Ashoka Sarker, Abul Kashem* and Khan Towhid Osman. Department of Soil Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh.

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1 Intrntionl Journl of Agriulturl Sins ISSN: Vol. 2 (12), pp , Dmr, Avill onlin t Intrntionl Sholrs Journls Full Lngth Rsrh Ppr Influn of ity finish ompost n nitrogn, phosphorus n potssium (NPK) frtilizr on yil, nutrint uptk n nutrint us ffiiny of rish (Rphnus stivus L.) in n i soil Ashok Srkr, Aul Kshm* n Khn Towhi Osmn Dprtmnt of Soil Sin, Univrsity of Chittgong, Chittgong 4331, Bnglsh. Riv 12 July, 2012; Apt 07 Dmr, 2012 A pot xprimnt ws rri out to invstigt th influn of ity finish ompost (CFC) n nitrogn, phosphorus n potssium (NPK) frtilizr on th yil, nutrint uptk n nutrint us ffiiny of rish (Rphnus stivus L.). Air ri sny lom soil ws mix with fiv rts of CFC quivlnt to 0, 5, 10, 20, 40 ton h -1 n thr rts of NPK frtilizr quivlnt to 50, 100 n 150% (N- P-K = kg h -1 ). Fiv plnts wr grown in h pot. Only, four plnts wr hrvst ftr 45 ys of growth n th rmining plnt ws hrvst t 90 ys of growth. Th hrvst plnts wr sprt into lvs n uls n ri. Th ry mttr yil of lvs n uls, N n K onntrtions, thir uptk y rish inrs with th rts of CFC n NPK frtilizr mnmnts. Among th trtmnts, growth prformn of rish ws ttr with th highst rt of 40 t h -1 CFC trtmnts. Uptk of N n K y plnt show vry strong n positiv orrltion (P<0.001) with totl ry mttr yil. Agronomi n physiologil us ffiiny of N n K of rish rs with inrsing th rts of CFC n NPK frtilizr trtmnts. Th prformn of gronomi ffiiny of nutrints y rish ws ttr with th pplition of CFC t 5 n 10 ton h -1 n of NPK frtilizr t 50 n 100% rts. Rsults of th prsnt stuy init tht 10 ton h -1 CFC oul us inst of 100% NPK frtilizr to otin similr yil n nutrint us ffiiny. Ky wors: Compost, soil, yil, nutrint us ffiiny, nitrogn, potssium, rop. INTRODUCTION Frmrs us inorgni frtilizrs to improv soil frtility n to inrs th yil of thir rops. Howvr, xtnsiv pplitions of inorgni frtilizrs hv som isvntgs on nvironmnt. Ayool n Aniyn (2006) rport tht th us of inorgni frtilizrs hs not n hlpful unr intnsiv griultur us it is oftn ssoit with ru yil, nutrint imln, lhing n pollution of grounwtr (Srihr n Aoy, 2003). Furthrmor, frtilizr ost n onrn for sustinl soil proutivity n ologil stility in rltion to hmil frtilizr us hs mrg s n importnt issu (Aulkh n Singh, 1997). Thr is *Corrsponing uthor. E-mil: kshm00@yhoo.om. rnw intrst in th us of orgni mnurs, suh s frmyr mnur, ompost n grn mnur s sours of plnt nutrints (Aulkh, 1994). Th inorgni mnurs r primry sustrt for rplnishmnt of soil orgni mttr whih upon minrliztion, supply ssntil plnt nutrints (Wltrs t l., 1992). Disposl of orgni wst on griulturl ln is inrsing throughout th worl. Orgni wst my ontin usful gronomil mounts of mro n miro nutrints (Cmpll n Bktt, 1988). Th vilility of orgni wst riv mtls in most soil iifition prosss y nitrifition n lhing (Ro n Pomrs, 1991). City finish ompost my mor suprior to un-ompost mtrils in trms of nutrints ontnt n lss proility of othr potntil ontminnts tht us pollution (Zi t l., 2003).

2 Srkr t l 315 Aitionlly, omposting is on of th st solutions to ru th hug pils of orgni wsts n onvrt it into vlul prout (Inkl t l., 1996). Approprit frtilizr us ls to inrs rop yils n high rop rovry of ppli nutrints. Som lmnts my hzrous to th nvironmnt if unus in vrious forms suh s nitrts. Effiint frtiliztion is thrfor importnt in nsuring rops ttin mturity within spifi growing ssons (Oklo, 1997). Rovry of ppli inorgni frtilizrs y plnts is low in mny soils. Estimts of ovrll ffiiny of ths ppli frtilizrs hv n out 50% or lowr for N n los to 40% for K (Bligr n Bnntt, 1986, 1996). Ths lowr ffiinis r u to signifint losss of nutrints y lhing, run-off, gsous mission n fixtion y soil. It is lso rport tht twn 1 to 60% N of nutrint s frtilizrs suh s ur is lost through mmoni voltiliztion (Prsrtsk t l., 2001). Ths losss n potntilly ontriut to grtion of soil n vntully l to ovrll nvironmntl grtion. Ths r omplling rsons of th n to inrs nutrint us ffiiny (NUE). Blir (1993) fin nutrint ffiiny s th ility of gnotyp/ultivr to quir nutrints from growth mium n/or to inorport or utiliz thm in th proution of shoot n root iomss or utilizl plnt mtril (s, grin, lvs, uls). Highr NUE y plnts oul ru frtilizr input osts, rs th rt of nutrint losss, n nhn rop yils. Thrfor, it is nssry to trmin th nutrint ontnt, mor importntly th nitrogn n potssium ontnts of th plnts n to intify thir us ffiinis of th nutrints in rltion to ul yils onsiring tht hmil frtilizrs r vry xpnsiv ommoity for smllholr frmr. It is lso nssry to vlop pproprit rommntions tht n us y smllholr rsour poor frmrs n xtnsion gnts. Thrfor, th ojtiv of this stuy ws to trmin suitl NPK frtilizrs n CFC pplition rts n thir omprtiv fft on rish yil n N n K us ffiiny in n ii soil. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plnt growth xprimnt A pot xprimnt ws rri out in th rop fil of th Univrsity of Chittgong, Bnglsh using sny lom surf soil (0 to 15 m). Aout 100 kg of moist soil ws ir ri n pss through 4 mm siv for using plnt growth pot xprimnt. For lortory nlysis, su smpl (500 g) ws ir ri n pss through 2 mm siv n stor. Soil ph ws of 5.07 (1:2.5 soil to wtr rtio), orgni ron (Wlkly n Blk, 1934) ws 0.93% n CEC (xtrtion with 1 M NH 4 OA) (Soil Survy Lortory Stff, 1992) ws 4.01 mol kg -1. Th txtur of th soil us in this stuy ws 73% sn, 13% silt n 14% ly msur y hyromtr mtho (Bouyouos, 1962). CFC ws otin from th omposting plnt of Chittgong City Corportion, Hlishhr, Chittgong n groun, siv n nlyz for hmil proprtis. Th ph of CFC ws Fiv rts of CFC quivlnt to 0 (ontrol), 5, 10, 20, 40 t h -1 n thr NPK frtilizr rts quivlnt to 50% (N-P-K = kg h -1 ), 100% (N- P-K = kg h -1 ) n 150% (N-P-K = kg h -1 ) wr ppli sprtly in h pot ontining four (4) kg soil. Th pots wr rrng in ompltly rnomiz sign (CRD) with thr rplitions. Eight ss of rish wr sown in h pot n wtr ws ppli to fil pity. Aftr 15 ys of mrgn, 5 hlthy slings wr kpt in h pot. Th plnts wr hrvst two tims from th sm pot. Th first st omprising four plnts wr hrvst t 45 ys of growth. Th lst plnt ws hrvst t 90 ys of growth. At h hrvst, th plnts wr sprt into lvs n uls. Th lvs n uls wr ri t room tmprtur to rmov xss wtr prior to ovn ry t 65 C for 72 h n ry mss ws ror. Totl nitrogn (N) n potssium (K) in th soil, CFC n in th plnt tissus wr trmin y Kjlhl n flm photomtri mthos, rsptivly ftr igstion with H 2 O 2 -H 2 SO 4. Totl N n K onntrtion in th xprimntl soil wr 0.1 n 0.39% n in th CFC wr 1.3 n 0.66%, rsptivly. Th nutrint uptk of th plnts ws lult y multiplying th nutrint onntrtion in th tissu n th ry mttr (DM) yil. Th nutrint us ffiinis suh s, gronomi ffiiny (rspons rtio) n physiologil nutrint ffiiny (uptk ffiiny) wr lult s follows: Agronomi us ffiiny (g/g) = Physiologil us ffiiny (g/g) = Yil (T) Yil (C) Quntity of ppli nutrint Yil (T) Yil (C) Totl nutrint uptk (T) - Totl nutrint uptk (C) Whr, T n C not trtmnt n ontrol pots rsptivly. Sttistil nlysis Mirosoft Exl n MINITAB progrm (Minit, 1996) wr us for sttistil nlysis. RESULTS Dry mttr yil City finish ompost (CFC) n NPK frtilizr pplition sustntilly influn th ry mttr (DM) yil of rish. Th DM yil of rish lvs n uls

3 316 Int. J. Agri.Si. Tl 1. Efft of CFC n NPK frtilizr on ry mttr yil (DM) of rish. Dry mttr yil (g pot -1 ) 45 ys Dry mttr yil (g pot -1 ) 90 ys Trtmnt Lvs Buls Totl Lvs Buls Totl Control 0.52 ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.03 CFC 5 t h ± ± ± ± ± ± t h ± ± ± ± ± ± t h ± ± ± ± ± ± t h ± ± ± ± ± ± 5.10 NPK frtilizr 50% 1.25 ± ± ± ± ± ± % 2.64 ± ± ± ± ± ± % 3.92 ± ± ± ± ± ± 4.20 Mn Mns follow y th sm lttr (s) in olumn (s) r not signifintly iffrnt t P<0.05. ± mns stnr vition. t 45 n 90 ys of growth inrs signifintly (P<0.001) with th rts of CFC n NPK frtilizr. With th urtion of growth, DM yil of rish inrs ut th trtmnt ffts wr foun similr t oth 45 n 90 ys of growth (Tl 1). Totl DM yil of rish (lvs plus ul) inrs mor thn 5 fols t 45 ys of growth n 20 fols t 90 ys of growth y th pplition of 40 t h -1 CFC n 150% NPK trtmnts, rsptivly ovr th ontrol (Tl 1). N n K onntrtion in plnt prts n thir uptk Both nitrogn n potssium onntrtion in lvs n uls n thir uptk y rish t two stgs of growth vri n inrs signifintly (P<0.001) with CFC n NPK frtilizr mnmnts n thir pplition rts. Nitrogn onntrtion n uptk At 45 ys of growth, N onntrtion in lvs of rish inrs from 1.66% in ontrol to 3.46% in 150% NPK frtilizr trt pots with mn vlu of 2.57%. In uls, it inrs from 0.48% in ontrol to 2.76 n 150% in NPK frtilizr trt plnts with mn vlu of 1.66%. At 90 ys of growth, N onntrtion in lvs rng from 1.58% in ontrol to 2.68% in 40 t h -1 CFC trt pots with mn vlu of 2.26%. Nitrogn onntrtion in uls rng from 0.57 to 2.76% with mn vlu of 1.73% (Figur 1). Similrly, N uptk (onntrtion DM of plnt) y th plnt (plnt prts) inrs linrly with th rts of CFC n NPK frtilizr. Totl N uptk (lvs plus uls) rng from 0.01 to 0.15 g pot -1 t 45 ys of growth n 0.04 to 1.43 g pot -1 t 90 ys of growth. Plnt N uptk ws 8 tims highr t 90 ys of growth thn t 45 ys of growth, howvr, th trn of trtmnt fft ws foun similr t oth stgs of growth. Nitrogn uptk ws 1.5 fols highr with th highst rt of CFC (40 t h - 1 ) thn th highst rt of NPK (150%) trtmnt t 90 ys of growth. Th rsults of 10 t h -1 of CFC wr omprl with th rsults of 100% NPK frtilizr trtmnt (Figur 1). Potssium onntrtion n uptk At 45 ys of growth, K onntrtion in lvs rng from 2.24% in ontrol to 6.22% in 40 t h -1 CFC trt pots with mn vlu of 4.40%. Potssium onntrtion in uls rng from 0.24 to 2.60% with mn vlu of 1.44%. Th highst K onntrtion of 2.60% in uls ws otin y th pplition of 40 t h - 1 CFC whih show signifint iffrn with NPK frtilizr t 150%. At 90 ys of growth, K onntrtion in lvs rng from 2.42% in ontrol to 5.40% in 40 t h -1 CFC trt pots with mn vlu of 3.95%. Potssium onntrtion in uls rng from 1.47 to 6.79% with mn vlu of 4.10% (Figur 2). Totl K uptk y plnt (lvs plus uls) rng from 0.01 to 0.31 g pot -1 t 45 ys of growth n 0.06 to 3.16 g pot -1 t 90 ys of growth. Plnt K uptk ws 10 tims highr t 90 ys of growth thn t 45 ys of growth, howvr, th trn of trtmnt fft ws foun similr t oth stgs of growth. Lik N, potssium uptk ws 1.5 fols highr with th highst rt of CFC (40 t h -1 ) thn th highst rt of NPK (150%) trtmnt. Th

4 Totl N uptk (g pot -1 ) Totl N uptk (g pot -1 ) N on. in uls (%) N on. in lvs (%) Srkr t l f g f 45 ys 90 ys CFC (t h -1 ) NPK (%) CFC (t h -1 ) NPK (%) Trtmnt 45 ys 90 ys CFC (t h -1 ) NPK (%) CFC (t h -1 ) NPK (%) Trtmnt ys CFC (t h -1 ) NPK (%) 150 Trtmnt ys f CFC (t h -1 ) NPK (%) 150 Trtmnt Figur 1. Efft of CFC n NPK frtilizr on nitrogn onntrtion in plnt prts n thir totl uptk t 45 n 90 ys of growth. rsults of 10 t h -1 CFC wr omprl with th rsults of 100% NPK frtilizr trtmnt (Figur 2). Nitrogn uptk ws highly orrlt (r = 0.99 n 0.98) with totl ry mttr yil n lvs yil whil potssium uptk orrlt strongly (r = 0.98) with totl ry mttr yils t ltr growth prio. N n K Us ffiiny City finish ompost n NPK frtilizr pplition h signifint (p< 0.001) fft on oth nitrogn n potssium us ffiiny t ltr stg of growth. Control trtmnt h no ppli nutrint n thus no t to

5 Totl K uptk (g pot -1 ) Totl K uptk (g pot -1 ) K on. in ul (%) K on. in lvs (%) 318 Int. J. Agri.Si ys 90 ys CFC (t h -1 ) NPK (%) CFC (t h -1 ) NPK (%) Trtmnt ys 90 ys CFC (t h -1 ) NPK (%) CFC (t h -1 ) NPK (%) Trtmnt f 45 ys CFC (t h -1 ) NPK (%) 150 Trtmnt ys CFC (t h -1 ) NPK (%) 150 Trtmnt Figur 2. Efft of CFC n NPK frtilizr on potssium onntrtion in plnt prts n thir totl uptk t 45 n 90 ys of growth. rport (Tls 2 n 3). Nitrogn us ffiiny At 45 ys of growth, N gronomi us ffiiny (NAUE) ws th lowst of 0.24 g ul pr g N from 50% NPK n th highst of 0.80 g ul pr g N from 150% NPK trtmnt with mn of 0.48 g ul pr g N trtmnt (Tl 2). Th NAUE ws similr mong th CFC trtmnts xpt 10 t h -1. Th NAUE of rish ul inrs out 90 tims t 90 ys of growth ompr with 45 ys rgrlss of mnmnt n rts of pplition. At 90 ys of growth, NAUE ws th lowst of g ul pr g N ppli s 40 t h -1 n highst of g ul pr g N ppli s th 10 t h -1 CFC

6 Srkr t l 319 Tl 2. Efft of CFC n NPK frtilizr on nitrogn us ffiiny of rish ul. Agronomi us ffiiny (g ry ul/ g N ppli) Physiologil us ffiiny (g ry ul/ g N tkn up) Trtmnt 45 ys 90 ys 45 ys 90 ys Control CFC 5 t h ± ± ± ± t h ± ± ± ± t h ± ± ± ± t h ± ± ± ± 2.09 NPK frtilizr 50 % 0.24 ± ± ± ± % 0.47 ± ± ± ± % 0.80 ± ± ± ± 2.79 Mn Mns follow y th sm lttr (s) in olumn (s) r not signifintly iffrnt t P<0.05; ± mns stnr vition. Tl 3. Efft of CFC n NPK frtilizr on potssium us ffiiny of rish. Agronomi us ffiiny (g ry ul/ g K ppli) Physiologil us ffiiny (g ry ul/ g K tkn up) Trtmnt 45 ys 90 ys 45 ys 90 ys Control CFC 5 t h ± ± ± ± t h ± ± ± ± t h ± ± ± ± t h ± ± ± ± 0.65 NPK frtilizr 50 % 0.48 ± ± ± ± % 0.90 ± ± ± ± % 1.56 ± ± ± ± 0.99 Mn Mns follow y th sm lttr (s) in olumn (s) r not signifintly iffrnt t P<0.05; ± mns stnr vition. trtmnts with mn of g ul pr g N ppli (Tl 2). Nitrogn physiologil us ffiiny (NPUE) in rish ul rs with th rts of CFC n NPK frtilizr pplition rts t 90 ys of growth. Th NPUE vlus vri from 1.66 g ul pr g N tkn up from 50% NPK to 2.91 g ul pr g N tkn up from 10 t h -1 trtmnts (Tl 2) t 45 ys n no vrition ourr mong th trtmnt lvls xpt 10 t h -1 CFC n 150% NPK trtmnts. At 90 ys of growth, NPUE vlus wr t ls 10 tims highr thn th vlus otin from 45 ys of growth n grully rs with pplition rts. Th rsults of 10 t h -1 of CFC wr omprl with th rsults of 100% NPK frtilizr trtmnt t 90 ys of growth (Tl 2). Potssium us ffiiny Similr to nitrogn, K gronomi us ffiiny (KAUE) t 45 ys of growth ws vry smll (0.48 to 1.56 g ul pr g K pplition) n ws not onsistnt with rts of mnmnts. At 90 ys of growth, th KAUE vlus (44.8 to 117 g ul pr g K pplition) inrs > 80

7 320 Int. J. Agri.Si. tims ompr with 45 ys of growth n rs with rts of NPK n CFC pplition (Tl 3). Th potssium physiologil us ffiiny (KPUE) ws smllr (0.95 to 1.67 g ul pr g K tkn up) n lso simillr to N physiologil us ffiiny in rspt to trtmnt fft t 45 ys ut t 90 ys of growth, th KPUE vlus (7.69 to g ul pr g N uptk) inrs t >10 tims ompr to 45 ys of growth n rs with rts of mnmnts (Tl 3). DISCUSSION Comprtivly ompost show ttr plnt growth n highr nutrint uptk y rish thn NPK frtilizr trtmnts with inrsing th growing prio. This is unrstnl s orgni mttr improvs soil physil, hmil n iologil proprtis s wll s supplying itionl plnt nutrints (Wng t l., 1984). Mynr (1994) lso rport tht wll ompost orgni mnmnts with nrrow C: N rtio might rls nutrints in ttr synhrony with plnt growth mn n giv highr yils. Irrsptiv of trtmnt lvls, oth CFC n NPK frtilizr pplitions influn th totl ry mttr umultion thry ffting th nutrint mn (uptk/utiliztion) in omprison with ontrol trtmnt. Frtilizr nutrints ppli, ut not tkn up y th rop, r vulnrl to losss through lhing, rosion, n nitrifition or voltiliztion in th s of N, or thy oul tmporrily immoiliz in soil orgni mttr in s of K to rls t ltr tim, ll of whih impt nutrint us ffiiny (Rorts, 2008). Th inrs in gronomi ffiinis with tim ror in this stuy rsult in grtr utiliztion of ppli nutrints in orgni systms. Nutrints in ompost wr proly tkn up y th rish mor ffiintly thn NPK frtilizr u to slowr rls from minrliztion n lowr gsous N losss. This lso oul u to th rls of fix minrl whih is m vill us of fvourl miroil tivity ling to th nhnmnt of th soil nutrint us ffiiny (Son t l., 2000). Compr to NAUE, th KAUE is grtr t oth stgs of growth. Suh low nutrint ffiiny my rlt to N losss from soil vi nitrifition n mmoni voltiliztion (Crswll n Vlk, 1979). Thr is littl informtion vill out potssium (K) us ffiiny. Howvr, it is gnrlly onsir to hv highr gronomi us ffiiny thn N us it is immoil in most soils n is not sujt to th gsous losss lik N (Rorts, 2008). On th othr hn, th NPUE is grtr thn KPUE s th uptk of K is mor thn th uptk of N. This prmis is support y th ft of N ontnts in lvs n uls n totl N up-tk y rish plnt. This my s th slow n sty rls of nutrints from ompost mth th rop uptk spring not s muh nutrints for fixtion y soil lys or for losss s from NPK sours rsulting in nhn K uptk from th ompost y rish (Jgswrn t l., 2005). Among iffrnt trtmnts, inrsing th lvls up to 10 t h -1 CFC n 100% NPK, th nutrint us ffiiny ws inrs. Furthr, inrsing th nutrint lvls, oth gronomi n physiologil nutrint us ffiinis wr rs. This suggsts tht highr nutrint ition ws xssiv n rsults luxury nutrint uptk. It my u to th pplition of xss nutrints, whih ws not fftivly utiliz y th rop n th rt of proution ws lssr pr unit of nutrints pplition (Snthil t l., 2008). In th s of highr rts of CFC (> 10 t h -1 ) n NPK frtilizrs (>100%), th volum of th xprimntl soil, with whih ths frtilizr mtrils wr in ontt on pplition ws lrg, vintly nutrint rvrsion rtions hv ourr t fstr rt rsulting in th fixtion of ppli nutrints in mounts of highr mgnitu (Jgswrn t l., 2005) s ompr to th lowr rts of CFC n NPK frtilizrs. Conlusion Dry mttr yil, nutrints onntrtion, nutrints uptk y plnt inrs with inrsing rts of CFC n NPK frtilizrs n gronomi n physiologil us ffiiny inrs with rsing rts of CFC n NPK frtilizrs. Th yil rspons n nutrint us ffiiny of 10 t h -1 CFC ws similr to tht of 100% NPK trtmnt n hn 10 t h -1 CFC woul rommn to prou optimum yil inst of 100% NPK. Rsults of th prsnt stuy, lso suggst th n to invstigt th fft of CFC n NPK in mor til using iffrnt soils n rops in fil onition. REFERENCES Aulkh, MS (1994). Intgrt Nitrogn Mngmnt n Lhing of Nitrts to Grounwtr Unr Cropping Systm Follow in Tropil Soils of Ini. Trnstions, 15th Worl Congrss of Intrntionl Soity of Soil Sin, Mxio. Soil Sin 5: Aulkh MS, Singh B (1997). Nitrogn Losss n Frtilizr Nitrogn Us Effiiny in Irrigt Porous soils. Nutrint Cyling in Agro osystm, 7: Ayool OT, Aniyn ON (2006). Influn of Poultry on Yil n Yil Componnts of Crops Unr Diffrnt Cropping Systms in South wst Nigri. Afr. J. Biothnol., 5: Bligr VC, Bnntt OL (1986). Outlook on Frtilizr Us Effiiny in th Tropis. Frt. Rs., 10: Bligr VC, Bnntt OL (1986). NPK-frtilizr Effiiny. A sitution nlysis for th Tropis. Frt. Rs. 10:

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