hyxykvx ]nwvuw D m-bn-cn- pw. Name the fundamental particles of present in an atom? Why are they called so? t{]mt«m, \yqt{sm, Ce- Ivt{Sm Ch-bmWv aueni IW- Ä. {Zhyw GX-h-Ø-bn Bbn-cp- mepw AXnsâ LS- \bv v ASn-Øm\w Cu aq n\w kq vaiw- -fmwv. X qew Chsb auen-i-i-w- Ä F p ]d-bp- State Avagadro's law what is its importance? Htc Dujvam-hnepw Htc aà±- nepw ØnXn-sN- p FÃm hmx-i- -fpssbpw Xpey-hym-]vX- -fnâ ImW-s -Sp X m-{x-ifpss F hpw Xpey-am-bn-cn- pw. aqe-i- -fpss AWp-I-X, AtämanI ]nwvuw F n-hsb kw_- Ôn v \qx\ Adn-hp-IÄ CXphgn imkv{x- n\v e`n- p. What are isotopes? Name the isotopes of Hydrogen? What is their difference? Htc Atäm-anI \¼cpw hyxykvx amkv \¼cpw DÅ Bä- -fmwv sftkm-tsm- p-iä. ssl{u-p³ þ 1(-t{]m«n-bw) ssl{u-p³ --þ 2 (Uyq-«o-cn-bw) ssl{u-p³ ---þ 3 ({Snjn-bw) ChbmWv ssl{u-psâ sftkm-tsm- p-iä. Lavoiser is always remembered in the history of chemistry why? ck-x-{ -]-co- -W- -fnâ Afhp k{¼-zmbw GÀs -Sp- nbxv emthm-knbà BWv. Cu k{¼-zmbw GÀs -Sp- n-bn-ãm-bncp-s - nâ CXns\ XpSÀ p- mb ssk²m- ni ck-x-{ - nsâ ]ptcm-kxn XnI pw Akm-²y-am-Ip-am-bn-cp- Hcp ck-x-{ -{]-hà \w \S- pt¼mä {Zhyw ]pxp-xmbn krjvsn- -s -Sp-Itbm \in- -s -Sp-Itbm sn p- nã F v At±lw ]co- Ww aptj\ sxfn-bn- p. cmk- 72

4 h-kvxp- Ä v bpàn]c-amb cmk-\m-a-i-c-w-k-{¼-zmbw BhnjvI-cn- Xpw At±-l- nsâ t\xr- Xz- n-em-bn-cp- A s\ ck- X-{ - nsâ hfà bv v bymà- - nâ ASn-Øm-\-an-«Xv At±l-am-bn-cp- Why are molecular called the bricks of nature? Cu {]]- hpw AXn-epÅ kie hkvxp- fpw \nà½n- n-«p- ÅXv AXn-kq va IW- -fmb X m-{x-iä sim m-wv. AXpsIm v X m-{x-isf {]]- - nsâ CjvSn-I-IÄ F p-hn-fn- p- When a small piece of water colour paint is put in a glass of water what happens? hm«à If-dnsâ \ndw mknepå Pew apgp-h³ hym]n- p- hm«à If-dnsâ IjWw Pe- nâ ebn- p-ibpw Un^yqj³ aqew AXv ]m{x- n-\p-ånse Pew apgp-h³ hym]n- p-ibpw sn p- When salt pieces are put in a vessel full of water and kept for two days without shaking, within two days the water on the surface tastes salt why? D nsâ IW- Ä shå- nâ IqSn api-fn-tem«v hym]n- p- Xp sim mwv C s\ kw`hn- p- -Xv. shå- nâ ebn- p Jc-]-ZmÀ - pss (Solid particles) X m-{x-iä \nc- -c-ambn Nen- p-sim- n-cn- p- Ah {ItaW D]-cn-X-e- n-te pw hym]n- p- Water is a compound. Why? ssl{u-p\pw HmIvkn-P\pw kwtbm-pn- mwv Pew D m-ip- - Xv. Pew AXnsâ LS-I- -fmb ssl{u-p-sâbpw HmIvkn-Psâbpw bmsxmcp KpWhpw {]I- Sn- n- p- n-ã. AXn-\m Pew Hcp kwbp-à-am-wv. How are elements found in the human body? kwbp-à- -fm-bn-«mwv ImWs -Sp- -Xv. DZm: Pew, ImÀt_msslt{U-äv, Aant\m Bkn-Up-IÄ, hnäm-an- \p-iä, qt m-kv, simgp v F o cq]- -fnâ aqe-i- Ä ImWp- Why is mercury said to be an element? km[m-cw amà - Ä D]-tbm- Kn v saà p-dn-bnâ \n pw elphmb asämcp ]ZmÀ w D m- m³ Ign-bp-I-bn-Ã. AXn-\m saà pdn Hcp aqe-i-am-sw v ]dbp- What is a mixture? H n-e-[niw aqe-i- Ä (Elements) Hcp \nýnx A\p-]m-X- ne-ãmsx Iq«n- -eà nb Ah- Ø-sb-bmWv an{inxw F v ]dbp- -Xv. CXnsâ LS-I- -fpss KpW- Ä Ah {]txyiw {]ZÀin- n- p- What are noble gases? aäv aqe-i- -fp-ambn Ffp- - nâ cmk-{]-hà -\- nâ GÀs -Sm Xnf- hpw hnebpw IqSnb teml- sf Ipeo\ teml- Ä F p-]-d-bp- DZm: kzàww, shån, ¹män-\w. What is the difference between an elements and a compound? elp-hmb aäv ]ZmÀ - - fmbn hn`-pn- m³ Ign-bm ip² hkvxp- -fmwv aqe-i- Ä (elements). ct m AXn-e-[n- Itam aqe-i- Ä kwtbm-pn- p- m-ip ip² ]ZmÀ - -fmwv kwbp-à- Ä (Compounds). Write an experiment to find out the elements in water? A w t\à kä^yq-dn- m-knuv shå- nâ Hgn- p-i. C s\ A¾o-I-cn (acidity) shå- nâ IqSn sshzypxn IS- n-hn-sp-i. ¹män\w Ce-Iv-t{Sm-Up- IÄ Bt\mUpw ImtYm-Up-ambn D]-tbm-Kn- p-i. Pew hnl-sn v (split) ssl{u-p\pw HmIvkn-P\pw D m-ip- How does the food we eat digest and get mixed with blood? \mw Ign- p Blm-c-]- ZmÀ - Ä ico-c- n-\-i v ]e Ah-b-h- -fnâ h v hnl-sn v sndp-i-wn-i-i-fmbn sndp-ip-s-enâ (small intestine) F n sndp-ip-sense cà- p-g-epi-fn-epå km{µx IqSnb cà-i-wn-i- IÄ n-s-bn-te v hym]\w (Diffusion) sn p- C s\ hym]\w aptj-\-bmwv \mw Ign- p Blm-c-]-ZmÀ - Ä IWnI cq]- n-embn Un^yq-j³ aptj\ cà- n-te v Ie-cp- -Xv. What are bases? B k n - U p - I - f p - a m b n {]hà n v Ahsb \nàæo-cy-am- m³ Ign-hpÅ HmIvssk-Up-Isfbpw sslt{umivssk-up-itfbpw t_kp-iä F p-]-d-bp- How are metal oxider formed? teml- Ä HmIvkn-P-\p-ambn kwtbm-pn v teml-hm-ivssk-up- IÄ D m-ip- Ch t_kp-iä BWv. Acids conduct electricity why? BknUpw t_kpw X½n {]hà n- p-t¼mä Bkn-Unse ssl{u-p³ Atbm t_knse sslt{um-ivsskuv Atbm-Wp-Ifp-am-bn kwtbm-pn v Pe-ap- m-ip- tijn- p Atbm-Wp-IÄ X½n {]hà n v eh-w-ap- m- Ip- How does tooth get decayed due to acidity? How can it be remedied? hmbp-hn-epå _mivso-cn-b-iä ]Ãn ]än-bn-cn- p ] -km-ct]m-epå a[p-c-]-zmà - sf Bkn-Um n amäp- Cu 73

5 BknUv ]Ãnsâ ]pd-sa-bpå C\m-a-ens\ {Zhn n- p- XpSÀ v C\m-a-en-\-Sn-bnepÅ I«nbpÅ `mk-amb suâo³ {Zhn v ]Ãn\v t]msp- m-ip- a[p-c-]- ZmÀ - -fpss D]-tbmKw \nb- { n pw. Znh-khpw c v t\cw ]Ãv {_jv snbvxpw Bkn-Unän aqe-apå Z - bw Hgn-hm mw. Explain how the acids pollute the air? CÔ-\- Ä I p- -Xnsâ ^e-ambn A -co- - n-ep- m- Ip CO 2 Dw SO 2 Dw A -co- - nse Pe-_m-jv]-hp-ambn IeÀ v ImÀt_mWn- m-knupw kä^yq-dniv BknUpw D m-ip- A -co- - nse kä^yqdniv BknUv Ipdª Af-hn-em-bn-cp- mâ t]mepw amc-i-amb `hn-jy- p-iä v AXv Imc-W-am-bn- ocp- AXv Btcm-Ky- n\v lm\n- I-c-am-Wv. amà_nä, Icn- -Ãv, temlw XpS- n-b-h-bnâ \nà½n {]Xn-a-Isf AXv _m[n- p- Ce-IÄ v tisp hcp- p-ibpw kky- -fpss hfà apc-sn- n- p- Ibpw sn p- How is a PH value determined? What is its importance? ph aoäà D]-tbm-Knt m ph kqn-i-t]- À D]-tbm-Knt m emb- \n-bpss ph aqeyw \nà -bn- pw. ph aqeyw \nà -bn-t emb- \n-bnâ ph t] À ap n-b-tijw AXnsâ \ndw t] -dn-t\m-ssm w simsp- n-cn- p IfÀNmÀ«-pambn Xmc-X-ay-s -Sp n emb-\nbpss ph aqeyw \nà -bn- mw. Irjn-bnepw hyh-k-mb- nepw Huj-[-\nÀ½m-W- nepw ph aqey-\nà bw Gsd {]m[m-\yap-å-xm-wv. Hmtcm-bn\w ImÀjn- I-hn-fbpw Gähpw \ mbn hfcm³ a n\v Hmtcm \nýnx ph aqey ]cn-[n-bp- v. sspho-i-emb-\n-iä ]cn-tim-[n- m\pw cmkhyh-km-b- nepw ph aqeyw {]m[m-\y-aàln- p- What are antacids? \½psS Bam-i-b- nâ Akn-Un-än-bpsS Awiw IqSp-X-em- Ip-t¼mÄ Kymkv {S_nÄ t]mepå Akz-Ø-Xbv v AXv Imc-W-am-Ip- At mä AXns\ \nàho-cy-am- p- -Xn-\pth n mc-kpww (Basic character) IqSp-X-epÅ AXm-bXv sslt{um-ivknâ {Kq -pifs- nb Huj-[- Ä D]-tbm-Kn- p- Ah-bmWv km[m-c-w-bmbn Aâmkn-Up-IÄ F -dn-b-s -Sp- -Xv. How are acid rain formed? I -cn, s]t{smä XpS- n-b-hbnâ kä^à AS- n-bn-«p- v. Ch hmbp-hnâ I p-t¼mä SO 2 D m- Ip- hmbp-hnse CuÀ -hp-ambn tnà v H 2 SO 3 Bbpw ]n osv HmIvk-nP-\p-ambn tnà v H 2 SO 4 Bbpw amdp- ag-tbm-ssm w CXv `qan-bnâ F p- CXmWv A¾-a-g. Small pieces of wood burn faster than big pieces why? ac- -j-w fpw hmbp-hnse HmIvkn-P-\p-am-bpÅ {]hà -\- amwv Pze-\w (Combustion). hen- w IqSnb XSn- -j-w- -tf- mä sndnb XSn- -j-w- Ä v {]Xe-hn-kvXoÀ w (Surface area) IqSp- X-ep-Å-Xp-sIm v hmbp-hnse HmIvkn-P-\p-am-bpÅ Iq«n-ap-«-ep- IÄ IqSp-X \S- p- AXn- \mâ thk- nâ I p- What are the conditions needed for the rusting of iron? Ccp¼v CuÀ - -apå hmbp-hnâ Xpd- p-h- n-cp- mâ GXm\pw Znhk- n-\iw AXnsâ D]-cn-X-e- nâ Xhn«p \nd- n-epå Xpcp¼v {]Xy- -s -Spw. CuÀ w e`n- msx Xpcp-¼n-  \S- p- I-bn-Ã. The rate of life activities of hot blooded animals do not change with the climate why? DjvW-cà Pohn-I-fm-b-XpsIm v kkvx-\niä pw (mammals) ] n-iä pw Ft mgpw ico-c- nsâ Xm]-\ne-bn henb hyxymkw hcmsx kq n- m³ Ign-bpw. AXn-\m C q-«-cpss PohÂ{]-hÀ -\- - fpss (Biological activities) \nc v Imem-h-Øbv \p-k-cn v henb amäw D m- p- n-ã. Name two methods to increase the rate of chemical vacations of soild substances? 1. Jc-h-kvXp- sf s]msn v AXnsâ {]X-e-hn-kvXoÀ w hà²n- n- p-i. 2. s]msn-isf emb-\n-i-fp-ambn Cf n tnà p-i. The rate of reaction increases with increase in temperature why? Dujvamhv IqSp-t¼mÄ X m-{x- I-fpsS KXn-tImÀÖw (Kinetic energy) IqSp-Ibpw IqSp-X {]th- K-t mss (velocity) Nen- p-ibpw sn p- C{]-Imcw IqSp-X X³am-{X-IÄ v s{xtjmäuv F\ÀPn (Threshold Energy) -tb- mä IqSnb DuÀÖw e`y-am-ip- CXnsâ ^e-ambn BIvän-thäUv timw¹-ivkp-iä [mcmfw D m-ip- AXn-\m DbÀ Dujvam-hn cmk-{]-hà \w IqSp-X thk- nâ \S- p- What are irreversible reactions? A`n-Im-c-I- Ä (Reactions) Dev]- - -fmbn amdp-ibpw F mâ D - - Ä {]hà n v A`n-Im-c-I- Ä D m-im-xn-cn- p- Ibpw sn p {]hà \ sf GI-Znim {]hà -\- Ä F p- ]-d-bp- What are reversible reactions? A`n-Im-c-I Ä (Reactions) {]hà n v D (Products) fp- m-ip- -txm-ssm w Dev]- - Ä {]-hà n v ho pw A`n- Im-c-I- -fmbn amdp {]hà - \hpw \S- p- p-sh- nâ A cw {]hà -\- sf D`-b-Zn-im-{]- hà -\- Ä F p-]-d-bp- 74

6 Give an example for chemical reactions in which light energy is absorbed or released. t^mt«m-kn- -knkv þ {]Imiw BKn-cWw sn p t^mkv^-dkv hmbp-hnâ I p p þþ {]Imiw ]pd p hnsp- What are the components of gun powder? ImÀ_, kä^à, s]m«mkyw ss\t{säv. What are photo chemical reactions? {]Imiw BKn-cWw sn p- Itbm ]pd p hnsp-itbm sn p cmk-{]-hà -\- - fmwv {]Imi cmk-{]-hà -\- Ä (Photochemical reactions). The bulb connected to the torch cell glows why? skãn-\-i- på Atbm-Wp- I-fpsS Ne-\hpw skãn\p ]pd- på I¼n-bn IqSn-bpÅ Ce- Iv-t{Sm-Wp-I-fpsS Ne-\hpw Imc- W-ambn _Ä_v {]Im-in- p- What is meant by endothermic reaction? cmk-{]-hà -\-th-f-bnâ Xm]tam aäv DuÀÖ cq]- tfm BKn-cWw sn p-i-bm-sw- nâ A cw {]hà -\- sf Xm]-timjI {]hà -\- Ä F p ]d-bp- DZm: Np«p-]-gp tim n\p apifnâ qsn \ocmhn IS- n-hn-«mâ hm«àkymkv D m-ip- Xv Hcp Xm]-tim-jI {]hà -\-am-wv. Photographic plates and films are kept in a black box or covered with black paper why? {]Imiw IS- m-xn-cn- m\mwv C s\ sn p- Xv. {]Imiw DÅn IS- mâ t^mt«m-{km-^niv t¹änepw ^nen-an-ep-apå knâhà t{_mssaup t]mepå cmk-hkvxp- Ä v cmk-amäw \S v Ah D]-tbm-K-iq-\y-ambn t]mipw. How is electricity produced in a battery? kn pw kä^yq-dn- m-knupw AsÃ- nâ kn pw ImÀ_Wpw X½n-epÅ cmk-{]-hà -\- memwv _mä-dn-iä sshzypxn D m-zn- n- p- -Xv. cmk-{]- hà \w aptj\ sshzypxn D m-ip- ChnsS cmtkmàöw sshzyp-txmàö-ambn amdp- What is meant by chemical change? Xm]w, sshzypxn Ch-bn-tesX- nepw H nsâ klm-b- mâ Hcp ]ZmÀ w `uxn-i-ambpw cmk]c-ambpw hyxykvx kz`mh-t mspw KpW- -tfmspw IqSnb ]pxnb ]ZmÀ w Bbn amdp-ibm-sw- nâ B amä- n\v cmkamäw F p-]-d-bp- What is it necessary to control the polluted air coming from motor vehicles and industries? hml-\- -fnâ \n pw hyhkm-b-im-e-i-fnâ \n pw ]pd- ph-cp ss\{s-p³ ssuhmivssk- Uv, kä^à ssuhmivsskuv XpS- nb hmx-i- Ä hmbp-hnâ Ie-cp- Ch kqcy-{]-imiw BKn-cWw snbvxv {]hà -\-tijn-bpå Bä- Ä D m-ip-ibpw Ah hmbp-hnse aäv X m-{x- Ifpambn {]hà n- p-ibpw sn p- Cu coxn-bnâ D m- Ip Nne kwbp-à- Ä hnjmwiw DÅ-hbpw Btcm-Ky- n\v lm\n-i-c-am-b-h-bp-am-wv. Ah A -co aen-\o-i-c-w- n\v (atmospheric pollution) Imc- W-ambn Xocp- Explain the chemical action that take place in photography? t^mt«m-{km-^n-bnâ D]-tbm-Kn- p ^nen-ansâ D]-cn-X-e- nâ knâhà t{_mssa-unsâ Hcp simtfm-bn-uob an{inxw (Colloidal mixture) t\cnb coxn-bnâ ]qin-bn-cn- pw. t^mt«m FSpt hkvxp-hnsâ {]Xn- _nw_w Iyma-d-bnse se³kv ^nen-anâ ]Xn- n- p- ^nenanse knâhà eh-w- nsâ Xcn- IÄ v kw`-hn- p hntbm-p-\- nsâ Afhv AXn ]Xn- p {]Im-i- nsâ Af-hn\v B\p-]m- Xn-I-am-bn-cn- pw (Proportional). AXn-\m Hmtcm Xcnbpw hyxykvx Af-hn cmk-{]- hà -\- n\v hnt[-b-cm-ip-ibpw XÂ^-e-ambn hkvxp-hnsâ Hcp {]Xn-_nw_w ^nen-anâ cq]w {]m]n- p-ibpw sn p- {]hà \w \S- m eh-w- cn-iä IgpIn \o w snbvx tijw B ^nenw D]-tbm-Kn v {]txyi IS-em-kn t^mt«m {]nâ v snbvsx-sp- p- t^mt«m- {Km-^nIv t¹äp-ifpw ^nen-ap-ifpw {]Imiw IS- m hn[- n-epå Idp IS-em-kp-sIm v s]mxn- ªmWv kq n-t - -Xv. ^nenw Igp-Ip- Xpw Ccp«pap-dn-I-fn-em-Wv. What is ionization? Ce-Ivt{Sm-sse-äp-IÄ Pe- nâ ebn- p-itbm NqSp-aqew Dcp-I-pItbm sn p-t¼mä Atbm- Wp-I-fmbn ocp {]hà - \s Atbm-Wo-I-cWw F p-]- d-bp- Atbm-Wo-I-cWw Hcp D`b-Zn-im-{]-hÀ \w BWv. When water is electrolysised a little dilute sulphuric acid is also added why? ip²-pew \à sshzypx hmlnbã. AXn-\m AXn-t\mSv AÂ]w t\à n kä^yq-cn- m-knuv IqSn IeÀ n-bn-sã- nâ sshzyp-x-hn-tçjww \S- p-i-bnã. What are electrodes? What changes takes place in electrodes during electrolysis? Hcp Ce-Ivt{Sm-sse-än-\p-Åntebv pw AXn \n v ]pdt bv pw sshzypxn IS- n-hn- Sp Nme-I- -fmwv Ce-Ivt{Sm-Up- IÄ. sshzypx hntç-jww \S- 75

7 p-t¼mä Cu Ce-Ivt{Sm-Up-Ifn am{x-amwv Dev]- - Ä {]Xy- -s -Sp- -Xv. What is the relation between atoms and ions? Bä- -tfmsv Ce-Ivt{Sm kwtbm-pn- p-t¼mä AXv s\käohv Atbm-Wm-bn- o-cpw. s\käohv Atbm AXn A[nIapÅ Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wp-Isf \jvs-s Sp n -gn-ªmâ Bä-ambn- o-cpw. Hcp Bäw Ce-Ivt{Sm \jvss -Sp- p-t¼mä AXv t]mknäohv NmÀÖpÅ Atbm- Wmbn ocpw. t]mkn-äohv NmÀÖpÅ Atbm-Wn\v Bh-iyamb{X Ce-Ivt{Sm e`n- pt¼mä AXv Bä-ambn ocp- How is impure copper purified? sshzypx hntç-jww (Electrolysis) aptj-\-bmwv ip² tim À X m-dm- p- -Xv. Aip² tim À I«Bt\m-Umbpw ip²tim- -dnsâ Hcp joäv ImtYm- Umbpw tim À kät^äv emb\n Ce-Ivt{Sm-ssf-ämbpw D]-tbm- Kn p sshzyp-x-hn-tç-jww \S- p-t¼mä Bt\m-Un \n pw ip²-tim- À emb-\n-bnâ ebn- ptnà v ImtYm-Un h -Sn-bp- tim À Bt\m-Un \n pw Cu 2+ Atbm Bbn- oà v CeIvt{Smsseän Ie-cp- -Xn- \mâ AXnsâ KmVXbv p amäw kw`-hn- p- n-ã. What is the pecularity of the tail of the comet? simtfm-bn-up-i-fpss {]Imis {]Xn-^-en- n- m-\på IgnhmWv "hmâ' \ -{X- nsâ P\- \ n\-sn-øm\w. hmâ \ -{X- nse [qa-]-s-e- Ä {]Imis {]Xn-^-en- n p-t¼m-gmwv \mw hmâ \ -{Xs ImWp- -Xv. How is a spectrum formed in the water on the road during rainy season? ag-sh-å- nâ hogp s]t{smä, Uok F nh Pe-hpam-bpÅ kkvs]³j\piä D m- p- simtfm-bn-uob kkvs]³j\piä kqcy-{]-imis {]Xn-^-en- n- p-t¼mä tdmunâ hà -cmpn hncn-bp- What is dilution? IqSp-X shåw tnà pt¼mä emb-\n-bpss t\àa IqSp- Ibpw eo\- nsâ (solute) kzm[o\w Ipd-bp-Ibpw sn p- Cu {]hà -\- n\v t\à n-  F p-]-d-bp- What is freezing mixture? What is its uses? sfkpw D pw IeÀ nb an{in- X-s -bmwv {^oknwkv an{inxw F p-]-d-bp- -Xv. aâkyw, amwkyw Ch tisp-iq-smsx kq n- p- -Xn\v CXv D]-tbm-Kn- p- Does the boiling point of water in which other particles are dissolved change? Why hyxymkw hcpw ]ZmÀ - Ä ebn p tncpw txmdpw AXnsâ Xnf-\n-ebv v amäw hcpibpw Xnf\ne IqSp-Ibpw sn p- DZm: ip²-p-e- nsâ Xnf-\ne C. What is stainless steel? Ab, t{iman-bw, \n Â, ImÀ_ Ch-bpsS teml-k- c-amwv sìbn³ekv ÌoÂ. Ccp- ¼n-s\- mä ImTn\yw D v. Xpcp- ¼n- p- n-ã. Why are copper used to make electric wires? sn¼v I¼n-IÄ v hnzypxv Nme-IX (electric conductivity) IqSp-X-em-Wv. Ahsb t\à I¼n-I-fm- mw. AXp-sIm v sn¼v I¼n-IÄ Ce-Iv{SnIv hbdp-i-fnâ D]-tbm-Kn- p- What is the difference between bronze and brass? t{_m kn\v \mi\w Ipdhpw ImTn\yw (Hardness) IqSp- X-epamWv. ]t, t{_m kv s]m«n-t mipw. {_mkv A -s\- b-ã. ab-ap-å-xn-\mâ ASn- p-]- c mw cq]-t`zw hcp- mw. Name the alloys of mercury? What are its uses? saà pdn AS- nb teml-k- -c- sf AamÂKw (Amalgum) F p-]-d-bp- CXv ]Ãnsâ t]msv ASbv m³ D]-tbm-Kn- p- How are metals found in nature? hf-sc- p-d p teml- Ä am{xw {]Ir-Xn-bn kzx-{ m-h- Ø-bn ImW-s -Sp- aäp-åh HmIvssk-Up-IÄ, käss^-up- IÄ, kät^-äp-iä, ImÀ_-tWäp-IÄ XpS- n-b kwbp-à- - fmbn ImW-s -Sp Gold ornaments do not lose its lustre why? tkmäuv hmbp-hp-ambn {]hà n- p- n-ã. CXp-sIm v kzà -m`-c-w- -fpss \ndw a p- n-ã. kzà nsâ Xnf- w, `wkn, \mi\ n\p hnt[-b-am-ip- n-ã F o kz`m-h- Ä ImcWw B`-c-W-\nÀ½m-W-cwKw kzàww Iog-S- n. Name the metal which has high conductivity? Which is commonly used as conductors? why? Gähpw \à sshzypx NmeIw knâh-à BWv. F mâ Zqc-Ø-e- -fn-te-bv på sshzyp-xhm- ln-iä Aeq-an-\ nbw sim mwv \nà½n- p- Xv. hne- p-dhpw `mc- p-d-hp-amwv Imc-Ww. What are minerals give examples? `qhâ - nâ (crust) ImWs -Sp temlkw-bp-à- sf teml-[m-xp- Ä F p-]-d-bp- 76

8 DZm : Np m¼v IÃv, Pn]vkw, t_mivsskäv XpS nbh. What are the differences between metals and non metals? cmk-{]-hà -\- nâ Ce- Ivt{Sm \jvs-s -Sp aqe-i- - fmwv teml- Ä. cmk-{]-hà - \- nâ Ce-Ivt{Sm kzoi-cn- p aqe-i- -fmwv Atem-l- Ä. What is meant by malleability and ductility of metals? an -tem-l- -sfbpw hfsc t\à I¼n--I-fm- m³ Ign-bpw. teml- -fpss Cu {]txyix bv p UIvän-enän F p-]-d-bp- an teml- -sfbpw ASn- p-]- c n I\w Ipdª XInSv B m³ Ign-bpw. teml- -fpss Cu {]txy-i-x-bmwv amen-b-_nenän F p-]-d-bp- -Xv. What is chemical name of rust? How is it formed? sslt{u-äuv Ab HmIvssk-UmWv Xpcp-¼v. Ab hmbp-hnse HmIvkn-P-\p-ambn {]hà n- p- m-ip Ab HmIvsskUv hmbp-hnse CuÀ hp-ambn {]hà n- p- C - s\-bp- m-ip sslt{u-äuv Ab HmIvssk-UmWv Xpcp¼v (2Fe 2 O 3. 3H 2 O). In daily life alloys are preferred to pure metals why? ip²-tem-l- Ä nãm ]e KpW- fpw teml-k- -c- Ä -p v. 1. an teml-k- -c- Ä (Alloy) pw Ah-bpsS LS-Item-l- sf mä IqSp-X _ew D v. ip² Ccp-¼v, hyh-km-b- -fnâ D]-tbm-Kn- m-dn-ã. AbWpw ImÀ_Wpw tnà p- m- nb Ìo BWv D]-tbm- Kn- p- -Xv. ImcWw AXn\v _ew IqSp-X-ep- v. 2. X\n tkmäuv, \mw-bap- m- mt\m B`-c-W-ap- m- mt\m D]-tbm-Kn- mâ AXn\p ImTn-\yw Ipd-hm-b- Xn-\m txªp t]mipw. AXn-\m tim À IeÀ nb k -c-amwv D]-tbm-Kn- p- - Xv. 3. teml-k- -c- -fpss Xm]-Nme-I-Xbpw sshzypx Nme-I- Xbpw Ipd-hmWv. \n Â, t{iman-bw, Ab Ch-bpsS k -c-amb \nt{imw sim på I¼n v sshzypx {]Xntcm[w hfsc IqSp-X Bb-Xn-\m loä-dn-sâbpw aäpw timbn-ep- IÄ D m- m³ AXm-Wp-]- tbm-kn- p- -Xv. 4. an teml-k- -c- Ä pw \mi-\s kaà -ambn t\cn-sm³ Ign-bpw. Ab, \n  t{imanbw Ch-bpsS k -c-am-wv sìbn³sekv ÌoÂ. CXv Xpcp-¼n- p- n- Ã. 5. teml-k- -c- -fpss {Zh- Wm w (Melting point) amxrtem-l- n-tâ-xn-s\- mä Ipd-hm-bn-cn- pw. Sn³, seuv Ch-bpsS k -c-amb tkmäuà (solder) C bnâ Dcp-Ip- AXn-\m AXmWp I¼n-I-fnepw aäpw Dcp n H«n- m³ kui-cyw. How can corrosion be prevented? teml-hpw, Npäp-]m-Sp-apÅ ]ZmÀ - -fp-ambn k¼à - nâ hcmsx kq n- pi F p-å-xm-wv \mi\w(corrosion) XS-bp-hm-\pÅ Hcp X zw. AXn- \mâ (i) s]bnâ v, hmàwn-jv, {Kokv XpS- nb Atem-lm-hcWw \ÂIpI (ii) kn v, Sn³ XpS- nb \mi-\-hn-t[-b-am-im teml- Ä Dcp n ]qipi (iii) \mi\ hnt[-b-a-ãm teml- sf kwc- n-t teml-hkvxp-hn\v api-fnâ sshzypx te]\w (electroplating) sn pi (iv) \mi\ {]Xn-tcm[ tijnbpå teml- nsâ I\w Ipdª XIn-Sp-IÄ kwc- nt hkvxp-hnsâ Ccp-h-i- - fnepw tnà p-h v NqSm n AaÀ n ]nsn- pi. CXns\ mun v (cladding) F p-]-d-bp- (v) ImtYm-UnI kwc- W neqss IqSp-X Ce- Ivt{Sm-t]m-kn-äohv Bbn-«pÅ Hcp teml- nsâ I«-IÄ Ahn-S-hnsS tnà p-h-bv p-i. Ch s\k-äohv Ce-Ivt{Sm-Umbn {]hà n v atä temls kwc- n pw (vi) DNn-X-amb LS-I- Ä IeÀ nb teml-k- -c- Ä D]-tbm-Kn- p-i. How does a iron nail rust? Explain Ccp¼v Xpcp¼v ]nsn- -p Xv Hcp sshzypx cmk-{]-hà -\- (Electro Chemical reaction) am-wv. hmbp-hp-ambn k¼à - n-en-cn- p BWn-bpsS D]-cn-X-e- nâ hmbp-hnse Pe-_mjv]w km{µo-i-cn v Pe- nsâ Hcp t\cn-b-]mfn D m-ip- hmbphnse HmIvkn-P\pw ImÀ_ ssu HmIvsskUpw aäp hmx-i- fpw CXn ebn- p- CXnsâ ^e-ambn AXv \sãmcp Ce-Ivt{Sm-sseäv Bbn- o-cp- Ccp-¼nse ImÀ_tWm, aäp amen- \y- tfm ImtYm-Umbpw Ccp¼v Bt\m-Umbpw {]hà n v At\Iw AXn-kq- va- -fmb thmä«skãp-iä Ccp-¼m-WnbpsS {]X-e- nâ cq]o-ir-x-am-ip- XpSÀ p- m-ip Ab 2 + sslt{um-ivsskuv hmbphnse HmIvkn-P³ aptj\ HmIvko-I-c- W- n\p hnt[-b-am-ip-ibpw sslt{u-äuv Ab 3 + Hm Ivss k-umbn ocp-ibpw sn p- CXns\bmWv \mw Xpcp¼v F p-]-d-bp- -Xv. 77

9 Sodium and potassium are always kept under kerosene. Give reason. hmbp-hp-ambn k¼à - n-embn-cp- mâ Cu teml- Ä HmIvkn-P-\p-ambn tnà v HmIvssk-Umbpw aäv kwbp-à- -fmbpw HSp-hn ImÀ_-tW-äpIfmbpw amdp- Pe-hp-ambn {]hà n v Ah-bpsS sslt{um- Ivssk-Up-IÄ D m-ip- AXpsIm v Chbv v tbmpn- p- Xpw cmk-{]-hà -\- n-teàs -Sm- - Xp-amb as - -bnâ kq n- p- What are the uses of sodium chloride? Blm-c]-ZmÀ - Ä v cpnn- \ÂIm\pw aâkyw, amwkw, XpI Ch tisp-iq-smsx kq n- p-hm-\pw, Ifn-a ]m-{x- Ä an\p-k-s -Sp- p- -Xn\pw iox-an- {inxw \nà½n- p- -Xn\pw tdmup- I-fn \n v aªv Dcp n amäp- -Xn\pw tkm ns\ nk-dn-\nâ \n v thàxn-cn- p- -Xn-\pw, tkmunbw, t mdn³, tkmunbw sslt{um-ivsskuv XpS- nb hymh-km-bni {]m[m-\y-apå hkvxp- -fpss \nà½m-w- n\pw tkmunbw t mssduv D]-tbm-Kn- p- What is the function of gypsum in cement? knsaâ v Pe-hp-ambn IeÀ p Ign-ªm sslt{u-j³ aptj\ I«]nSn v Dd- -Xm-bn- o-cpw. ]n osp ]Wn snbvxv cq]-s -Sp- m³ Ign-bp-I-bn-Ã. Pn]vkw thà n-cn- p- Xv aqew skän- n\v AÂ]-k-abw IqSn th nh-cpw. CXn-\p-Ån ]Wn-sNbvX cq]w icn-s -Sp- p-hm³ Ign-bpw. Name the natural forms of calcium carbonate? What are their reaction with Hydrochloric acid? amà_nä, ssew tìm (Np- m¼v IÃv), I, Nn n, ]hn-g- päv XpS- n-b-h-sbãmw ImÂkyw ImÀ_-tW-änsâ hnhn[ cq]- - fm-wv. t\à n sslt{um-t mdniv Bkn-Up-ambn {]hà n- pt¼mä Ch-sbÃmw ImÂkyw t mssdupw Pehpw ImÀ_ ssu HmIvsskUpw \ÂIpw. What is temporary hardness? What is its disadvantage? Pe- nâ ImÂkyw ss_ ImÀ_-tWtäm aáojyw ss_ ImÀ_-tWtäm ebn p tnà n-«p- Å-Xp- aq-e-apå ImTn-\y-amWv XmevIm-enI ImTn-\yw. ITn\ Pe- nâ tkm v ]X-bp-I-bn-Ã. t_mbne-dp-i-fnâ Cu Pew D]-tbm-Kn- mâ {ItaW AXnsâ Nph-«n Ate-b- ]mfn (insoluble layer) D m- Ipw. Plaster of paris is good for decorating walls and ceiling why? shåw tnà v Ipg- mâ AÂ]-k-a-b- n\pånâ AXv tamäun- n\p ]änb Ipg¼v cq]- nâ Bbn- o-cp-ibpw Ipsd ka-b- n-\iw I«-]n-Sn- p-ibpw sn pw. am{x-aã I«-]n-Sn- pt¼mä AXnsâ hym]vxw AÂ]w hà²n- p- -Xn-\m tamäunsâ FÃm hni-zmw-i- fpw AXn ImW-s -Spw. What is soda lime? What is its uses? ImÂkyw HmIvssk-Un-sâbpw tkmunbw sslt{um-ivssk-unsâbpw Hcp an{in-x-amwv tkmumssew. CXv Hcp timj-im-cn (de hydrating agent) -bm-wv. hmx-i- - fnâ \n v CuÀ hpw CO 2 Dw amäp- -Xn\v tkmumssew D]-tbm-Kn- p- What are the uses of gypsum? ¹mÌÀ Hm^v ]mcokv \nà½n- p- -Xn\p Pn]vkw D]-tbm-Kn- p- knsaâ v \nà½mw ka-b v AXp thkw skämbn t]mim-xncn- m³ knaân-t\m-sp-iqsn Pn]vkw tnà p-»m v t_màunâ Fgp-Xp- -Xn-\pÅ tnm v, mkv, a ]m-{x- Ä F nh \nà½n- p- -Xn\v CXp]-tbm-Kn- p- t] À \nà½m-w- nâ ^nãà Bbpw CXv {]tbm-p-\-s -Sp- What is fool's gold? Why is it called so? Ab ss]sd-änkv (Ab käss^uv) þ aª \nd-ap-å, teml-zyp-xn-bpå [mxp-hm-wv. CXns\ kzà -ambn sxän-²-cn- m³ km[y-x-bp-åxp sim v "hnuvvn-i-fpss kzà w' F -dnb-s -Sp- What is meant by calcination? Hcp hkvxp-hns\ IqSp-X kabw NqSm n AXn-epÅ Pemwi-t bpw aäv _mjv]-io-e-apå amen-\y- -tfbpw amäp {]{In-bbmWv ImÂkn-t\-j³. CXv aqew ImÀ_-tW-äp-IÄ hntbm-pn- p- Ibpw sn pw. What is roasting? Abn-cns\ hmbp-{]-hm-l- nâ i àn-bmbn NqSm n käss^-up-isf HmIvssk-Up-Ifm n amän, kä^à, Bgvsk- \niv XpS- n-bh ]pdw XÅp {]{In-b-bmWv tdmìn-mv. What is meant by Bordoeux mixture? What is its uses? tim À kät^äpw Np m¼v shåhpw tnà an{in-xamwv t_màtum an{in-xw. CXv Hcp IpanÄ\m-in-\n (fungicide) -bmbn D]-tbm-Kn- p- 78

10 What is meant by galvanizing? Ccp¼v ss] p-i-fp-tstbm XIn-Sp-I-fp-tStbm D]-cn-X-e- nâ kn v ]qip- -Xn-s\-bmWv KmÂhss\-knMv F p ]d-bp- -Xv. KmÂh-ss\-knMv aptj\ Ccp¼nsâ \mi\w XS-bm³ Ign-bp- What is Alum? Hcp GI-kw-tbm-PI (Mono valent) aqe-i- n-sâbpw Hcp {Xnkw-tbm-PI aqe-i n-sâbpw Cc«kÄt^-ämWv Bew. Be- nâ 24 X³am{X Pew IqSn DÄs m-åp- p v. What are sapphires and rubies? Explain? C{µ-\o-ew, amwniyw XpS- nbh hyxykvx cq]- -fn-epå cxv\- -Ãp-I-fm-Wv. Ch cmk-]-cam-bn, {]Ir-Xn-bn ImWp Aep-an-\nbw HmIvssk-Unsâ hyxykvx cq]- -fm-wv. C{µ-\oe- n\v \oe \ndw e`n- -Xv, sim_mä«v AsÃ- nâ sssäm- \nbw HmIvsskUv F n-h-bnâ H nsâ km n[yw sim mwv. amwn-iy- n\v t{imanbw HmIvssk-Unsâ km n²yw sim v Nph v e`n- p- How are precious stone manufactured artifically. ip² Aeq-an-\nbw HmIvsskUv (sim-d³uw) Dcp n Nne temtlm-ivssk-up-i-fp-ambn IeÀ n \ndw D m- n-sb-sp- p- -h-bmwv Ir{Xna cxv\- Ä. DZml-c-W-ambn C{µ-\oew D m- phm³ Aeq-an-\nbw HmIvssk-Unt\mSv sim_mä«v HmIvssk-tUm, sssäm-\nbw HmIvssktUm IeÀ p- amwn-iy- n\v Nph- p-\ndw \ÂIp- Xv t{imaniv HmIvssk-UmWv. ] \nd- nepåxv ac-xiw AYhm FadmÄUmWv, s_dn-enbw Aep-an- \nbw knen-t äv BWv. Name the gas which turns limewater milky? How is this gas manufactured? Np m¼v shås ]mâ \nd-am- p hmxiw ImÀ_ ssu-hm-ivssk-um-wv. ImÂkyw ImÀ_-tWäpw sslt{umt mdn mknupw X½n-epÅ {]hà -\-^-e-am-bp- m-ip- - XmWv ImÀ_ ssu- Hm- IvsskUv hmx-iw. What happens to chlorine water when exposed to sunlight? t mdn³ hm«à kqcy-{]-im-i- nâ h n-cp- mâ AXnsâ \ndw A{]Xy- -am-ip- t mdn³ Pehp-ambn {]hà n v HmIvkn-Ps\ kzx-{ -am- p- What is polymers explain? At\Iw elp-x³am-{x-iä IqSn-t À v, IqSp-X k oàwamb Hcp X³am{X D m-ip cmk-{]-hà -\-amwv t]mfn-a-ssdtk-j³. C{]-Imcw D m-ip X m-{xsb t]mfn-aà F p ]dbp- D -X-aÀ±- nâ Hcm-kn- Unsâ km n-[y- nâ NqSm- pt¼mä \qdp-i-w- n\v CYo³ (F- Yn-en³) X m-{x-iä IqSn-t À v hfsc hen- -apå k oà -amb t]mfn-f-yn-en³ (t]m-fn- o³) D mip- Manufacture and use of DDT is now restricted by the government why? Un.-Un.än bpss A\n-b-{ n-xamb D]-t`mKw a\p-jy-cnepw aäv Poh-Pm-e- -fnepw hf-sc-tbsd tzmjw sn p- -Xmbn I p]nsn- -s -«n-«p- v. Nne Pohn-IÄ CXv aqew `qap-j p \n pw ]qà ambn A{]-Xy ambn Blm-c-km-[-\- -fnepw IpSn-sh- Å- nepw F p th, ape- menât mepw Un.-Un.än bpss Awiw sns - p- -Xmbn I p]nsn- n-«p- v. What is artificial silk? Name the artificial fibre similar to silk? Ir{Xna \qep-iä t]mfnsadp- I-fm-Wv. {Zmh-I-cq-]- n-epå t]mfn-saà AXn-kq- -va-amb kpjn-c- -fnâ IqSn aà±w D]-tbm- Kn v XÅn-hn«v \qem- n-sb-sp- p- knâ n-\p- k-am-\-am-b- \qemwv sdtbm. How are laminated sheets in dining tables manufactured? At\Iw t] Àjoäp-IÄ {ZmhI ¹mÌn- nâ ap n NqSm- n-b -ÌoÂt¹äp-IÄ n-s-bnâ h v AaÀ n-bmwv eman-t\-äp- IÄ X m-dm- p- -Xv. XWp- pt¼mä _ehpw `wkn-bp-apå joäp-i-fm-bn- o-cp- What is meant by latex? dºà ac- -fps S sxmen sn p-t¼mä Dudn-h-cp shfp Id-bmWv emä-ivkv. CXv dºà IW- -fpss Hcp simtfmbn-uob emb-\n-bm-wv. What is meant by safety glass? c v mkv t¹äp-iä n-s-bnâ I\w Ipd-ª ¹mÌnIv tnà v H«n-s -Sp- p eman-t\-äp-i-fmwv tk^vän mkv. ¹mÌn- n-t\msv mkv H«n-]n-Sn- n-cn- p- -Xn-\m A]-ISw D m-ip-t¼mä mkv s]m«n-bmepw ¹mÌnIv joänâ Xd- ªn-cn- p- -Xn-\m NnÃp-IÄ sxdn v B]- p- m-ip- n-ã. Fibre glass laminates are used instead of metal and wood in construction work why? Ch _e-ap-åxpw `mc- p-d-hp- ÅXpw s]m«m- Xpw cmk-h-kvxp- Ä sim v \mi\w kw`-hn- m- -Xp-am-Wv. Chbv v Ìoensâ aq n-semt m \men-semt m am{xta km{µ-x-bp-å-q. AtX-kabw Ìoen-t\m-sSm w _e-hp-ap- v. AXn-\m si«n-s-\nà½m-w- nâ XSn pw teml- n\pw ]Icw CXp-]-tbm-Kn- p- 79

11 What are the characteristics of plastics? ¹mÌnIv D]-tbm-Kn v hkvxp- Ä GXv cq]- nepw hmàs - Sp- mw. \mi\w kw`-hn- p- -nã. `mcw hfsc Ipd-hmWv \à _eap- v. txbvam\w kw`-hn- p- n- Ã. ¹mÌn n\v GXv \ndhpw simsp- p-hm³ Ign-bpw. Ch \à C³kp-te-ä-dp-I-fm-Wv. How is rubber hardened? hfsc arzp-hmb ]ZmÀ -amb dº-dn-t\msv ImÀ_»m v tnà v AXnsâ ImTn\yw hà²n- n- mw. ImTn\yw IqSnb dºà D]-tbm-Kn v Syq_v, SbÀ, I shbà s_âäp-iä XpS- n-bh \nà½n- p- What is the difference between washing soap and toilet soap? hmjn v tkm v tkmunbw eh-w- -fmwv. F mâ tsmbveäv tkm v s]m«mkyw eh-w- -fm- Wv. tsmbveäv tkm p- m- m³ tkmunbw sslt{um-ivssk-un- \p-]-icw s]m«mkyw sslt{um- Ivssk-UmWv D]-tbm-Kn- p- -Xv. What are the chemical substances found in tooth paste? what are its uses? Sq vt]-ìnâ an\p-  hkvxp-hmb ImÂkyw ImÀ_-tWäv, ssuimâkyw t^mkvt^äv XpS- n-b-hbpw tisp-h-cm-xn-cn- phm³ saynâ FÌÀ, kmen-kneniv Bkn-Uv, s_³tkm-bniv BknUv XpS- n-b-hbpw I«n-bp- m- m³ ÌmÀ pw ]X-bp- m- phm³ tkm v AsÃ- nâ UntäÀPâpw D]-tbm-Kn- p- To increase the task and smell of fast food item and Non vegetarian foods monosodium glutamate or Aginomotto is added? How is does it affect our body? tamtwm-tkm-unbw q«-taäv AS- nb ` Ww Ign- p Xpaqew NneÀ v Xe-th-Z- \, ab- w, ssibv pw- s\- n\pw ]pi- nâ, Xcn v, BkvXa DÅhÀ v izmk-x-sêw XpS- n-bh D m-imw. Ip«n-I-fn Nne-t mä Xe-t m-dnse skãp-iä v XIcmdpw D m- mw. What are the components contained in soft drinks? ImÀ_-t\-äUv hm«à, t^mkvt^m-dniv Bkn-Uv, Im^o³, ] -kmc AsÃ- nâ km -dn³, Imc-aÂ, kn{sniv BknUv AsÃ- nâ tkmunbw knt{säv CXp IqSmsX PmXn- - sb, nk-dn³, hm\n-e, simt m, Ce- m-dv, timf-\-«nsâ Nmdv XpS- nb hyxykvx C\w ]ZmÀ - fpw tnà p- p- v. What is the difference between the surface tension of soap and water? Pe- nsâ {]Xe-_ew (Surface tension) Ipd-bv m³ tkm v klm-bn- p- {]Xe _ew Ipdª Pe- n\v hkv{x- sf \ mbn \\-bv m\pw Ah-bpsS Cg-IÄ n-s-bn-te-bv n-d n amen- \y- sf \o w sn m\pw km[n- pw. Charcoal is considered as a better fuel than wood why? hnd-inâ [mcmfw Pemwiw AS- n-bn-cn- p- hnd-ip-i-cnbnâ Pemwiw CÃ. hnd-ip-i-cnbpss Item-dn-Iaqeyw IqSp-X-em- Wv. ac- cn ]qàw-ambpw I p- -Xn-\m ]pi D m-ip- n-ã. Why is it unwise to burn dried dung cakes directly? NmWIw DW n I n- p- Xv aqew a n-\p-^-e-]qjvsn \ÂIp-am-bn-cp ]e {][m\ t]mj-i-h-kvxp- fpw I n \in- p- am{x-aã NmWIw I pt¼mä D m-ip ]pi- hmbp aen-\o-i-c-w- n\v CS-bm- p- Ibpw sn p- What are fossil fuels? kky- -fp-ssbpw P p- -fpssbpw ico-cm-h-in-jvs- Ä timsn- -W- n\p hàj- Ä a n-\-snbnâ InS v HmIvkn-Psâ A`mh- nâ `ua-{]-hà -\- Ä p hnt[-bambn I -cnbpw s]t{smfn-bhpw aäp-ambn amdp- Chsb-bmWv PohmivaI CÔ-\- Ä (t^m-knâ ^yph-ep-iä) F p ]d-bp- -Xv. What is LPG? Why is its named so? ]qà -cq]w enizn-ss^uv s]t{sm-fnbw Kymkv F m-wv. _yqs«bv³ D XaÀ±w {]tbm-kn v {Zmh-Im-h-Ø-bn Kymkv knen- dn-\p-ånâ h n-cn- p-i-bmwv. Wide spread use of detergents leads to environment problems how? UnäÀPâp-IÄ kq va-po-hn-ifpss {]hà \ ^e-ambn hfsc thk- nâ hnl-sn p t]mip- n-ã. AXn-\m CXv sns - p Pew Pe-Po-hn-IÄ v Pohn- m³ Ign-bm kml-ncyw D m- p- DZm-l-c-W-ambn UnäÀPâp-I-fnse t^mkvt^-äp- IÄ BÂtK-bpsS hfà sb t{]mâkm-ln- n- pw. BÂtK Pe- nâ ebn p tnà n-cn- p HmIvkn-P³ hen-s -Sp- p- -Xn- \mâ aäv Pe Pohn-IÄ m-h-iyamb HmIvkn-P³ e`n- m-sx, Ah Iq«-t mss N p t]mipw. 80