Effect of some Sources and Rates of Nitrogen Fertilization on Growth and Leaf Mineral Content of Young Trees of Wonderful, Pomegranate

Transcription

1 Mil Est Journl o griultur Rsrh Volum: 04 Issu: 04 Ot.-D Pgs : Et o som n Rts o Nitrogn Frtiliztion on Growth n L Minrl ontnt o Young Trs o Wonrul, Pomgrnt 1 Rmy M.., 2 N. -lhmi, 2 Noh Mnsour n 3 Lil, F. Hggg 1 MS Stunt, griulturl Enginr in th privt Stor, iro, Egypt. 2 Hort. Dpt. F. gri., in Shms Univ., Shour El-Khim, iro, Egypt. 3 Pomology Dprtmnt, Ntionl Rsrh ntr, Giz, Egypt. STRT This stuy ws rri out uring two sussiv ssons, (2013n 2014) in privt orhr lot t Giz govrnort, Egypt. This invstigtion ws onut on on yr ol pomgrnt trs Wonrul v., plnt t 3 X 4m prt grown in sny lom soil unr rip irrigtion systm. Thr nitrogn sours(s) wr tst, mmonium sult (20.5%), mmonium nitrt (33.5%) n ur (46%). Eh sour o nitrogn wr ppli t thr rts (R):, n g N /tr /yr. Nitrogn rtilizr rt ws ivi through rtigtion systm with qul oss rom mi-mrh till Sptmr uring th two stui sulpht t th rt o g N /tr/yr gv th highst vlus o stm imtr, shoot lngth, N, P, K, F n Zn l ontnt, whrs rtilizing with mmonium sulpht t rt o g N/tr/yr hiv th highst l r n l ontnt. whil, inrsing mmonium nitrt rt to g N/tr/yr gv th st totl hlorophyll in lvs, howvr rtilizing with ur t rt o g N/tr/yr gv th grtst l Mn ontnt. So it oul y rommn y rtilizing young Wonrul pomgrnt trs y mmonium sulpht t rt o g N /tr/yr. Ky wors: Nitrogn sours, Rts, Vgttiv growth, Minrl ontnt, Young Pomgrnt Trs, Wonrul. Introution Pomgrnt (Puni grntum L) longs to mily Puni, it ws onsir on o th olst ultivt trs in th history o th worl ultivt out 5000 yrs go. Pomgrnt is on o th vorit tl ruits o tropil n su-tropil rgions. Th ruit is ntiv o Irn n is xtnsivly ultivt in th Mitrrnn rgion sin gs, spilly in Spin, Moroo, Egypt n ghnistn. Shikh n Mnjul (2009). Pomgrnt ultivtion plys n importnt rol in th onomy o mny ountris, suh s Ini, Irn, hin, Turkmnistn, Tjikistn, Turky, Isrl, Spin, mri, South ri, n ustrli. Pomgrnt pts to ll kins o soil n limt; it is tolrnt o rought, slt, iron hlorosis n tiv lium ront. Kitrn n Louis (2008).Th Egyptin pomgrnt proution rh out tons prou rom Fn, vrg proution 9 ton/f oring to th sttistis o th MLR (2013). ssiut, Nouri n srt ro o iro/lxnri r th most importnt rgions o Pomgrnt proution in Egypt. Pomgrnt spis inlus mny ultivrs suh s Mnloty, Pnty, El hm, El sokry n Wonrul origint s utting in Flori; propgt in liorni in Trs r vigorous n prou, lrg purpl-r ruit. Th ruit is roun ut lttn t th pols, vry lrg, rk purpl-r, with mium-thik rin p-r, juiy, winy pulp; mium-hr ss. ring strt in th irst yr o plnting. Sl-rtil. Hrvst is ug 25-Ot 1. Rquirs 150 hill hours (hours t or low 6 º) Kitrn n Louis (2008). Nitrogn is on o th ssntil nutrints or plnt nutrition, this t ws stlish in 19 th ntury.nitrogn is gnrlly ppli to plnts through minrl rtiliztion n orgni mnuring (Postgt, 1978).Thr r svrl sours o nitrogn rtilizrs suh s mmonium sult (20.5%N), mmonium nitrt (33.5%N) n ur (46%N) t... Th gol o this rsrh ws to stuy th t o irnt nitrogn sours n rts on growth n l minrl ontnt o young Wonrul pomgrnt trs grown in sny lom soil. Mtrils n Mthos This stuy ws rri out uring two sussiv ssons, (2013n 2014) in privt orhr lot t Giz govrnort, Egypt.Soil smpls wr tkn rom lotion o th xprimntl r t m rom th soil sur or mhnil n hmil nlysis, whih rri out oring to th stnr prours orrsponing uthor: Rmy M.., MS. Stunt, griulturl Enginr in th privt Stor, iro, Egypt. 879

2 sri y Jkson (1958); lk t l. (1965) n Wil t l. (1979).Physil n hmil proprtis o th xprimntl soil n hmil hrtristi o wtr wll r prsnt in Tl (1) n Tl (2), rsptivly. Tl 1: Physil n hmil proprtis o th xprimnt soil. Soil hrtristis Prtil siz istriution %: Vry ors sn (%) 1-2 mm ors sn (%).5-1 mm Mil sn(%) mm 0.36 Fin sn (%) mm 6.44 Vry Fin sn(% ) mm 2.97 Silt n ly.05 > mm 0.59 Soil txtur Sny lom hmil hrtristis ph 7.12 E, mmohs / m 1.11 Solul nions (mq / 100g soil) : O3 = - HO3-1.2 l SO4 = 4.13 Solul tions (mq / 100g soil): Mg N K + - Tl 2: hmil hrtristis o wtr wll: ph E, mmohs / m 3.4 Solul nions (mq / 100g soil) O3 = - HO3-3.1 l SO4 = 33.2 Solul tions (mq / 100g soil) Mg N K Exprimntl mtril: This stuy ws rri out on on yr ol pomgrnt trs Wonrul v., plnt t 3 X 4m prt grown in sny lom soil, unr rip irrigtion systm n uniorm in shp n riv th ommon hortiulturl prtis. Thr nitrogn sours(s) wr tst, mmonium sult (20.5%), mmonium nitrt (33.5%) n ur (46%). Dirnt sours o nitrogn wr ppli t thr rts (R):, n g N /tr / yr. Nitrogn rtilizr rt ws ivi through rtigtion systm with qul oss rom mi-mrh till Sptmr uring th two stui Eh tr ws nnully rtiliz with 62 g k 2O s potssium sulpht though soil pplition in wintr n 110 g P 2O 5 s lium suprphospht though soil pplition in wintr, s norml hortiultur prtiss ollow in this rspt. Exprimntl sign: Th trtmnts wr rrng in rnomiz omplt lok sign (RD), th xprimnt ontins nin trtmnts, h ontins our rplits n th rplit rprsnt y two young trs. Th ollowing prmtrs wr msur to vlut th tst trtmnts. Vgttiv growth msurmnts: Evry month uring th two growing ssons plnts wr msur or stm imtr t 5 m ov th groun sur, shoot lngth, l r n totl hlorophyll. Four ully xpn lvs rom mil o shoots 5-7 th lvs rom plnt top wr ollt to msur th l r oring to hm n Morsy (1999). r ws xprss s m 2 th sm l smpls wr us to msur totl hlorophyll ontnt y using Soil Plnt nlysis Division (SPD) 502 MINOLT hlorophyll mtr (Koni Minolt usinss Solutions,Tokyo, Jpn).Th SPD 502 mtr trmins th rltiv mount o hlorophyll prsnt y msuring th trnsmittn o th l in two wvlngth rgions (th r n nr inrr). Using ths two trnsmittn

3 vlus, th mtr lults numril SPD vlu whih is proportionl to th mount o hlorophyll prsnt in th l. L Minrl ontnt: Twnty lvs wr tkn rom th mil prt o th nw shoots rom h tr in lt July oring to Wstwoo (1993). Frsh lvs wight wr tkn thn lvs wr wsh with istill wtr,thn ovn ri t 60- o until onstnt wight.th ri smpls wr groun in stinlss stl Kni mill n 0.2 grm o th groun mtril o h smpl ws igst using mixtur o prhlori : sulphori i 1:10 (v/v) oring to Jkson (1973). Nitrogn ws trmin y th Miro-Kjlhlmtho s sri y Prgl (1945).phosphorus ws olorimtrilly trmin y th mtho o Truog n Myr (1929). Potssium ws trmin y lm photomtr oring to th mtho o rown n Lillln (1946). lium n Soium wr trmin y titrtion ginst vrsnt solution (hpmn n Prtt, 1961). Iron, zin n mngns wr stimt y using n tomi sorption pprtus oring to th mtho o FO (1980). Sttistil nlysis: ll otin t uring 2013 n 2014 ssons wr nlysis o vrins (NOV) oring to Snor n ohrn (1980) using MSTT progrm. Lst signiint rngs (LSR) ws us to ompr twn mns o trtmnts oring to Dunn (1955) t proility o 5 %. Rsults n Disussion 1-Et o som n Rts o Nitrogn rtiliztion on som vgttiv growth prmtrs: -Et on stm imtr: Rsults in Tl (3) show th t o irnt nitrogn sours n rts on stm imtr o wonrul pomgrnt young trss uring 2013 n 2014 Dt init tht, vlus o stm imtr wr signiintly t y nitrogn sours, rts n thir intrtion uring irnt months in th two Rgring th nitrogn sours gnrlly, Ur (S 3) gv th highst signiint vlus o stm imtr in ny givn month uring th two growing With rspt to nitrogn rts, it ws osrv tht rtilizing y th irst rt o nitrogn(r 1)(g N /tr / yr ) gv th highst signiint vlus o stm imtr in ny givn month ollow in rsing orr y thos o lvl (g N /tr / yr ) spilly in th son sson. Rgring th intrtion twn sours n rts trtmnt (S 1R 1) n (S 3R 3) gv th highst signiint vlus o stm imtr,in ny givn month uring th irst sson. Whil in th son trtmnt (S 2 R 2) gv th highst signiint vlus o stmimtr, in ny givn month xpt ugust (S 3R 1), (S 2R 2) & (S 3R 3),n Sptmr (S 3R 3).In this rspt, El-wkl t l (2009) on young Nvl Orng trs, oun tht mmonium nitrt t 100 or 200 g N/tr/yr show th highst stm thiknss inrmnt. o Nitrogn Tl 3: Et o som sours n rts o nitrogn on stm imtr (m)o wonrul pomgrnt young trss uring 2013 n My Jun July ugust Sptmr 2013 sson ' 1.75 ' 1.92 ' 2.16 ' ' 1.94 ' 2.12 ' 2.36 ' sson ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' In h month in h sson, mns o h o nitrogn sour, nitrogn rts or thir intrtions hving th sm lttrs r not signiintly irnt t 5% lvl ' 2.12 ' 2.32 ' 2.57 ' ' 2.27 ' 2.53 ' 2.81 ' ' 2.48 ' 2.76 ' 3.03 ' 3.55 ' 3.74 ' -Et on shoot lngth: Dt in Tl (4) show th t o som sours, rts o nitrogn on shoot lngth o wonrul pomgrnt young trss uring 2013 n 2014 In th two ssons, vlus o shoot 881

4 lngth wr t signiintly y nitrogn sours, rts n thir intrtion in ny givn month. onsquntly, sult (S 1) gv th highst signiint vlus o shoot lngth ollow losly y mmonium nitrt(s 2) spilly in th irst sson, With rspt to nitrogn rt rtilizing with (R 1) (g N /tr / yr ) n (g N /tr / yr ) gv th highst signiint vlus o shoot lngth in th irst n son sson,rsptivly xpt in My n Jun. In th son sson. Rgring th intrtion trtmnts (S 1R 1) n (S 1R 2) gv th highst signiint vlus o shoot lngth in ny givn month in th irst n son sson, rsptivly. o Nitrogn Tl 4: Et o som sours n rts o nitrogn on shoot lngth (m) o wonrul pomgrnt young trss uring 2013 n My Jun July ugust Sptmr 2013 sson ' 86.7 ' 82.6 ' 175 ' ' ' 93.1 ' 90.3 ' ' 1.4 ' sson ' ' 95.2 ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' In h month in h sson, mns o h o nitrogn sour, nitrogn rts or thir intrtions hving th sm lttrs r not signiintly irnt t 5% lvl Et on l r: Dt in Tl (5) show th t o som nitrogn sours n rts on l r o wonrul pomgrnt young trss uring 2013 n 2014 In th two ssons, vlus o l r wr t signiintly y nitrogn sours, rts n thir intrtion in ny givn month. In rspt to nitrogn sour, sult (S 1) gv th highst signiint vlus o l r in ny givn month, in th oth two ssons, ollow y nitrt (S 2) in most ss. Frtilizing with th son rt o nitrogn (R 2) (g N /tr / yr) gv th highst signiint vlus o l r ollow losly y th thir rt o nitrogn (R 3) (g N /tr / yr)in most ss, in th two growing Rgring th intrtion trtmnt (S 1 R 2) gv th highst signiint vlus o l r, in most ss. Howvr, in th lst month (Sptmr) in th two growing sson trtmnt (S 1R 3) gv th highst signiint vlus o l r. In this rspt, El-wkl t l (2009) on young Nvl Orng trs, oun tht mmonium nitrt t 100 g N/tr/yr gv th highst l r vlu. D-Et on totl hlorophyll ontnt: Dt in Tl (6) Rsults show tht vlus o totl hlorophyll ontnt wr t signiintly y nitrogn rts in ny givn month uring th two growing ssons xpt My n Jun in th irst on. Th trn o nitrogn rt ws mor lr rom th n o th irst sson on (ugust n Sptmr).Whrs, R 3 (g N/tr/yr) gv th highst signiint vlus o hlorophyll ontnt until th n o son sson (Sptmr). Rgring th t o nitrogn rt on hlorophyll ontnt th trn ws mor lr in th n o son sson (July : Sptmr ) thn othr months whrs, S 2(mmonium nitrt) gv th highst signiint vlus o hlorophyll ontnt in th lvs. With rspt to intrtion, trtmnt (S 2R 3) gv th highst signiint vlus o hlorophyll ontnt in ny givn month xpt th irst thr months (My: July) in th irst sson. 2-Et o som sours n rts o nitrogn rtiliztion on l mro n mironutrints ontnt. -Et on l mronutrints ontnt. Rsults in Tl (7) show th t o som sours n rts o nitrogn on (N, P, K, n N) ontnt in lvs o pomgrnt young trss uring 2013 n 2014 ssons.in th two ssons mronutrints (N, P, K, n N) wr signiintly t y sours, rts n thir intrtion.in rspt to nitrogn ontnt, th signiint highst vlus wr otin th sulpht n nitrt with rspt to nitrogn sour, th irst rt o nitrogn R1(g N /tr / yr )gv th highst signiint vlus o nitrogn 882

5 ontnt. Rgring th intrtion, trtmnt (S 3R 3) gv th lowst signiint vlus o N ontnt uring th two growing ssons whrs, trtmnt (R 1S 1) gv th highst signiint vlus o N ontnt in th two onrning phosphorus ontnt, with rspt to nitrogn sour th signiint highst vlus wr otin th sulpht. Whrs, th irst rt (R 1) o nitrogn (g N /tr / yr) gv th highst signiint vlus o Phosphorus ontnt. In th irst sson, whil in th son sson (R 1&R 3) (& g N /tr / yr) gv th highst signiint vlus o Phosphorus ontnt. Rgring th intrtion, trtmnt (R 1S 1) n (R2S1) gv th highst signiint vlus o P ontnt in th irst n son ssons, rsptivly. o Nitrogn o Nitrogn Tl 5: Et o som sours n rts o nitrogn on l r (m 2 ) o wonrul pomgrnt young trss uring 2013 n My Jun July ugust Sptmr 2013 sson sson g In h month in h sson, mns o h o nitrogn sour, nitrogn rts or thir intrtions hving th sm lttrs r not signiintly irnt t 5% lvl. Tl 6: Et o som sours n rts o nitrogn on totl hlorophyll in lvs (SPD vlu) o wonrul pomgrnt young trss uring 2013 n My Jun July ugust Sptmr 2013 sson ' 69.1 ' ' 71.2 ' ' 69.5 ' g ' 65.8 ' g ' 62.7 ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' sson ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' In h month in h sson, mns o h o nitrogn sour, nitrogn rts or thir intrtions hving th sm lttrs r not signiintly irnt t 5% lvl

6 o Nitrogn Tl 7: Et o som sours n rts o nitrogn on l mronutrint (N, P, K, n N) ontnt o wonrul pomgrnt young trss uring 2013 n N% P% K% % N% 2013 sson ' 1.81 ' 1.64 ' 1.81 ' ' 0.37 ' sson ' ' ' ' ' In h month in h sson, mns o h o nitrogn sour, nitrogn rts or thir intrtions hving th sm lttrs r not signiintly irnt t 5% lvl ' ' ' ' ' 0.05 ' ' Rgring potssium ontnt, sult (S 1) gv th highst signiint vlus o Potssium ontnt. In th two With rspt to nitrogn rt, th irst n son rt o nitrogn (R 1&R 2) (&g N /tr / yr) gv th highst signiint vlus o Potssium ontnt, in th irst sson. Whil thr ws no signiint irn twn vlus o K ontnt, in th son sson. Rgring th intrtion trtmnt (S 1 R 1) n (S 1R 2) gv th highst signiint vlus o K ontnt uring th irst n son sson, rsptivly. onrning lium ontnt, th signiint highst vlus wr otin th sulpht. On th othr hn, th son rt o nitrogn (R 2) (g N /tr / yr) gv th highst signiint vlus o lium ontnt. In th two ssons.rgring th intrtion trtmnts (S 1 R 2) n (S 3R 2) gv th highst signiint vlus o lium ontnt, in th irst sson. Whil trtmnt (S 1R 2) gv th highst signiint vlus o lium ontnt, in th son sson. Soium ontnt ws t signiintly y nitrogn sours in th irst sson only n ur gv th highst signiint vlus o N ontnt. Whil soium ontnt, ws not t signiintly y nitrogn rts in th two Rgring th intrtion trtmnt (S3R3) gv th highst signiint vlus uring th two -Et on l mironutrints ontnt. Rsults in Tl (8) show th t o som sours n rts on(f, Zn n Mn)ontnt in lvs o pomgrnt young trss uring 2013 n 2014 ssons.in th two ssons mironutrints (F, Zn n Mn) wr signiintly t y sours, rts n thir intrtion. Rgring iron ontnt, sult (S 1) gv th highst signiint vlus o iron ontnt in lvs. In th oth two With rspt to nitrogn rt, th irst n thir rt o nitrogn (R 1, R 3)(&g N /tr / yr ) gv th highst signiint vlus o iron ontnt,in th two growing Rgring th intrtion trtmnt (S 1 R 1) & (S 1R 3) gv th highst signiint vlus o Potssium ontnt, in th two onrning zin ontnt, th signiint highst vlus wr otin y sulpht (S 1) n ur (S 3), in th irst sson. Howvr, in th son sson sulpht (S 1) only gv th highst signiint vlus o zin ontnt. With rspt to nitrogn rt, th son rt o nitrogn (R 2) (g N /tr / yr) gv th highst signiint vlus o zin ontnt, in th two growing Rgring th intrtion trtmnt (S 1 R 1) gv th highst signiint vlus o zin ontnt, in th irst sson. Whil in th son sson trtmnt (S 1 R 2) gv th highst signiint vlus o zin ontnt. Rgring mngns ontnt, th signiint highst vlus wr otin y Ur (S 3) in th two growing With rspt to nitrogn rts, th son rt o nitrogn (R 2)(g N /tr / yr ) gv th highst signiint vlus o mngns ontnt,in th irst sson. Howvr, in th son sson th thir rt o nitrogn (R 3)( g N /tr / yr ) gv th highst signiint vlus o mngns ontnt.rgring th intrtion trtmnt (S 3 R 3) gv th highst signiint vlus o mngns ontnt, in th two growing In this rspt, Sh t l (1997) on Vlni Orng trs oun tht l nlysis, t show tht th pplition o mmonium sult s nitrogn sour prou signiint inrs in th l nitrogn ontnt 884

7 s ompr with pplying ur. Furthrmor, inrsing nitrogn rts rsult in signiint inrs in l nitrogn ontnt thn tht o th ontrol. No ovious t ws oun in l mro or mironutrint ontnts twn oth sours o nitrogn pplitions. On th othr hn, slight inrs in l F n Mn ontnts, n mrk rs in l K n N ontnts s ompr with th ontrol. Howvr, l P, n Zn ontnts wr unt y th irnt rts o nitrogn pplition Tl 8: Et o som sours n rts o nitrogn on L mironutrint (F, Zn n Mn) ontnt o wonrul pomgrnt young trss uring 2013 n 2014 o Nitrogn In h month in h sson, mns o h o nitrogn sour, nitrogn rts or thir intrtions hving th sm lttrs r not signiintly irnt t 5% lvl. onlusion: From th orgoing t, it oul onlu tht rtilizing young Wonrul pomgrnt trs with mmonium sulpht t rt o g N /tr/yr gv th grtst stm imtr, shoot lngth, N, P, K, F n Zn l ontnt,whrs rtilizing with mmonium sulpht t rt o g N/tr/yr hiv th highst l r n l ontnt. whil, inrsing mmonium nitrt rt to g N/tr/yr gn th st totl hlorophyll in lvs,howvr with ur t rt o g N/tr/yr gv th grtst l Mn ontnt.so it oul y rommn y rtilizing young wonrul pomgrnt trs y mmonium sulpht t rt o g N /tr/yr. Rrns F (ppm) Zn (ppm) Mn (ppm) 2013 sson g ' ' sson ' ' ' ' hm, F.F. n M.H. Morsy, nw mtho or msuring l r in irnt ruit spis. Mini J. o gri. Rs. & Dvlop, 19: lk,.., D.D. Evns, J.L. whit, L.E. Ensmingr n F.E. lrk, Mtho o soil nlysis. Prt2. mr. So. gron. In., Mison, Wisonsin.US, pp: rown, J.D. n O. Lillln, Uptk trmintion o potssium n soium in plnt mtril n soil xtrts y lm photomtry. Pro. mr. So. Hrt. Si., 48: hpmn, H.D. n P.E. Prtt, Mthos o nlysis or Soils, Plnts n Wtrs. Divison o gri. Si. Univ. o li. rkly, pp: 309. Dunn, D.., Multipl rngs n multipl tsts. iomtris, 11: El-wkl, F.H n M.. Ei, Et o Nitrogn Rt n Sour on Growth n L Minrl ontnt o Young Nvl Orng Trs. J. iol. hm. Environ. Si., 4: F..O., Soil n plnt tsting nlysis. Soils ulltin Jkson, M.L., Soil hmil nlysis, onstl n o. Lt. Prnti Hll o Ini Pvt. Lt. Nw Dlhi., pp: Kitrn Glozr n Louis Frguson Dprtmnt o Plnt Sins, Pomgrnt proution in ghnistn. UVIS ollg o griulturl & Environmntl Sins. M..L.R., Ministry o griultur n Ln Rlmtion Eonomi o Egypt irs Stuy o Importnt th griultur Sttis., 2: 91. Shts, M.D. n M.L. Du ois, Th pomgrnt 1. Univrsity o Flori. ooprtiv xtnsion srvi. Ft sht HS-44. Postgt, J., Nitrogn Fixtion.1st. Ewr rnol, In. Lonon pp ' ' '

8 Prgl, F., Quntittiv Orgni Miro-nlysis 4 th E. p.17. hurhill. Lt. Lonon Sh, S.M., M.. h, M.. El-Hmy, Et o sour n rt o nitrogn rtiliztion on yil, ruit qulity n l minrl omposition o Vlni orng trs grown in Riyh, Sui ri. Journl o King Su Univrsity, griulturl Sins, 9: Shikh, M.K. n N. Mnjul, Et o Split pplition o N n K on Growth n Fruiting in Gnsh Pomgrnt (PunigrntumL.) Pro. IstIS on Pomgrnt E.:.I. Özgüvn t Hort Snor, G.. n W.G. ohrn, Sttistil Mthos. Oxor n J.. H. u om. 7 th Eition. Truog, E. n.h. Myr, Improvmnts in th Dnigs olorimtn mtho or phosphorus n rsnis.in.eng.hm, nl, E., 1: Wstwoo, M.N., TmprtzonPomology. Physiology n ultur. 3 r ED. Timr Prss.in.print in Sngpor. p: 197. Wil, S.., R-. ory, L.J. Lyr n G.K. Voigt, Soil n plnt nlysis or tr ultur.pulish y Oxor IH pulishing o,"nw Dlhi, Ini. ( st.). 886