Photosynthesis and water use efficiency relations to yield of ten pepper varieties (Capsicum annuum L.)
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1 89 Bulgrin Journl o Agriulturl Sin, 8 (No ), 89-9 Agriulturl Amy Photosynthsis n wtr us iiny rltions to yil o tn pppr vritis (Cpsium nnuum L.) M. BoriSv *, B. Krsti, D. Gvoznovi n J. Gvoznovi-Vrg Dprtmnt o Biology n Eology, Fulty o Sins, Novi S, Sri Institut o Fil n Vgtl Crops, Novi S, Sri Astrt BoriSv, M., B. Krsti, D. Gvoznovi n J. Gvoznovi-Vrg,. Photosynthsis n wtr us iiny rltions to yil o tn pppr vritis (Cpsium nnuum L.). Bulg. J. Agri. Si., 8: 89-9 Srh or nw pppr vrity with high yils, long with tools or prition o pppr yil is onstntly on th wy. Th link twn nt photosynthsis msur t spii phs o pppr vlopmnt n rop yil is not wll in. Thr r still rgumnts whthr inrsing l photosynthsis uring ruit ripning inrss plnt yils in optiml growth onitions. Tn pppr vritis wr grown in plsti grnhous n t outoor il r, in orr to trmin i thr r positiv orrltions o photosynthti prormn, l onntrtion o hlorophyll, n rotnois, trnspirtion rts n wtr us iiny with pppr ruit yil. Almost ll pppr vritis grown in th grnhous h highr ruit wight pr htr. Although som vriility hs n trmin mong pppr vritis, rop yil ws not signiintly orrlt with photosynthti prormn, or wtr usg in pppr plnts, uring ripning. Ky wors: pprik yil, CO ssimiltion, pigmnt ontnt Arvitions: WUE wtr us iiny Introution A grt numr o ivrs pppr vritis r ommrilly vill in Europ with rng o irnt morphologil n orgnolpti proprtis. Pppr ruits r ount or thir high nutritionl n iologil vlus. Constnt srh or nw improv vritis with potntil or highr yil proution is ontinuously on th wy. Most stuis tht l with Cpsium nnuum r minly ous on pppr qulity s nutrint rsour, or oo proution (Guil- Gurrro t l., ). It is known tht nutritionl n visul qulity o ruit pns oth on pppr vrity n growth onitions (Pivovrov t l., 9). Sin photosynthsis is th ountion o orgni proution n potntilly, highr rop yil in pppr, tn pppr vritis wr slt in orr to stlish link twn photosynthsis, trnspirtion n pppr yil. Photosynthti intnsity is t y mny tors suh s l position, growth stg, n light intnsity, numr o nvironmntl tors n griulturl mthos o growth. It is suspt tht nt photosynthsis is rlt to ruit hrtrs t th lt phs o lowring n ruit stting (Zou t l., ). Whn pppr plnts r xpos to itionl strss, strong rution o nt photosynthsis is lwys ollow y lowr pppr yils (Tkmoto t l., 988). Howvr, it is still ontrovrsil whthr highr l photosynthsis in optiml growth onitions inrss plnt yils (Sinlir t l., ). Som stuis show tht this rltion pns on phs o plnt vlopmnt (Oshumi t l., ; Png t l., 8). Th im o this ppr ws to trmin i thr is ny signiint n irt onntion o nt photosynthti intnsitis, trnspirtion rts n wtr us iiny msur t mi y tim uring ripning o ruits in rltion with th ruit *Corrsponing uthor: miln.orisv@.uns..rs
2 9 M. Borisv, B. Krsti, D. Gvoznovi n J. Gvoznovi-Vrg yil o spii ommrilly vill pppr vritis grown in optiml onitions. Possil orrltions twn ths prmtrs wr nlyz t il tril n t plsti grnhous. Mtrils n Mthos This stuy ws onut using tn ommril vritis o pppr (Cpsium nuum L.): Amor, Anit, Vrnjsk, Novosjnk, Amor, Un, Plmn, S.M., Krušni n Ljut. Ths vritis o pppr wr vlop t th Institut o Fil n Vgtl Crops in Novi S, Sri. Two xprimntl trils wr st, on in smiontrol onitions o plsti grnhous n othr t outoor il r, oth with itionl irrigtion ppli. Both xprimntl trils wr st t th sm lolity, with intil soil typs. Ss wr swn t th n o Mrh n th ginning o April. Mtur ruits wr hrvst n msur t th n o July n ginning o August. All nlyss wr onut uring ripning, just or ruit hrvst. Som prmtrs o ruit proution on il r not vill, o to th hvy tmosphri ill tht ourr uring th lst phs o ripning. Photosynthsis n trnspirtion rts wr msur on mtur, ully vlop lvs (th, th or th l rom th top o th shoot), using th LCpro+ portl photosynthsis systm mnutur y ADC BioSintii Lt. Light onitions wr st using th LCpro+ light unit, whih mitt sturt photo synthtilly tiv rition (PAR) with photon lux nsity t μmol m - s -. Th ir supply unit provi low o mint ir to th l hmr t onstnt rt o μmol s -. Tmprtur, CO onntrtion n humiity wr t mint lvls. Wtr us iiny (WUE) ws lult s th rtio o photosynthsis to trnspirtion rt (μmol o CO m - s - /mmol o H O m - s - ). All prmtrs wr msur twn -h, uring lr sunny y. Conntrtion o photosynthti pigmnts ws trmin y mploying sptrophotomtry o % ton l pigmnt xtrts y mtho o Wttsti (9). Msurmnts wr onut in 9 rplits pr h pppr vrity rnomly slt t h rop. Bioproution prmtrs wr nlyz using t tst or inpnnt smpls. All othr t wr nlyz with Dunn s multipl rng tst. Vlus shown r rithmti mns o 9 rplits n rror rs init stnr rror. Signiin lvl us ws p<.. Th vrg vlus shown in igurs ollow y th sm lttr i not ir signiintly. Rsults Anlyss o ruit vlopmnt show signiint vritions twn tn pppr vritis (Tl ). Totl ruit yil pr on htr ws highr in grnhous tht in il with xption o vrity Krušni (9). Th highst yil ws trmin or Vrnjsk (), Anit Tl Prmtrs o ruit proution (rithmti mns ± stnr rror) Pppr vritis Fruits numr pr plnt Fruits wight pr plnt, kg Fruits wight pr htr, t/h Grnhous Fil Grnhous Fil Grnhous Fil. Amor. ±. NA. ±. NA.8 NA. Anit. ±. 8. ±.. ±. *8. ±..8.. Vrnjsk 9. ±.. ±. *8. ±.. ± Novosjnk 99. ±.. ±..8 ±..8 ±..9.. Amor. ±.. ±.. ±..9 ±...8. Un. ±.. ±.. ±.. ± Plmn. ±.9 *. ±.8.9 ±..8 ± S.M. 99. ±. NA. ±. NA. NA 9. Krušni. ±.8 *9. ±9..9 ±.. ±.... Ljut. ±. NA. ±. NA. NA * t tst signiint irn twn grnhous n il mn vlus (p<.)
3 Photosynthsis n Wtr Us Eiiny Rltions To Yil o Tn Pppr Vritis (Cpsium Annuum L.) 9 (), Plmn () n Novosjnk () t oth grnhous n il. Corrltion o ruits wight pr htr (rop yil) with ruits numr pr plnt ws low or oth grnhous n il (. n.), whilst orrltion o rop yil with ruits wight pr plnt is high (.99 or oth grnhous n il). Photosynhti intnsity show sttistil spiiity or pppr vritis (Figur ). Th vritions o CO ssimiltion vlus twn irnt vritis wr mor ivrs in il onitions, whih is in orrltion with grtr vriility o trnspirtion rts o il-grown plnts. Although in o tn pppr vritis, photosynthsis n wtr us iiny ws highr in th grnhous thn in il onitions, thr r no lr orrltions twn highr yils o pppr grown in th grnhous n msur photosynthti intnsitis or WUE. All lvs o pppr us or nlyss wr grn olor, homognous without ny olir vrigtion. Conntrtion o photosynthti pigmnts ws signiintly irnt twn invstigt pppr vritis Photosynthti intnsity (μmol o CO m - s - ) Pppr vritis Photosynthti intnsity (μmol o CO m - s - ) Pppr vritis Trnspirtion rt (mmol o HO m - s - ) Pppr vritis Trnspirtion rt (mmol o HO m - s - ). g g..9 Pppr vritis WUE (μmol o CO m - s - / mmol o HO m - s - ) Pppr vritis WUE (μmol o CO m - s - / mmol o HO m - s - )..... g Pppr vritis Fig.. Prmtrs o photosynthti CO ssimiltion, trnspirtion rt n wtr us iiny o pppr vritis grown in plsti grnhous n on il
4 9 M. Borisv, B. Krsti, D. Gvoznovi n J. Gvoznovi-Vrg (Figur ). Howvr, th vriility o pigmnts ontnt ws not th sm in il onitions s or plnts grown in th plsti grnhous. As with photosynthti n trnspirtion intnsitis, signiint orrltions oul not trmin twn pigmnts ontnt n pppr yil. Th orrltion twn photosynthti tivity n pigmnt onntrtions ws lso not signiint (-.). Conntrtions o hlorophyll, n rotnois ws signiintly highr in th lvs o plnts grown in th grnhous, whih ws xpt sin th light intnsitis o th grnhous r lowr tht in th opn il r. Howvr, lowr pigmnt onntrtion i not us isturns in photosynthti tivity or pppr yil proution. Disussion Signiint irns twn invstigt pppr vritis wr prviously trmin or ntomil prmtrs, grmintion ynmis, potssium n lium ontnt n oil quntity in s (Krsti t l., ; ). Expt Krusni (9) ll vritis hv show hl (mg/g) Pppr vritis hl (mg/g) Pppr vritis hl (mg/g) Pppr vritis hl (mg/g) Pppr vritis rotnois (mg/g) Pppr vritis rotnois (mg/g) Pppr vritis Fig.. Pigmnt ontnt in lvs o pppr vritis grown in plsti grnhous n on il
5 Photosynthsis n Wtr Us Eiiny Rltions To Yil o Tn Pppr Vritis (Cpsium Annuum L.) 9 grtr potntil or proution in plsti grnhous u to trmin highr ruit yils. Slightly grtr vriility o msur photosynthti n trnspirtion prmtrs twn pppr vritis in th il onitions init to mor stil nvironmnt in th plsti grnhous, whn ppli stnr growth mthos r us. Estlish ivrsity twn pppr vritis is xpt sin ppprs r know or thir morphologil n physiologil ivrsity (Guil-Gurrro t l., ; Stumml n Bosln, ; Toorov, ). Toorov () hs onirm th vriility o pppr vritis in ruit hrtriztion, n its orrltions with gnotypi n nvironmntl tors. Fruit wight pr plnt hs shown high orrltion with totl pppr yil pr htr, or ll tn invstigt vritis. Although h vrity h, its spii vlus o nt photosynthsis, trnspirtion, wtr us iiny n pigmnt ontnt, msur vlus r not irtly orrlt with high pppr yil. Howvr, photosynthti intnsity ws msur only t on point, uring ripning, in th mi y, twn -h whn th CO ssimiltion shoul t its highst rt. Th ynmi o totl photosynthti tivity throughout th vgttion sson oul nvrthlss isply spii rltions to th rop yil o h vrity. It is vry importnt to in t wht tim o plnt vlopmnt th nt photosynthsis hs n msur, sin th rltion twn photosynthsis n rop yil pns on phs o plnt vlopmnt (Sinlir t l., ; Tki t l., ; Png t l., 8; Wyzgolik t l., 8). Highr pigmnt ontnt in pppr trmin or ll vritis grown on il is proly rlt to lowr light intnsitis o plsti grnhous. Polythyln oil us or this grnhous is known to slightly ru solr irrition, thror ruing vill light intnsity on th l sur (Czrnowski n Cul, 99), ut without isturns to rop yil (Wyzgolik t l., 8). It is lry onirm tht photosynthti prormn n pigmnt ontnt in lvs pns on light intnsity (Fu t l., ). Lowr light intnsitis usully us upris in th onntrtion o photosynthtilly tiv l pigmnts. Wyzgolik t l. (8) onirm tht swt pppr plnts grown unr lowr light intnsitis lso h highr onntrtion o hlorophyll n rotnois, whih orrlt with lowr photosynthti intnsity. Rsults init tht lowr onntrtions o hlorophyll, n rotnois i not rlt to photosynthti tivity or wtr us iiny o invstigt pppr vritis. Clrly, highr pppr yil o h vrity is untion o mor omplx rng o prmtr sts n not simpl rltion o pk mi y vlus o photosynthti CO ssimiltion, phtosynthtilly tiv pigmnts in th lvs, trnspirtion rt n wtr us iiny. Furthrmor, on point msuring o ths photosynthti n wtr usg prmtrs, uring ruit ripning r not rlil initors n pritors o pppr yil ioproution, whn ppprs r not xpos to ny itionl strss. Conlusions Tn invstigt pppr vritis show spii vritions in ruit numr, ruit wight pr plnt n totl yil pr htr. Vriility o h pppr vrity ws lso spiilly xprss in rltions to photosynthti intnsity, onntrtion o photosynthti pigmnts, trnspirtion rts n wtr us iiny. Low, insigniint orrltion ws trmin twn on point mi y-msur vlus o photosynthti CO ssimiltion, trnspirtion rts n wtr us iiny in rltion to pppr ruit yil. Ths rsults init to mor omplx links twn pppr yils n photosynthti n trnspirtion tivitis, whih rquir itionl nlyss o ssonl n irin ynmis o ths mtoli prmtrs. Aknowlgmnts This ppr ws support y Ministry o Eution n Sin o th Rpuli o Sri s prt o projt in th r o thnology vlopmnt no. TR. Rrns Czrnowski, M. n S. Cul, 99. Solr sptrl irrin in ultivt plnts unr ovr in sumontn rgion I. Cuumr plnts in th grnhous. Foli Hortiultur, :. Fu, Q. S., Y. J. Zho, S. Wng, S. Rn, n Y. D. Guo,. Stomtl vlopmnt n ssoit photosyn-
6 9 M. Borisv, B. Krsti, D. Gvoznovi n J. Gvoznovi-Vrg thti prormn o psium in rspons to irntil light vililitis. Photosynthti, 8: Guil-Gurrro, J. L., C. Mrtinz-Guiro, M. M. Rolloso-Funts n A. Crriqu-Pérz,. Nutrint omposition n ntioxint tivity o pppr (Cpsium nuum) vritis. Europn Foo Rsrh n Thnology, : -9. Krstić, B., Đ. Gvoznović n N. Nikolić,. Gnti vriility o minrl lmnts onntrtion in pppr vritis (Cpsium nnuum L.). Mti Srpsk Proing or Nturl Sins, 8: 9-8. Krstić, B., Lj. Mrkulov, Đ. Gvoznović n S. Pjvić,. Antomil n physiologil hrtristis o s in pppr (Cpsium nuum L.) vritis. At Agronomi Hungri, 9: -9. Ohsumi, A., A. Hmski, H. Nkgw, H. Yoshi, T. Shiriw n T. Hori,. A mol xplining gnotypi n ontognti vrition o l photosynthti rt in ri (Oryz stiv) s on l nitrogn ontnt n stomtl onutn. Annls o Botny, 99:. Png, S., G. S. Khush, P. Virk, Q. Tng n Y. Zou, 8. Progrss in iotyp ring to inrs yil potntil. Fil Crops Rsrh, 8: 8. Pivovrov, V. F., M. I. Mmov, O. N. Pyshny, N. A. Golukin, E. A. Dzhos n E. S. Blvkin, 9. Contnt o iologilly tiv sustns in swt pppr ruits unr vrious growing onitions. Russin Agriulturl Sins, (): 8-9. Sinlir, T. R., L.C. Purll n C. H. Snllr,. Crop trnsormtion n th hllng to inrs yil potntil. Trns in Plnt Sin, 9: -. Stumml, J. R. n P. W. Bosln,. Flowr Bring n Gntis. In: N.O. Anrson (Eitor), Ornmntl pppr, pp Tki, T., S. Mtsuur, T. Nishio, A. Ohsumi, T. Shiriw n T. Hori,. Ri yil potntil is losly rlt to rop growth rt uring ltr proutiv prio. Fil Crops Rsrh, 9: 8. Tkmoto, B. T., A. Bytnrowiz n D. M. Olszyk, 988. Dprssion o photosynthsis, growth n yil in ilgrown grn pppr (Cpsium nnuum L.) xpos to ii og n mint ozon. Plnt Physiology, 88: -8. Toorov, V.,. Fruit hrtriztion n inlun o vrition tors in pppr Kpiy typ vritis n ring lins (Cpsium nnuum L.). Bulgrin Journl o Agriulturl Sin, : 9-. Wttstin, von D., 9. Chlorophyll-ltl un r Sumikroskopish Formwhsl r Plstin. Exprimntl Cll Rsrh, : -. Wyżgolik, G., J. Nwr n M. Lj, 8. Photosynthsis n som growth prmtrs o swt pppr grown unr irnt light onitions. Sintii works o th Lithunin Institut o Hortiultur n Lithunin Univrsity o Agriultur. Soininkystė ir Držininkystė, : Zou, X. X., Y. Q. M, R. Y. Liu, Z. Q. Zhng, W. C. Chng, X. Z. Di, X. F. Li n Q. C. Zhou,. Comining ility nlyss o nt photosynthsis rt in pppr (Cpsium nuum L.). Agriulturl Sins in Chin, : 9-. Riv Sptmr,, ; pt or printing My,,.
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