S.G. Solomon, L.O. Tiamiyu and U.J. Agaba Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria

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1 Pkistn Journl of Nutrition 6 (3): , 2007 ISSN Asin Ntwork for Sintifi Informtion, 2007 Efft of Fing Diffrnt Grin Sours on th Growth Prformn n Boy Composition of Tilpi, (Orohromis nilotius) Fingrlings F in Outoor Hps S.G. Solomon, L.O. Timiyu n U.J. Ag Dprtmnt of Fishris n Aquultur, Frl Univrsity of Agriultur, Mkuri, Nigri Astrt: Th stuy invstigt th growth prformn n oy omposition of tilpi, Orohromis nilotius (L) fingrlings (g ± 0.09) f Isonitrognous n Isonrgti it of 25% ru protin ontining iffrnt grin sours (miz, wht, ri, sorghum n millt) signt DT1, DT2, DT3, DT4 n DT5 rsptivly. Th stuy lst for 56 ys. Fish f it ontining miz gv th highst mn wight gin (MWG) of 6.05g; highst spifi growth rt (SGR) of 1.47; st foo onvrsion rtio (FCR) of 3.31 n th st Protin ffiiny rtio (PER) of Fish f it ontining ri gv th poorst MWG of g n th poorst SGR, FCR n PER vlus. Howvr, thr is no signifint iffrn in th vlus of SGR, FCR, PER n ANPU ror for th fiv its (P > 0.05). Thr ws iffrn in MWG of Fish F Dit 1 (Miz ompr to th fish f Ri n Millt (P<0.05). Th miz it prou fish with highr thr xtrt n Cru Protin in th oy thn fish f th othr grins. Th iffrn in thr xtrt n ru protin mong th fiv its ws howvr not signifintly iffrnt (P>0.05). It n onlu tht rl grins inlusion in th it of Tilpi up to 57.90% n fftivly utiliz y th fish with miz ing th st follow losly y sorghum whil ri rmin th poorst in trms of growth rspons n nutrint utiliztion. Ky wors: Tilpi, fingrlings, rl grins Introution Tilpi is ommon fish in tropil fish frms n its prolifi ring ilitis mks it to omints most pons n wtr ois whr th popultion is not hk. Tilpi r vorious iurnl frs whih oul mrophgous or mirophgous pning on th gnus in qustion. Th Gnus Orohromis f on zooplktons, phytoplntons, tritus n nthi orgnisms (Hlvr, 1989). Although no itry rquirmnt for rohyrts hs n monstrt in fish it (NRC, 1983), It hs n suggst tht pproprit lvl of rohyrts in fish it provi so tht protin n lipis will not toliz isproportiontly for th supply of nrgy n mtoli intrmiris for th synthsis of othr iologilly importnt ompouns. (Wilson, 1994; Shiu n Hung, 1990). Th xprimntl grins us for this stuy, miz, wht, ri, sorghum n millt r rl grins with lmost qul lori n nitrognous omposition. Th grins r gnrlly 68-72% strh, with 10-12% protin (Hlvr, 1989). Howvr, u to gnti nvironmntl intrtions som oul hv ru protin s low s 8%. Sin, foo is th min oprting ost of fish proution in ptivity, pris informtion on nutritionl rquirmnt s wll s ftors ffting it, is nssry in orr to formult n mnuftur onomil n nutritionlly ln omplt its tilor to th ns of iffrnt fish spis. (Al-Ogily t l., 1996). Th rltiv utiliztion of itry rohyrts y fish vris n pprs to rlt to thir omplxity. In gnrl, th omplx rohyrts suh s strh n xtrin r utiliz y most fishs ttr thn simpl sugr lik gluos (Akiym t l., 1982; Anrson t l., 1984; Shiu n Lin 1993). Al-Asgh n Alli, 1994 osrv tht miz grin t 25% in tilpi it show ttr growth prformn n nutrint utiliztion in omprison with othr rohyrt sours suh s orn strh, xtrin, suros n gluos. Howvr, th prformn of O. nilotius hs n rport to rs with th inrsing lvl (25-43%) of miz grin in th it (Al- Ogily t l., 1994). Viol n Arili (1983) lso rport rs in th prformn of oth rps n tilpi whn f pllt its ontining high lvls (65-75%) of iffrnt grins. Shly t l. (1989) rport tht wht, miz, n ri inrs th growth prformn of ommon rp mor thn rly n sorghum whn f fish ml-soyn ml its with rl grins n grin y-prouts. Viol n Arili (1983) hs rport tht oth rp n tilpi rt iffrntly to vrious f grin sours. Al-Ogily t l., 1996 who f iffrnt grin sours to Tilpi rport tht th st growth prformn ws otin for sorghum s it whrs rly s it gv th poorst growth prformn. Wht n othr grins ontin lumins whih inhiit th "-myls tivity in fish. Howvr th rp is l to rgult its mylolyti tivity n n mk up for th inhiition y srting 271

2 Solomon t l.: Dit of Tilpi thr to four tims highr mounts of myls (Hofr n Stumnr, 1985; Sturmur n Hofr, Brgot (1993) rport tht wht strh ppr to th most igstil form out of sris of svn untrt rohyrt sours. Howvr, th igstiility of strh is fft not only y th sour n ntur of rohyrt ut lso y th lvl of its inorportion (Al-Ogily t l., 1996). This stuy is thrfor sign to vlut th growth n oy omposition of iffrnt grin sours otin from southrn guin gro ologil zon of Nigri f to Orohromis nilotius n to ompr th rsult with rlir works. Mtrils n Mthos Four hunr fingrlings of Orohromis nilotius ws otin from homognous sour t th fish hthry of Univrsity of Agriultur, Mkuri-Nigri n wr limtiz in n inoor wooing trough for svn ys. From this stok 10 fish wr rnomly pik n tkn to th lortory for initil proximt oy omposition. Tn nt hps with msh siz 1.6mm wr onstrut 3 (1 x 1 x 1m ) n wr srilly rrng in n rthn 3 pon msuring 25 x 15 x 1.5m. Th hps wr suspn in th pon using Kurlon rops ti to two prlll thikr rop ross th pon surf. Thr qurtr (¾) of th hight of th hps wr sumrg in th wtr. Into h of ths hps ws 25 fingrlings of O. nilotius (2.70g ± 0.09) stok. Fiv itry trtmnt ws us with h trtmnt triplit. Th totl wight of th fish in h hp wr tkn prior to ommnmnt of fing. Th xprimntl its us ws n isonitrognous n isonrgti f of 25% ru protin m from fstuff sour lolly s in Tl 1. Th groun fstuffs wr thoroughly mix, o n wt mix using hot wtr (60 C) to form tough ough whih ws pllt using n ltri motor plltr. Th ough ws for through th i of 3mm imnsion. Th pllts wr ollt in try, sun ri, pkg n stor until rquir. Fishs wr f 5% of oy wight twi ily t 0.8 hours n t 16 hours. Th wight of fish ws tkn wkly n f just s pproprit. Also, uring wighing th hps wr wsh to rmov lg n othr mtrils tht oul log th mshs thry prvnting qut wtr irultion. Th moistur ontnt, sh, ru protin (CP), thr xtrts (EE) ru fir (CF) n Nitrogn fr xtrt (NFE) of th xprimntl its n th xprimntl fish wr trmin oring to th prours sri in mthos of nlysis y th Assoition of offiil nlytil Chmist (AOAC) Wtr qulity prmtrs msur inlu tmprtur, issolv oxygn, PH, Ammoni, (NH 3), Ammoni Nitrogn (NH3-N), Nitrt Nitrogn (No3-N), nitrit Nitrogn (No2- N) n wr foun to t sirl lvls. Th following growth n nutrint utiliztion wr msur. (i) Mn wight gin (MWG) trmin y sutrting th mn finl wight (MFW) from mn Initil Wight (MIW). (ii) Spifi growth rt (SGR) ws stimt from th rltionship of th iffrns in wight prios in orn with Brown (1957). Log W 2 - Log W1 SGR = T Whr W 1 = Wight (g) t stoking W 2= Wight (g) t n of xprimnt T = Durtion of Exprimnt in ys Log = Nturl logrithms. (iii) Foo onvrsion rtio (FCR) ws trmin from th rltionship of f intk n nt wight gin, ftr (Brooy, 1945) FCR = F F / Wight gin (iv) Protin ffiiny rtio ws trmin from th rltionship twn wight gin of fish n protin onsum (Ziotoun t l., 1973) Protin Intk = Finl Crss Protin minus Initil Crss Protin. (v) Apprnt Nt protin utiliztion (ANPU) ANPU = Wight gin / Protin intk Protin F = Dtrmin y formultion n onfirm through lortory nlysis. Rsults Tl 1 shows th inlusion lvls of ingrints us for this xprimnt n thir proximt omposition. Tl 2 shows th rss proximt omposition of th xprimntl fish tkn for ommnmnt n ftr th xprimnt. Th rsult show tht thr is signifint iffrn (P<0.05) twn th initil rss protin n finl rss protin. Also th initil rss sh n thr xtrt ws signifintly iffrnt (P<0.05) from th ons otin for th finl. Tl 3 shows th wkly mn wight gin of Orohromis nilotius f iffrnt grin sours. Th rsult show fishs f th fiv its gv t lst 0.85g mn wight gin (MWG) in wk 1 of th xprimnt ut th mn wight gin in wk 1 ws not sttistilly signifint (P>0.05). Th rsult qully show tht fish f Dit 1 whih ws th miz s it gv th st MWG, SGR, FCR n PER vlus follow y fish f it 4 whih ws th sorghum s 272

3 Solomon t l.: Dit of Tilpi Tl 1: Inlusion lvls of ingrints in xprimntl its n its proximt omposition Ingrints Dits Dit 1 Dit 2 Dit 3 Dit 4 Dit 5 Fishml Soyn Miz Wht Ri Sorghum Millt Minrl Prmix Vitmin Prmix Proximt Composition: Moistur Cru Protin Ash Ethr Extrts Cru Fir Nitrogn Fr Extrts Tl 2: Proximt Composition of Crss of th Exprimntl Fish (Orohromis nilotius) Initil Finl Boy Composition Boy Composition Dit 1 Dit 2 Dit 3 Dit 4 Dit 5 ± S.E Cru Protin C ± 0.21 Ash ± 0.23 Ethr Extrt ± 0.22 Moistur ± 0.23 Vlus on th sm row with th sm suprsripts r not signifintly iffrnt (P>0.05). Tl 3: Wkly mn wight gin of Orohromis nilotius f iffrnt grin Sours for 56 ys Dit 1 Dit 2 Dit 3 Dit 4 Dit 5 ± SEM WK WK WK WK WK WK WK WK Totl Vlu on th sm row with th sm suprsripts r not signifintly iffrnt (P>0.05). it. Th poorst growth rspons ws ror for fishs f Dit 3 whih ws th ri s it with MWG vlus of g s ginst 6.05g for Dit 1. Howvr thr ws no signifint iffrn in th SGR, FCR, PER n ANPU vlu mong fishs f th fiv its (P>0.05). Disussion Th rsults otin in this stuy show tht O. nilotius fingrlings f th fiv grins s it rspon wll in trms of growth to th its. Th inlusion of th grins t 57.90% inlusion lvl i not giv ny ltrious ffts on th fingrlings. Th inlusion lvl us in this stuy though highr thn 25% us y Al-Ogily t l., 1996; Wilson, 1994 n Al- Asgh n Alli, Th fish still rspon n utiliz th its wll s vin y th inrs oy protin for fishs f th fiv its. Th miz s it gv th st growth rspons n th st nutrint utiliztion prmtrs (SGR, FCR, PER, ANPU) ovr othr grins. Inlusion of miz t this high lvl (57.50) hs improv th growth prformn n nutrint utiliztion y O. nilotius t lvl signifintly iffrnt from th growth vlu otin for fishs f ri s it. Al-Asgh n Alli, 1994 qully rport tht inlusion of miz grin t 25% lvl in tilpi it improv growth prformn in omprison with othr rohyrt sours lik orn strh, xtrin, suros n gluos. Th lvl of inlusion of grins in this stuy (57%) os not rs growth n nutrint utiliztion s th fish nvr lost wight nithr ws ny ltrious fft mnifst. Viol n Arili (1983) howvr rport tht inlusions of grins t high lvls (65-75%) 273

4 Solomon t l.: Dit of Tilpi Tl 4: Nutrint utiliztion y Orohromis nilotius f iffrnt grin sours for 56 ys Prmtr Dit 1 Dit 2 Dit 3 Dit 4 Dit 5 ± SEM MIW (g) MFW (g) MWG (g) SGR FCR PER ANPU F LSD Vlus on th sm row rrying th sm suprsripts r not signifintly iffrnt (P>0.05) SEM = Stnr Error of Mns MIW = Mn Initil Wight MFW = Mn Finl Wight SGR = Spifi Growth Rt FCR = Foo Convrsion Rtio PER = Protin Effiiny Rtio ANPU = Apprnt Nt Protin Utiliztion. rs growth prformn in oth rp n tilpi. Anrson t l., 1984, Al-Asgh n Alli, 1994 for O. Th st growth prformn ror for fish f miz nilotius. s it in this stuy is t vrin with th rport Th rsult of this stuy suggst tht rl grins vn work of Al-Ogily t l. (1996) who rport tht th st t inlusion lvl 57% n support growth of O. nilotius growth prformn ws ror in sorghum s without ny ltrious fft on fish hlth. it whil th rly s it ws th poorst s ginst th ri s it tht ws th poorst in this prsnt stuy. Wht n othr grins hv n rport to ontin lumins whih inhiit th "- myls tivity in fish. Howvr th rp is l to rgult its mylolyti tivity n n mk up th inhiition y srting thr to four tims highr mounts of myls (Hofr n Stumnr, 1985). Also signifint mount of myls hv n foun in Tilpi (Mority, 1973; Ngs, 1964) n th mylolyti tivity is isprs long th ntir intstin (Fish, 1960). Miz ppr to most igstil for O. nilotius s th growth prformn of fish f miz s it hs shown in this stuy. Howvr, th igstiility of strh is fft not only y th sour n ntur of rohyrt ut lso y th lvl of its inorportion. Th Apprnt goo igstiility of miz y O. nilotius in this stuy grs with th osrvtion of Popm (1982) who osrv tht Nil Tilpi n igst ovr 70% of th nrgy of rw orn strh. Also, th rltivly goo SGR n oy onition ftor in O. nilotius us for this stuy f grins sours t 57% inlusion lvl is suggstiv tht O. nilotius might lso l to rgult myloyti tivity lik rp. Th knowlg of th oy omposition of fish n ftors ffting it llows th ssssmnt of fish hlth, trmintion of ffiiny of trnsfr of nutrints from Rfrns Akiym, T., T. Muri n T. Nos, Effts of vrious itry rohyrts on growth, f ffiiny n oy omposition of hum slmon fry. Bulltin of th Ntionl Rsrh Institut of Aquultur (Jpn), 3: Al-Ogily, S.M., N.A. Al-Asgh n A. Alli, Growth Prformn n Boy omposition of O. nilotius f iffrnt lvls of miz grin. Pk. Vt. J., 14: Al-Ogily, S.M., N.A.Al-Asgh n A. Alli, Efft of fing iffrnt grin sours on th growth prformn n oy omposition of Tilpi, Orohromis nilotius (L). Aquultur Rs., 27: AOAC, Offiil mthos of Anlysis. Assoition of Offiil Anlytil Chmists; Wshington, DC. Al-Asgh, N.A. n A. Alli, Fing of vrious rohyrt sours on th growth prformn n nutrint utiliztion in Orohromis nilotius. Agriiol. Rs., 47: Anrson, J., A.J. Jkson, A.J. Mtty n B.S. Cppr, Efft of itry rohyrt n fir on th tilpi Orohromis nilotius (L). Aquultur, 37: Brgot, F., Disgstiility of ntiv strhs of th foo to th fish mk it possil to pritly moify vrious otnil origins y rinow trout rss omposition (Al-Ogily t l., 1996). Th rsult of rss omposition in this stuy r in orn with th growth prformn rsults. Th fish f th miz s it show lowr oy moistur though not sttistilly signifint (P>0.05) ut highr ft (Onorynhus mykiss) In: Fish Nutrition in prti (: S. J. Kustrik n L. Luquts). pp: Lss olloqus; No 61. INRA Frn. Brooy, S., Bionrgtis n Growth. Cit in Nutritionl Evlution of Protin foos : Pllt, P ontnt in omprison with othr grins. This n Young, V.R. (1980). osrvtion grs with th rport work of Al-Ogily t l., Th ntur of th rl grins sms not to fft th Cru protin n sh ontnt of fish s osrv in this stuy s thir ws no signifint iffrn in th vlus of Cru protin n sh (P>0.05). Similr rsults ws rlir rport y Brown, M.E., Exprimntl stuis on growth. Th Physiology of Fishs. Vol. 1. Ami Prss, Lonon, pp: Fish, G.R., Th omprtiv tivity of som igstiv nzyms in th limntry nl of tilpi n prh. Hyrologi, 15:

5 Solomon t l.: Dit of Tilpi Hlvr, J.E., Fish Nutrition, Son ition. Ami Prss, Sn Digo. C.A. Hofr, R. n C. Stumnr, Inhiition of trout n rp "-myls y wht. Aquultur, 48: Mority, D.J.W., Th Physiology of igstion of lu grn lg in Cihli fish. Tilpi niloti J. Zool., (Lonon), 171: Ngs, G., Contriution to Physiology of igstion in Tilpi mossmi Ptrs. Digstiv nzyms n ffts of its on thir tivity. ZhShrist fur vgiihn. Physiol., 49: Ntionl Rsrh Counil (NRC) Ntionl Amy of Sins, Nutrint rquirmnts of wrm wtr fishs n shllfish Ntionl Amy Prss. Wshington, DC. Popm, T.J., Digstiility of slt fstuffs n nturlly ourring lg y Tilpi. Ph. D Dissrttion, Auurn Univrsity, Auurn, AL. Shly, S., A.M. Nour, E. Omr, A.R.A. Akk n K.D. Gunthr, Utiliztion of som grins n its y-prout in fing ommon rps (Cyprinus rpio) fingrlings. L n Winshfilih Forshung, 42: Shiu, S.Y. n S.L. Hung, Influn of vrying nrgy lvls with two protin onntrtions in its for hyri tilpi (Orohromis nilotius x O. urus rr in s wtr. Aquultur, 91: Shiu, S.Y. n S.E. Lin, Efft of supplmntl itry hromium n vnium on th utiliztion of iffrnt rohyrt in tilpi, Orohrmis nilotius (O. urus) Aquultur, 110: Sturmur, C. n R. Hofr, Compnstion for myls inhiitors in th intstin of th rp (Cyprinus rpio). Aquultur, 52: Viol, S. n Y. Arili, Evlution of Diffrnt grins s si ingrints in omplt f for rp n Tilpi growth prformn of Tilpi. Wilson, R.R., Utiliztion of rohyrt y fish. Aquultur, 124: Ziotoun, H.I., I. Tk, J.E. Hlvr n D.F. Vitpry, Efft of Slinity on Protin rquirmnt of rinow trout (Slmo ginri) fingrlings. J. Fish Rs. Cn., 30:

Module graph.py. 1 Introduction. 2 Graph basics. 3 Module graph.py. 3.1 Objects. CS 231 Naomi Nishimura

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