Humic acid application alleviate salinity stress of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants decreasing membrane leakage

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1 Afrin Journl of Agriulturl Rsrh Vol. 7(7), pp , 19 Frury, 212 Avill onlin t DOI: 1.897/AJAR1.274 ISSN X 212 Ami Journls Full Lngth Rsrh Ppr Humi i pplition llvit slinity strss of n (Phsolus vulgris L.) plnts rsing mmrn lkg Ail Ayin*, Cnn Knt n Mtin Turn Dprtmnt of Soil Sin, Fulty of Agriultur, Attürk Univrsity, Erzurum, Turky. Apt 11 April, 211 Th fft of vrying humi i supplis (,. n.1% w/w) on som gro-physiologil proprtis n ioni ln of n plnts in iffrnt slt sour n oss wr invstigt. Plnts wr trt with ight slt sours [soium hlori (NCl), soium sulpht (N 2 SO 4 ), lium hlori (CCl 2 ), lium sulpht (CSO 4 ), potssium hlori (KCl), potssium sulpht (K 2 SO 4 ), mgnsium hlori (MgCl 2 ) n mgnsium sulpht (MgSO 4 )] in four iffrnt onntrtions (, 3, 6, n 12 mm oss) for 6 ys in growth mi. Th highst slt oss; 12 mm of NCl, CCl 2, MgCl 2 n KCl 2 t no humi i pplitions us plnt th, ut no plnt th ws otin in humi i pplition (. n.1%) oss in ll of th slt typs n oss xpt for CCl 2. Totl hlorophyll n nitrt ontnts of plnts rs with inrsing slt oss, ut wr ngtivly rlt to humi i pplition oss. Prolin ontnts of plnt wr inrs with inrsing slt oss n th highst vlu ws otin for NCl pplition. Th ffts of slt onntrtions in nitrogn n phosphorus ontnt of plnts wr signifint. Humi i to slin soil signifintly improv th vrils fft y high slinity n lso inrs plnt nitrt, nitrogn n phosphorus, ru soil ltriity onutivity, prolin n ltrolyt lkg of plnt, nhn plnt root n shoot ry wight y llowing nutrints n wtr to rls to th plnt s n. Th rsult suggst tht humi i hv grt potntil in llviting slinity strss on plnt growth n growth prmtr in slin soils of ri n smi-ri rs. This humi i ppr to highly fftiv for soil onitionrs in vgtl growth, to improv rop tolrn n growth slin onitions. Ky wors: Ari soil, ltrolyt lkg, lf r, nitrt, prolin, totl hlorophyll, slt strss. INTRODUCTION Slinity is mjor ioti strss, ruing th yil of wi vrity of rops ll ovr th worl (Tstr n Dvnport, 23; Ashrf n Fool, 27). Worlwi, 1 million h or % of th rl ln is vrsly fft y high slt onntrtion whih rus rop growth n yil (Hur, 1994; Ghssmi t l., 199). Th rstrition of plnt growth n proutivity u to slinity is spilly ut in ri n smi-ri rgions roun th worl (Kuzntsov n Shvykov, 1997). Slinity my our whn thr is irrgulr irrigtion, *Corrsponing uthor. E-mil: ilyin1@hotmil.om. inqut ring, wrong frtilizr pplition n it xtrmly inrss prtiulrly in prott ultivtion (Tkinl n Çvik, 1983; Gorg t l., 1997; Wng t l., 23). Plnts growing in slin mi om ross gnrlly with mjor rwks. Th first is th inrs in th osmoti strss u to high slt onntrtion of soil solution tht rss wtr potntil of soil. Th son is th inrs in onntrtion of soium (N) n hlori (Cl), xhiiting tissu umultion of N n Cl, n inhiition of minrl nutrints uptk (Mrshnr, 199). For ovroming th ngtiv fft of slinity, th ition of supplmntl orgni mttr (Wlkr n Brnl, 24, 28), iffrnt sour of nitrogn (Frhill t l., 21), lium (Tun t l., 27)

2 174 Afr. J. Agri. Rs. n potssium (Türkmn t l., 2) to growth mi s n mliortiv gnt oul nssry. Th gnrl fft of soil slinity on plnts is ll physiologil rought fft. High slt ontnt rs th osmoti potntil of soil wtr, this rus th vilility of soil wtr for plnts (Aşik t l., 29). Thrfor, u to insuffiint rinfll n irrigtion wtr in ri rs, n trimntl to plnt growth n vlopmnt (Hung n Go, 1999; Wng t l., 23). Thus, th griulturl rs fft y slt n mnmnts suh s trmintion of th most suitl slt tolrnt plnt spis (Arol t l., 1988) or n ltrntiv wy is th us of high wtr holing pity n orgni - inorgni groups s possil solution for onsrving irrigtion n rinwtr in suh ri n smi-ri rgion in orr to ru th ffts of slinity (Lynh n Luhli, 198). Kulikov t l. (2) n Xun (1986) lso init tht humi sustns might show nti-strss ffts unr ioti strss onitions suh s unfvourl tmprtur, slinity, ph, t. Th mjor funtionl groups of humi sustn inlu roxyl, phnoli hyroxyl, loholi hyroxyl, kton n quinoi (Russo n Brlyn, 199). Humi sustns r wll known s stimultors of plnt grmintion n growth (Dll Amio t l., 1994; Gri t l., 1992). In prtiulr, thy inrs mmrn prmility, filitt trnsport of ssntil lmnts within roots n fvor rspirtion. As init y Vughn (198), humi sustns t in vry similr wy to growth hormons. Th mhnism of humi i in promoting plnt growth my nhn th uptk of nutrints n ru th uptk of som toxi lmnts. Howvr, inrsing ll mmrn prmility, oxygn uptk, rspirtion, photosynthsis, phospht uptk n root ll longtion of plnt growth ftors hv n propos y som uthors to xplin positiv fft of humi i (Vughn, 1974; Co n Dll Agnoll, 1984; Russo n Brlyn, 199; Msinro t l., 22). On th othr hn, humi i hs nfiil ffts on nutrint uptk y plnts n ws prtiulrly importnt for trnsporttion n vilility of miro nutrint (Bohm n Thi, 1997). Phsolus vulgris L., th ommon n is n importnt sour of protin n othr nutrints in mny vloping ountris (CIAT, 1992). Of th ovr 3 iffrnt phsolus spis of Amrin origin, non is s importnt worlwi. In Estrn Afri n Ltin Amri, ommon n is ultivt on 14 millions h with n nnul proution of 17. million tons (FAO, 22). Approximtly, 2 to 3% of n proution r in th Mil Est, to 1% in Ltin Amri n 1.4 to 2% in Turky r fft y soil slinity (CIAT, 1992; DPT, 21). Th ommon n is xtrmly snsitiv to slinity n suffrs from yil losss u to limit wtr uptk (Luhli, 1984). Plnts ovrom this iffiulty y inrsing th onntrtion of prolin umultion in plnts xpos to slt; wtr strss hs n orrlt in mny spis with thir pttion to osmoti strss. Complx molulr rsponss inluing th umultion of omptil soluts, th proution of strss protins, n th xprssion of iffrnt sts of gns r prt of th plnt signling n fns systm ginst slinity (Hsgw t l., 2; Sirm n Tygi, 24). It is wll known tht, on of th most ommon rsponss to wtr fiit n slin nvironmnts is th umultion of prolin whih ts s omptil solut, n osmoprottnt, n prottiv gnt for ytosoli nzyms n llulr orgnlls (Tylor, 1996; Dmir n Oztürk, 23; Turn n Ayın, 2; Jimnz-Brmont t l., 26). Aitionlly, prolin is nitrogn sour vill for th rovry from strss n for rstortion of growth (Trotl t l., 1996). Slt-inu prolin umultion is oftn lt rspons, ppring only whn ll injury is vint n lvt lvls of prolin r mintin long nough ftr strss tissus rturn to norml osmoti onitions (Trotl t l., 1996). Th ojtiv of this stuy ws to invstigt mitigtion fft of humi i on growth, inorgni ions, prolin n nitrt ontnts of n plnts unr iffrnt slinity strss onition. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plnt mtril n growth onitions Bn plnts (P. vulgris L.) wr grown unr th following ontroll grnhous onitions with 2 to 3/1 C y/night tmprturs, 3 to 4% rltiv humiity in Erzurum (Turky). Dy lngth ws pproximtly 14 h uring th xprimntl prio. Th soil smpls wr tkn from th pth of to 1 m from griulturl fils in Erzurum provin (39 ' N, 41º 61' E) of Turky; ri inoors until it oul ruml to pss through 4 mm for pots xprimnt n 2 mm sivs for th nlyss of th physiohmil proprtis. Th soil ws lssifi s Ariisol oring to th USA txonomy (Soil Survy Stff, 1992) with prnt mtrils mostly onsisting of volni, mrn n lustrin mtril. Th soil h lomy txtur (3.% sn, 34.7% silt, n 29.8% ly),.62% CCO 3, 38.2 mmol kg -1 P 2 O, 4.3 mmol kg -1 K 2 O, 7.2 ph (H 2 O ) n.8 S m -1 ltril onutivity. 2 kg soils wr trnsfrr to polythyln pots (2 m imtr n 1 m pth). Slt onntrtions wr initit 4 ys for th sowing tim. Eight slt sours (NCl, N 2 SO 4, KCl, K 2 SO 4, CCl 2, CSO 4, MgCl 2, MgSO 4 ), four onntrtions (, 3, 6 n 12 mm) n thr oss of humi i (ontrol,. n.1% w/w) wr ppli to th soil. Humi i, K-humt (Proxin 8) ontin 7% humi n fulvi i n 2% wtr solul K 2 O. Aftr th inution prio (4 ys slt n humi i pplition), soil smpls wr tkn from h pot, thn ltriity onutivity (EC) ws msur (Figur 1). Ss wr sown in pots. Th numr of plnts pr pot ws just to thr, 1 ys ftr th grmintion. Solution of sl frtilizrs inluing 1 mg kg -1 N, 3 mg kg -1 P n 13 mg kg -1 K wr givn on wk t 1 ys ftr sowing tim. During th growth prio, plnts wr rgulrly irrigt with pur wtr. Soil wtr ontnt ws rfully ontroll. Whn 7% of usful wtr in th soil h n onsum, pur wtr ws ppli to th soil n lkg from th pots ws not llow. Aftr 1 ys of slt trtmnt, th plnts wr hrvst (6 ys in growth mi), msur n nlyz. Soil smpls wr tkn from th plnt rhizosphr r from h pot, thn ph

3 Ayin t l. 17 Eltril onutivity of soil (Sm -1 ) Eltril onutivity of soil (Sm -1 ) Eltril onutivity of soil (Sm -1 ) CCl 2 CSO 4 NCl N 2SO 4 MgCl 2 MgSO 4 KCl K2SO4 A Slt oss (mm) B Slt oss (mm) C Slt oss (mm) Figur 1. Effts of humi i (HA) on soil ltri onutivity t iffrnt slt onntrtions (A: no HA pplition, B:.% HA pplition n C:.1% HA pplition). n ltriity onutivity (EC) wr msur. Eh pot (thr plnts) ws onsir s on rplit with thr pots pr trtmnt pr slt. Th xprimnt sign ws ompltly rnomiz lok sign. Lf r msurmnt Lf r of plnt ws trmin with CI-22 portl lf r mtr. Growth prmtrs 6 ys ftr sowing, tr plnts from h rplit wr hrvst, n t on plnt shoot n root ry wight wr ollt n ri t 7 C for 48 h. Plnt nlysis In orr to trmin th minrl ontnts of lvs, plnt smpls wr ollt from fully xpn lvs t 6 ys n ovn ri t 68 C for 48 h. It ws thn groun n pss through 1

4 176 Afr. J. Agri. Rs. mm siz siv. Totl nitrogn ws trmin using th miro- Kjlhl mtho. Th tissus smpl of plnt wr ovn-ri t 68 C for 48 h n groun. Potssium (K) n phosphorus (P) wr trmin ftr th wt igstion of ri n groun su-smpls using HNO 3 -HClO 4 i mixtur (4:1 v/v) (AOAC 922.2, 2). Phosphorus in th xtrtion solution ws msur sptrophotomtrilly using th inophnol-lu n sori i mtho (AOAC, 2) n UV/VIS Aqumt Sptrophotomtr (Thrmo Eltron Sptrosopy LTD, Cmrig, UK). Potssium nlysis ws trmin y tomi sorption sptromtry using Prkin Elmr 36 Atomi Asorption Sptrophotomtr (Prkin- Elmr, Wlthm, Msshustts, USA) (AOAC, 2). Th nitrt ontnt in th lvs ws stimt s sri y Agri t l. (1996). 1 mg frsh wight of lf smpls wr xtrt for 6 min in ioniz wtr t 4 C. Aftr ntrifugtion t 6 x g for 1 min, 2 µl of th suprntnt wr inut t mint tmprtur (out 24 C) with.8 ml % sliyli i in onntrt sulphuri i for 2 min. Aftr 12 min, th smpls wr ool to mint tmprtur n th olortion ws msur sptrophotomtrilly t 41 nm y UV/VIS Aqumt Sptrophotomtr (Thrmo Eltron Sptrosopy Limit, Cmrig, UK). Th nitrt ontnt ws trmin using stnr urv stlish with th solution of KNO 3. Th prolin ontnt ws trmin using th mtho of Bts t l. (1973). Prolin ws xtrt from lf smpls of 1 mg frsh wight with 2 ml of 4% mthnol. 1 ml xtrt ws mix with 1 ml of mixtur of glil ti i n orthophosphori i (6 M) (3:2 v/v) n 2 ml ninhyrin. Aftr 1 h inution t 1 C, th tus wr ool n ml tolun ws. Th sorn of th uppr phs ws sptrophotomtrilly trmin t 28 nm y UV/VIS Aqumt Sptrophotomtr (Thrmo Eltron Sptrosopy Limt, Cmrig, UK). Th prolin onntrtion ws trmin using stnr urv. For th hlorophyll nlysis, frsh lf smpls wr ln with ioniz wtr to rmov ny surf ontmintion. Chlorophyll xtrtion ws rri out on frsh fully xpn lf mtril. 1 g lf smpl ws groun in 9% ton using pstl n mortr. Th sorn ws msur with UV/VIS Aqumt Sptrophotomtr (Thrmo Eltron Sptrosopy Limit, Cmrig, UK) n hlorophyll onntrtions wr lult using th qution propos y Strin n Sv (1966): Whr, A663 n A64 rprsnt sorn vlus r t 663 n 64 nm wvlngths, rsptivly. Eltrolyt lkg ws ssss s sri y Lutts t l. (1996) using fiv young lf iss for h trtmnt. Smpls wr wsh thr tims with ioniz wtr to rmov surfhr ltrolyts. Lf iss wr pl in los vils ontining 1 ml of ioniz wtr n inut t 2 C on rotry shkr for 24 h, susquntly, ltril onutivity of th solution (Lt) ws trmin. Smpls wr thn utolv t 12 C for 2 min n th lst ltril onutivity (Lo) ws otin ftr quilirtion t 2 C. Th ltrolyt lkg ws fin s follows: Sttistil nlysis Eh pot ws onsir s rplit n ll of th trtmnts (2) (1) wr rpt thr tims. A two-wy nlysis of vrin (ANOVA) ws prform using SPSS 13. sttistil softwr (SPSS In., 24). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Eltri onutivity (EC) of th soil trt with iffrnt slt n humi i (HA) pplition ws msur ftr 4 ys inution prio. EC vlu in th soil ros with inrsing slt onntrtions n th highst inrsing rt of EC wr trmin t th highst oss (12 mm) of NCl, KCl, MgCl 2 n CCl 2 t non trtmnt of HA pplition, rsptivly (Figur 1). On th othr hn, th EC vlu of th soil wr lowr in. n.1% HA pplition oss ompr to th non trtmnt of HA (Figur 1). Allvit ffts of HA t.1% pplition oss wr 9.1, 1., 2., 3., 1., 7. n 6.% for CCl 2, CSO 4, NCl, NSO 4, MgCl 2, MgSO 4, KCl 2 n K 2 SO 4 whn ompr to th non trtmnt of HA pplition, rsptivly. Slt typ n oss fft plnt shoot n ry mttr (Figur 2). As th slt os inrs, plnts shoot n root ry mttr rs for ll typs of slts; n shoot growth ws mor inhiit y NCl thn root growth. Prvious stuis rri out with otton n Prosopis l (Mloni t l., 21, 24) n with soyn n lflf (Brnstin n Ogt, 1966; Knt t l., 1994), orn (Turn n Ayin, 2) lso show tht shoot growth ws mor inhiit y NCl thn root growth. Humi i (HA) pplition to th soil ws mliort to th vrs ffts of slinity on th shoot n root ry mttr. Th highst slt oss (12 mm) of NCl, CCl 2, MgCl 2 n KCl 2 t no HA pplitions us plnt th, ut no plnt th ws otin in HA pplition (. n.1%) oss of ll th slt typs n oss xpt for CCl 2. Th rution of shoot n root ry mttr ws highr in Cl slinity (NCl > MgCl 2 > KCl) t 12 mm thn SO 4 slinity (N 2 SO 4 > MgSO 4 > K 2 SO 4 ) in HA pplition (. n.1%) oss. Whn HA ws ppli to th soil t. n.1% unr slinity strss, shoot n root ry mttr rution rmin. This mliortiv fft of HA t. n.1% oss on shoot n root ry mttr ws osrv ovr th 1% in NCl, MgCl 2 n KCl trtmnt, us plnts th i not our. Plnt shoot n root ri u to th inrs HA oss (from to.1% oss) unr CSO 4, N 2 SO 4, Mg 2 SO 4, n K 2 SO 4 slinity strss; ths inrsing rtio ws 8.6 to 3., 1 to 3, 21. to.4 n 18.4 to 13.2% for shoot ry wight, n 2 to 111, 3.1 to 7, 7.4 to 2.4 n 26.2 to 7.4% for root ry, rsptivly. This fft my ttriut to th ft tht HA m sor mny tims thir wight of wtr whih ilut th slt fft n stor it for rltivly long prio of tim. HA wr foun to promot soil wtr holing pity n ru wtring rquirmnts for plnts (Orzolk, 1993; Hyns n Niu, 1998). Som stuis rport tht HA n us s growth rgultor to rgult

5 Ayin t l CCl2 CSO4 NCl N2SO4 MgCl2 MgSO4 KCl K2SO4 CCl 2 CSO 4 NCl N 2SO 4 2 MgSO 4 KCl K2SO4 3 Shoot ry mttr (gp -1 ) HA. HA, HA. HA, HA.1, Root ry mttr (gp -1 ) HA. HA. HA.1 Figur 2. Effts of humi i (HA) pplition on plnt shoot n root ry mttr unr iffrnt slt growth onntrtions (HA.: no HA pplition, HA.:.% HA pplition, HA.1:.1% HA pplition). hormon lvl, improv plnt growth n nhn strss tolrn (Piolo t l., 1992). HA my stimult shoot n root growth, n improv rsistn to nvironmntl strss in plnt, ut th physiologil mhnism hs not n wll stlish (Dlfin t l., 2). Msinro t l. (22), Pilnli n Kpln (23) n Türkmn t l. (2) suggst tht HA pplition mitigt th slinity fft in strwrry, miz n pppr slings in slty onition. Sttistil nlysis init signifint fft of slinity sours, onntrtion n HA pplition on th prolin ontnt (PC) n ltrolyt lkg (EL) in plnts (Figurs 3 n 4). Both PC n EL wr inrs in th lvs of n plnts grown t high slinity onition ompr to th ontrol. Th highst slt onntrtion (12 mm) of NCl, CCl 2, MgCl 2 n KCl t no HA pplitions trtmnt us plnt th; thus, th 12 mm pplition ws not onsir in th vlution of plnt PC n EL. Th highst PC n EL mount ws osrv with NCl of 6 mm onntrtion t no HA pplition trtmnt n th lowst ws

6 178 Afr. J. Agri. Rs. Prolin ontnt of plnt (miromol g -1 ) CCl 2 CSO 4 NCl N 2 SO 4 MgCl 2 MgSO 4 KCl K2SO4 A Slt oss Slt oss mm (mm) Prolin ontnt of plnt (miromol g -1 ) B Slt oss Slt oss mm (mm) Prolin ontnt of plnt (miromol g -1 ) C Slt oss (mm) Figur 3. Effts of humi i (HA) pplition on plnt prolin ontnt unr iffrnt slt growth onntrtions (A: no HA pplition, B:.% HA pplition, C:.1 % HA pplition). osrv with 3 mm K 2 SO 4 t.1% HA pplition trtmnt. Th inrs in PC n EL of plnt positivly orrlt to th lvl of slt ut ngtivly rlt to HA pplition onntrtion. HA pplition t. n.1% onntrtion for th highst slt strss onition (12 mm) rs plnt lvs PC t th rt of 8.7 to

7 Ayin t l. 179 Eltrolyt lkg (%) A CCl 2 CSO 4 NCl N 2SO 4 MgCl 2 MgSO 4 KCl K2SO Slt oss Slt mmoss (mm) Eltrolyt lkg (%) B C Slt oss Slt mmoss (mm) Eltrolyt lkg (%) Slt oss (mm) Figur 4. Effts of humi i (HA) pplition on plnt ltrolyt lkg unr iffrnt slt growth onntrtions (A: no HA pplition, B:.% HA pplition n C:.1% HA pplition). 21., 9.1 to 16.7, 1. to 14.6 n 17.2 to 26.1% for CSO 4, NSO 4, Mg 2 SO 4 n K 2 SO 4 whn ompr to no HA pplition trtmnt with highst slt strss onition (12 mm), rsptivly. Similrly, EL rsing rt of plnt lvs ws 14.3 to 4., 1.2 to.9, 1. to 4.7 n 4.9 to.1% for CSO 4, NSO 4, Mg 2 SO 4 n K 2 SO 4 whn ompr to no HA pplition trtmnt with highst slt strss onition (12 mm), rsptivly. But, suppli HA mliort this lkg prtly n rs prolin ontnt, ut th vlus wr still highr ompr to Lutts t l. (1996), Inl t l. (1997), Villor t l. (2), Ky t l. (22) n Turn n Ayin (2) who rport tht high slt onntrtion inrs th mmrn prmility, n

8 18 Afr. J. Agri. Rs. A CCl 2 CSO 4 NCl N 2SO 4 MgCl 2 MgSO 4 KCl K2SO4 Totl hlorophyll (mgml -1 ) Slt oss Slt mm oss (mm) B Totl hlorophyll (mgml -1 ) Slt oss Slt mm oss (mm) C Totl hlorophyll (mgml -1 ) Slt oss (mm) Figur. Effts of humi i (HA) pplition on totl hlorophyll ontnt of plnt unr iffrnt slt growth onntrtions (A: no HA pplition, B:.% HA pplition n C:.1% HA pplition). prolin ontnt of ri (Oryz stiv L.), tomto (Lyopsion sulntum L.), zuhini (Cuurit ppo L. vr. Moshot), strwrry (Frgri nnss L.) n orn (Z mys L.), rsptivly. Lf totl hlorophyll ontnt (LTCC) rs with inrsing slt onntrtion for ll of th slt sours ut ngtivly rlt to HA pplition onntrtion (Figur ). HA pplition t. n.1% onntrtion for th highst slt strss onition (12 mm) inrs LTCC t th rt of. to 17.9, 4.8 to 11.1, 19.2 to 29.7 n 14.3 to 17.3% for CSO 4, NSO 4, Mg 2 SO 4 n K 2 SO 4 whn ompr to no HA pplition with highst slt strss trtmnt (12 mm), rsptivly. Drs in hlorophyll onntrtion in sliniz plnts oul ttriut to inrsing tivity of hlorophyll-gring nzym hloroplst (Ry n Vor, 1986). Ion umultion in lvs lso

9 Ayin t l. 181 CCl 2 CSO 4 NCl N 2 SO 4 MgCl 2 MgSO 4 KCl K2SO4 Nitrt ontnt (mg 1 g -1 ) A Nitrt ontnt (mg 1 g -1 ) Slt oss Slt mm oss (mm) B 1 Nitrt ontnt (mg 1 g -1 ) Slt Slt oss oss mm (mm) C Slt oss (mm) Figur 6. Effts of humi i (HA) pplition on nitrt ontnt of plnt unr iffrnt slt growth onntrtions (A: no HA pplition, B:.% HA pplition n C:.1% HA pplition). vrsly fft hlorophyll onntrtion (Yo n Flovrs, 1983). Plnt nitrt ontnt (PNC) n lf r (LA) rs with inrsing onntrtion for ll th slt trtmnts ut inrs with inrsing HA pplition onntrtion. Th highst PNC n LA of plnts wr osrv with K 2 SO 4 slt sour with.1% HA pplition onntrtion n th lowst vlu ws otin y NCl t no HA pplition trtmnt (Figurs 6 n 7). HA pplition t. n.1% onntrtion t th highst slt strss onition (12 mm) inrs PNC t rt of 6. to 13.9, 16. to 2.,. to 1. n 1. to 7.9% for CSO 4, NSO 4, Mg 2 SO 4 n K 2 SO 4 whn ompr to no HA pplition with highst slt strss trtmnt (12 mm), rsptivly. Similrly, LA inrs rt ws 29.1 to 67., 4.8 to 18.2, 2.9 to 96.7 n 23.9

10 182 Afr. J. Agri. Rs. Lf r (m 2 pr plnt -1 ) CCl 2 CSO 4 NCl N 2SO 4 MgCl 2 MgSO 4 KCl K2SO4 A Slt Slt oss oss mm (mm) Lf r (m 2 pr plnt -1 ) Lf r (m 2 pr plnt -1 ) B Slt oss Slt oss mm (mm) C Slt oss (mm) Figur 7. Effts of humi i (HA) pplition on plnt lf r unr iffrnt slt growth onntrtions (A: no HA pplition, B:.% HA pplition n C:.1% HA pplition). to 32.9% for CSO 4, NSO 4, Mg 2 SO 4 n K 2 SO 4, rsptivly. At inrs hlorin slt of N +, C ++ n Mg ++, plnt nitrt ontnt rstilly rs spilly with NCl trtmnts. It hs n rport tht nitrt uptk ws ru y slinity (Botll t l., 1994; Turn n Ayin, 2). Nitrogn (N) n phosphorus (P) ontnt of n plnts ws rs svn n four fol for shoot, four n two fol for root grown t high slinity onition (12 mm) ompr to no HA pplition. On th othr hn, HA pplition t. n.1% onntrtion inrs N n P t rt of 8. to 6., 6. to., 9. to 6. n 14. to 9.% for CSO 4, NSO 4, Mg 2 SO 4, KCl n K 2 SO 4 whn ompr to no HA pplition with highst slt strss trtmnt (12 mm), rsptivly. Th highst slt onntrtion (12 mm) of NCl, CCl 2, MgCl 2 n KCl t no HA pplition trtmnt uss plnt th so tht, 12 mm pplition ws not onsir in th vlution of plnt mro nutrint ontnt. Th highst N n P inrs wr otin with th.1% HA pplition t ll slt typs oth root n shoot prt of plnts (Tls 1 n 2). This positiv fft of HA on th N n P uptk ws highr in th shoot prt of plnt thn th root prt of plnt. Th highst rss ourr in N n P ontnts of plnt prts whn NCl, KCl, CCl 2 n MgCl 2 wr ppli. Rsponss of plnts to hmil vritions in soil vri rstilly. Owing to slt n its onntrtion in soil, plnts rspon to slts y hnging nutrints in th

11 Ayin t l. 183 Tl 1. Effts of humi i (HA) pplition on N n P ontnts inrsing rtio of shoot prt of plnt unr growth iffrnt slt. Slt os (mm) CCl 2 CSO 4 NCl N 2 SO 4 MgCl 2 MgSO 4 KCl K 2 SO 4 Shoot N inrsing rtio (%).% Humi i pplition 14.71± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±.1 3.3± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±. 3.21±.86 ND 4.73±.14.44±.8.8 ± ±.98.16±. 12 ND 3.13±.72 ND ND ND 3.8±.13 ND 4.28±.22.1% humi i pplition 29.41± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±.6.73± ± ± ± ND.88±.7 ND 3.64 ±.44 ND 4.97±.96 ND.9± 1.27 Shoot P inrsing rtio (%).% humi i pplition 6.67±1.1.6± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±.9 2.1± ±.82.71± ±. 7.38± ± ±.91 6 ND.3±..9±.2 ND 1.83± ±.38 1.± ± ND.29±.2 ND ND ND.31 ± 1.2 ND 2.48±.9.1% humi i pplition 6.3± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±.3.6 ± ± ±.76.9±. 3.1± ± ± ± ± ± ±.3.3± ± ND ND ND 3.94 ±.9 ND 2.28 ±.44 ND 1.61±.1 Vlus r mns ± SE t.% lvl of thr rplitions with plnt smpls, ND: not trmin. th ll n umulting prolin. Th highst slt strss ourr in th NCl pplition n in this s, us of unln nutrint uptk, plnts tn to rsist strss onitions y umulting prolin n th highst rtion ourr in NCl pplition. Rnt litrtur hs shown tht HA oul us s growth rgultor to rgult hormon lvls, improv plnt growth n nhn strss tolrn (Srnll t l., 22). Stuis init tht HA ws in gnrl not only nfiil to shoot n root growth ut lso nutrint uptk of vgtl rops (Pm t l., 1997; Ayin t l., 1999; Akinrmi t l., 2; Dursun t l., 22; Cimrin n Yilmz, 2). Slin soils n irrigtions onstitut srious proution prolm for vgtl rops s slin onitions r known to supprss plnt growth. This stuy monstrt tht, slinity strss inu lowr root n shoot iomss proution, hlorophyll, nitrt n mro lmnt ontnt of plnt. Th ssssmnt of th fft of

12 184 Afr. J. Agri. Rs. Tl 2. Effts of humi i (HA) pplition on N n P ontnts inrsing rtio of root prt of plnt unr growth iffrnt slt onntrtions. Slt os (mm) CCl 2 CSO 4 NCl N 2 SO 4 MgCl 2 MgSO 4 KCl K 2 SO 4 Root N inrsing rtio (%).% Humi i pplition 7.49 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±.1.2 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±.22 ND 2.93 ± ± ± ± ±.6 12 ND 1.94 ±.8 ND ND ND 2.36 ±.38 ND 2.11 ±.12.1% humi i pplition 1.9 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±.3.12 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ND 3.6 ± 1.2 ND 2.2 ± 1.2 ND 2.83 ±.79 ND 3.66 ± 1.1 Root P inrsing rtio (%).% humi i pplition 3.3 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±.16.6 ± ± ± ± ± ±.11 6 ND.18 ± ±.8 ND 1.87 ± ± ± ±.4 12 ND.12 ±.22 ND ND ND.19 ± 1.2 ND.4 ± % humi i pplition 3.2 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±.1. ±.37.9 ± ± ±.9.38 ± ± ± ± ±.12. ± ± ±.3.13 ± ± ND ND ND.12 ± 1.2 ND.4 ± 1.16 ND.42 ±.1 Vlus r mns ± SE t.% lvl of thr rplitions with soil smpls; ND: not trmin. slinity on th growth prmtrs y iffrnt slt sours n onntrtion nl th onlusion tht ll of th onsir prmtrs wr fft y slinity. Unr strss onition, n plnts hv volv omplx mhnisms llowing for pttion to osmoti n ioni strss us y high slinity. In th prsn of NCl, KCl, CCl 2 n MgCl 2 slt onntrtion in th soil solution, plnt yil n growth prmtrs hv highr rsing rt thn th SO 4 slts in th soil solution. This n hiv to som xtnt y th pplition of HA soil mnmnts. HA to slin soil signifintly improv th vrils fft y high slinity n lso inrs plnt N n P, ru soil slinity, nhn plnt growth y llowing th nutrints to inorport into th HA mtrix n rls it to plnt s n. Ths my ompnst osmotilly for rltiv rution in ion uptk xpt for N n P n in turn this rution my xplin ru toxiity. In onlusion, it ws foun tht soil slinity lvl, typ n HA pplition onntrtions wr importnt for tking nfit from HA unr slinity strss onition. Th

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