H. Sule and B.I. Ahmed. Department of Crop Science, Adamawa State University, P.M.B. 25 Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria 2

Transcription

1 Ami Journl of Entomology 2 (1): 22-30, 2009 ISSN IDOSI Pulitions, 2009 Efft of Plnt Prout, Applition Rts n Grin Typ on th of R Flour Btl Triolium stnum Hrst (Coloptr: Tnrioni) on Stor Millt (Pnnistum gluum (L.) R.Br.) 1 2 H. Sul n B.I. Ahm 1 Dprtmnt of Crop Sin, Amw Stt Univrsity, P.M.B. 25 Mui, Amw Stt, Nigri 2 Crop Proution Progrmm, Aukr Tfw Blw Univrsity, Buhi, P.M.B. 0248, Buhi, Buhi Stt, Nigri Astrt: Th xprimnt ws onut t th Crop Prottion Lortory of Amw Stt Univrsity, Mui, Amw Stt, Nigri. Th ojtivs of th rsrh wr to vlut th ffiy of lf powrs of six plnts, ompr thir fftivnss with th synthti instii (pirimiphos-mthyl) n trmin th most fftiv pplition rts for ontrolling Triolium stnum in stor millt grin (Vrity-Sost). Th lf powrs of th plnts n th pirimiphos-mthyl ust wr tst t 2.5 g, 5.0 g n 7.5 g/25 g of soun n rokn millt grin. Th xprimnt ws li in ompltly rnomiz sign n h trtmnt ws rplit thr tims. Th rsult show tht plnts lf powrs n pirimiphos-mthyl ust trtmnts wr signifintly highr thn ontrol. Pirimiphos-mthyl ust us signifintly highr ult mortlity of 3.17 ults t 22 hours ftr trtmnt (HAT) n 1.83 ults whih ws omprl to mortlityus y sugr ppl t 72 hours ftr trtmnt (HAT). Furthrmor, pirimiphos-mthyl ust us omplt supprssion of lrvl vlopmnt n ult mrgn t 15 n 45 ys ftr trtmnt (DAT), rsptivly. Among th othr trtmnt, srt t n sugr ppl us ult mortlity of 1.00 n 1.29 t 22 n 72 HAT, rsptivly. This rsult into signifint rution in lrvl vlopmnt, ult mrgn n grin wight loss t 15, 45 n 63 DAT, rsptivly. Similrly, 5.0 g n 7.5 g onntrtion of plnt powrs wr signifintly mor fftiv in inrsing ult mortlity n ruing lrvl vlopmnt n ult mrgn. Th intrtion of lf powr of srt t n sugr ppl us high ult mortlity of 1.83 n 1.50 t 22 n 72 HAT, rsptivly, this rsult into rsonl rution in lrvl vlopmnt n ult mrgn t 15 n 45 DAT rsptivly, thn th rmining plnt lf powr. Mximum grin prottion ws otin in 7.5 g lf powr of Sugr ppl/25 g millt grin t 63 DAT, i.. ult mortlity ws highst (1.29) t 72 HAT, whil grin wight loss (2.82) n grin mg (10.6) wr lowst t 7.5 g onntrtion. Similrly, soun grin signifintly ru lrvl vlopmnt, ult mrgn n grin wight loss. Thrfor, us of lf powr of Sugr ppl or Dsrt t t th onntrtion of 7.5 g/25 g is strongly rommn for th mximum prottion of millt grin ginst mg y T. stnum uring storg. Ky wors: Applition rts Plnt prouts R flour tl (T. stnum) Grin typ n millt (P. gluum) INTRODUCTION r Ini, Chin, th formr USSR n Nigri. Othr known ling millt prouing ountris in Afri Millt (Pnnistum gluum (L.) R.Br.) is wrm inlu Burkin Fso, Sngl, Ch, Ugn, Mli n wthr nnul grss or rl longing to th fmily Nigr. In Nigri, twn 3.1 n 4.0 million tonns r Po, its origin is liv to th smi-ri Svnn prou on ln r of out 34.8 million htrs [2]. of Afri [1]. Th mjor Worl millt prouing ountris Howvr, oring to Ihnho n Philip [3] Nigri is Corrsponing Author: B.I. Ahm, Dprtmnt of Biologil Sins, Shool of Environmnt n Soity, Swns Univrsity, Singlton Prk, Swns, SA2 8PP, Unit Kingom. 22

2 A. J. Entomol., 2 (1): 22-30, 2009 th lrgst prour of millt in Afri with 28% of th MATERIALS AND METHODS totl ln r for millt ultivtion n th ountry s output rprsnt 31% of th Afrin output. Th xprimnt ws rri out t th Crop Prottion Prl millt is rgr s mjor stpl foo in th Lortory of Amw Stt Univrsity, Mui. Th Sun-Shlin rgion of Nigri, with th whol grin xprimnt ws rri out y trting soun n rokn ing th mjor prt us, rk or groun to flour or millt grins with fin powrs of th plnt mtrils, rost whol n onsum irtly. Also, it is longsi synthti instii ( Primiphos mthyl) us frmnt lik miz n sorghum to prou ogi, s stnr trtmnt s shown in Tl 1. Aout 25 g populr tritionl wning foo. Furthrmor, th grin of th frsh n un-infst soun n rokn millt grin my f to livstok n poultry. Onwum n Sinh wr msur n trnsfrr in to trnslunt plsti [1] show tht th nutritiv vlu of millt is omprl ontinrs. Thrftr, 2.5, 5.0 n 7.5 grm (i.. to tht of ri n wht. Howvr Ruskin [4], rport rprsnting 10, 20 n 30% wight of th millt grin) of tht, millt hs highr protin ontnt n nrgy lvls h of th ri, fin powr of th six plnt mtrils thn miz n sorghum grown unr th sm onition. n Pirimiphos-mthyl wr msur sprtly n In spit of th nutritionl vlus n usfulnss of mix with 25 g frsh n un-infst soun n millt, th rop is rport to ttk y mny inst rokn millt grin. psts, oth in th fil n whil in storg. FAO [2] Mixturs of th grins n iniviul plnt prouts rport tht 10% of th nnul proution of millt is lost inluing th Pirimiphos-mthyl wr shkn thoroughly s rsult of th tivity of stor prout psts, in to nsur qut mixing. Thrftr, thr pirs of Nigri out 10% loss in stor millt grin ws inurr ults lortory rr T. stmum (8-15 ys ol) in th ropping sson of 1987/88 [2]. wr introu into th trt n untrt, soun n Mngmnt of T. stnum on stor millt in rokn millt grins lry pl in th iniviul Nigri hs ovr th yrs n primrily through th us plsti ontinrs. Th opn n of h of th ontinrs of synthti instiis suh s Hxhloronzn ws ovr with fin muslin loth n ti firmly with (HCH), Prthion, Mlthion n Chloropyrits [5, 6]. rur n. Amint tmprtur n rltiv humiity Howvr, ovr us of synthti instiis hv lot of ws mintin through out th prio of th xprimnt. its prolms rnging from high mmmlin toxiity, A totl of fiv prmtrs wr ssss uring th pollution of nvironmnt, vlopmnt of pst rsistn xprimnt. Th prmtrs ssss wr ult mortlity n hlth implition to th pplint/usr [7]. Ths msur y ounting th numr of ult t 22 n srious limittions pos y th us of hmil 72 hours ftr xposur to trtmnts (HAT), lrvl pstiis s prsrvtivs uring storg ll for th vlopmnt msur y ounting th numr of lrv srh of nw ltrntiv mthos of ontrolling th tht mrg t 15 ys ftr trtmnt (DAT), using hir stor prout inst psts, suh s th us of promising of ml rush, prnt grin mg ws ssss y plnts n plnt prouts tht r lss hzrous n rnomly slting 20 ss n ounting numrs of nvironmntlly sfr. Thrfor, this ppr rports th hols or ttk mryo of oth trt n untrt finings from lortory vlution of six plnt lv grin t 63 ys ftr trtmnt n xprss s prntg, powrs, thir onntrtion n grin typ for ult mrgn msur y ounting th numr of mngmnt of Triolium stnum on millt grin ult tht mrg t 42 n 63 ys ftr trtmnt n Tl 1: Trtmnt Composition Trtmnt Fmily Plnt Prt Us Spir plnt LP (Gynnropsis pnthphyll) Lmi Lvs Bsil LP (Oimum ilium) Lmi Lvs (Hyptis spiigr) Lmi Lvs Sugr ppl LP (Annon squmos) Annon Lvs Dsrt t LP (Blnits gypti) Zygophyll Lvs Ngro off LP (Cssi ointlis) Composit Lvs Atlli ust (Pirimiphos-Mthyl) LP = Lf powr. Sintifi/hmil nms of trtmnts r in prnthsis 23

3 A. J. Entomol., 2 (1): 22-30, 2009 loss in grin wight ws msur t 63 ys ftr of sugr ppl. Nxt to ths two trtmnts, lf powr trtmnt whn th ntir son gnrtion of th ult of sil us highr mortlity of 0.56 ult, ut not tl n th plnt mtril wr rmov from th signifintly iffrnt from thos us y lf powr trt grin thn th millt grin ws wigh n th of spir plnt, hyptis, srt t n Ngro off. prntg wight loss ws omput. Howvr, mortlity us y lf powr of spir plnt All t in prntgs wr trnsform into r n hyptis wr omprl with tht us y th sin prntg, whil numril t with low ounts or untrt ontrol. With rgr to th fft of zro wr trnsform to n+ 1. Th trnsform t s onntrtion, highst mortlity of 0.93 ults ws wr sujt to nlysis of vrin using (SPSS 10.0 ror in 7.5 g lf powr/25 g grin tht wr th for winows) sttistil pkg n thir mns wr sm with tht of 5.0 g onntrtion. Howvr, ths two ompr for signifint iffrn using Stunts onntrtions iffr signifintly from th 2.5 g Nwmn Kul tst (SNK). onntrtion whih us th lst mortlity. Tl 3 rvls tht, thr ws signifint fft of RESULTS plnt lf powr, onntrtion n grin typ on lrvl vlopmnt n ult mrgn t 15 n 45 ys ftr Th rsult prsnt in Tl 2, shows tht plnt lf trtmnt. Pirimiphos-Mthyl ust supprss lrvl n powrs n onntrtion h signifint fft on ult mrgn ompltly. Lf powrs sugr ppl th mortlity of ult T. stnum t 22 n 72 hours n srt t ror signifintly lowr lrvl ount ftr trtmnt, ut suh influn ws not osrv in thn powr of ngro off, hyptis n spir plnt 15 th iffrnt grin typs. Pirimiphos-Mthyl (PM) ust ys ftr trtmnt. Lik wis t 42 ys ftr trtmnt, us signifintly highr ult mortlity of 3.17 t 22 lf powrs of sugr ppl n srt t supprss hours ftr trtmnt thn ll th plnt lf powrs. At 22 ult mrgn signifintly highr thn th rmining hours ftr trtmnt th mortlity us y lf powr plnt lf powrs, howvr, supprssion us y lf of srt t ws highr ut not signifintly iffrnt powrs of sil n hyptis wr lowr thn lf powrs from tht us y sil n ngro off ompr with of spir plnt n ngro off s wll s th untrt othr trtmnts. Th lttr two plnts lso h highr ontrol. On th fft of onntrtion n grin typ on mortlity, ut wr not signifintly iffrnt from thos lrvl ount n ult mrgn, th highst of hyptis n sugr ppl trtmnts. Th lst mortlity supprssion ws us y 7.5 g plnt powrs/25 g of 0.00 ult ws ror in lf powr of spir plnt millt grin, whih ws not signifintly iffrnt from tht n th ontrol. At 72 h ftr trtmnt, Pirimiphos- us y 5.0 g onntrtion. Howvr, ths two Mthyl ust us signifintly highr mortlity thn th onntrtions iffr signifintly from th lowst othr trtmnts ut not from tht us y lf powr onntrtion of 2.5 g in supprssing lrvl n ult Tl 2: Efft of Plnt Lf Powrs, PM, Conntrtion n Grin Typ on Ault Mortlity t 22 n 72 Hours Aftr Trtmnt (HAT) Trtmnt 22 HAT 72 HAT Spir Plnt LP 0.44 (0.91) Bsil LP 0.78 (1.08) 0.56 (0.97) 0.28 (0.84) Sugr ppl LP 0.33 (0.87) 1.29 (1.28) Dsrt t LP 1.00 (1.13) 0.50 (0.96) Ngro off LP 0.72 (1.03) 0.44 (0.91) Pirimiphos-Mthyl Dust 3.17 (1.89) 1.83 (1.44) Conntrtion (g/25g grin) (0.12) 0.52 (0.95) (0.18) 0.65 (1.01) (0.93) 0.80 (1.05) L. S ** NS Grin Typ Brokn 0.77 (1.03) 0.58 (0.97) Soun 0.81 (1.04) 0.72 (1.01) L. S NS NS Figurs in prnthss r mns of n + 1, Mns in prnthss follow y sm suprsripts within sm olumn r not signifintly iffrnt t P= 0.05 lvl of propility oring to SNK tst, L S= Lvl of signifin. NS= Not signifint. ** = signifint t 0.01 lvl of proility n LP = Lf Powr. 24

4 A. J. Entomol., 2 (1): 22-30, 2009 Tl 3: Efft of Plnt Lf Powr, PM, Conntrtion n Grin Typ on Lrvl Count n Ault Emrgn Trtmnt Lrvl Count t 15 DAT Ault Emrgn t 45 DAT Spir plnt LP 21.7 (3.57) 57.9 (6.45) Bsil LP 10.7 (2.56) 26.3 (4.63) 20.8 (3.32) 28.3 (4.79) Sugr ppl LP 5.1 (1.64) 12.8 (2.95) Dsrt t LP 5.9 (1.56) 13.5 (2.76) Ngro off LP 24.9 (3.74) 69.2 (7.94) Pirimiphos-Mthyl Dust 20.2 (2.47) 43.6 (4.28) Conntrtion (g/25g grin) (3.07) 42.7 (5.43) (2.20) 27.3 (3.80) (2.05) 24.4 (3.71) Grin Typ Brokn 17.5 (2.80) 37.0 (4.61) Soun 9.9 (9.9) 25.9 (4.02) Figurs in prnthss r mns of n + 1, Mns in prnthss follow y sm suprsripts within sm olumn r not signifintly iffrnt t P= 0.05% oring to SNK tst, L. S= Lvl of signifin. ** = signifint t 0.01 lvl of proility, LP = Lf powr. Tl 4: Efft of Plnt Lf Powr, PM n Conntrtion on Tl 5: Efft of Plnt Lf Powr, PM n Grin Typ on Prntg Prntg Grin Dmg t 63 Dys Aftr Trtmnt Grin Wight Loss t 63 Dys Aftr Trtmnt. Trtmnt Prntg Grin Dmg Trtmnt Prntg Wight Loss Spir Plnt LP 27.2 (31.1) Spir Plnt LP 4.18 (11.45) Bsil LP 22.2 (26.3) Bsil LP 2.98 (9.70) 27.2 (30.7) 4.43 (11.26) Sugr ppl LP 10.6 (15.7) Sugr ppl LP 2.82 (9.48) Dsrt t LP 11.1 (15.3) Dsrt t LP 2.86 (9.56) Ngro off LP 36.1 (36.8) Ngro off LP 3.18 (8.92) Pirimiphos-Mthyl Dust 0.0 (0.0) Pirimiphos-Mthyl Dust 0.00 (0.00) 88.3 (70.7) 7.73 (15.65) L. S ** L. S ** Conntrtion Grin Typ (32.8) Brokn 4.03 (9.89) (32.6) Soun 2.76 (8.57) (31.1) L. S ** L. S NS Figurs in prnthss r mns of Ar sin prntg Figurs in prnthss r mns of Ar sin prntg Mns in prnthss follow y sm suprsripts within sm olumn r Mns in prnthss follow y sm suprsripts within sm olumn r not signifintly iffrnt t P= 0.05 % oring to SNK tst not signifintly iffrnt t P= 0.05 oring to SNK tst L. S= Lvl of Signifin. ** = signifint t 0.01 lvl of proility. L. S= Lvl of signifin. NS= Not signifint. LP = Lf Powr. ** = Signifint t 0.01% lvl of proility. LP = Lf Powr. mrgn. Similrly, soun grin supprss lrvl n ult mrgn signifintly highr thn rokn grin. Tl 4 rvls tht plnt lf powrs h signifint fft on prntg mg us y T. stnum on millt grin. Lf powrs of sugr ppl n srt t trt grin h signifintly lowr prnt mg grin thn grin trt with ngro off. But th Lf powrs of sugr ppl n srt t ws howvr, not s fftiv in protting grin mg s Pirimiphos-Mthyl with 0.00%. Furthrmor, ll th trtmnts iffr signifintly from th untrt ontrol with 88.3% mg grin. Dt prsnt in Tl 5 rvls signifint fft of plnt powrs on prntg grin wight loss t 63 ys ftr trtmnt. Lf powr of sil trt grin h th lst prnt grin wight loss mong th plnt mtrils, ut lf powr of sil ws howvr, not s fftiv s Pirimiphos-Mthyl ust in ruing grin wight loss. Furthrmor, ll th trtmnts iffr signifintly from th ontrol in ruing grin wight loss. On th fft of grin typ on prnt grin wight loss, soun grin ru grin wight loss signifintly highr thn rokn grin. Dt prsnt in Tl 6 shows signifint intrtion twn plnt lf powr n onntrtion 25

5 A. J. Entomol., 2 (1): 22-30, 2009 on ult mortlity. At 22 hours ftr trtmnt. Pirimiphos- Dt prsnt in Tl 7 rvls signifint Mthyl ust h signifintly highr ult mortlity intrtion mong onntrtion n grin typ on ult thn lf powrs of ll th plnt mtrils t ll th tst mortlity t 22 n 72 hours ftr trtmnt. From th onntrtion. In 2.5 g onntrtion ult mortlity rsult, non signifint iffrn in ult mortlity ws us y lf powr of sil ws omprl with osrv in rokn grin trt with th iffrnt mortlity us y lf powr of ngro off. Ths onntrtions of plnt lf powr t oth 22 n 72 two plnt lf powr us signifintly highr ult hours ftr trtmnt. Howvr, t 22 hours ftr mortlity thn hyptis, sugr ppl, srt t spir plnt trtmnt, soun grin trt with 5.0 g plnt lf powr n th untrt ontrol whih r omprl. In 5.0 g whih ws omprl with 7.5 g onntrtion us n 7.5 g onntrtion, mortlity us y sil, hyptis, signifintly highr ult mortlity thn 2.5 g plnt lf sugr ppl, srt t n ngro off r omprl powr. Similrly t 72 hours ftr trtmnt, soun grin with mortlity us y Pirimiphos-Mthyl ust in 7.5 g trt with 7.5 g plnt lf powr us signifintly onntrtion. Howvr, spir plnt trtmnt i not highr ult mortlity thn soun grin trt with prform ttr thn th untrt ontrol in using ult 5.0 n 2.5 g onntrtions; howvr ths two mortlity in ll th tst onntrtion. At 72 hours ftr onntrtions i not iffr signifintly from on othr. trtmnt Pirimiphos-Mthyl ust in 7.5 g onntrtion Tl 8 rvls signifint intrtion twn plnt us highr ult mortlity thn th rmining lf powr n onntrtion on lrvl vlopmnt n trtmnts. Nxt to it in fftivnss ws sugr ppl ult mrgn. Pirimiphos-Mthyl ust supprss in 5.0 n 7.5 g onntrtion whih r omprl with lrvl vlopmnt n ult mrgn ompltly t ll spir plnt, sil, srt t n ngro off in ll th th tst onntrtions. At 15 ys ftr trtmnt, tst onntrtions n in turn ths ltr four plnt Pirimiphos-Mthyl supprss lrvl vlopmnt mtrils r omprl with th untrt ontrol. ompltly t ll th tst onntrtion. Howvr, th Tl 6: Efft of Intrtion twn Lf Plnt Powr, PM n Conntrtion on Ault Mortlity t 22 n 72 Hours Aftr Trtmnt Hours Aftr Trtmnt HAT 72 HAT Trtmnt 2.5 g 5.0 g 7.5 g 2.5 g 5.0 g 7.5 g Spir Plnt LP 1.00 (1.13) Bsil LP 0.50(0.94) 1.00 (1.17) 0.83 (1.11) 0.50 (0.94) 0.83 (1.07) Sugr ppl LP 0.50 (0.94) 0.67 (0.99) 1.67 (1.43) 1.50 (1.41) Dsrt t LP 1.00 (1.13) 1.83 (1.47) 0.50 (0.97) 0.67 (1.03) Ngro off LP 1.50 (1..37) 0.50 (0.97) 0.67 (1.03) Pirimiphos-Mthyl Dust 3.00 (1.86) 4.00 (2.11) 2.50 (1.69) 2.00 (1.56) 1.00 (1.17) 2.50 (1.67) Figurs in prnthss r mns of n + 1 Mns in prnthss follow y sm suprsripts in th sm olumn n row within sust r not signifintly iffrnt t P= 0.05% oring to SNK tst L. S= Lvl of signifin, ** = Signifint t 0.01% lvl of proility n LP = Lf Powr. Tl 7: Efft of Intrtion twn Conntrtion n Grin Typ on Ault Mortlity t 22 n 72 Hours ftr Trtmnt 22 Hours ftr trtmnt 72 Hours ftr trtmnt Conntrtion Brokn Grin Soun Grin Brokn Gin Soun Grin 2.5 g 0.33 (0.85) 0.75 (1.01) 0.54 (1.00) 0.50 (0.95) 5.0 g 0.67 (0.97) 1.17 (1.13) 0.67 (1.02) 0.63 (1.00) 7.5 g 0.58 (0.97) 1.30 (1.24) 0.54 (1.00) 1.04 (1.14) L.S NS ** NS * Figurs in prnthss r mns of n + 1 Mns in prnthss follow y sm suprsripts within sm olumn r not signifintly iffrnt t P= 0.05% oring to SNK tst L. S= Lvl of Signifin. NS= Not Signifint * = Signifint t 0.05% lvl of proility. ** = Signifint t 0.01% lvl of proility. 26

6 A. J. Entomol., 2 (1): 22-30, 2009 Tl 8: Efft of Intrtion twn Plnt Lf Powr n Conntrtion on Count n Ault Emrgn Lrvl Count t 15 DAT Ault Emrgn t 45 DAT Plnt Mtril 2.5 g 5.0 g 7.5 g 2.5 g 5.0 g 7.5 g Spir Plnt LP 20.9 (3.35) 26.3 (3.94) 18.1 (3.19) 73.5 (7.04) 50.2 (6.50) 50.0 (5.80) Bsil LP 17.6 (3.25) 9.0 (2.43) 5.5 (1.99) 13.0 (3.43) 13.3 (3.29) 52.4 (7.18) 16.7 (2.79) 22.0 (3.49) 23.8 (3.68) 18.3 (3.38) 31.9 (5.20) 34.7 (5.35) Sugr ppl LP 8.8 (2.32) 6.3 (1.82) 0.2 (0.78) 20.4 (4.14) 16.0 (3.26) 2.1 (1.47) Dsrt t LP 16.3 (2.81) 0.8 (0.96) 0.7 (0.92) 36.0 (5.33) 2.7 (1.63) 1.8 (1.32) Ngro off LP 27.7 (4.07) 26.1 (3.96) 20.8 (3.19) 81.5 (8.88) 73.0 (8.11) 53.1 (6.82) Pirimiphos-Mthyl Dust 0.0 (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 0.0 (0.71) 60.5 (5.86) 60.5 (5.86) 60.5 (5.86) (11.43) (11.43) (11.43) Figurs in prnthss r mns of n + 1, Mns in prnthss follow y sm suprsripts in th sm olumn n row within sust r not signifintly iffrnt t P= 0.05% oring to SNK tst, DAT = Dys ftr trtmnt. L. S= Lvl of Signifin, ** = Signifint t 0.01% lvl of proility. LP = Lf Powr. Tl 9: Efft of Intrtion twn Plnt Lf Powr n Grin Typ on Ault Emrgn Mn numr of ult mrg on iffrnt grin typ Trtmnt Brokn Soun Spir Plnt LP 84.2 (7.47) 36.6 (5.42) Bsil LP 26.8 (4.62) 25.5 (4.64) 38.5 (5.77) 18.1 (3.82) Sugr ppl LP 19.4 (3.69) 6.2 (2.22) Dsrt t LP 20.4 (3.45) 6.6 (2.07) Ngro off LP 79.6 (8.33) 58.8 (7.54) Pirimiphos-Mthyl Dust 45.3 (4.36) 41.8 (4.20) L. S ** Figurs in prnthss r mns of n + 1 Mns in prnthss follow y sm suprsripts within sm olumn r not signifintly iffrnt t P= 0.05% oring to SNK tst L. S= Lvl of Signifin. ** = Signifint t 0.01% lvl of proility. L P = Lf Powr. supprssion us y Pirimiphos-mthyl is omprl ppl, srt t n Pirimiphos-Mthyl ust to th supprssion us y ll th plnt powrs t ll th tst onntrtion. Similrly, t 45 DAT Pirimiphos- Mthyl supprss ult mrgn ompltly t ll th supprss ult mrgn signifintly highr thn th rmining trtmnts. Similrly, rokn grin trt with sugr ppl, srt t n sil prform ttr in tst onntrtions. Howvr supprssion us y supprssing ult mrgn thn spir plnt, ngro P-Mthyl is omprl to thos us y ll th off, hyptis n th ontrol trtmnts ut not Pirimiphos-Mthyl ust. Howvr supprssion us y trtmnts t ll th tst onntrtions, xpt in lf sugr ppl, srt t n sil in rokn grin wr powrs of spir plnt n ngro off t 2.5 g omprl with tht of sil n hyptis trt soun onntrtion whih r omprl, ut supprss grin. ult mrgn signifintly highr thn th ontrol. Dt prsnt in Tl 10 shows signifint Dt prsnt in Tl 9 rvls signifint intrtion twn plnt lf n grin typ on intrtion twn plnt mtril n grin typ on T. stnum mrgn. Soun grin trt with sugr prntg grin wight loss. Gnrlly loss in grin wight ws highr in rokn grin thn soun grin. 27

7 A. J. Entomol., 2 (1): 22-30, 2009 Tl10: Efft of Intrtion twn Plnt Lf Powrs n Grin Typ on Prntg Grin Wight Loss Prntg Grin Wight Loss Trtmnt Brokn Soun Spir Plnt LP 5.29 (13.04) 3.07 (9.89) Bsil LP 2.13 (7.45) 1.82 (7.47) 6.18 (13.74) 2.68 (8.77) Sugr ppl LP 2.98 (9.87) 2.67 (9.10) Dsrt t LP 2.87 (9.70) 2.84 (9.42) Ngro off LP 5.02 (12.43) 1.33 (5.50) Pirimiphos-Mthyl Dust 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00) (19.79) 4.00 (11.50) L. S ** Figurs in prnthss r mns of Ar sin prntg Mns in prnthss follow y sm suprsripts within sm olumn r not signifintly iffrnt t P= 0.05% oring to SNK tst ** = Signifint t 0.01% lvl of proility. LP = Lf Powr. Loss in grin wight inurr y soun grin trt grin prottnts ginst vrious inst psts of with ngro off, sil n Pirimiphos-Mthyl wr th stor prouts inluing T. stnum [10-12]. lst, lthough omprl with sugr ppl, hyptis, Although tiv ingrints of th xprimntl plnts srt t, spir plnt n ontrol. Howvr, loss in wr not invstigt in th prsnt stuy, it oul grin wight inurr in th soun grin trt with lf suggst tht, th instiil fft of th tst powr of sil, sugr ppl n srt t ws plnt lf powrs ws proly us y thir strong omprl with rokn grin trt with lf powr of oours. So th inility of Spir plnt lf powr to sil, srt t, sugr ppl, spir plnt n ngro us ny mortlity t 22 hours ftr trtmnt my off. Loss in grin wight inurr in sil, srt t, ttriut to th mission of muh lss oour y its sugr ppl, spir plnt n ngro off iffr powr. signifintly from th untrt rokn grin (ontrol) Among othrs, sugr ppl lf powr whih ws slightly fftiv t 22 hours ftr trtmnt hs prov to DISCUSSION most fftiv plnt lf powr in using signifint ult mortlity t 72 hours ftr trtmnt. This fining Effts of Plnt Mtrils: Th prsnt stuy shows grs with th work of Lwrn t l [12], whr 27, 33 tht ll plnt lf powr wr fftiv in using n 67% mortlity of ult T. stnum ws us y signifint ult mortlity with th xption of Spir thnol xtrt of Sugr ppl lvs t 1, 3 n 5 ys plnt t 22 HAT. This signifint fft of plnt mtrils ftr xposur, rsptivly. Th inility of th rmining t 22 hours ftr trtmnt my pn on svrl ftors plnt powrs to us signifint ult mortlity t 72 suh s plnt prprtion (powrs) n hmil hours ftr trtmnt my proly u to tmosphri omposition of th plnt. For instn, Ivijro n loss of strong oours of th plnts. Agj [8] rport tht groun (powr) form of plnt At 15 ys ftr trtmnt, lf powr Sugr ppl mtril prform ttr thn ungroun form. Also, Ll [9] n Dsrt t prov to th most fftiv plnt hv rport tht, th toxi fft of lmon oil is u to powrs in supprssing lrvl vlopmnt n wr limonn ontin in th oil, whil zirin n vn omprl to tht of synthti Pirimiphos-Mthyl mrgosin, hviin n piprin, B-phnylnitrothn ust. Similrly, ths sm plnts supprss ult n prol hv n intifi s th mjor instiil mrgn ttr thn th rmining plnt powrs t 45 omponnt of Mli zrh, Pipr guinns, ys ftr trtmnt. This is initiv of th prsn of Dnntti triptl n Afrmomum mlgut, instiil tivity in ths two plnt powrs ginst T. rsptivly. Th finings of this work orroort with stnum. Howvr, ngro off n spir plnt th finings of othr workrs who hv rport th prform lss thn untrt ontrol in supprssing fftivnss of vrious plnt lvs powrs us s lrvl vlopmnt n ult mrgn, proly 28

8 A. J. Entomol., 2 (1): 22-30, 2009 us T. stnum foun ths two plnt powrs mor pltl thn th millt grin whih s rsult ror mor ult mrgn thn th untrt ontrol. Also t 63 ys ftr trtmnt, Sugr ppl n Dsrt t still prov to th most fftiv plnt powr in th ontrol of T. stnum y roring miniml grin mg n loss in grin wight. This hs proly prov th fftivnss of Sugr ppl n Dsrt t in ontrolling T. stnum in millt grin. Slightly fftiv plnt powrs in ruing grin wight loss n grin mg wr Spir plnt n Hyptis, howvr Ngro off ru grin wight loss ttr thn Spir plnt n Hyptis, this my proly u to vgtl ntur n foo onstitunt of th ngro off plnt, whih th xprimntl inst foun mor nutritious thn th millt, hn, oul not supprss lrvl vlopmnt n ult mrgn ttr thn th untrt ontrol trtmnt. fftiv in th ontrol of T. stnum on millt grin. Howvr, th mortlity in 7.5 g onntrtion ws similr with tht of 5.0 g onntrtion. But mximum grin prottion ws ror in th 7.5 g onntrtion t 15 n 45 ys ftr th rls of tls into th trt n untrt grin. On th fft of onntrtion n grin typ, it ws osrv tht, soun grin trt with 7.5 g plnt powrs wr fftiv in using signifintly highr ult mortlity t 72 hours ftr trtmnt thn th rmining onntrtions n grin typ. Similrly, on th fft of plnt powrs n grin typ on ult mrgn n loss in grin wight, it ws osrv tht soun grin trt with Sugr ppl n Dsrt t wr th most fftiv in ruing ult mrgn n grin wight loss t 54 n 63 ys ftr trtmnt, rsptivly. Inrsing th onntrtion of th vrious plnt powrs lon nnot provi mximum grin prottion without minimizing th lvl of mg inurr uring thrshing. Efft of Conntrtion: On th fft of onntrtion, REFERENCES th rsult of prsnt stuy lrly shows tht instiil tivity of plnt powrs pns on th rt of 1. Onwum, I.C. n T.D. Sinh, Fil Crop pplition of instiil mtril. Similr finings wr Proution in Tropil Afri. Mihl Hth Lt. rlir rport y vrious workrs [13-15], who in Engln, pp: 479. sprt stuis rport tht th ffiy of vrious 2. FAO., Proution Yr ook; 1988 Unit plnt prouts tst ginst storg inst psts Ntion, FAO Rom, pp: 309. inrs with inrsing os of th plnt prouts. 3. Ihnho, A.C. n D.O.P. Philip, Cost n Howvr, th finings of Bhgt n Tripthi [16] Rturns of Millt-Bs Crop Mixtur in th Ari ontrst with ths, who hv rport rsing zon of Nigri. As stuy of Borno Stt. ffiy of nm lf powr with inrsing J. Agri., 12: onntrtion from 1 to 3g/100g grin. 4. Ruskin, F.R., Crop of Afri. Ntionl Amy Prss, Wshington D.C., pp: 383. Efft of Grin Typ: Th rsults of this stuy shows th supriority of soun grin ovr th rokn ons, whr th soun grin prov mor fftiv in supprssing lrvl vlopmnt s wll s ult mrgn t 15 n 45 ys ftr trtmnt. This my u to th hrnss of th soun grin n mhnil rrir provi y th prirp of th grin whih sonry inst pst lik T. stum fin mor iffiult to rk n f on. This fining orroort with th finings of Duu t l. [17] n Ll n Yusuf [18] in whih thy rport tht soun grins wr rltivly lss susptil to infsttion y sonry inst psts thn mill or orsly rk grins. Efft of Intrtion: On th fft of plnt powrs n onntrtion, th rsult of this stuy shows tht, 2.5 g onntrtion of ll th plnt powrs ws th lst 5. An, K., D. Moor n S.A. Arhr, Prliminry Stuis on th us of Buvri ssin to Sitophilus zmis (Coloptr: Curulioni) in th Lortory. J. Stor Prouts Rs., 32: Lji, L., C.O. Air, W.A. Mus n S.O. Agl, Instiil Ativitis of Som Nigrin Plnt Aginst th Miz Wvil Sitophilis zmis. Osionl Pul. Entomol. So. Nigri, 31: Aswlm, E.F. n U.E. Arukw, Efft of Comintion of som Plnt Powrs for th of Sitophilus zmis Motsh. Nigrin Agri. J., 35: Ivijro, M.F. n M. Agj, Instiil Ativitis of Pippr guinns Shum. n Thorn. n Cpsium Spis on th Cowp Bruhis, Cllosoruhus multus (F.). Inst Si. Applition, 7:

9 A. J. Entomol., 2 (1): 22-30, Ll, N.E.S., Stor Prout Entomology n 15. Aswlm, E.F. n S.O. Emosiru, Arology in Tropil Afri. Mol Pulition, Comprtiv Effiy of Pppr Pipr guinns Miuguri, pp: 204. (Shum n Thonn) Powr n Pirimiphos-Mthyl 10. Lwrn, A.D., A. Willims n A. Mnsingh, Dust ginst Sitophilus zmis Motsh Pstiil Plnts-Instiil Ativity in Lf (Coloptr: Curulioni) in Stor Miz. Nigrin Extrts of Sixty Plnts. Inst Si. Applition, J. Entomol., 23: :5/ Bhgt, O.P. n V.K. Tripthi, Th Effiy of 11. Oong-Ofori, D., C.H. Rihmuth, A.J. Bkl n Nm in Comintion with Tulsi ginst Rhyzoprth A. Hssnli, Toxiity n Prottnt Potntil omini (F.) in Stor Miz. Nm Nws Ltt., of Cmphor, Mjor Componnt of Essntil Oil of 6 (4): 46. Oimumkilimnshrium, ginst Four stor 17. Duu, P., N.E.S. Ll n S.N. Okiwlu, Prout Btls. Intl. J. Pst Mng., 44(4): Susptiility of Thr Physil Forms of Thr 12. Lwrn, E.W., Biologil Ativity of Sorghum Oilss to Oryzphilus mrtor n Effts of Tnnin Extrts on th Stor Grin Psts Sitophilus Infsttion on S Qulity. Posthrvst Biol. oryz (L.), Sitotrog rlll (Olivir) n Thnol., 7: Triolium stnum (Hrst). Inst Si. 18. Ll, N.E.S. n B.A. Yusuf, Potntil of Applition, 18: Vritl Rsistn n Pipr guinns S Oil to 13. Oprk, A.M. n M.C. Dik, Monoor Infsttion of Stor millt S n myristi (Grtn) Dunl (Myristi) n Allium Pross Prouts y Triolium stnum p L. (Lili) s Prottnts ginst owp (Hrst). J. Stor Prout Rsrh, 37: S Bruhis, Cllosoruhus mults (F.) Infsting Stor owp S. Nigrin J. Etomol., 22: Yusuf, S.R. n B.I. Ahm, Efft of Applition Rts of som Plnt Mtrils on th of Miz Wvil (Sitophilus zmis Mots) in stor Miz. J. Pur Appli Si., 8(2):