Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 13 (2007), National Centre for Agrarian Sciences

Transcription

1 325 Bulgrin Journl of Agriulturl Sin, 13 (27), Ntionl Cntr for Agrrin Sins Enhnmnt of P, K, C, Zn n F Aumultion in Grni Plnts (Grni jsminois) Grown in Nutrint Solution s Funtion of P n F Intrtion E. AVRAMAKI 1, C. CHATZISSAVVIDIS 2*, I. PAPADAKIS 1 n I. THERIOS 1 1 Dprtmnt of Hortiultur, Shool of Agriultur, Aristotl Univrsity, Thssloniki, Gr 2 Dprtmnt of Agriulturl Dvlopmnt, Dmoritus Univrsity of Thr, 68 2 Orsti, Gr Astrt AVRAMAKI, E., C. CHATZISSAVVIDIS, I. PAPADAKIS n I. THERIOS, 27. Enhnmnt of P, K, C, Zn n F umultion in grni plnts (Grni jsminois) grown in nutrint solution s funtion of P n F intrtion. Bulg. J. Agri. Si., 13: Grni (Grni jsminois) plnts wr grown in lk plsti gs ontining prlit n sn (1:1). Th plnts wr irrigt with 16 moifi hlf strngth Hogln No2 nutrint solutions ontining four F onntrtions (,.5, 1 n 2 mg L ) in th form of F-EDDHA (F 6g 1g ) in omintion with four P onntrtions (, 31, 62 n 124 mg L ). Inrsing P n F onntrtions in th nutrint solution signifintly inrs lf P n K onntrtions. Howvr, lf C onntrtion ws slightly rs y inrsing P onntrtion in th nutrint solution. No signifint ffts of P n F onntrtion wr foun onrning lf Mg n Mn onntrtions. Furthrmor, th lf Zn onntrtions in plnts trt with, 31 n 62 mg L P n mg L F wr signifintly inrs. By inrsing F onntrtion in th trtmnts ontining 62 n 124 mg L P, lf F onntrtion ws inrs. In grni roots, th inrs of P n F onntrtion in th nutrint solution l to gnrl inrs of root P onntrtion. Conrning C, it ws signifintly inrs in th roots, whn P onntrtion in th nutrint solution inrs. Thr wr no signifint ffts of P n F onntrtion of solution in Mg onntrtion of roots. Mngns n Zn onntrtion in roots ws only inrs in plnts trt with 124 mg L P plus or.5 mg L F. Finlly, not signifint iffrns wr ror in root F onntrtion mong th stui trtmnts. In onlusion, th omin PxF frtiliztion in grni my solv lso othr nutritionl prolms lik K, C n Zn fiinis. Ky wor: hlorosis, fiiny, nutrition, ornmntl

2 326 E. Avrmki, C. Chtzissvviis, I. Ppkis n I. Thrios Introution Iron hlorosis is nutrint isorr us y F fiiny. Iron is n ssntil mironutrint tht link to protins n prtiipts in hlorophyll synthsis n in ltron trnsport in th photosynthti hin. Th typil symptoms sri s n intrvinl hlorosis. Iron hlorosis is gnrlly rogniz s rl or potntil prolm in mny rop spis (Clrk n Gross, 1986). Th min ftors whih intrfr in th F sorption of plnts n ontriut to th ffiiny of F utiliztion r th form of its supply, high or low tmprturs, high wtr ontnt or soil omption, ronts prsnt in th soil, P nutritionl sttus of plnts n gnotypi iffrns (Wi t l., 1994). Phosphorus intrfrs with F nutrition n nhns F hlorosis. Iron fiiny of grni plnts is on of th most importnt nutritionl prolms rsulting in signifint inom losss. Howvr, F fiiny is not lwys rlt to its sn in soil us in som ss it ws osrv vn whn th F onntrtion of soil solution is suffiint. Iron fiiny is rlt to high ph n P onntrtion n C-slts in soils, whih fft F vilility in soil. Susptiility iffrns twn spis n vritis in F hlorosis r wll known yrs go. In omprtiv stuis twn rsistnt sunflowr vrity, n non-rsistnt to F fiiny ornflowr vrity, Vnkt n Mrshnr (1972) foun tht F fiiny in sunflowr us ph rution in th nutrint solution. Aoring to Wi t l. (1995) th susptil vritis of sulovr trnslot mor P n F in thir lvs, ompr to rsistnt vritis. Othr workrs strss tht high P onntrtion in lvs oul inu F hlorosis in plnts (Inskp n Bloom, 1983; Coulom t l., 1984). It ws foun tht high P onntrtion ru F onntrtion in lovr (Pstor t l., 1995), suggsting tht inrs of P onntrtion in soil solution us rution in F sorption y plnts. Grni is plnt snsitiv to F fiiny ut th rltiv iliogrphy out F n P sorption is lking. Th ojtiv of this ppr is to fin out how th intrtion of P n F nutrition n improv F n P nutrition n how this omintion my improv th onntrtion of othr nutrints. Mtrils n Mthos Grni (Grni jsminois) lfy uttings with four lvs wr prpr from hlthy mothr plnts. Th s of th uttings ws trt for fiv sons with 2 mg L inolutyri i (IBA) issolv in 5% thnol. Th uttings wr plnt in 4x4 m ontinrs fill with mixtur (1/1) of pt n prlit n pl unr fog systm for 6 wks. Th roots of th root plnts wr wsh in tp n susquntly in istill wtr, in orr to rmov ny hring pt n prlit prtils. Aftrwrs, th plnts wr grown in 1L lk plsti gs ontining prlit n sn (1:1). Evry 2 ys th plnts wr irrigt with 25 ml of moifi hlf strngth Hogln No2 nutrint solution (Hogln n Arnon, 195) prpr with istill wtr ontining four F onntrtions (,.5, 1 n 2 mg L ) in th form of F-EDDHA (F 6g 1g ), in omintion with four P onntrtions (, 31, 62 n 124 mg L ). Th volum of irrig-

3 Enhnmnt of P, K, C, Zn n F Aumultion in Grni Plnts tion solution ws nough to moistn th plnting mium n to llow som lhing from th ottom of plsti gs, to voi slt umultion. Fiv plnts (rplits) us pr h trtmnt, rrng rnomly n mintin in grnhous for thr months. Th xprimnt ws trmint whn visil F fiiny symptoms ppr in top lvs of th trtmnts lking F or trt with.5 mg F L. At th trmintion of th xprimnt, th plnts wr ivi into lvs, shoot n root n wr wsh twi with tp n on with ioniz wtr. Furthrmor, th smpls (lvs n roots) wr ri t 75 o C for 48h, groun in mill to pss 2-msh srn, sh t 5-55 o C n nlyz for K, C, Mg, F, Mn n Zn y tomi sorption sptrosopy (Prkin-Elmr 234) n for P y th phosphovnomolyt mtho (Sprks, 1996). Mns wr ompr using th Dunn multipl rng tst (P<.5). Rsults Inrsing P onntrtion in th nutrint solution l to n inrs in lf P onntrtion (Figur 1). Th mximum P onntrtion in lvs ws osrv in plnts trt with 124 mg L P plus.5 mg L F. Also, lf K onntrtion ws signifintly n positivly fft y P onntrtion in th nutrint solution. Lf C onntrtion ws ngtivly fft y P onntrtion in th nutrint solution n th lowst vlu ws osrv in th trtmnts with 124 mg L P, whih ontin lso F. No signifint trns wr foun in lf Mg n Mn onntrtions. Lf Zn onntrtion in plnts trt with, 31 n 62 mg L P plus mg L F ws signifintly inrs. Furthrmor, in th trtmnts ontining 62 n 124 mg L P lf F onntrtion inrs, y inrsing F lvl in th nutrint solution. In grni roots (Figur 2), th inrs of P onntrtion in th nutrint solution l to gnrl inrs in P onntrtion of roots. Th inrs of F onntrtion in th nutrint solution of th trtmnts with n 31 mg L P i not fft P onntrtion in roots. Th inlusion of 1 or 2 mg L F in th nutrint solution in th trtmnts with 31, 62 n 124 mg L P inrs K onntrtion in roots. Hn, it rt K rsrv tht oul trnslot ltr to tops. Conrning C, it ws signifintly ru in th roots of th plnts trt with nutrint solution lking P. Thr wr no iffrns in Mg onntrtion vlus in roots mong th stui trtmnts. Mngns onntrtion in roots ws unfft with, 31 n 62 mg L P n ws only inrs in plnts trt with 124 mg L P plus or.5 mg L F. Similrly, th inlusion of 124 mg L P plus or.5 mg L F in th nutrint solution l to signifint inrs in root Zn onntrtion. Finlly, not signifint iffrns wr ror in root F onntrtion mong th stui trtmnts. Disussion Th inrs of P onntrtion in th nutrint solution l to n inrs of P onntrtion in grni plnts. In lvs, P onntrtion surpss th vlu.3g 1g, whil without P ition P onntrtion ws g 1g. This P ontnt proly rivs from P stor in th uttings us, sin th P nutrint solution ws prpr with istill wtr. In th

4 328 E. Avrmki, C. Chtzissvviis, I. Ppkis n I. Thrios Lf P (g 1g m g /L F f f f f f g f f f Lf K (g 1g m g /L F f - - f f - P onntrtion in th nutrint solution (m g L ) P onntrtion in th nutrint solution (m g L ) Lf C (g 1g g fg -g - m g /L F fg -g -g f -g Lf M g (g 1g f f f - m g /L F f - f - f - f - - P onntrtion in th nutrint solution (m g L ) P onntrtion in th nutrint solution (m g L ) Lf Zn ( g g m g /L F Lf M n ( g g m g /L F P onntrtion in th nutrint solution (m g L ) P onntrtion in th nutrint solution (m g L ) LfF ( g ḡ m g/l F P onntrtion in th nutrint solution (m g L ) Fig. 1. Th onntrtions of P, K, C, Mg, Zn, Mn n F in th lvs of grni plnts

5 Enhnmnt of P, K, C, Zn n F Aumultion in Grni Plnts R oo t P (g 1 ḡ 1 D M ) m g/l F fg f g fg g R oo t K (g 1 ḡ 1 D M ) m g/l F fg fg - fg fg fg h -g -g P onntrtion in th nutrint solution (m g L ) P onntrtion in th nutrint solution (m g L ) R oo t C (g 1 ḡ 1 D M ) m g/l F R oot M g (g 1ḡ 1 D M ) m g/l F P onntrtion in th nutrint solution (m g L ) P onntrtion in th nutrint solution (m g L ) R oot Zn ( g ḡ 1 D M ) m g/l F f f f R oot M n ( g ḡ 1 D M ) m g/l F P onntrtion in th nutrint solution (m g L ) P onntrtion in th nutrint solution (m g L ) RootF ( g ḡ 1 DM ) m g/l F P onntrtion in th nutrintsolution (m g L ) Fig. 2. Th onntrtions of P, K, C, Mg, Zn, Mn n F in th roots of grni plnts

6 33 E. Avrmki, C. Chtzissvviis, I. Ppkis n I. Thrios litrtur, ritil P onntrtion vlus for grni plnts o not xist. Howvr, th prformn of plnts (no P fiiny symptoms) init tht th onntrtion g 1g P in th lvs ws qut. Th P onntrtion vlu of.25 g 1g ws hiv in th trtmnt with 62 mg L P in th nutrint solution, ft showing tht grni is P- mning n umulting plnt. Our t init tht P s wll s F onntrtion in th nutrint solution n moify P onntrtion of plnts, whih isgrs with t rport y othr uthors for sunflowr plnts (Miksll t l., 1973). Potssium onntrtion in lvs n roots of grni plnts follow th sm trn of inrs, s tht of P in th sm tissu. Th inrs of K sorption without ny xtr ffort is vry signifint fining, initing tht K nutritionl prolms oul solv y pproprit P n F frtiliztion. Jolly t l. (1988) suggst tht K is ssntil to th funtion of th F-rspons mhnism. Th rltionship twn K n PxF nutrition pprs to mor omplx whn plnts wr grown in soils n pns on mny soil proprtis, lik CCO 3, ompr to plnts irrigt with nutrint solution. Clium onntrtion in th roots of grni inrs lmost linrly with P onntrtion in th nutrint solution, rting C rsrv for th plnt, whih plys signifint rol for mmrn sltivity n smi prmility n nutrint sorption. Similrly, Brown t l. (1959) foun tht high P ws ssoit with high C onntrtion in soyn plnts. In grni lvs th highst onntrtion of Mn ws osrv in th trtmnt without F, initing F-Mn omptition, rsult onfirm y Sty n Kshir (1981). Exprimnting with sunflowr plnts (Hlinthus nnuus) Sty n Kshir (1981) foun tht th us of P inrs fftivly Mn onntrtion. Howvr, this is prtilly in grmnt with our rsults. Conlusion Clultion of P/F rtios in grni lvs init tht ths vlus rng from 6.9 to 37.2, whih oring to DKok t l. (1974) lssifi grni s n F ffiint plnt, lthough F fiiny is vry ommon. Mny yrs go DKok t l. (1974) rlt th P/F rtio with th F fiiny in Sinpis sp lvs, suggsting tht whn th P/F rtio is lowr thn th vlu 4-5, plnts r ffiint in F. At high P n F onntrtions in th nutrint solution, F onntrtion of lvs ws inrs. This osrvtion ws onfirm y Wi t l. (1995) who foun tht th susptil to hlorosis ultivrs of lovr h high F ontnt, u to P-inu immoiliztion of signifint prt of F. Thrfor, mor totl F is rquir to ovr th ns of grni plnts. Thus, th low shoot F onntrtions in th Fhlorosis rsistnt ultivrs suggst lowr rquirmnts of F for norml mtolism. Rfrns Brown, J. C., L. O. Tiffin, R. S. Holms, A. W. Spht n J. W. Rsniky, Intrnl intivtion of iron in soyns s fft y root growth mium. Soil Sin, 87: Clrk, R. B. n R. D. Gross, Plnt gnotyp iffrns to iron. Journl of Plnt Nutrition, 9:

7 Enhnmnt of P, K, C, Zn n F Aumultion in Grni Plnts Coulom, B. A., R. L. Chmy n W. J. Wiol, Biront irtly inu iron- hlorosis in susptil soyns ultivrs. Soil Sin Soity Amrin Journl, 48: DKok, P. C., A. Hll, R. C. Littl n C. Chrlsworth, A stuy of iron hlorosis in pr lvs. Annls of Efology n Agroiology, 32: 118. Hogln, D. R. n D. I. Arnon, 195. Th wtr ultur mtho for growing plnts without soil. Cliforni Agriultur Exprimntl Sttion, Cirulr 347. Inskp, W. P. n P. R. Bloom, Effts of soil moistur on pco2 soil solution iront n iron hlorosis in soyn. Soil Sin Soity Amrin Journl, 5: Jolly, V. D., J. C. Brown, M. J. Blylok n S. D. Cmp, A rol of potssium in th us of iron y plnts. Journl of Plnt Nutrition, 11: Miksll, M. E., Pulsn G. M., Ellis R. Jr. n A. J. Csy, Iron utiliztion y ffiint n inffiint sorghum lins. Agronomy Journl, 65: Pstor, J., A. J. Hrnntz, E. Estlrih n S. Olivr, Soil ftors n F ontnt in wil hrous plnts. In: J. Ai (Eitor), Iron Nutrition in Soils n Plnts. Kluwr Ami Pulishrs. Th Nthrlns. pp Sti, A. R. n A. Kshir, Iron nutrition of sunflowr (Hlinthus nnuus L.) s fft y vrious lvls of P n Zn. Journl of Plnt Nutrition, 4: Sprks, D. L., Mthos of soil nlysis, Prt 3, Chmil mtho. Soil Sin Soity of Amri, Book Sris No 5, ASA- SSSA, Mison, WI. Vnkt, R. K. n H. Mrshnr, Rgultion of iron uptk from rltivly in solul iron ompouns y sunflowr plnts. Z. Pflnznmhr Bonk, 132: Wi, L. C., W. R. Oumpugh n R. H. Lopprt, Diffrntil fft of soiltmprtur on iron fiiny hlorosis in susptil n rsistnt sulovrs. Crop Sin, 34: Wi, L. C., W. R. Oumpugh n R. H. Lopprt, Plnt growth n nutrint uptk hrtristis of fiiny hlorosis susptil n rsistnt sulovrs. In: J. Ai (Eitor), Iron Nutrition in Soils n Plnts. Kluwr Ami Pulishrs. Th Nthrlns.pp Riv Frury, 12, 27; pt April, 3, 27.