Meta-analysis the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of sugar beet

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1 ISSN No. (Print): 7-3 ISSN No. (Onlin): Mt-nlysis th fft of nitrogn frtilizr on quntittiv n qulittiv hrtristis of sugr t Mhi Sghi-Sho*, Driush Fthollh Tlghni* n Frz Pknj* *Sugr Bt S Institut (SBSI), Krj, Irn Islmi Az Univrsity, Krj Brnh, Krj, Irn (Corrsponing uthor: Mhi Sghi-Sho) (Riv 27My, 21, Apt 2 July, 21) (Pulish y Rsrh Trn, Wsit: ABSTRACT: Estimtion of th optimum frtilizr for onsumption to ru proution osts n nvironmntl risks n yil inrs is nssry. Consiring th sttring n iffrn in th rsults of vrious xprimnts, it is iffiult to rh gnrl onlusion. In this stuy, mt-nlysis pproh ws us to ovrom this prolm n with im of intgrting n rnlyzing of th rsults of inpnnt xprimnts s wll s hiving th sm rsult. Hn, rsrh projts, onut on th ffts of nitrogn frtilizr on sugr t yil uring 22-2 t rsrh sttion of sugr t s institut y Irnin rsrhrs, wr vlut. Th lvls of nitrogn us in th stuis wr,, 1, 1, 2, 2 n 3 kg N h-1. Rsults show tht ll trits stui wr influn y N lvls. Th mximum root yil ws rlt to 3 kg N h -1. Applition of -1 kg N h -1 inrs sugr ontnt.-.% ompr to ontrol. Rsults lso init tht th optimum N rquir for inrsing sugr yil ws foun to t th rng of to 1 kgh -1. Ky wors: sugr t, mt-nlysis, nitrogn. INTRODUCTION Biologil Forum An Intrntionl Journl (Spil Issu 21) 7(2): 6-71(21) Th inrs in popultion growth hs l to highr mn for foo rops n plnts' pnny on nitrogn. Projtions init tht glol frtilizr onsumption will mor thn 26 million tons y 22 with mor thn66% n 3% of mn for vloping ountris n Asi (Fo 21). Th optimiztion of nitrogn frtilizr onsumption in sugr t is ritil us nitrogn is on of th most importnt lmnts rquir in sugr t proution us in lrgr quntitis thn ny othr minrl nutrint (Wn 2).Th rt n pplition how of nitrogn fft on th qulity n quntity of sugr t (Hills t l. 17), so tht highr uptk of nitrogn from th soil inrss th roots impuritis n thry rus rovrl sugr (Cttnh t l., 13). Among th impurity omponnts, soium, potssium, n mino- nitrogn hv otin th most ttntion in ring n gronomi progrms of sugr t, us highr onntrtions of soium n potssium n mino-nitrogn in th root l to rs in suros onntrtion. On th othr hn, suros onntrtion n thry rovrl sugr pr ton hs grt importn to lult pymnts to growrs (Cmpll, 2; Hoffmn t l., 2). Tllghni (1) stui wtr n nitrogn us ffiiny in sugr t proution, in Krj Irn, n foun tht pplition of 24 kg N h -1 h th st prformn to hiv mximum yil of sugr t. Aoring to Glss (176), mt-nlysis is n pproh to intgrting th finings in whih th t of iniviul rsrhs r nlyz n summriz. In th mt-nlysis pproh, rsrhr rors th finings n fturs of lrg olltion of th rsrhs in quntittiv onpts n prprs thm for th sttistil mthos. Th si n prtil prinipl of this pproh is omining th iffrnt finings n riving th nw n ohrnt rsults with lting th is n rmov wht is (Wolf 16). Bs on th Fishr mtho, th signifin lvl of ll rsrh t ws trmin using Chi-squr tst. Th nfits of mt-nlysis r; 1. pply strong quntittiv mthos to summriz th long history of rsrh on spifi topis, 2. ury n ojtivity in th stuy, rsulting in lowr liklihoo of is n prjui n prsonl jugmnt of th rsrhr, n ultimtly inrs th liklihoo of otining n urt rsults, 3. mt-nlysis is ost-nfit vlution, n fill in th gps twn prvious stuis n provis nw insights for furthr rsrh on th topi, 4. mt-nlysis os not limint wk or nonlogil stuis, ut it omprs n justs thm with othr stuis (Whtr n Strf, 1).Th mtnlysis y th purpos of intgrting th rsults of prvious rsrh follows two min prosss; ) In ition to summrizing n sriing th rsults of xisting stuis in th litrtur on rtin topi, mtnlysis vluts th rltionship n tul iffrns in th stuis, ) mt-nlysis stimts th impt of mthoologil hrtristis of th stuis on th iffrn mount or stimt rltionships in th vrious rsrh on givn topi.

2 Bilo t l. (24) vlut 33 xprimnts on in iffrnt lotions twn 1 n 2 in whih th rts of N wr, 4,, 12, 16, 2, 24 n 3 kg N h -1 to stimt optimum N rt for sugr t (Bt vulgris L.). Th rsults show tht th optimum N rt for just t proution ws 26 kg N h -1. Hoffmn t l. (2) root yil n qulity of sugr t gnotyps wr invstigt in 2 nvironmnts n rport tht mino N vlu in nvironmnts with low rt of N t ws lowr thn tht of in nvironmnts with high rt of N n it ws inrs onsirly with th lvl. Crtr (12) foun tht lthough rs in pur n impur sugr ontnt, sugr t root yil ws inrs with inrsing N lvl. Armstrong t l. (16) rport tht highr rts of N inrs tur yil, n uptk y plnt n root ry mtr prntg. Koohki t l. (2) rviw th t from 46 nvironmnts onut on th impt of nitrogn frtilizrs on grins yil n onlu tht th vrg yil of wht, miz n ri inrs y 2477, 46 n 1 kg h -1 thn ontrol, rsptivly. Thy lso rport tht th mximum grin yil n Sghi-Sho, Tlghni n Pknj 66 ry mttr ws prou t -1 kg N h -1 n 1-1 kg N h -1 trtmnts, rsptivly. MATERIAL AND METHOD Th stuy ws stlish t th rsrh sttion sugr t s institut, Krj, Irn (3 ' N, ' E, n m). Fourtn stuis rri out from 22-2 y Irnin rsrhrs on th ffts of iffrnt lvls of N frtilizr on quntittiv n qulittiv hrtristis of sugr t wr vlut. Th informtion rgring th onut rsrh inluing rsrh topi, Lotion n urtion of rsrh, typ of xprimntl sign, th numr n typ of trtmnts, typs n lvls of nitrogn frtilizr, th rsults of rsrh n th ffts of nitrogn lvls on quntittiv n qulittiv trits of sugr t ws ollt n nlyz. Th lvls of nitrogn lvls us in th stuis wr,, 1, 1, 2, 2 n 3 kg N h -1. Mny iffrnt lvls of nitrogn frtilizr trtmnts in th stui rsrh wr sprtly vlut for h of th lvls (Tl 1). Tl 1: Distriution lvls of nitrogn frtilizr us in tsting. Root Yil Sugr Contnt K(Potssium) N(Soium) α-n(amino-nitrogn) Molsss Sugr(MS) Alklinity offiint Whit sugr yil Mt-nlysis th fft of nitrogn frtilizr on root yil, xtrtl sugr yil, sugr ontnt, soium, n potssium prntg, mino nitrogn prntg, molsss sugr prntg n lklinity offiint ws stimt. All lultion n hrts rwing ws on in Exl nvironmnt. RESULTS A. Root yil In rviwing th litrtur, positiv orrltion ws foun twn N pplition n sugr t root yil. Root yil ws inrs with inrsing N pplition, so tht th mximum yil ws foun t 3 Kg N h -1 trtmnt (12.% ompr to ontrol) (Fig. 1). Sugr t root yil vri from 6.33 t /h unr ontrol trtmnt to 73.6 t/ h t 3 Kg N h -1 trtmnt. B. Sugr ontnt Mt-nlysis of t init tht th fft of N lvls on sugr ontnt ws signifint, so tht sugr ontnt ws inrs following th inrs of N lvl n thn it ws rs. Th mximum n minimum rs in sugr ontnt ws foun t 3 Kg N h -1 n 1 Kg N h -1 trtmnts, rsptivly ( /1-% n 3/1-% rss ompr to ontrol, rsptivly). Rsults of mtnlysis lso rvl tht sugr ontnt improv t n 1 Kg N h -1 trtmnts,.% n.% inrss ompr to ontrol, rsptivly (Fig. 2). Th sugr ontnt ws iffrnt from 3% rs t 3 Kg N h -1 to 4.% inrs t Kg N h -1 thn ontrol. Togthr, sugr ontnt vri from 12.4% to 16.6% in vrious rsrhs. C. Root N ontnt From th t of onut xprimnts it ws onlu tht th fft of N lvls on root N ontnt ws signifint, so tht N ontnt ws inrs y N pplition. Th highst n lowst inrsing in N ontnt ompr to ontrol (1.% n 3.4%, rsptivly) ws otin unr 2 Kg N h -1 n 3 Kg N h -1, rsptivly, (Fig. 3). In ontrst, root N ontnt vri from % inrs t 2 Kg N h -1 trtmnt to 1.32% rs unr 3 Kg N h -1 trtmnt.

3 Sghi-Sho, Tlghni n Pknj 67 Chngs of root yil Fig. 1. Mt-nlysis of th prnt hngs of Root yil Chngs of sugr ontn % Fig. 2. Mt-nlysis of th prnt hngs of Sugr ontnt. f f 4 Chngs of N Fig. 3. Mt-nlysis of th prnt hngs of Sugr ontnt.

4 Sghi-Sho, Tlghni n Pknj 6 D. Root K ontnt E. Aminonitrogn (α-n) Aoring to th t ollt, N lvls h signifint Anlysis of t from stuis onut show tht fft on th root K ontnt. Root K ontnt inrs th fft of N lvls on % of mino nitrogn ws with inrsing N lvls. Hr, th mximum n signifint. Amino nitrogn prntg inrs with minimum inrs in root K ontnt thn ontrol ws inrsing N lvls. Th highst n lowst inrs in rlt to 2 n 1 Kg N h -1, rsptivly. Rsults mino nitrogn ws osrv unr 2 Kg N h -1 n lso monstrt tht root K ontnt ws rs t Kg N h -1 (Fig. ). Kg N h -1 (Fig. 4). Chngs of K hngs of α-n Fig. 4. Mt-nlysis of th prnt hngs of potssium (K). 3 g 2 f Fig.. Mt-nlysis of th prnt hngs of Amino-nitrogn (α-n). F. Molsss sugr ontnt (MS) Aoring to th t ollt, molsss sugr ontnt ws fft y iffrnt lvls of N, so tht inrsing th N lvls inrs th prntg of molsss sugr. Hr, th highst n lowst molsss sugr ws otin unr 2 Kg N h -1 n Kg N h -1 (Fig. 6). Inrsing th N lvls yon 2 Kg N h -1 rsult in rs in molsss sugr. G. Alklinity offiint (ALC) Anlysis of t fromstuisonutshow tht th fft of N lvls on % of root lklinity offiint ws signifint. Applition of N frtilizr y 2 kg h -1 rs th prntg of root lklinity offiint ut highr rts of N l to n inrs in root lklinity offiint. Th mximum root lklinity offiint rution ws rlt to 2 kg N h -1 pplition, whil th minimum root lklinity offiint rution ws rlt to n 3 kg N h -1 pplition trtmnts (Fig. 4). H. Whit sugr yil (WSY) Mt-nlysis of t fromstuisonut show tht th fft of N rts on whit sugr yil ws signifint, so tht pplition of N frtilizr y 1 kg h -1 inrs whit sugr yil ut highr rts of N l to th rs in whit sugr yil. Th grtst (1.6%) inrs in whit sugr yil ws osrv in 1 kg N h -1 trtmnt, whil th mximum whit sugr yil rution (27.3 % ompr to ontrol) ws osrv in 3 kg N h -1 pplition (Fig. 4).

5 Sghi-Sho, Tlghni n Pknj hngs of MS % Fig. 6. Mt-nlysis of th prnt hngs of Molsss sugr (MS) hngs of ALC Fig.7. Mt-nlysis of th prnt hngs of Alklinity offiint (ALC). 3 2 hngs of WSY Fig.. Mt-nlysis of th prnt hngs of whit sugr yil (WSY).

6 DISCUSSION Aoring to th pulishs t,.73 % rs y.% inrs ws stimt ompr to ontrol trtmnt in sugr t root yil y th pplition of kg N h -1. Thr ws.-24.4% inrs in root yil of sugr t unr 1 kg N h -1. Th stuis show tht. % rs y 2.7% inrs, 17.3% rs y 32.3%, 26.6% rs y 26.2% inrs n1.37% rs y 7.42% inrs ws osrv in root yil t 1, 2, 2 n 3 kg N h -1, rsptivly. Thrfor, rsults onfirm tht optimum N for th proution of root yil of sugr t in th mt-nlysis onut ws t th rng of 2 to3kg h -1.Ths rsults gr with th finings of othr stuis (Hoffmn t l., 2; Crtr 12; Armstrong 16). Tlghni (1) foun tht qut for optiml proution of sugr t ws tt to 24 kg h -1 (s ur). A 4.4 % rs y % inrs, 2.21% rs y.% inrs, 1. 61%-1.64% inrs, 16.% inrs y 24.24% rs,.32% inrs y 17.% rs n 63% inrs y 2.6% rs ws foun in sugr ontnt t, 1, 1, 2, 2 n 3 kg N h -1 pplition, rsptivly. Mt-nlysis of t from stuis onut show tht th hngs in sugr ontnt ompr with ontrol wr foun to.%,.%, - 1.3%, -.3%, 1.43% n -1.% t, 1, 1, 2, 2 n 3 kg N h -1 trtmnts, rsptivly. It is prsuml tht givn tht onsumrs r nitrogn root yil inrss y N pplition n thr is ngtiv orrltion twn root yil n sugr ontnt, nything whih rus th root yil it improvs th sugr ontnt. Rsults highlight tht optimum N for otining th suitl sugr ontnt ws t th rng of to1kg h -1. Th prntg of N, K n mino nitrogn in sugr troot, whih r onsir s th ngtiv ftors for sugr t, wr inrs in orn with N inrsing. Mt-nlysis of th onut rsrhs show tht nitrogn us to ru th impuritis in proportion to nitrogn n to prou highr ontnt of sugr is high us thr is ngtiv orrltion twn thm. Aoring to th rsults, pplition of kgn h -1 is rommn. In Mt-nlysis onut on vritis in 2 xprimnts oumnt, Hoffmn t l. (2) rport tht th mino nitrogn ontnt in nvironmnts with low nitrogn onntrtion ws lowr thn tht of in nvironmnts with high nitrogn onntrtion n th ontnt of mino nitrogn ws inrs with inrsing th N lvls. Crtr (12) foun tht th N, K n mino nitrogn inrs unr highr lvls of N. In rviwing th litrturs, thr ws 3.37 % rs y.1% inrs, 3.% inrs y.% rs, % inrs y 73.3% Sghi-Sho, Tlghni n Pknj 7 rs,.1% rs y 2.6% inrs, 71% rs y 1% inrs n 71.6% rs y 22.% inrs in whit sugr yil t, 1, 1, 2, 2 n 3 kg N h -1 pplition, rsptivly. Mt-nlysis of t from stuis onut show tht th hngs in sugr ontnt ompr with ontrol wr foun to.%,.%, - 1.3%, -.3%, 1.43% n -1.% t, 1, 1, 2, 2 n 3 kg N h -1 trtmnts, rsptivly. Th rng of rsults otin is high n r highly omplx n ontritory xprt vis. Mt-nlysis of t otin from th onut stuis show tht th vritions in whit sugr yil ompr with ontrol wr foun to 4.4%,.1%, -2.%, -1.26%,.12%,, n % t, 1, 1, 2, 2 n 3 kg N h -1 trtmnts, rsptivly. Applition of to1kg N h -1 ws tt to th optimum rts for otining th suitl yil of whit sugr. CONCLUSION Th prsnt rviw init tht sugr ontnt n whit sugr yil wr inrs y pplition of N frtilizr y 1 kg h -1 ut thy wr rs t highr rts of N. rsults lso show tht root yil, th prntg of N, K, mino nitrogn n molsss sugr wr inrs unr N pplition. Thrfor, rgring th proution of sugr is th min ojtiv of sugr t ultivtion, on th othr hn th t sugr pri is s on th sugr ontnt in ftoris; frmrs hv to py ttntion to rovrl sugr ontnt. Thus, nitrogn shoul just oring to th sugr proution mximum whih th mt-nlysis prform rvl tht th optimum N rquir ws foun to t th rng of1 to1kg h -1. REFERENCES Armstrong M.J., G.F. Milfor, T.O. Pook, P.J. Lst n W. Dy. (16). Th ynmis of nitrogn uptk n its rmoiliztion uring th growth of sugr t. Journl of Agriulturl Sin, Cmrig, 17: -. Bilo M, Mrtinz JJ, Dlgo A. (24). Evlution of soil nitrt s pritor of nitrogn rquirmnt for sugr t grown in Mitrrnn limt. Agron. J. 6: 1-2. Cmpll, L.G. (2). Prossing qulity.in: E. Binri, L.G. Cmp- ll, G.N. Skris, n M. D Biggi (.). Gntis n Br- ing of Sugr Bt.Sin Pulishrs, Enfil, NH. p Crtr J.N. (12). Efft of nitrogn n irrigtion lvls, lotion n yr on suros onntrtion of sugr t in southrn Iho. Journl of Amrin Soity of Sugr Bt Thnology, 21: Cttnh A, Dhnk WC, Fnning C. (13). Frtilizing Sugr t.nnorth Dkot Stt Univrsity. Avill on : w.htm

7 FAO, 21.Frtilizr rquirmnts in 21 n 23. Foo n Agriultur Orgniztion on th Unit Ntions, Rom. Glss GV. (176). Primry, sonry n mt-nlysis of rsrh. Eutionl Rs : 3-. Hii M, Bshrt MA, Fi Z. (2). Psyhomtri proprtis of Ahnh youth slf-rport (YSR): monozygoti n izygoti twins. Journl of Psyhologil Sin, 7(1): Hills FJ, Slisury R, Ulrih A. (17). Sugr t Frtiliztion. Univ. CA Bull. 11. Hii M, Bshrt MA, Fi Z. (2). Psyhomtri proprtis of Ahnh youth slf-rport (YSR): monozygoti n izygoti twins. Journl of Psyhologil Sin 7(1): Hoffmn, C.M., J. Lol, C. Kntr, n B. Märlänr. (2). Anlysis of th ring progrss in sugrt. Proings of th 36th Binnil Mting of th Amrin Soity of Sugr Bt Th- nologists, Aluqurqu, NM. 2- Mrh 2. (ss 1 Mrh 2). Sghi-Sho, Tlghni n Pknj 71 Hoffmn, C.M., T. Huijrgts, N. vn Swij, n R. Jnsn. (2). Im- pt of iffrnt nvironmnts in Europ on yil n qulity of sugr t gnotyps. Eur. J. Agron. 3: Koohki AR., Nsiri- mhlti, M., Dvri, A., Bkhshi, S. 2. A Mt Anlysis on Nitrogn Frtilizr Exprimnts on Crl Crops in Irn. Journl of Agroology 6(4):1-21. Tllghni D. (1). Evlution of wtr usg n nitrogn in sugr t t optimum n strss onitions n two sowing pttrns. (Ph.D. thsis). Az univrsity of Thrn. 1. (in Prsin, strt in English) Whtr, K.W., Strf, M.L. (1). Th Futur of mtnlysis.nw York: Russll Sg Fountion; 1. Wn, B.R. (2). Potntil of Sugr Bt on th Athrton Tlln.Rurl Inustris Rsrh n Dvlopmnt Corportion. Avill on: Wolf, F.M. (16). Mt-nlysis. Sg univrsity ppr sris on Quntittiv Applitions in Soil Sin, Bvrly Hills: Sg Pulitions 7-.