The Effects of Temperature on the Development of Hemispherical Scale, Saissetia Coffeae (Walker)

Transcription

1 Prtnik 8(3), (1985) Th Effts of Tmprtur on th Dvlopmnt of Hmisphril Sl, Sissti Coff (Wlkr) ABDUL GHANI IBRAHIM Dprtmnt of Plnt Prottion, Fulty of Agriultur, Univrsiti Prtnin Mlysi, Srng, Slngor, Mlysi. Ky wors: Sissti off; tmprtur; growth rt, rgrssion ABSTRAK Kr tumsrn n siz tritip, Sissti off (Wlkr)(Homoptr: Coi) tlh ikjilmtujuhknsuhu: C, C, C, 24 C, C, 28 Cn C. Kputusn mnunjukkn hw pningktn suhu yng trh mmprptkn tumsrn tritip. Olh itujngk ms tlur h pringkt ws p suhu C n 28 C ilh 95.2 hri n 51.2 hrt Pmikn nimf tritip rpnjngn, p suhu C tik pt mnghsilkn tritip ws. Ini mnnkn hw suhu C olh mnykn kmtin kp tritip. Trpt jug korlsi yng tinggi i ntr tumsrn n suhu p smu pringkt tritip pil mnggunkn rgrsi polinomil. ABSTRACT Th rt of growth n siz of Sissti off (Wlkr) (Homoptr: Coi) wr stui unr svn iffrnt onstnt tmprtur: C, C, C, 24 C, C, 28 C n C. Rsults show tht n inrs in tmprtur within limits woul lrt th rt of vlopmnt for ll th stgs o/s. off. Thus, th vlopmnt from gg to ult t C n 28 C wr 95.2 n 51.2 ys rsptivly. Continuous rring ofnymphl sls t Cfil to prou ults initing lthl ffts t this tmprtur. Thr ws highr orrltion twn tmprtur n growth rt for ll th stgs of sl using polynomil rgrssion. INTRODUCTION Thr r mny nvironmntl ftors suh s tmprtur, rltiv humiity n photoprio whih fft th rt of inst vlopmnt. Within th glsshous, tmprtur pprs to th most importnt of ths. In insts n othr poikilothrmi nimls, th rt of vlopmnt vris with th tmprtur (Anrwrth n Birh, 1954). This invstigtion is onut to stuy th rt of vlopmnt of 5. off (Wlkr) (Homoptr: Coi) unr svn iffrnt onstnt tmprturs. This fining will us to trmin th thrml rquirmnt of th hmisphril sl. MATERIALS AND METHODS For iologil stuis of Sissti off ggs n rwlrs wr otin from mothr sls rr on grn potto sprout, v. Comt 90 in onstnt, room tmprtur of 25 C: ± 1 C ( hours light: 6 hours rk) n 70% r.h. Th onstnt tmprtur xprimnt ws onut in ompt 1 mm X 500 mm X 500 mm Gllnkmp illumint ool inutors.

2 ABDUL GHANI IBRAHIM Th ggs inution prio ws trmin y using on y ol gg of mothr sl. Twnty ggs wr spr on lotting ppr in smll ptri-ish (50 mm imtr). This ptri ish ws in turn pl within iggr ish (85 mm imtr), ontining som istill wtr. Th lttr ish ws ovr with fin muslin so s to giv mximum humiity to th ggs. Th ptri ish ontining th ggs ws kpt in onstnt tmprtur inutor. Fiv rplit ptri ishs wr kpt t th following tmprturs: C, C, C, 24 C, C, 28 C n C. Th prour for trmining gg viility ws similr to tht of gg inution. Twnty fiv ggs wr kpt in h ptri ish t th following tmprturs: C, C > C n C. Four rplit ptri ishs wr kpt t h tmprtur rgim. Th ggs wr osrv ily with stromirosop (X 15) for th mrgn of th rwlrs. For stuying th vlopmnt of th sl, grn potto sprouts, two wks ol, wr uproot from th soil n wsh with ln wtr. Nwly mrg rwlrs wr trnsfrr from th mothr sl on to th lvs of potto sprouts using fin pint rush. Eh sprout ws infst with 100 rwlrs. Th infst sprout ws thn kpt in vntilt polystyrn ox (175 mm X 115 mm X 52 mm). Two oxs h wr kpt t h of th tmprturs us in th stuy. Twnty iniviul sls xpos t h of th vrious onstnt tmprturs wr slt t rnom for stuying thir vlopmnt. Th vlopmnt of th iniviul sls ws osrv ily using stromirosop (X 15). Th t ws nlys using F-tsts n lso rgrssion nlysis for trmining th rltionship of inst vlopmnt n tmprturs (Snor n Cohrn, 1967). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Th ggs of S. off r trnslunt or whitish, just ftr oviposition. As inution vn, th ggs m pl yllow n ultimtly orng. Th mn lngth n rth is 0.25 mm n 0.13 mm rsptivly. This grs wll with thos msurmnts ror y El- Minshwy n S (1976) n Brr (1980) on iffrnt host plnts, suggsting tht foo plnt os not influn th gg siz. Th inution prio of ggs lngthn with rs in th rring tmprtur (Tl 1). At C, th inution prio ws signifintly longr (P = 0.05) thn t othr tmprturs. Tmprtur h n vrs fft on hthing, for thr ws signifint iffrn (P = 0.05) twn TABLE 1 Dvlopmnt tim (in ys) of S. off t slt onstnt tmprtrs; s on iniviuls t h rsptiv tmprtur Egg Mn ± (1.04) Mn ± Instr I (0.65) Mn + Instr II ( f = Lst signifint iffrn. Figurs with th sm lttrs r not signifintly iffrnt t th 5% lvl. 382 PERTANIKA VOL. 8 NO. 3, 1985

3 EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF S. COFFEAE TABLE 2 Egg hthing of 5. off t iffrnt onstnt tmprturs; s on 25 ggs pr rplit Tmprtur Mn/ Rplit ± s. (4.) = Lst signifint iffrn. Figurs with th sm lttrs r not signifintly iffrnt t th 5% lvl. TABLE 3 Effts of tmprturs on th lngth of S. off; s on iniviuls t h rgim Instr Mn ± I () Mn ± Instr II (0.11) Mn ± Ault (0.35) Di = Lst signifint iffrn. Figurs with th sm lttrs r not signifintly iffrnt t th 5% lvl. hthing t C n t ny othr tmprtur (Tl 2). This suggsts high gg mortlity t low tmprturs. No signifint iffrn ws osrv in gg hthing ovr tmprtur rngof o Cto C. Th nwly mrg rwlrs wr pl mr in olour n msur no iggr thn th gg. Its hrtrs h n sri y Brwr n Howll (1981). Th rwlrs sttl on th potto sprouts within 2-3 ys t tmprtur rng of C to C. At C n C, th rwlrs took on wk for thy sttl on th host plnts. Th sttl sls gn to vlop in siz n th olour hng from orng to light yllow. This instr ws signifintly grtr (P = 0.05) whn rr t C. Th shortst lngth ws t C (Tl 3). Similrly, th first instr ttin its grtst with t lowr tmprtur n lst t high tmprturs (Tl 4). In th son instr, th sl is pl yllow n prss to th lf vins. Th lngth n rth rss with inrss in tmprtur (Tl 3 & 4). Howvr, th son instr nymphs rspon iffrntly to tmprtur ov C. For instn, t 28 C th vlopmntl rt slow own ut furthr inrs in tmprtur to C, gin lrt th vlopmnt prio. Possily t highr tmprtur ( C) th sl grows quikly for short whil ut thn is. Th thir instr nymph is hrtris y th rownish mrking on th orsl prt of th oy. Th sl is still flt n irrgulr in outlin. Th sl thn unrgos PERTANIKA VOL. 8 NO. 3,

4 ABDUL GHANI IBRAHIM TABLE 4 Effts of tmprturs on th with of 5. off; s on iniviuls t h rgim Instr Mn ± I () Mn ± Instr II (0.07) Mn ± Ault (0.23) = Lst signifint iffrn. Figurs with th sm lttrs r not signifintly iffrnt t th 5% lvl. rpi growth n inrss in ll imnsions i.. lngth, rth n pth. Th ult sl ttin th grtst lngth (signifint t P = 0.05) t C n th lst t 28 C (Tl 3). Howvr, thr ws no signifint iffrn in rth within th tmprtur rng of 24 C to 28 C (Tl 4). Non of th sls rh mturity t onstnt tmprtur of C us of mortlity t rly thir instr. This suggsts tht C is th tmprtur ov th ritil lthl limit for th 3r instr nymphs. This uppr thrshol my vry with inst spis. For instn, th son instr lrv of itrus thrips, Sirthothrips itri woul not surviv t onstnt tmprtur of 37 C (Tnigoshi^/., 1980). Th ovrll vlopmnt prio i.. from tim of infsttion of rwlrs until th mrgn of nxt gnrtion of rwlrs ws shortst t 28 C n longr t C (Figur 1). Thr ws no signifint iffrn in th rt of vlopmnt t C n 28 C ut oth wr signifintly iffrnt (P 0.05) ompr with vlopmnt t othr tmprturs. Th finings from this stuy show tht S. off oul thriv t tmprtur rng of C to 28 C. Th optiml tmprtur is C, for t this tmprtur th sls ttin norml siz n growth in th shortst prio. Fitting qurti rgrssion qutions to vlopmnt from ggs to ult mturity gv highr offiints of orrltion (r2 vlu) ompr to linr rgrssion qutions. In gnrl, th rgrssion offiint 100 ^0 CL JO >60 O D P= ,9343X (r 2 =0.57) P = X+.7152X 2 (r 2 =0.967) OHr- TmprturfC) Fig. 1. Growth urv for rwlrs to F, gnrtion of rwlrs of S. off t iffrnt tmprturs. N 384 PERTANIKA VOL. 8 NO. 3, 1985

5 EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF 5. COFFEAE TABLE 5 Rgrssion offiints of th riprol of vlopmnt prio for h lif stg of 5. of Stg of vlopmnt Linr qution P = B + B T 1st instr 2n instr X X X X X 10 " X 10 " Qurti qution Stg of vlopmnt P = B 2 T 2 1st instr 2n instr X X X X X X 10 i X X 10 " X 10 " Stg of vlopmnt Cui qution P = B + BT + B T Z B T 3 o E gg X X X X 10 1st instr X X X X 10 2n instr X X X X 10 Crwlr to rwlr X X X X 10 of th riprol of growth rt for ll stgs of sls h ttr fit with ui rgrssion (Tl 5). Howvr, it show no signifint iffrns with th qurti rgrssion. Thrfor th qurti rgrssion shoul usful in lulting th vlopmnt of this hmisphril sl. CONCLUSION Tmprtur grtly influn th vlopmnt of 5. off. Th lowring of th tmprtur inrs th imnsion of th sls fn lngthn th vlopmnt prio. Th ovrll vlopmnt of th sl.t C n 28 C wr 95.2 ys n ys rsptivly. Th lthl limit for sl vlopmnt ppr to C. A qurti rgrssion ws foun to goo offiint of orrltion for ll stgs of sls. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Th uthor is int to Dr. M.J.W. Copln of th Dprtmnt of Biologil Sins, Wy Collg (Univrsity of Lonon) for guin of th rsrh. This work is prt of thsis sumitt for Ph.D. gr to th Univrsity of Lonon y th uthor who riv funing from th Commonwlth Sholrship Commission. REFERENCES ANDREWARTHA, H.G. n BIRCH, L.C. (1954): Th istriution n unn of nimls. Univr- PERTANIKA VOL. 8 NO. 3, 1985

6 ABDUL GHANI IBRAHIM sity of Chigo Prss, Chigo n Lonon, 782 PP- BARBER, P. (1980): Stuis on funity, longvity n sttlmnt of hmisphril sl, S. off (Wlkr) (Homoptr: Coi). M.S. Thsis. Why Collg, Univrsity of Lonon 49 pp. BREWER, B.S. n HOWELL, J.O. (1981): Dsription of th immtur stgs n ult fmls of 5. off. Ann. nt. So. Am. 76(6): EL-MINSHAWY, A.M. n SAAD, A.H. (1976): Stuis on S. off (Wlkr). I. Biology of hmisphril sl. Alx.f. gri. Rs. 24(3): SNEDECOR, G.W. n COCHRAN, W.G. (1967): Sttistil mthos. 6th n. Th Iow Stt Univrsity Prss, Ams, Iow, U.S.A. 539 pp. TANIGOSHI, K.L.K., NISHIO.J.Y., MORENO, D.S. n FARGERLUND, J. (1980): Efft of tmprtur on vlopmnt n survivl of Sirtothrips itri on itrus folig. Ann. nt. So. Am. 73(4): (Riv My, 1985) 386 PERTANIKA VOL. 8 NO. 3, 1985