ImÀ_ Afhv Ipd-ª Irjn-bnte v

Transcription

1 ImÀ_ Afhv Ipd-ª Irjn-bnte v Fw. -F³. Ip ÀWn ]c-¼-cm-kx Iq«p-Irjn coxn-bnâ cmk-h-f- tfm IoS-\m-in-\n-Itfm D]-tbm-Kn- p- n-ã. IÀ m-s-i- nâ XpwIqÀ PnÃ-bnÂs]«]mh-KS Xmeq nse Icn-b-½³]mfbw {Kma- nse IÀj-I-\mWv {io ]Sv\m-bvIv þ 2013 hàj- nâ Xsâ {Kma- nâ c p IÀj-IÀ am{xta cmk-hfw D]-tbm-Kn v \ne- -Se Irjn snbvxn-cp- p-åq F -t±lw A`n-am-\-]qÀÆw ]d-bp- p. aäp-å-hà FÃmw shàan-i-t¼mì,v \ss]v It¼mÌv t]mepå ssph-h-f- -fmwv D]-tbm- Kn Xv. B {Kma- nâ ssph-ir-jn-cn-xn-bn-te v Xncnª \qän-sb«v IÀj- IÀ v cmk-h-f- fpw IoS-\m-in-\n-Ifpw ]cn-øn-xn pw kaq-l- n\pw D m- p hn]- pisf- än Imc-y-am-sbm pw Adnbp-am-bn-cn- n-ã. F mâ Ah a n-\p- m- p hn\m-i- -sf- än AhÀ -dn-bmw. hfsc sshin-sb- nepw ImÀjnI kàæ-i-em-im-e-ifpw Ah-bnse imkv{x- Úcpw cmk-h-f- -fp-ssbpw IoS-\m-in-\n-I-fp-sSbpw tzmjh-i- -sf- än ]dbm³ Bcw-`n- n-cn- p- p. _Z-ep-IÄ v th n-bpå At\z-jWw Ct mä F pw DuÀPn-X-am-Wv. sxc-sª-sp- -s «{Kma fnâ IÀ m-si kà mà ssph-irjn t{]mõm-ln- n- p- Xv Hcp \à XpS- -am-wv. ImÀ_Wpw cmkh-kvxp- fpw CÃm Hcp ImÀjn-I-coXn ChnsS cq]-s -«p-h-cp- p. 10

2 Imem-hØ hy-xn-bm\w a\p-j-y-cm-insb kw_-ôn- n-s-t mfw henb Hcp shãp-hn-fn-bmwv. AXns\ t\cn-sp-hm\pw AXn-Po-hn- m-\p-apå {ia- Ä thk- nâ XpS-t - n-bn-cn- p- p. ImÀ_ hnin-cww sn p {]hà n-i-fnâ \n pw am\-h-cmin hn«p-\nâ Wsa v thäuv saäo-cn-tbmf-pn-  HmÀK-ss\-tk-j³ ]d-bp- p. \½psS Imem-hØ amdp-i-bmwv F- Xn\v Hcp kwi-bhpw th. a\p-j-y-cpss {]hà n-iä ImcWw A -co- - n\v NqSp-Iq-Sp-I-bmW.v t^mknâ CÔ-\- Ä Imem-h-Øsb XInSw adn- p- p, kwls-\-bpss Xe-h-\mb ssa nä PdmXv ap -dn-bn p \ÂIp- p. ImÀjnIcwKs {Ko³ lukv Kymkv hym-]-\- nsâ \sãmcp ] pw cmkh-f- -fnâ \n pw IoS-\m-in-I-fn \n pw BWv hcp- -Xv I-fn BWv cmk-h-f- -fp-ssbpw IoS-\m-in-\n-I-fp-sSbpw hym-]-i-amb {]Nm-cWw D mhp- -Xv. ]c-¼-cm-k-x-co-xn-bn-epå hf- fpw a n-epå t]mj-w- fpw amänsh- s «pw P\-kw-Jy s]cp- hpw cmp-y-sa pw D mb hcä -Ifpw ` y- maw krjvsn p. AXn-\pÅ ]cn-lm-c-am-bmwv lcn-x-hn-¹hw hn`mh\w sn p- -Xv. FÃm kwøm-\- -fn-sebpw Irjn-h-Ip- p-isf lcn-x-hn-¹-h- nsâ {]Nm-c- I-cm n amän. henb hnfhv Xcp hn p-ifpw cmk-h-f- fpw IoS-\m-in-\n- Ifpw AhÀ {Kma-X-e- -fnâ {]N-cn- n p. am[-y-a- fpw Ah-bp-sS {]Nm-c-Icmbn. Ah-sbÃmw hm m³ IÀj-IÀ v k_vknun \ÂIn. {Kma- -fnse kzbw klm-b-kw-l- Ä hfw hm m³ temwp-iä \ÂIn. Ffp- - nâ DÅ e`-yx B[p-\-n-I-co-Xn-Isf ]n³]-d-dm³ IÀj-Isc t{]cn- n- p. H c Zi-I- Ä Iw B[p-\nI Irjn-co-Xn-IÄ ]c-¼-cm-k-x-a-«n-epå a p ]cn-]me-\- sf XInSw adn- p Bb-t m-tg- pw- IÀj-IÀ ]qà -ambpw ]pdsa \n på GP³kn-I-fn \n pw hn pw, hfhpw, IoS-\m-in-\n-Ifpw hm m³ Bcw-`n- p. a nepw ark- -fnepw Npäp-]m-Sp-I-fnepw a\p-j-yà v aosxbpw Ah-bp- m- nb BLm-X- Ä Bcpw {i²n- n-ã. cmk-h-f Ä Ffp- - nâ e`-y-am-b-txmss Bfp-IÄ I p-im-en-isf hfà m-sx-bmbn. t\m m³ Iqen- msc e`n- m- Xpw Hcp {]iv\-am-bn-cp- p. I p-im-en-iä F - nâ Ipd-ª-tXmsS AXv a nsâ ^e-`q-bn-jvtnsb _m[n- p. NmWIw hen-sbm-c-fhv hsc Irjn-bn-S- -fnse t]mj-w- n\p klm-b-i-ambn-cp- p. Irjn-bn-S Ä ]q«n-sbmcp m³ I p-im-en-i-fpss Øm\ v {SmIvS-dp-IÄ h -p. cmk-h-f- fpw saxn-  b{ - fpw Pe-tk-N\ kwhn- [m-\- fpw cmk-h-f- fpw FÃmw tnà v Cu taj-e-bnse ImÀ_ Af-hv Iq-Sn. 11

3 cmk-hf \nà½mww ss\{s-p-\på cmk-h-f- Ä ]e-xn-sâbpw \nà½m-w- nse {][m\ AkwkvIrX hkvxp- Ä Atam-Wn-bbpw ss\{sniv Bkn-Up-am-Wv. t^mkvt^mdniv Bkn-Up-I-fn \n pw t^m-kvt^äv ]md-i-fnâ \n p-amwv t^mkvt^äv hf- Ä D m- p- -Xv. J\-\- n-eq-ss-bmwv s]m«m-kyw kät^äpw s]m«mkyw t mssdupw D m- p- -Xv. an{inx hf- Ä an Xpw ss\{s-p³, t^mkv^-d-kv, s]m«m-kyw F n-h-bpss k -e-\-am-wv. Atam-Wnb DÂ]m-Z-\- n\v {][m\ LSIw {]Ir-Xn-hm-X-I-am-Wv. temis 80% Atam-Wn-bbpw {]Ir-Xn-hm-X-I- nâ \n p-amwv D m- p- -Xv. F mâ C -y-bnâ 50%-t mfw Atam-Wnb DÂ]m-Z\w t^mknâ CÔ-\- Ä Bb F, I cn F nh D]-tbm-Kn- m-wv. C -y-bnâ Atam-Wnb DÂ]m-Z-\- nâ DÅ DuÀÖ t{kmx-kp-i-fpss ]«ni Xmsg simsp- p- p. Energy source Percentage Natural gas Fossil fuel Coal Energy efficiency (GJ/t NH3) cmk-h-f- -fpss DÂ]m-Z-\-- n-\n-s-bnâ Hcp-]mSv ImÀ_ ssu-hm-ivsskuv A -co- - n-te v hnin-cww sn p- p- v. C -y-bnse IW v FSp- mâ Hcp S Atam-Wnb \nà½n- m³ 5.21 S ImÀ_ ssuhmivsskuv BWv A -co- - n-te v Xp-d- p-hn-sp- Xv. Atam-Wnb \nà½m-w- nâ t^mknâ C\v[\ Ä D]-tbm-Kn- p- Xnsâbpw AXn-eqsSbp m-ip {Ko³lukv Kymkv hnin-c-w- n-sâbpw Hcp ]«ni Xmsg simsp- p- p. Region GHG emission ton CO2 eq/ton NH3 (Average) Energy use MJ/ ton NH3 (Average) Western Europe North America Russia and Central Europe China and India Rest of the world World average

4 cmk-h-f- fpw ImÀ_ ^p«v{]nâpw \½psS Pohn-X-ssi-en-bm-Wv ImÀ_ ^p«vv{]nânsâ Afhv Xncp-am-\n- p- - Xv. tamt«mà hml-\- Ä, B[p-\nI Krtlm-]-I-c-W- Ä XpS- n-bh D]- tbm-kn- mâ ImÀ_ ^p«v {]nâv IqSpw. F mâ s]mxp-bm{x kwhn-[m-\- Ä, kutcmàöw XpS n-b-h-bpss D]-tbmKw AXv Ipd-bv- pw. AtXt]m-se-Xs ImÀjn-I-cw-K v {SmIvS-dp-Ifpw b{ -hâirx saxn-b-{ - fpw ImÀ_ ^p«v {]nâv Iq«p-I-bm-Wv. F mâ Imf-h- n-ifpw Ie- - Ifpw Imf-Ifpw Dgm\pw saxn- m\pw [m\-y- Ä sim pt]mim\pw D]- tbm-kn- mâ ImÀ_ ^p«v {]nâv Ipd-bv m\mipw. henb Af-hn cmk-hf- fpw IoS-\m-in-\n-Ifpw D]-tbm-Kn- p-ibpw Pe-tk-N-\- n-\mbn sshz-yp- Xnbpw Uokepw D]-tbm-Kn- p-ibpw snbvxmâ ImÀ_ ^p«v {]nâv IqSpw. hnhn[ cmk-h-f- -fnâ DÅ ImÀ_ ^p«v {]nânsâ Afhv Xmg simsp- p- p. Name of the fertiliser Carbon footprint (in kg CO2eq/per kg N) Urea 7.41 Ammonium nitrate Ammonium sulphate 5.20 Single super phosphate 0.21 Trible super phosphate 0.59 Rock phosphate 0.31 Potassium sulphate 0.31 DAP 6.76 NPK complex fertilisers C -y-bnâ ss\{s-p³ DÄsIm-Åp cmk-h-f- -fpss D]-tbmKw kä^à, s]m-«mjv F n-h-sb- mä 78 apxâ 80% hsc IqSpX BWv. F mâ C cw hf- Ä D m- p {Ko³lukv hnin-c-w- sf ]än Bcpw t_m[-hm- mà AÃ. IÀ m-s-i- nâ {]Xn-hÀj-apÅ bqdn-b-bpss D]-tbmKw 1.5 e w S BWv F mwv Icp-X-s -Sp- -Xv. 1 In.{Kmw bqdnb D m- p ImÀ_ ^p«v {]nâv 7.41 Intem BWv. AXm-bXv ImÀ_ ssu HmIvsskUv\v kam\w bqdn-b-bpss \nà½mwhpw D]-tbm-Khpw IÀ m-s-i- nâ am{x-ap- m- p {Ko³lukv Kymkv hnin-cww 11.1 e w S. aäp hf- Ä D m- p hnin-c-w- fpw CXn-t\mSv tnà v h v hmbn- m-hp- -Xm-Wv. km-l-nc-y- Ä Gähpw A]-I-S-I-c-am-bn-cn- p- -Xn-\m Xs \½psS Irjn coxn- I-fn henb txmxn-epå amä-amwv h n-cn- p- -Xv. - 13

5 cm-k-h-f- -fpss _Z-ep-IÄ 1) Irjn-bn-S- -fnâ e`-y-amb hf- Ä: I p-im-en-i-fpss e`-yx Ipd-bp- -Xn- \-\p-k-cn v Cu ]c-¼-cm-kxcoxnbnãm-xmbn hcn-i-bm-wv. It¼mÌv D m- p- -Xnepw I p-imen hfw D]-tbm-Kn- p- -Xnepw IÀj-Isc {]tnm-zn- n- - Ww. 2) F  a nsâ D]-tbm-Kw: ]c-¼-cm-k-x-irjn coxn A\p-k-cn v Ipf- - fnâ \n pw F  a v tij-cn v AXv Irjn-bn D]-tbm-Kn- m-hp- -Xm- Wv. C v CXv ImWm³ CÃ. F  a v ]pd v FSp- mâ Ipf- -fnâ IqSp-X shåw tij-cn mw F p-åxpw Npäp-]m-Sp-I-fn `qkà`-p-e- nsâ e`yx Iq«m-sa- Xpw CXnsâ KpWw BWv. a nsâ ^e-`q-bn-jvtx Iq«m\pw IrX-y-amb Pe-hn-`h amt\-pvsaâv \S- m- m\pw CXv AX-y- m-t]- n-x-am-wv. 3) ssix-y-im-es Inf: ]g-b-im-e v Unkw-_À P\p-hcn amk- -fnâ Bbn IÀj-IÀ X -fpss Irjn-bn-S- Ä Inf v Hcp- p-am-bn-cp- p. If-Ifpw snsn-ifpw hån-ifpw FÃmw ]ngpxv FSp p a n-te v XncnsI tnà pt¼mä AXv a nsâ ^e-`q-bn-jvtx Iq«p- p. 4) I p-im-en-i-tfbpw BSp-I-tfbpw hfà Â: ]c-¼-cm-k-x-ambn I p-im-en- Isf hfà p taj-e-i-fnâ CXv C pw \ne-\nâ p- p- v. ssd qà, XpwIqÀ, Ac-kn- sc taj-e-i-fnâ I p-im-en-i-tfbpw Igp-X-I-tfbpw I p-im-en-i-fpss F - n-ep- mb Ipdhv Irjn-bn-S- nâ Xs D m-zn- n- -s -Sp hf- nsâ Af-hn kmc-amb Ipdhv krjvsn- n-«p- v. 14

6 Irjn-bn-S- -fnâ t]mäp ]Xn-hp- v. Ah-bpsS NmW-Ihpw aq{xhpw a n\v ^e-`q-bn-jvtx Dd v hcp- p- p. 5) sshhn-[-y-apå Irjn-coXn: Hä- cw Irjn BhÀ n p sn p-t¼mä a nse t]mj-w- Ä CÃm-Xm-hp-I-bmWv. F mâ ]c-¼-cmkx coxn A\pk-cn v IÀj-IÀ Htc-k-abw ]e Irjn-Ifpw ]co- n- p- p. Nma, ap m-dn, _Pd XpS- n-bh \Sp-t¼mÄ Ahbvs m w Xs Xphc ]cn pw sndp-]- bdpw \Sp p. Nma apx-em-bh a nsâ api-fn-es Xe- nâ \n pw t]mjww kzo-i-cn- p-t¼mä sndp-]-bdpw Xphc ]cn pw FÃmw a nsâ AS-nbnse ]mfn-i-fnâ \n mwv t]mjww kzo-i-cn- p- -Xv. AhbpsS simgnªv hogp Ce-IÄ a nsâ apiä]-c- ns\ k¼- -am- p- p. A co- - nse ss\{s-ps\ a nâ ]nsn p \nà m\pw Ah klm-bn- p- p. Bg- nâ Cd- p thcp-iä a nsâ ^e-`q-bn-jvtx Ft mgpw \ne- \nà p- p. 6) shàan It¼mÌv: a n-c-isf D]-tbm-Kn v ssph hf- sf cq]-s -Sp- p {]{Inb BWv CXv. Hcp aoäà Bghpw Hcp aoäà hoxnbpw DÅ Ipgn- v 1000 a n-c-isf thww. AXn \n pw 3 Iznâ It¼m-Ìv X m-dm- mw. IÀj-IÀ v X -fpss Bh-i-y- n-\-\p-k-cn- v Ipgn-bpsS hen w Iq«p-Ibpw sn mw. hnf-i-fpss Ah-in-jvS- Ä, I p-imenxoä-bpss `mk- Ä, simgnª Ce-IÄ F n-h-sbãmw AXn BgvN-bn c v Xh-W-sb- nepw shåw \\- mâ CuÀ w \ne\nà p-ibpw Bhmw. Hmtcm BgvN-bnepw ssph-hfw Cf- n-sim- n-cn- -Ww. 15 Znh-k Ä v tijw a n-c-isf \nt ]n mw. 70 apxâ 80 Znh-k- Ä p-ånâ shàan It¼mÌv Xbm-dmhpw. Htc- -dn\v 4 S shàan It¼mÌv Bh-i-y-ap- v. Hcn-  {]Nm-c- n-ep- m-bn-cp I p-im-en-isf Irjn-bn-S- nâ hfà p coxn C v Nnebn-S- -fnâ am{x-ambn Npcp- n-bn-cn- p- p. 15

7 7) \ss]v It¼mÌv: {io\m-a-tzhq ] -cn-]mt alm-cm-jv{s-bnse Hcp ]ptcm-k-a\ IÀj-I³ Bbn-cp- p. At±-l-amWv Cu Gtdm-_nIv It¼mÌnwKv coxn I p-]n-sn- -Xv. timtwm-sp-tim Bb aq p-ao-äà \ofhpw 1 aoäà hoxnbpw 1 aoäà Db-chpw DÅ Hcp kwhn-[m\w D m- - Ww. I«-IÄsImt m NIn-cn-sImt m CXv \nà½n- mw. shàan It¼mÌnset]mse NmW-Ihpw aäv ImÀjnI Ah-in-jvS- fpw ]mfn-iä Bbn CXn \nt -]n- mw. NmWI an{in-xhpw D]-cn-X-e- nse a pw tij-cn v hnx-dn-sim-sp- -Ww. Gähpw api-fnâ ho pw a v CSpI. CuÀ w \ne-\nà p- Xpw {][m\w BWv. GXm v 3 S It¼mÌv 4 amk- nâ X m-dm- mw. Htc- -dn\v 4.5 S Bh-i-y-am-Wv. Name of fertilisers Farm yard manure (FYM) % of NPK available Nitrogen Phosphorous Potash (K) Vermicompost Tank silt Sheep manure Nadep compost ) ] ne hf- Ä: ] n-e-h-f- Ä Irjn v Gähpw A\p-t]- Wobw BWv. Irjn v 30 Znhkw {]mb-am-ip-itbm ]qh-n-sp-itbm snbvxp XpS- nbmâ ] ne hf- Ä tnà m-hp- -Xm-Wv. \nc-h-[n-bmb ] n-e-iä CXn-\p-]- tbm-kn- mw. 1 slivs-dn\v 50 apxâ 60 Intem-hsc ss\{s-p³ ] n-e-i-fneqss kz-cq-]n- mw. % of NPK available Name of crop Nitrogen Phosphorous Potash (K) Sun hemp Dhaincha Horse gram Green gram Cow pea ) {Zmh-I-cq-]- n-epå hf- Ä: Pohm-arXw: Pohm-arXw Xbm-dm- m³ th Xv 10 Intem NmWIw, 10 enäà tkmaq{xw, apxn-c-bp-sstbm sndp]bdnsâtbm 2 Intem amhv, 2 Intem Idp ià c, ½ Intem taâa v F n-h-bm-wv. Ch-sbÃmw 200 enäà 16

8 shå- nâ Ie- Ww. Ggp-Zn-hkw sim v Pohm-arXw Xbm-dm-Ipw. FÃm Z-nhkhpw CXv Cf- n-s m- n-cn- -Ww. shå- n-s\m w snsn-iä v CXv Hgn- p-sim-sp- p-i. Hcp-]mSv kq va Pohn-IÄ CXn-eqsS hnf-i-fnâ F p- p. I p-im-en-i-f-pss- aq{xw ImÀjnI hfà -bnse hen-sbmcp LS-I-am-Wv. I pimen sxmgp- n-\-sp v Hcp Ipgn-bp- m n AXn aq{xw kw`-cn- mw. 1:10 AsÃ- nâ 1:5 F A\p-]m-X- nâ shåw tnà v GXv hnf-i-fnepw CXv Xfn- m-hp- -Xm-Wv. KÀ`n-Wn-bm-b ]ip-hnsâ aq{x-am-sw- nâ ^ew- -Iq- Spw. HmÀKm-\nIv bqdnb: ]ip-hnsâ aq{xw D]-tbm-Kn v HmÀKm-\nIv bqdnb X mdm- mw. Hcp knaâv Sm ntem Is b-v\-dntem awâ \nd v AXn Ønc-ambn tkmaq{xw Hgn- pi; F n«v Cf- n-sim- n-cn- pi. C s\ X m-dm- p- -XmWv HmÀKm-\nIv bqdnb. Nn -\m-b-i-\-lån Xmeq- nse simc-skc {Kma- nâ DÅ IÀj-I³, si.-bà.-cmptijc awen\p ]Icw Nmcw D]-tbm-Kn pw Cu bqdnb D m- p- p- v. IÀ m-si kà mà t{]mõm-ln n p ssphirjn-co-xn-i-fnâ {][m-\-s -«-XmWv HmÀKm-\nIv bqdnb. _tbm-s^-à«n-sse-kàkv: kq v-a-po-hn-iä Bb _mivsocnb, ^w n BÂK F n-hsb cmk-h-f Ä v _Z Bbn D]-tbm-Kn- p Hcp coxn-bmwv CXv. A -co- - nse ss\{s-p³ D]-tbm-K-s -Sp- m\pw t^m-kv^-d-kv Irjn-bn-S- -f-nâ Dd- m- m\pw FÃmw CXv klm-bn- pw. \Sp- -Xn\v ap¼v hn piä aqt m \mtem awn- qà _tbm-s^à«n-sse-kà emb-\n-i-fnâ ap n-sh- p-sim- mwv Cu coxn \S- m- p- -Xv. apf-iv, s\ãv, ] - -dn-iä F nhbpss ssxiä Cu emb-\n-bnâ ap n-b-tijw \Smhp- -Xm-Wv. Name of bio Quantity /hectare Crops fertilisers Rhizobium 500 gram Groundnut and all pulses Azospirrillum 500 gram Cereals, sugar cane, vegetable crops and cotton Azatobacter 500 gram Cereals and oil crops PSB 400 gram All crops taâ hncn- -s «coxn-i-fnâ {][m-\-s «_Z amàk- Ä ]d-ªn-«p- v. Imem-hØm hy-xn-bm-\hpw cmk-h-f- -fpss Db-cp hnebpw C cw _Zep-Isf AÀ -h- m- p- p. References: 1 Greenhouse gas levels hit new high, Deccan Herald, p-6, dated

9 2 LCI data for the calculation tool, feed print for GHG emissions of feed production and utilization - GHG emissions of N, P and K fertilizer production by A. Kool, M.Marinussem H.Blonk, Blonk Consultants, November Booklet on organic farming (Savayava alavadisalu sarala vidhana), P-12, 13, 14 and 16, Part-5 published by BIRD-K, March Compost production methods, Dr. M.A.Shankar et al, GKVK, UAS, Bangalore DFID- NRSP, R Use of biofertilisers in agriculture, R.S.Sengar and R.C.Pant, Indian Farmers Digest, July-August, 1998 Other references: 1 Compost production methods, Dr. M.A.Shankar et al, GKVK, UAS, Bangalore DFID- NRSP, R Booklet on organic farming (Savayava alavadisalu sarala vidhana), P-12, 13, 14 and 16, Part-5 published by BIRD-K, March Use of biofertilisers in agriculture, R.S.Sengar and R.C.Pant, Indian Farmers Digest, July-August, Natural way of farming by Late: Masanobu Fukuoka, Japan 5 Green house gas levels hits new high, Deccan Herald, p-6, dated LCI data for the calculation tool, feed print for GHG emissions of feed production and Utilization - GHG emissions of N, P and K fertilizer production by A.Kool, M.Marinussem H.Blonk, Blonk Consultants, November