Influence of Magnesium as a Major Contributor of Water Hardness on Some Cardiac Disease Risk Factors

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1 Influn of Mgnsium s Mjor Contriutor of Wtr Hrnss on Som Cri Diss Risk Ftors Engy Smih Sk 1* Zin Khlil El-Awmry 1 Hssn Mohm Sohy 2 Wfi Mikhil 2 1. Rgionl Cntr for Foo n F, Agriulturl Rsrh Cntr, Giz, Egypt 2. Institut of Afrin Rsrh n Stuis, Ciro Univrsity, Giz, Egypt Astrt Vrious ologil stuis rport rution in riovsulr iss mortlity risk with inrsing mgnsium lvls in rinking wtr. Most of th stuis on in this fil wr pimiologi stuis.th im of th prsnt stuy ws to xmin whthr mgnsium ition to rinking wtr n fft risks of ri iss. Th stuy inlu fiv groups of ml lino rts. Th rts riv ithr tp wtr or wtr ontining 5, 10, 20 g of mgnsium sulft pr litr. During th whol xprimnt, ll th groups riv hyprholstrolmi it xpt for th norml whih riv norml sl it. At th n of th xprimnt, loo ws rwn for th trmintion of plsm mgnsium, lipi profil n livr funtion. In ition, th xtnt of osity ws trmin using th oy mss inx (BMI). In ll groups mgnsium ition ws ssoit with highr lvls of plsm mgnsium. Th loo nlysis show signifint rs in srum totl holstrol, triglyris, LDL- holstrol n VLDL- holstrol, whil thr ws signifint inrs in HDLholstrol in groups riv mgnsium sulft in rinking wtr, ompr with th hyprholstrolmi group riv tp wtr. GOT, GPT n ALP follow th sm trn. Th ition of MgSO 4 to th rinking wtr rsults in signifint rs in BMI of th mgnsium trt groups rltiv to th hyprholstrolmi. Ths rsults show tht high mgnsium onntrtion in rinking wtr is pl of rsing som ri iss risk ftors in ml lino rts. Kywors: Cri iss, hyprholstrolmi, Mgnsium, Risk ftors, Wtr. 1. Introution Wtr is ssntil for lif n th onsirtion of th hrtristis of wtr s trminnts of iss risk is turning into ritil issu. Wtr hrnss is mong ths hrtristis. It is fin s th msur of th onntrtion of lium n mgnsium ions in wtr. Th iovilility of C n Mg is ount for to highr from rinking wtr thn from foo (Couzy t l., 1995; Durlh t l., 1985). This is us C n Mg r normlly prsnt in wtr s fr ions so, thy r mor rily sor ompr to foo, whr thy r usully oun to othr sustns (WHO, 2005). Th sorility of Mg from wtr is highr y 30 % ompr to itry mgnsium (Mrx n Nutr, 1997). Thrfor, not to rmov hrnss omponnts (C & Mg) from rinking wtr or in rtin irumstns inrsing th mgnsium n / or lium intk from wtr my of grt importn spilly for popultions with n inqut itry intk of ths lmnts(who, 2009). Mny ologil invstigtions rport rs in riovsulr iss (CVD) mortlity risk with inrsing mgnsium onntrtions in rinking wtr n th vin hs umult tht it is th min nfiil gnt involv whil th fft of lium ginst CVD is only supportiv. (Eisnrg, 1992). Criovsulr iss (CVD) is lss of iss tht involvs th hrt or loo vssls (Mnis t l., 2011). Mny importnt riovsulr risk ftors n moifi y hnging lifstyl, soil hng, rug trtmnt n prvntion of hyprtnsion, hyprlipimi, n its mllitus. (Mih t l., 2012). Th it rih in holstrol is min ontriutor to unln lipi mtolism n is ssoit with n inrs in oronry hrt iss ourrn. (Liy, 2008). It ws monstrt y som stuis tht rsing plsm totl holstrol, low- nsity lipoprotin holstrol n inrsing high-nsity lipoprotin holstrol r of grt nfit in prvnting th risk of riovsulr iss (Agn n Aknji, 1988). Th im of th prsnt stuy is to ssss th intrrltionship twn high mgnsium onntrtion in rinking wtr n som risks of ri iss. 2. Mtrils n Mthos 2.1 Animls n it Th niml protool ws sign to minimiz pin or isomfort to th nimls. Thirty ult ml lino rts wigh g wr us in th prsnt xprimnt. Th rts wr hous unr l light n tmprtur onitions (12 hours light: rk yl, C) for two wks. 19

2 Th nimls wr kpt in th niml hous of Rgionl Cntr for Foo n F in th griulturl rsrh ntr, Giz, Egypt. During this prio, th norml it (sl it) s shown in tl (1) n tp wtr wr suppli lipitum. Eh rt ws wigh vry wk n th wtr intk ws lso ror. Tl (1): Th omposition of th sl it (Cmpll, 1961). Contnt % Csin 20 Corn oil 10 Slt mixtur 4 Vitmins mixtur 1 Cllulos 5 strh 60 Rts wr ivi into fiv groups h h 6 rts. Th first group ws f on th sl it n tp wtr n ws onsir s norml. Th othr rts (24 rts) wr f on hyprholstrolmi it for 12 wks (10% shp til ft + 1 % pur holstrol % il slt). Thy wr ivi into four groups. Th first group (6 rts) ws f on hyprholstrolmi it + tp wtr n ws onsir s hyprholstrolmi. Th son group (6 rts) ws f on hyprholstrolmi it + 5 g / L MgSO 4 to tp wtr. Th thir group (6 rts) ws f on hyprholstrolmi it + 10 g / L MgSO 4 to tp wtr. Th fourth group (6 rts) ws f on hyprholstrolmi it + 20 g / L MgSO 4 to tp wtr. This hyprholstrolmi it ws shown to inu hyprholstrolmi in rts within thr wks. 2.2 Bloo smpling At th n of th xprimnt, loo smpls wr ollt from h rt from th triroritl vnous plxus of th rt y y pillry tu ftr n ovrnight fst, th loo smpls wr ollt in ry tus whih wr put in wtr th t 37 for 15 minuts, thn ntrifug t 5000 r.p.m for 6 minuts n th olorlss uppr lyrs (hmolysis fr srum) wr rfully sprt n trnsfrr into striliz tst tus for th nlysis of totl holstrol, HDL- holstrol, LDL- holstrol, VLDL- holstrol, triglyris, s wll s GOT, GPT, lklin phosphts tivity (ALP) n srum mgnsium. Sptrophotomtr of Mirol 200, Mrk ws us in ll iohmil nlysis n th rgnts n th stnrs wr ry to us. 2.3 Osity ssssmnt using th Boy mss inx Th oy wight n oy lngth wr us to trmin th Boy mss inx (BMI) (Novlli t l., 2007). Boy mss inx (BMI) = oy wight (g) / lngth 2 (m 2 ). Boy lngth (nos-to-nus or nos nus lngth) ws trmin in ll rts. Th msurmnt ws m in nsthtiz rts. 2.4 Sttistil nlysis of th t Dt wr sujt to sttistil nlysis using th nlysis of vrin mtho n th mns of trtmnts wr ompr y using th lst signifint iffrn (L.S.D) t 0.05 lvl of proility oring to Dunn (1955) Multipl Rng Tst. 3. Rsults 3.1 Osity ssssmnt using th Boy Mss Inx (BMI) Th oy mss inx (BMI) of rts of th iffrnt groups ws trmin n th rsults r shown in Tl (2). It oul osrv tht fing hyprholstrolmi it ris th finl oy wight signifintly ompr to th sl it. Th vrg finl oy wight of th hyprholstrolmi ws g whil tht of th norml ws g. Th lultion of th oy mss inx ws on y iviing th finl oy wight in grms y th squr of th finl oy lngth in m. Th otin rsults illustrt tht th vrg gin in oy wight t th n of th xprimntl prio for norml ws g. Th sm tl prsnts th rsult of th hyprholstrolmi whih show tht th vrg oy wight gin ws g. So, thr is signifint inrs in oy wight gin ompr to th norml. On th othr hn, gins of th wight in th 5, 10 n 20 g/l MgSO 4 trt groups wr signifintly lowr whn ompr to th hyprholstrolmi group. Thy wr , n g rsptivly. 20

3 Th sm tl shows tht th oy mss inx (BMI) of th hyprholstrolmi ws signifintly highr thn tht of th norml. Thy wr 0.72 n 0.52 g/m 2 rsptivly. Th ition of MgSO 4 to th rinking wtr rsults in signifint rs in BMI of th mgnsium trt groups rltiv to th hyprholstrolmi group. It is ovious tht th 20 g/l MgSO 4 trt group show th lowst BMI vlu in th mgnsium trt groups. Its vlu ws vry los to th vlu of norml group. Tl (2): Clultion of th oy mss inx (BMI): Trtmnts Norml Trtmnt 1 (5 g /l MgSO 4) Initil oy wight (g) ± ± ± 1.27 Finl oy wight (g) ± ± ± 0.88 Boy wight gin (g) ± ± ± 1.14 Finl oy lngth (m) ± ± ± 0.22 Boy mss inx (BMI) (g/m 2 ) 0.52 ± ± ± 0.01 Trtmnt 2 (10 g /l MgSO 4) ± ± ± ± ± 0.01 Trtmnt 3 (20 g /l MgSO 4) ± ± ± ± ± L.S.D ) Vlus r shown s vrg ± stnr rror (n=6). 2) Diffrnt suprsript lttrs in th sm lin init sttistilly signifint iffrn for P < 0.05 (ANOVA). 3.2 Efft of Mgnsium to rinking wtr on Lipogrm profil Mgnsium ition to th rinking wtr ws ssoit with signifint rution in plsm totl holstrol, triglyris, LDL- holstrol n VLDL- holstrol lvls whil HDL- holstrol ws signifintly inrs, s jug from th pool plsm smpls in h group (Tl 3). Tl (3): Lipogrm profil for th iffrnt groups: Trtmnts Norml Trtmnt 1 (5 g /l MgSO 4) Totl holstrol ± ± ± 4.79 Triglyris ± ± ± 2.79 HDL ± ± ±4.88 LDL 6.74 ± ± ± 7.10 VLDL ± ± ± 0.55 Trtmnt 2 (10 g /l MgSO 4) ± ± ± ± ± 0.42 Trtmnt 3 (20 g /l MgSO 4) ± ± ± ± ± 0.20 L.S.D ) Vlus r shown s vrg ± stnr rror (n=6). (2) Diffrnt suprsript lttrs in th sm lin init sttistilly signifint iffrn for P < 0.05 (ANOVA). 3.3 Efft of Mgnsium to rinking wtr on Livr funtion Th vrg tivity of GOT, GPT n ALP in srum r shown in tl (4 ) n thy wr out 69.00, n U/L for norml whil for hyprholstrolmi wr , n U/L 21

4 rsptivly. Th rsults show signifint inrs in th vlus of GOT, GPT n ALP tivitis in hyprholstrolmi rltiv to norml. For MgSO 4 trt groups th vlus wr signifintly lowr whn ompr to th hyprholstrolmi. Tl (4): GOT, GPT n ALP tivity for th iffrnt groups: Trtmnts GOT (U / I) GPT (U / I) Alklin phosphts (U / I) Norml ± ± ± ± ± ± 15.0 Trtmnt 1 (5 g /l MgSO 4) ± ± ± 9.95 Trtmnt 2 (10 g /l MgSO 4) ± ± ± 6.16 Trtmnt 3 (20 g /l MgSO 4) ± ± ± 8.22 L.S.D ) Vlus r shown s vrg ± stnr rror (n=6). (2) Diffrnt suprsript lttrs in th sm lin init sttistilly signifint iffrn for P < 0.05 (ANOVA). 3.4 Efft of Mgnsium to rinking wtr on Srum mgnsium Th t in Tl (5) rvl tht thr ws no hng in srum mgnsium of th norml n hyprholstrolmi. Thy wr 2.72 n 2.77 rsptivly. This is us oth groups wr rinking tp wtr through th whol xprimntl prio. Th vlus of srum mgnsium in th mgnsium trt groups inrs signifintly rltiv to th two groups. Th rsults wr 3.75, 3.84 n 5.23 rsptivly. It ws noti tht th mximum inrs ws in th 20 g/l MgSO 4 trt group. 3.5 Clultion of th xt os of mgnsium tht h rt ws onsuming ily Both of th norml n hyprholstrolmi s wr onsuming out g Mg / 24 hour. Th thr mgnsium trt groups ws onsuming mor mgnsium ily. Th inrs in mgnsium onsumption ws signifintly highr thn tht of th norml n hyprholstrolmi. Eh rt in th 5, 10 n 20 g/l MgSO 4 trt groups ws onsuming out 0.025, n g Mg / 24 h rsptivly. Tl (5): Srum mgnsium onntrtion of th iffrnt groups Trtmnts Mgnsium (mg / l) Norml 2.72 ± ± 0.07 Trtmnt 1 (5 g /l MgSO 4) 3.75 ± 0.24 Trtmnt 2 (10 g /l MgSO 4) 3.84 ± 0.22 Trtmnt 3 (20 g /l MgSO 4) 5.23 ± 0.24 L.S.D ) Vlus r shown s vrg ± stnr rror (n=6). (2) Diffrnt suprsript lttrs in th sm lin init sttistilly signifint iffrn for P < 0.05 (ANOVA). 4. Disussion Th prsnt stuy shows tht mgnsium ition to rinking wtr inus nfiil prottiv ffts ginst 22

5 ri isss in ml lino rts f high ft it. Th lipogrm profil show signifint rutions in holstrol, triglyri, LDL- holstrol n VLDL- holstrol lvls s wll s signifint inrs in HDLholstrol in mgnsium trt groups ompr to th hyprholstrolmi group. Th vrg totl holstrol of th hyprholstrolmi ws signifintly highr thn th norml. Thir vlus wr n 75.6 rsptivly. Th totl holstrol of th mgnsium trt groups 5, 10, 20 g/l MgSO 4 wr signifintly lowr thn tht of th hyprholstrolmi. Thy wr , n rsptivly. It is lr tht, th ition of MgSO 4 to th rinking wtr us mor rsistn to th lvtion of srum totl holstrol. It ws osrv tht th prvntion of th lvtion in th srum totl holstrol inrs with th inrs in MgSO 4 onntrtion in wtr. As shown in Tl (3), th vrg of triglyris in th norml n hyprholstrolmi s wr n rsptivly. Srum triglyris lvls for th mgnsium trt groups 5, 10, 20 g/l MgSO 4 wr signifintly lowr thn th hyprholstrolmi. Thy wr , n rsptivly. It ws noti tht th rs in srum triglyris lvl us y th ition of 20 g/ L MgSO 4 ws not signifintly iffrnt thn tht us y th ition of 10 g/l MgSO 4. Th lvtion of srum LDL-Cholstrol is ssoit with inrs risk of for oronry hrt iss (CHD), it rmovs holstrol from livr to othr tissus. Th srum LDL-holstrol in th norml ws 6.74 whil in th hyprholstrolmi ws mg/ l. Th onntrtions of th LDL-holstrol for th othr thr groups 5, 10 n 20 g/l MgSO 4, wr , n rsptivly. It ws osrv tht th inrs in MgSO 4 onntrtion in wtr us signifint rsistn to th lvtion in LDL-holstrol lvls rltiv to th hyprholstrolmi. HDL- holstrol hs prottiv fft imping plqu formtion n shows n invrs rltionship to hroni hrt iss (CHD) prvln. In ft, low HDL- holstrol vlus onstitut n inpnnt CHD risk ftor. Th t show tht, th vrg HDL-holstrol for norml ws ut it ws signifintly lowr in hyprholstrolmi Th onsumption of MgSO 4 in rinking wtr us signifint lvtion of th HDL- holstrol lvls rltiv to th hyprholstrolmi. Th Vlus of th HDL- holstrol in th 5, 10 n 20g/L MgSO4 trt groups wr 59.33, n 68.80, rsptivly. Thr ws no signifint iffrn in th inrs in HDL- holstrol lvls mong th thr MgSO 4 trtmnts. Th vrg of srum VLDL-holstrol for norml ws n ws for hyprholstrolmi. Th thr MgSO 4 trt groups 5, 10 n 20g/L wr signifintly lowr in srum VLDL-holstrol rltiv to th hyprholstrolmi. Th VLDL-Cholstrol vlus of thm wr 24.46, n rsptivly. Ths rsults on th lipi profil r in grmnt with othr stuis on th fft of mgnsium on srum lipi frtions. Altur t l., 1990, mphsiz tht mgnsium is highly fftiv in rsing srum lipi frtions n in prvnting th throgni pross in rits. Also th stuy on y Oltunji n Soloy 2007, who suggst tht it rih in mgnsium oul xrt rioprottiv fft y ruing totl holstrol, triglyris n mliort HDL-holstrol, n Yniv t l., 1999, who onfirm tht mgnsium fortifition of rinking wtr is pl of inhiiting thrognisis in ml LDL-rptor fiint mi. Th livr funtion tsts show signifint rutions in GOT, GPT n ALP lvls in th mgnsium trt groups whih init th positiv hlth impt of mgnsium ition to wtr on livr. Elvt srum tivity of ths nzyms hs n known to initors of risk of riovsulr iss. Th vrg tivity of GOT, GPT n ALP in srum wr out 69.00, n U/L for norml whil for hyprholstrolmi wr , n U/L rsptivly. Th rsults show signifint inrs in th vlus of GOT, GPT n ALP tivitis in hyprholstrolmi rltiv to norml. For MgSO 4 trt groups th vlus wr signifintly lowr whn ompr to th hyprholstrolmi. Th rsults show tht th GOT vlus of th 5, 10 n 20g/L MgSO 4 trt groups wr , n U/L.Thr ws only slight iffrn twn trtmnt 2 n 3. Th GPT vlus of th 5, 10 n 20 g/l MgSO4 trt groups wr 69.67, n U/L rsptivly. 23

6 Th vlus of th ALP tivity for th 5, 10 n 20 g/l MgSO4 trt groups wr , n U/L rsptivly. All groups show signifint rs whn ompr to th hyprholstrolmi. Th oy wight n oy lngth wr us to trmin th Boy mss inx (BMI). Thr ws signifint rs in BMI of th mgnsium trt groups rltiv to th hyprholstrolmi. Th ministrtion of mgnsium in wtr lso l to signifint inrs in plsm mgnsium onntrtions. Th vlus of srum mgnsium in th mgnsium trt groups inrs signifintly rltiv to th two groups n rh its mximum in th 20 g/l MgSO 4 trt group. Most of th rsults otin in this stuy wr os pnnt. Th mhnism y whih mgnsium ffts hrt isss risks my inlu ffts on nzyms n/ or hormons. Th rsults otin from this stuy woul provi informtion tht oul gui mil rommntions rgring th ition of Mg to wtr (Mg fortifition of wtr) or ottl vrgs. Rfrns Agn, E.O. & Aknji, A.O. (1988). Lipi profils n vsulr iss in typ 2 (non insulin pnnt) Nigrin Diti Ptints. Tropil n Gogrphil Miin, 40, Altur, B.T., Brust, M., Bloom, S., Brour, R.L., Stmpk, J.G., & Altur, B.M. (1990). Mgnsium Ditry Intk Moults Bloo Lipi Lvls n Athrognsis. Proings of th Ntionl Amy of Sins of th Unit Stts of Amri, 87, Cmpll, J.A. (1961). Mthoology of protin vlution. RAG Nutr. Doumnt R Jun Mting Nw York. Couzy, F., Kotnmyr, P., Vigo, M., Clough, J., Munoz Box, R., & Brly, D.V. (1995). Clium iovilility from lium n sulft rih minrl wtr, ompr with milk, in young ult womn. Amrin Journl of Clinil Nutrition. 62 (6), Dunn, D. B. (1955). Multipl rng n multipl F tsts. Biomtris, 11, Durlh, J., Br, M., & Guit- Br, A. (1985). Mgnsium lvl in rinking wtr n riovsulr risk ftor: hypothsis. Mgnsium, 4 (1), Liy, P. (2008). Th pthognsis, prvntion n trtmnt of throslrosis. Hrrison, s Prinipls of Intrnl Miin II, p , Nw York, MGrw Hill. Novlli, E.L.B., Diniz, Y.S., Glhri, C.M., Ei, G.M.X., Rorigus, H.G., Mni, F. A Frnns, A.H., Ciogn, A.C. & Novlli Filho, J.L.V.B. (2007). Anthropomtril prmtrs n mrkrs of osity in rts. Lortory Animls, 41, Eisnrg, M.J. (1992). Mgnsium fiiny n sun th. Am. Hrt J., 124, Mrx, A., & Nutr, R.R. (1997). Mgnsium in rinking wtr n ishmi hrt iss. Epimiol. Rv., 19(2), Mnis Shnthi, Pusk Pkk & Norrving, Bo. (2011). Glol tls on riovsulr iss prvntion n. Gnv: Worl Hlth Orgniztion in ollortion with th Worl Hrt Frtion n th Worl Strok Orgniztion Mih, R., Mihs, G., & Mozffrin, D. (2012). Unpross r n pross mts n risk of oronry rtry iss n typ 2 its n upt rviw of th vin. Currnt throslrosis rports, 14 (6), Oltunji, L.A. & Soloy, A.O. (2007). Efft of inrs mgnsium intk on plsm holstrol, triglyri n oxitiv strss in lloxn-iti rts. Afr. J. M. M. Si., 36(2), Worl Hlth Orgniztion. (2005). Nutrints in rinking wtr. Wtr snittion n hlth prottion n th humn nvironmnt. Th Worl Hlth Rport. Gnv. Worl Hlth Orgniztion. (2009). Clium n mgnsium in rinking wtr. Puli hlth signifin. Gnv. Yniv Shrr,, Aviv Shish, Hn Lvkovitz, Pnin Krn, Zor Jnkovi, Yhu Shonfl & Dror Hrts. (1999). Mgnsium Fortifition of Drinking Wtr Supprsss Athrognsis in Ml LDL- Rptor-Dfiint Mi. Pthoiology, 67,