Effectiveness of organic compounds in controlling root rot/wilt diseases, growth and yield parameters of pepper

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1 Intrntionl Journl o Agriulturl Sins ISSN: Vol. 4 (4), pp , April, Avill onlin t Intrntionl Sholrs Journls Full Lngth Rsrh Ppr Etivnss o orgni ompouns in ontrolling root rot/wilt isss, growth n yil prmtrs o pppr Al-Monim M.F. 1 *, Al-Gi M.A. 2 n Zyn S.A. 1 1 Plnt Pthology Rsrh Institut, Agriultur Rsrh Cntr, Giz, Egypt. 2 Hortiultur Rsrh Institut, Agriulturl Rsrh Cntr, Giz, Egypt. Apt 14 Frury, 2014 Root rot n wilt us y Fusrium solni n F. oxysporum, r th most importnt isss o pppr in Egypt. Th possiility to ru iss svrity using som orgni ompouns viz. Humi i, Iniium, Bio-Hlth, Alg Grow-4 n Etiv Miroorgnisms (EM1) ws invstigt on two pppr ultivrs (Long R Cynn n Cliorni Wonr) unr grnhous n il xprimnts. Pppr trnsplnting trt with Humi i ollow y Iniium ws th highst iint in ruing r unr iss progrss urv (AUDPC) ompr with to th othr trtmnts unr grn hous n il onitions. Whil, pppr trnsplnting trt with Alg Grow-4 n EM1 ror th lowst rution in r unr iss progrss urv (AUDPC) in this rspt. On th othr hn, ll trtmnts signiintly improv plnt growth (plnt hight n numr o rnhs plnt -1 ) n yil prmtrs (ruit hight, ruit imtr, ruit wight plnt -1, No. o ruits plnt -1, po wight n totl yil n -1 (Kg) in oth ultivrs uring growing ssons ( n ). Humi i n Iniium wr th most tiv in improving plnt growth n yil prmtrs. On th ontrry pppr trnsplnting trt with Alg Grow- 4 n EM1 gv th lowst inrs o ths prmtrs in oth ultivrs uring growing ssons. Ky wors: Pppr, root rot n wilt, orgni ompouns, tiv miroorgnisms, growth prmtrs, yil prmtrs. INTRODUCTION Hot n swt pppr (Cpsium nnuum L.) is on o th most populr vgtl rops in mny prts o th worl. Grn n r pos r us or rsh ml n oo inustris. Unr Egyptin onitions, pppr plnts r lil to ttk y svrl isss, mong whih mping-o, root rots n wilt r wispr n srious in mny govrnorts oth in opn ils n prott ultivtion, in young n rltivly vn g plnts (A, 1994; Al-Kr, 1999; Al-Monim n Ismil, 2010; Rg t l., 2012). Root rot n wilt isss us y soil orn pthogni ungi is on o th most srious isss t svrl ultivt plnts worlwi. It rsults in poor proution, poor qulity, poor milling rturns n ru *Corrsponing uthor. E-mil: owzy_2008@yhoo.om Tl: Fx: griultur inom (Al-Monim n Ismil, 2010; Rg t l., 2012). Fungl iss ontrol is hiv through th us o ungiis whih is hzrous n toxi to oth popl n omsti nimls n ls to nvironmntl pollution. Thror, mor ln, ost tiv n o-rinly pproh must implmnt n opt y rmrs (Atti t l., 2003). In orr to ovrom suh hzrous ontrol strtgis, sintists, rsrhrs rom ll ovr th worl pi mor ttntion towrs th vlopmnt o ltrntiv mthos whih r, y inition, s in th nvironmnt, non-toxi to humns n nimls n r rpily iogrl. Suh strtgy is us o tiv miroorgnisms to ontrol ungl plnt isss (Dhhir n Qri, 2010) s wll s othr ungiis ltrntivs, tht is plnt rsistn inurs (Al-Monim n Ismil, 1010; Al-Monim t l., 2011) orgni ompouns (El-Morsi t l., 2009). Th prsnt stuy ims to vlut orgni ompouns

2 Al-Monim t l. 143 tht is Humi i, Iniium, Bio-Hlth, Alg Grow-4 n Etiv Miroorgnisms (EM1) s rsistn inurs on pppr plnts ginst root rot n wilt isss unr grnhous n il onitions. Also, its t on growth prmtrs n yil prmtrs o tow pppr ultivrs wr stu in il. MATERIAL AND METHODS Host n Pthogns Pppr ss (Cpsium nnuum L.), vs. Long R Cynn n Cliorni Wonr us in th xprimnts wr otin rom unit sl vgtl rops ss, Hortiultur Rs. Institut, Agri. Rs. Cntr, Giz, Egypt. Ss wr sown in trys ontining striliz pt vrmiulit. Th plnts wr grown unr grnhous onitions or out 40 ys. Th highly pthogni Fusrium solni n F. oxysporum wr grown on potto xtros gr (PDA) mium n spor suspnsion (10 4 spors/ml) ws prpr. Sour o Orgni Compouns n EM1 In this xprimnt, our orgni ompouns n tiv miroorgnisms (EM1) (Tl 1) wr vlut unr grn hous n il onitions to ontrol root rot n wilt isss on two pppr ultivrs (Long R Cynn n Cliorni Wonr). Et o Orgni Compouns n EM1 on Root Rot n Wilt Disss o Pppr Unr Grnhous Conitions Th trils wr rri out in th grnhous o Plnt Pthology Dp., Nw Vlly Agri. Rs. Sttion. Pot xprimnts wr onut in sson to invstigt th inlun o slings trt with h o orgni ompouns n EM1 list in Tl 1 ginst root rot n wilt isss us y F. solni n F. oxysporum. Sur striliz slings o two pppr ultivrs (40 ys ol) wr us or ll xprimnts. Pppr slings wr trt y ipping th root t rt 100 slings pr 100 ml o th ollowing trtmnts, Iniium, Bio-Hlth, Elg Grow-4, Humi i n EM1 t th rommn onntrtions, or on hour. Th trt pppr slings wr thn trnsrr to th pthogn inst pots. Four slings wr trnsplnt in h pot n 4 rplits wr plnt or h trtmnt. In ition, untrt slings wr trnsplnt in pots ontining inst soil (int ontrol). Plnts wr irrigt whn n n rtiliz s usul. Diss Assssmnts. Root rot n wilt svrity ws stimt t 10 ys intrvl or 60 ys tr trnsplnting oring to Aou t l. (2001) using rting sl o (0 5) on s on l yllowing gring, viz., 0 = hlthy, 1= on l yllowing 2= mor thn on l yllowing, 3= on wilt l, 4= mor thn on l wilt, n 5= ompltly plnts. Diss svrity inx (DSI) sri y (Liu t l., 1995) ws pt n lult s ollows: DSI= Σ/( mx n) 100 Whr: is th iss rting o h plnt, mx th mximum iss rting n n th totl numr o plnts/smpls xmin in h rplit. Th mn o r unr iss progrss urv (AUDPC) or h rplit ws lult s suggst y (Pny t l., 1989). AUDPC= D [1/2 (Y1+Yk) + (Y2+Y3+..+Yk-1)] Whr D= Tim intrvl; Y1= First iss svrity; Yk= Lst iss svrity; Y2, Y3, Yk-1= Intrmit iss svrity. Fil Exprimnts Fil xprimnts wr rri out t Nw Vlly Agri. Rs. Sttion Frm, Nw Vlly govrnort, Egypt, uring n growing ssons, to vlut th iiny o th tst orgni ompouns n EM1 or ontrolling root rot n wilt isss o pppr plnts (Long r Cin n Cliorni Wnr) s wll s its t on growth prmtrs n yil prmtrs. Th hosn il tst r ws nturlly inst with root rot n wilt pthogns. Th xprimntl sign ws omplt rnomiz lok with our rplits. Th xprimntl unit r ws 15 m 2 (5 3 m). Eh unit inlu thr rows; h row ws 5 m in lngth n 1 m with. Pppr slings vs. Long r Cin n Cliorni Wnr wr trt y ipping th roots or on hour t rt 100 slings pr 100 ml o th ollowing trtmnts: Iniium, Bio-Hlth, Elg Grow 4, Humi i n EM1 t th rommn onntrtions, or on hour. Slings trnsplnt into th il in 10 Otor in oth ssons t rt 10 slings pr row; on sling/hill ws sown with 50 m prt twn hills. Untrt slings wr us s ontrol. Th NPK minrl rtilizrs wr ppli t th rommn os o Ministry o Agriultur n Ln Rlmtion. Diss svrity ws ror vry 30 ys or 4 months. Th mn o r unr iss progrss urv (AUDPC) or h rplit ws lult s ov. Plnt hight, numr o rnhs, ruit lngth n ruit imtrs, numr o ruits plnt -1, ruit wight plnt -1 (kg), numr o ruit Kg -1, ruit yil n -1 (kg) wr lult t th n o th growing sson.

3 144 Int. J. Agri. Si. Tl 1. Tr nm, ommon nm, tiv ingrint (%) n rommn oss o th us orgni ompouns n EM1. Tr nm Common nm % Ativ ingrint Iniium Amino is n phosphorus pntoxi. 10%FS 5 ml/l Bio- Hlth T. hrzinum, B. sutilis, Amino is, Tr lmnts, Humi i, Fulvi i, Vitmins, Auxin n Cytokinin. Alg Grow-4 Alg xtrt, nitrogn, phosphorus pntoxi n potssium oxi. Humi i Potssium humt solul grnul Etiv Miroorgnisms (EM1) Photosynthti tri (Rhoopsuomons plstris n Rhootr sphros), ltoilli (Ltoillus plntrum, L. si, n Strptoous ltis), ysts (Shromys spp.), n tinomyts (Strptomys spp.) 100% WSG 2.5 g/l 16% FS 1 ml/l 85% WSG 4 g/l Rommn oss Compny 100% FS 5 ml/l EMRO Grow Th or Agriulturl Dvlopmnt Grow Th or Agriulturl Dvlopmnt Grow Th or Agriulturl Dvlopmnt Broth Chmil Intrntionl Co. Lt., Innr Mongoli, Chin Sttistil Anlysis All xprimnts wr prorm twi. Anlyss o vrin wr on using MSTAT-C progrm vrsion 2.10, Lst signiint irn (LSD) ws lult t P 0.05 oring to (Gomz n Gomz, 1984). RESULTS Eiiny o Orgni Compouns n EM1 on Ar Unr Diss Progrss Curv Unr Grnhous Conitions A pot xprimnt ws rri out to xmin th iiny o orgni ompouns n EM1 ginst root rot n wilt isss us y F. solni n F. oxysporum in two pppr ultivrs (Long R Cynn n Cliorni Wonr) unr grnhous onitions. Prsnt t in Figurs (1 n 2) rvl tht ll th tst orgni ompouns n EM1 signiintly ru r unr iss progrss urv (AUDPC) ompring with un-trt hk ontrol. In this rspt, pppr trnsplnting trt with Humi i ws th highst iint in ruing AUDPC ompr with th othr trtmnts. In s o Long R Cynn ultivr, th AUDPC ru rom n to n AUDPC s y F. solni n F. oxysporum, rsptivly. Whil, in s o th Cliorni Wonr ultivr AUDPC ru rom n to n in s o soil inst with F. solni n F. oxysporum, rsptivly. On th othr hn, pppr trnsplnting trt with Alg Grow-4 n EM1 ror th lowst rution in AUDPC us y F. solni n F. oxysporum in oth ultivrs. Eiiny o Orgni Compouns n EM1 Unr Fil Conitions On r unr iss progrss urv (AUDPC) Dt in Figur (3) rvl tht th high intion prntg o pppr plnts (v. Long R Cynn) with th pthogn ror with ontrol whrs, low intion prntg ws osrv in th trt slings with Humi i, whr gv n % AUDPC ompr with n AUDPC in ontrol uring irst n son growing ssons, rsptivly, ollow y trtmnt Iniium. Convrsly,

4 Ar unr iss progrss urv Ar unr iss progrss urv Al-Monim t l. 145 Iniium Bio-Hlth Alg Grow 4 Humi i EM1 Control Fusrium solni F. oxysporum Isolts Figur 1. Et o pppr trnsplnting (v. Long R Cynn) soking in orgni ompouns n tiv miroorgnisms (EM1) on r unr iss progrss urv (AUDPC) us y Fusrium solni n F. oxysporum in pots. Dirnt lttrs init signiint irns mong trtmnts oring to lst signiint irn tst (L.S.D.) (P 0.05). Iniium Bio-Hlth Alg Grow 4 Humi i EM1 Control Fusrium solni F. oxysporum Isolts Figur 2. Et o pppr trnsplnting (v. Cliorni Wonr) soking in orgni ompouns n tiv miroorgnisms (EM1) on r unr iss progrss urv (AUDPC) us y Fusrium solni n F. oxysporum in pots. Dirnt lttrs init signiint irns mong trtmnts oring to lst signiint irn tst (L.S.D.) (P 0.05). pppr trnsplnting trt with Alg Grow-4 n EM1 show th lowst prottion ginst root rot n wilt isss. Also th sm t otin in s o pppr plnts v. Cliorni Wonr (Figur 4), wr Humi i ror th lowst AUDPC ollow y Iniium in oth ssons. Convrsly, pppr trnsplnting trt with Alg Grow-4 n EM1 gv th lowst prottion in oth growing ssons. On growth prmtrs. Dt in Tls (2 n 3) init tht ll tst orgni ompouns n tiv miroorgnisms (EM1) signiintly inrs growth prmtrs (plnt hight n numr o rnhs plnt -1 ) in oth ultivrs uring oth growing ssons ( n ) ompr with untrt trnsplnting. Humi i ror

5 AUDPC AUDPC 146 Int. J. Agri. Si. Iniium Bio-Hlth Alg Grow 4 Humi i EM1 Control / /12 Ssons Figur 3. Et o pppr trnsplnting (v. Long R Cynn) soking in orgni ompouns n tiv miroorgnisms (EM1) on r unr iss progrss urv (AUDPC) unr il onitions uring ssons ( n ). Dirnt lttrs init signiint irns mong trtmnts oring to lst signiint irn tst (L.S.D.) (P 0.05). Iniium Bio-Hlth Alg Grow 4 Humi i EM1 Control / /12 Ssons Figur 4. Et o pppr trnsplnting (v. Cliorni Wonr) soking in orgni ompouns n tiv miroorgnisms (EM1) on r unr iss progrss urv unr il onitions uring ssons ( n ). Dirnt lttrs init signiint irns mong trtmnts oring to lst signiint irn tst (L.S.D.) (P 0.05). th highst growth prmtrs in oth ultivrs, whr inrs plnt hight rom n in ontrol to n in s o v. Long R Cynn in oth ssons, rsptivly. Whil in s o v. Cliorni Wonr, plnt hight inrs rom n m in ontrol to 85 n m in oth growing ssons, rsptivly. Also, th otin t show tht Humi i ror th highst numr o rnhs plnt -1 in oth ultivrs uring oth growing ssons whr inrs numr o rnhs in v. Long R Cynn rom 3.44 n 3.49 to 7.56 n 8.26 n inrs numr o rnhs plnt -1 rom 3.67 n 3.21 to 6.67 n 7.85 in s o v. Cliorni Wonr in oth ssons rsptivly. On th othr hn, pppr trnsplnting trt with Alg Grow-4 n EM1 gv th lowst inrs o plnt

6 Al-Monim t l. 147 Tl 2. Et o orgni ompouns n tiv miroorgnisms (EM1) on growth prmtrs o pppr (v. Long R Cynn) uring ssons ( n ). Trtmnts Plnt hight Sson Sson No. o rnhs Plnt hight No. o rnhs plnt -1 plnt -1 Iniium Bio-Hlth Alg Grow EM Humi i Control Dirnt lttrs init signiint irns twn trtmnts oring to L.S.D. tst (P=0.05). Tl 3. Et o orgni ompouns n tiv miroorgnisms (EM1) on growth prmtrs o pppr (v. Cliorni Wonr) uring ssons ( n ). Trtmnts Sson Sson Plnt hight No. o rnhs plnt -1 Plnt hight No. o rnhs plnt -1 Iniium Bio-Hlth Alg Grow EM Humi i Control Dirnt lttrs init signiint irns twn trtmnts oring to L.S.D. tst (P=0.05). hight n numr o rnhs in oth ultivrs uring growing ssons ( n ). On yil prmtrs. Dt prsnt in Tls (4 n 5) show tht ll trtmnts signiintly inrs yil prmtrs viz. ruit hight, ruit imtr, po wight plnt -1 (gm), Numr o ruits plnt -1, po wight (gm), totl yil n -1 (kg) in oth ultivrs uring growing ssons n ) ompr with untrt plnts (ontrol). Pppr trnsplnting (v. Long R Cynn) trt with Humi i ror th highst inrs o ruit hight (9.19, m); ruit imtr (1.25, 1.29 m); ruit wight plnt -1 (726.86, gm); Numr o ruits plnt -1 (115.37, ); po wight (6.30, 6.72 gm); totl yil n -1 ( , kg) ompr with 6.79 n 6.91 m; 1.09 n 1.12 m; n gm; n 94.12; 4.54 n 4.84 gm; n kg in ontrol uring oth ssons, rsptivly. Also th sm trin in ultivr wr ror th highst ruit hight (7.12, 7.32 m); Fruit imtr (4.45, 4.50 m); Fruit wight plnt -1 (745.24, gm); Numr o ruits plnt -1 (45.23, 46.36); Po wight 16.48, gm); totl yil -1 ( , kg) ompr with 5.12 n 6.09 m; 3.01 n 3.09 m; n gm; n 36.25; n gm; n kg in ontrol uring oth ssons, rsptivly. On th othr hn, pppr trnsplnting trt with Iniium n EM1 gv th lowst inrs o ll yil prmtrs in oth ultivrs uring oth growing ssons. DISCUSSION Pppr plnts r sujt to intion with mny isss (Dmitriv t l., 2003; Utkh n Mthur, 2005; Al- Monim n Ismil, 2010), mong whih th soil-orn isss r th most importnt. Mny ungi tht is Fusrium, Mrophomin, Rhizotoni, Pythium, Vrtiilium n Slrotini using mping-o, root rot n wilt isss r ommonly nountr in th grnhous, nursris n ils (Sonr t l., 2005; Goioh, 2006; Al-Monim n Ismil, 2010). Bus high iss prssur n high rop vlu rquir rqunt pplitions o hmil pstiis, signiint nvironmntl pollution n sltion o rsistnt pthogn strins r mong th min prolms

7 Fruit hight Fruit imtr Fruit wight plnt-1 (gm) No. o ruits plnt -1 Po wight (gm) Totl yil n -1 (Kg) Fruit hight Fruit imtr Fruit wight plnt-1 (gm) No. o ruits plnt -1 Po wight (gm) Totl yil n -1 (Kg) Fruit hight Fruit imtr Fruit wight plnt-1 (gm) No. o ruits plnt -1 Po wight (gm) Totl yil n -1 (kg) Fruit hight Fruit imtr Fruit wight plnt-1 (gm) No. o ruits plnt -1 Po wight (gm) Totl yil n -1 (kg) 148 Int. J. Agri. Si. Tl 4. Et o orgni ompouns n tiv miroorgnisms (EM1) on yil prmtrs o pppr (v. Long R Cynn) uring ssons ( n ). Sson Sson Trtmnts Iniium Bio-Hlth Alg Grow EM Humi i Control Dirnt lttrs init signiint irns twn trtmnts oring to L.S.D. tst (P 0.05). Tl 5. Et o orgni ompouns n tiv miroorgnisms (EM1) on yil prmtrs o pppr (v. Cliorni Wonr) uring ssons ( n ). Sson Sson Trtmnts Iniium Bio-Hlth Alg Grow EM Humi i Control Dirnt lttrs init signiint irns twn trtmnts oring to L.S.D. tst (P 0.05).

8 Al-Monim t l. 149 nountr in ils. This sitution hs prompt th srh or iologil ltrntivs tht oul iint ithr or onvntionl iss mngmnt progrms or or intgrtion with othr mthos (Hir t l., 2006). Vrious orgni ompouns wr tst or iologil ontrol o root rot n wilt isss in pppr plnts. Dt otin in this stuy monstrt tht ll orgni ompouns viz. Iniium, Bio-Hlth, Alg Grow-4, Humi i, EM1 ru signiintly r unr iss progrss urv us y F. solni n F. oxysporum unr rtiiil intion in grnhous n nturl intion in il in oth pppr ultivrs (Long R Cynn n Cliorni Wonr). Pppr trnsplnting trt with Humi i ror th lowst AUDPC ompr with th othr orgni ompouns ollow with Iniium. Convrsly, pppr slings trt with Alg Grow-4 n EM1 show th lowst prottion ginst root rot n wilt isss. On th othr hn, ll tst orgni ompouns improv growth n yil prmtrs o oth pppr ultivrs unr il onitions ompr with untrt plnts (ontrol). Humi i ollow y Iniium gv th highst plnt hight, numr o rnhs plnt -1, ruit hight, ruit imtr, ruit wight plnt -1 (gm), numr o ruits plnt -1, po wight (gm), totl yil n -1 (Kg). On th ontrry, pppr plnts trt with Alg Grow-4 n EM1 ror th lowst inrs o growth prmtrs n yil prmtrs in oth ultivrs. Similr stuis hv n onut or othr pthogns using th sm orgni ompouns to try to monstrt i ths ons n ru root rot n wilt svrity n improv growth prmtrs n yil prmtrs (El-Morsi t l., 2009; Al-Monim t l., 2011). Th rol o th tst orgni ompouns in ruing root rot/wilt isss svrity n stimulting plnt growth my u to nhn nturl rsistn ginst plnt isss n psts, stimult plnt growth through inrs ll ivision, s wll s optimiz uptk o nutrints, wtr n stimult th soil miroorgnisms (Chkroun, 2008; El-Morsi t l., 2009; Okorski t l., 2010; Al- Monim t l., 2011). Applition o Humi i nhns th tivity o ntioxints suh s α - toophrol, α - rotn, suproxi ismutss n sori i onntrtions in tur grss spis. Ths ntioxints my ply rol in th rgultion o plnt vlopmnt, lowring n hilling o iss rsistn (Dmiri n Dolr, 2006). REFERENCES A KA (1994). Fungi ssoit with root rot o pppr n som trs ting iss inin. Pro. 7th Coong. o Phytopthol., Giz: Al-Kr MM (1999). Biologil n hmil ontrol o wilt iss o hot pppr psium nnum L. Egypt. J. Phtopthol, 27 (1): 1-8. Al-Monim MF, Ismil ME (2010). Th us o ntioxints to ontrol root rot n wilt isss o pppr. Not. Si. Biol. 2 (2): Al-Monim MF, Ismil ME, Morsy KM (2011). Inution o systmi rsistn o Bnzothiizol n Humi i in soyn plnts ginst Fusrium wilt iss. Myoiology, 39 (4): Aou El-S, A-All HM, Gll AA (2001). Survy o ssm root/rot/wilt iss in Mini n thir possil ontrol y sori n sliyli is. Assuit J. Agri. Si. 32 (3): Atti MF, Ar AM, Moust MA, Mohm MA (2003). Pppr grting, mtho o ontrolling soilorn isss n nhnmnt o ruit yil:1- Improvmnt o pppr rsistn to Fusrium wilt. Egypt. J. Phytopthol. 31 (1-2): Chkroun K, Boukk M, Lhlli R, Hkkou A (2008). Supprssiv t o mtur ompost o t plm y prouts on Fusrium oxysporum. sp. linis. Plnt Pthol. J. 7 (2): Dmiri F, Dolr FS (2006). Ets o som plnt mtrils on phytophthor light (Phytophthor psii Lon.) o pppr. Turk. J. Agri Dhhir BN, Qri SMH (2010). Biologil ontrol o mulrry root rot iss (Fusrium spp.) with ntgonisti miroorgnisms. J. Biopstiis. 3 (1): Dmitriv A, Tn M, Jorrin J (2003). Systmi quir rsistn in sunlowr (Hlinthus nnuus L.). Tsitol Gnt. 37: El-Morsi MEA, Kmhwy MAM, Sllm MAA (2009). Etivnss o som orgni ompouns in ontrolling pthogni ungi ssoit with roots o t plm oshoots in Nw Vlly Govrnort, Egypt. Th 3 r Conrn o Young Sintists, F. o Agri., April. Assiut J. Agri. Si. 28 (40): Goioh N (2006). Vrtiillium-inu wilt in pppr: Physiologil isorrs n prsptivs or ontrolling th iss. Plnt Pthol. J. 5 (2): Gomz KA, Gomz AA (1984). Sttistil prours or Agriulturl Rsrh. Intrsin Pulition. Nw York. Hir K, Dmi-Rmi M, Hm W, El-Mhjou M (2006). Bio-ungiis s n ltrntiv or tomto Fusrium rown n root rot ontrol. Tunisin J. Plnt Prottion, 1: Liu L, Kloppr JW, Tuzun S (1995). Introution o systmi rsistn in uumr ginst Fusrium wilt y plnt growth-promoting rhizotri. Phytopthology, 85: MSTAT-C A (1991). Sotwr Progrm or th Dsign, Mngmnt n Anlysis o Agronomi Rsrh Exprimnts. Mihign Stt Univrsity, p Okorski A, Olszwski J, Głowk K, Okorsk S, Pszzółkowsk A (2010). Th t o th pplition o th iologil ontrol gnt EM1 on gs xhng prmtrs n proutivity o Pisum stivum L.

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