Arsenic toxicity and salinity stress effects on macronutrient uptake in watercress (Nasturtium officinale)

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1 Avilbl onlin t Sinzr Journl of Agriulturl n Biologil Sins, Vol, Issu, (6): -5 DOI:.634/SJABS...5 ISSN 45-5 Arsni toxiity n slinity strss ffts on mronutrint uptk in wtrrss (Nsturtium offiinl) Eis Ebrhimi, Sh Sghi *, Slhin Mori 3. Ph. D. Stunt of Soil Sin, Dprtmnt of Soil Sin, Fulty of Agriultur, Guiln Univrsity, Rsht, Irn.. Young Rsrhrs n Elit Club, Alibktool Brnh, Islmi Az Univrsity, Alibktool, Irn. 3. Dprtmnt of Agriultur, Pym Noor Univrsity, PO. BOX Thrn, I. R. IRAN *Corrsponing uthor mil: Sghi.sh3@gmil.om Abstrt: Wtrrss (Nsturtium offiinl), is fst-growing, quti or smi-quti, prnnil plnt ntiv to Europ n Asi, n on of th olst known lf vgtbls onsum by humns. Th griulturl n inustril fflunt ishrgs r onsir for rsni ontmintion in nturl wtrs. Th im of this stuy is to invstigt th bility of wtrrss (Nsturtium offiinl) to uptk mronutrint from quti nvironmnts with iffrnt lvls of slinity n rsni. Th wtrrss ws propgt n xpos to Epstin nutrint solution ontmint with soium rsnt (N HAsO 4.7H O) t six onntrtions (5,,, 4, 8, n 6 mg As.L ), inluing th ontrol without As ontmintion for 3 ys prio. In this xprimnt th slinity wr,,, 4 n 8 millimolr NCl (soium hlori). Th xprimnt ws onut using ompltly rnomiz sign n thr rplitions. Th rsults show tht th rsni n slinity trtmnts signifintly rs th onntrtions of totl nitrogn (N), phosphorus (P) n potssium (K) in plnt. Th mximum mounts of N, P n K r bsorb in th trtmnts with mg As.L - n millimolr soium hlori (ontrol). Th lst mounts of nitrogn, phosphorus n potssium obsrv in trtmnts with 6 mg As.L - n 8 millimolr NCl (soium hlori). Kywors: Nitrogn, Phosphorus, Potssium, Soium rsnt, Soium hlori Introution Plnts growing in strm, rivr or lk bsorb nutrints through thir roots n othr tissus, n inorport thm into plnt biomss. Wtrrss is fst-growing, quti/smi-quti, prnnil plnts ntiv from Europ to ntrl Asi, tht blonging to th Brssi (bbg) fmily n on of th olst known lf vgtbls onsum by humn. Evn though wtrrss is populr vgtbl in mny ountris. It oul b hrvst for humn onsumption, stok f or us s ompost to form nutrint-rih frtilizr. Wtrrss ontins signifint mounts of iron, lium, ioin, n foli i, in ition to vitmins A n C. Wtrrss hs spiliz roots whih hng in th wtr, nhning uptk from wtr boy. Slinity hs onsirbl vrs impts on proutivity of griulturl plnts. Soil slinity, rsulting from nturl prosss or from rop irrigtion with slin wtr, ours in mny ri n smi-ri rgions of th worl (Ko t l., 7). Th osmoti fft on vin growth is proportionl to th rs in th osmoti potntil of th soil solution, oprts from low vlus of soil slinity, n rus lf wtr potntil, trnspirtion n photosynthsis. During th onst n vlopmnt of slt strss within plnt, ll th mjor prosss suh s photosynthsis, protin synthsis n nrgy r fft. Although whol plnt mhnism n ontribut to th voin of strss uring th plnts lif yl, tolrn n lso our t th llulr lvl (Yokoi t l., ). Arsni (As), rnk th in bunn in th rth rust, is toxi lmnt wily foun in th nvironmnt n orgnisms. Arsni n ntr trrstril n quti nvironmnts through both nturl prosss n nthropologil tivitis (Chn t l., ; Tu n M, 4). Nturl pthwys of rsni inlu wthring, biologil tivity, n volni tivity (Li t l., 6). Th primry nthropologil input is riv from ombustion of muniipl soli wst, fossil fuls in ol-fir n oil-fir powr plnts, rls from mtl smltrs, n irt us of rsni-ontining hrbiis by inustry n griultur (Willims t l., 3). Contmintion of wtr n soil by rsni is worlwi nvironmntl n humn hlth onrn. Rnt rports hv shown tht som of our foostuffs r ontmint with rsni (Huq n Niu, 3; Mhrg n Rhmn, 3). It might b u to high onntrtion of As in th soil whr ths foostuffs r grown. Wispr uss of groun wtr for irrigtion suggst tht ingstion of irrigt rops n vgtbls oul b mjor xposur rout for As (WHO, ). Th uptk n umultion of As by rls, pulss n vgtbl rops rsulting in onsirbl rution in th yils hs bn vry wll oumnt. Arsni signifintly rss th biomss of wintr wht shoots n roots, nhns th trnsport of Mg n C from roots to shoots n rss K, N n P onntrtions in both shoots n roots (Lui t l., 8). Arsni intrfrs with plnt mtbolism n inhibits plnt growth bus As intivts mny nzyms by rting with sulfhyryl groups of protins (Mhrg

2 Sinzr J. Agri. Biol. Si, Vol, Issu, (6):-5 n Hrtly-Whitkr, ). Arsni my lso influn nutrint uptk in plnts through ompting irtly with nutrint n/or through ltring mtboli prosss (Lio t l., 4). Arsni ompts with P uptk bus both r tkn up vi th phospht trnsport systms (Mhrg n Hrtly-Whitkr, ). Arsni lso influns othr lmnts in plnts. In hyroponi systm, it h bn rport tht ition of rsnit signifintly rs onntrtions of both mronutrint n mironutrint by tomto plnts (Lyoprsium sulntum Mill) (Crbonll- Brrhin t l., 998). Thus fr, littl rsrh hs bn rri out on th mirolmnt n mrolmnt rsponss of wtrrss unr high lvls of rsni n slinity strss. Stuis of th rsni spition in plnts n its ffts on plnt growth n nutrition r ssntil to unrstn As bhvior in plnts. Thrfor, th im of this stuy ws to invstigt th ffts of slinity n As on N, P n K uptk in tissus of wtrrss plnts. Mtrils n mthos To stuy th ffts of rsni n slinity on th nitrogn, phosphorus n potssium uptk of wtrrss, ftoril sign ws st up with rsni n slinity s th two ftors. Thr rplits wr us for h trtmnts. Th wtrrss grown in grnhous of prtmnt of Agriultur, Pym Noor Univrsity, Mrivn, Irn. To pt to xprimntl onitions n to biomss obtining, th wtrrss ws grown in Epstin solution (Epstin, 97) ontmint with soium rsnt (N HAsO 4 7H O) t six onntrtions (5,,, 4, 8, n 6 mg As L ), with iffrnt onntrtions of soium hlori (,,, 4, n 8 mm NCl). Thr wr twlv trtmnts with thr rplits. Th plnts wr pl on plsti trys in growth room t 5 ± ºC tmprtur, 3 μmol of photons m - s - illumintion n photoprio of hours of light: rk, uring 3 ys. Control plnts wr grown in Epstin solution only. Solution ph ws orrt to 6.5 vry two ys n th volum of wtr omplt ily with ioniz wtr to ompnst for wtr loss through trnspirtion n vportion (Aksorn & Visoottivisth, 4). On th thirtith y ftr th bginning of th xprimnt, th plnts wr rmov from th vssls, wsh in ioniz wtr. Prt of th plnt mtrils wr ri in ovn t 65 C for 7 h, wr groun to pss -mm siv, n wr stor blow 4 C prior to nlysis (Qunji t l., 8). Totl N, P n K onntrtion in tissus ws ssss. Th totl nitrogn in plnt smpls ws trmin by Kjlhl s mtho following H SO 4 igstion. Th totl P ws trmin olorimtrilly using sptrophotomtr t 49 nm by vloping yllow olor with vnomolybt. Th totl K ws trmin by flm nlyzr. Th t wr sttistilly pross by nlysis of vrin oring to rnomiz omplt blok sign n mns with stnr rrors wr lult using th progrm Sttistil Anlysis Systm, vrsion 9. (SAS Institut, Cry, NC, USA). Diffrns btwn th trtmnts wr trmin using Dunn s tst. Rsults Disussion Rsult of ANOVA show tht th rsni n slinity h signifint fft on N, P n K uptk in wtrrss. Th ombin ffts of rsni n slinity on ll nutrint ws signifint. Th N, P n K uptk in rsni trtmnts in th plnt t th n of th xprimnt r shown in Figur. Th onntrtion of N, P n K in wtrrss rs proportionlly in rltion to As onntrtion in solution, n show signifint iffrns mong ll As onntrtions (Figur ). Thr ws linr ngtiv rltionship btwn oss of As n nutrint onntrtion in biomss. Ths t onfirm th ft tht As blongs th toxi hvy mtl. Arsni fft th trnslotion offiints of N, n th orrltion btwn As n N ws signifint. Nitrogn onntrtions rs progrssivly with xss As in solution. This suggsts tht rsni hv signifint fft on th bsorption n mtbolism of N in wtrrss. Th rs in N ontnt in As trt plnts is in grmnt with th rsult of Roy t l., (), who show th prssion of N onntrtion in lvs n roots of Amrnthus plnts ws u to As toxiity. Phospht in plnts is importnt for nrgy trnsfr n protin mtbolism (Mrshnr, 995). Phospht in wtrrss rs with inrsing rsni onntrtion. Arsnt is phospht nlogu, n is tkn up by th phospht trnsport systm in wi rng of plnts (Mhrg t l., 994). Gnrlly in plnts, th phospht/rsnt plsm mmbrn rrirs hv muh highr ffinity for phospht thn rsnt (Mhrg n Mnir, 99) n rsnt is rport to b vry ffiint omptitiv inhibitor of phospht uptk. Th rution in P umultion t high As lvls probbly rsult from ithr As phytotoxiity or omptitiv uptk (Wng t l., ). Potssium in plnts is prfrntilly trnsport to young mristmti tissus n hs los rltionships with protin synthsis, ytokinin supply n plnt growth. On th othr hn, K lso srvs s ominnt tion for ountrblning nions in plnts (Mrshnr, 995). Arsni supply rs K onntrtions in th wtrrss. Thr ws linr ngtiv rltionship btwn wtrrss K n As rt. Arsni rs th umultion of K in wtrrss whih is in grmnt with th rsult of Roy t l., (), who show tht prssion of K onntrtion in Amrnthus plnts ws u to rsni in th nutrint solution. Rsults show (Figur ) tht inrsing NCl onntrtion in ultur solution rs th nutrint into th plnt signifintly. NCl prsn h ngtiv linr fft on wtrrss to nutrint onntrtion. This inhibition for nitrogn, phosphorus n potssium ws 5, 9.8, 5.6 n.5%, 9.8, 8., 3.5 n 4.3%,, 4.6, 33.9 n 4.7%, rsptivly. Th likly rson for th rs umultion with inrsing slinity is th rs vilbility of th mtls in th growth mium bus of th omplxs form btwn hlori n mtls. In ition, inrs

3 N uptk (%) P uptk (%) K uptk (%) N uptk (%) P uptk (%) K uptk (%) Sinzr J. Agri. Biol. Si, Vol, Issu, (6):-5 omptition with soium ions t uptk sits, both on th plsm mmbrn n in pprnt fr sp in th ll wlls, my ount for th rs mtl umultion t highr slinitis (Norho n Gur, 995). Slt strss is onsir to hv 3 ffts: it rus wtr potntil, uss ion imbln or isturbns in ion homostsis, n is toxi. This ltrs th sttus of th wtr signifintly, thus ling to rution in th initil growth of th plnt n, onsquntly, limits its proutivity. Sin slt strss ntils both osmoti s wll s ioni strss th supprssion of growth is irtly rlt to th totl onntrtion of solubl slts (Hyshi n Murt, 998). Th most rmti n rily msurbl whol plnt rspons to slinity is rs in stomtl prtur. Rution of photosynthsis unr wk slinity is u to stomtl losur n in strong slinity u to biohmil n strutiv rtions (Munns, ). Unr slin onitions, photosynthti rt rs bus slinity uss th ion umultion in iffrnt prts of th plnt whih xrts toxi ffts on physiologil prosss in plnt. Ahm () rport tht lf r n photosynthsis rt ru whil lf iffusiv rsistn inrs in plnts growing unr slt strss. This is ommon phnomnon prviously rport by Ashrf () N uptk b b P uptk.9.8 b f f K uptk.6 b Arsni Lvls (mg.l - ) Arsni Lvls (mg.l ) Arsni Lvls (mg.l ) Figur. N, P n K uptk in Nsturtium offiinl t rsni trtmnts N uptk b P uptk.8.7 b K uptk.8.6 b Slinity (Mm NCl) Slinity (Mm NCl) Slinity (Mm NCl) Figur. N, P n K uptk in Nsturtium offiinl t slinity trtmnts. Intrtion of rsni n slinity signifintly rs nutrint onntrtion s ompr to singl of rsni n slinity (Tbl ). Th nutrint onntrtions in plnts inrs with rsing slinity n rsni onntrtion in ll ss. This ws foun to b signifint in wtrrss for N, P, n K. At th ll lvls of rsni onntrtion, wtrrss plnts growing in low slinity wtr (, n mm NCl) umult mor nutrint thn i plnts growing in high slinity wtr (4 n 8 mm NCl). In iffrnt lvls of slinity, N, P, n K onntrtion in plnts without rsni mor thn plnts growing t othr lvls of rsni. On likly xplntion for this is tht inrs rsni n slinity will rs th biomss n thus th bsorption r of th plnt; this, in turn, will rs th mtl uptk. Conlusions Mtl uptk by plnts pns on th biovilbility of th mtl in th wtr phs, whih in turn pns on th rtntion tim of th mtl, s wll s th intrtion with othr lmnts n substns in th wtr. Furthrmor, whn mtls hv bn boun to th soil, th ph, rox potntil, slinity n orgni mttr ontnt will ll fft th tnny of th mtl to xist in ioni n plnt-vilbl. Our rsults suggst tht mtl n minrl uptk by Nsturtium 3

4 Sinzr J. Agri. Biol. Si, Vol, Issu, (6):-5 offiinl wr highly fft with high lvls of As, whih rflt on th nutrint ontnt of plnt. As strss us rmti rution in nutrint ontnts. Morovr, th ru xtnt vri with vritis n xposur lvl of mtl onntrtion. Th mximum mounts of N, P n K r bsorb in th trtmnts with mg As.L - n millimolr soium hlori (ontrol). Th lst mounts of nitrogn, phosphorus n potssium obsrv in trtmnts with 6 mg As.L - n 8 millimolr NCl (soium hlori). Tbl. N, P n K uptk (%) in Nsturtium offiinl t rsni trtmnts * slinity trtmnts Arsni Lvls Slinity (mg.l N P K ) (mm NCl) *.7 b.8 b.86 b. f.73 -f.54 -f 4.88 g-j.7 -h.6 j-l 8.86 g-j.63 g-j.3 p-o. b.86 b.9 b b g.43 f-h g.67 -i. j-n 8.75 j-l.6 h-j. m-q b f f.67 -i.34 j-i 4.9 f-h.64 f-j.3 j-m 8.8 h-j.6 ij.9 n-q.5 b.68 -i.65.7 b-.6 h-j.49 -g.95 fg.55 jk.9 i-k 4.66 lm.49 k-m.5 l-p 8.5 no.4 m-o.6 o-r.94 f-h.63 f-j fg.56 jk.44 f-h 4.9 f-i.48 k-n.9 i-k 4.86 g-j.45 m-o.3 l-p 8.78 i-k.33 p-r.99 qr.8 h-j.54 j-l k-m.45 l-o.4 g-i 8.6 mn.39 n-q.6 k-o 4.54 n.37 o-r. p-r 8.4 op.8 r.95 r.78 i-k.49 k-n.55 -f.6 mn.4 m-p.3 h-j 6.58 mn.36 o-r.8 k-o 4.5 no.35 p-r.8 o-r 8.33 p.3 qr.99 qr *Vlus follow by th sm smll or pitl lttr r not signifintly iffrnt within rows or olumns t Dunn tst P.5. Rfrns Ahm M.. Efft of slinity n ph on gs xhng n growth of wht unr hyroponi onition. Pk J Biol Si. 3: [7] Epstin E. 97. Minrl Nutrition in Plnts: Prinipls n Prsptivs. John Wily n Sons, Nw York. Grgr M, Kutsky L, Snbrg TA Tnttiv mol of C uptk in Potmogton ptintus in rltion to slinity. Environ. Exp. Bot. 35: 5-5. Aksorn E, Visoottivisth P. 4. Sltion of suitbl mrgnt plnts for rmovl of rsni from rsni ontmint wtr. Si. Asi. 3(): 5-3. Ashrf M.. Rltionships btwn growth n gs xhng hrtristis in som slt-tolrnt mphiiploi Brssi spis in rltion to thir iploi prnts. Environ Exp Bot. 45: Crbonll-Brrhin AA, Burlo F, Lopz E, Mtix J Tomto plnt nutrition s fft by rsnit onntrtion. J Plnt Nutr. : [5] Nmr. A. n Plko, A. K.. Liqui n Plsti Limits Evlution of Mix Soil Mtris. E -Journl of Sin & Thnology (-JST). 5(5):-8. Chn TB, Fn ZL, Li MEI.. Efft of phosphorus on rsni umultion in As hyprummultor: Ptris vittt L. n its implition. Chin Si Bull. 47: Epstin E. 97. Minrl Nutrition in Plnts: Prinipls n Prsptivs. John Wily n Sons, Nw York. Grgr M, Kutsky L, Snbrg TA Tnttiv mol of C uptk in Potmogton ptintus in rltion to slinity. Environ. Exp. Bot. 35:

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