A COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF ROOTSTOCKS FOR VALENCIA

Transcription

1 GARDNER AND HORANIC: ROOTSTOCK EVALUATION Mors, Phillip C, Jr History, Propgtion, n Distriution of th Murott (Smith Tngrin). Flori Tng rin Cooprtiv, Lkln. 14. Rygg, G. L, n M. R. Gtty Ssonl Chngs in Arizon n Cliforni Grpfruit. U. S. Dpt. Agri. Th. Bull Siwll, Arthur P., Grl S. Birth, Jn V. Ernst, n Clvin Golumi Th us of Light Trnsmittn Thniqus to Estimt th Chlorophyll Contnt n Stg of Mturtion of Elrt Phs. Foo Thnol. 15(2): Ting, S. V., John W. Sits, n E. J. Dszyk Msuring th Intrnl Color of Flori R n Pink Grp fruit with th Huntr Color n Color Diffrn Mtr. Pro. Flori Stt Hort. So. 71: A COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF ROOTSTOCKS FOR VALENCIA AND PARSON BROWN ORANGES ON LAKELAND FINE SAND F. E. Grnr n Gorg E. Horni Crops Rsrh Division U.S.D.A. Agriulturl Rsrh Srvi Orlno Whil th srh for nw rootstoks of su prior prformn n ptility ontinus unt it is importnt tht th rootstoks now ommonly us ritilly r-vlut, not simply in trms of oxs of fruit prou ut lso s to pouns of solis prou. Th rootstoks in th xprimnt hr rport hv, with on xption, n us ommr illy for mny yrs n muh hs n lrn y xprin rgring thir prform n n hrtristis. Howvr, vli omprtiv vlution of ths rootstoks is not possil from sttr ommril plnt ings us of iffrns in lotion, soil, g of trs, uwoo sour, n ulturl prtis. Th prsnt work vluts th om monly-us rootstoks in singl uniform plnting unr stritly omprl onitions ovr 17-yr prio. An xtnsiv litrtur xists on th mny ffts of itrus rootstoks, not only on th growth n proutivity of th sion vrity (1), ut lso on vrious fruit hrtristis inluing siz, olor, n hmil omposition (4). A rviw of th litrtur, vn s it my rlt to this xprimnt, woul not only imprtil ut unprofitl us of if frns twn th rootstoks n sions hr inlu n thos rport lswhr. Thr hv n two rlir pulitions on this x primntl plnting whih ontriut to th ovrll stuy (2, 3). Prours Stok n sion vritis. Th tst plnting onsist of 2 swt orng sion vritis- Vlni n Prson Brown oth ol-lin s ltions rrying on or mor itrus viruss. Both wr u on 7 rootstoks: Sour orng No. 3 ( slt tr t Eustis), sour orng-a (ommril s), lmon (ommril s), Dunn grpfruit1 ( slt tr t Eustis), Cloptr mnrin ( slt tr in th USDA vrity olltion t Orlno), Rusk itrng (USDA plnting t Gln St. Mry, Flori), n swt orng (vrity Prson Brown). In ition to ths u trs, som of th sm Prson Brown slings whih wr us s rootstoks wr inlu in th xprimnt s unu nullr s lings. Th trs wr plnt in th tst lok nr Tvrs, Flori, in th fll of Exprimntl sign n soil typ. Th 2 sion vritis on h rootstok wr plnt in 3-tr plots rnomiz within loks for h vrity. Th loks wr rplit 13 tims. Th soil, firly goo gr of Lk ln fin sn with th ly lyr 6 to 8 ft low th surf, h no prvious history of ultivtion. Th tst plnting riv uni form n qut frtiliztion, pst ontrol, n soil mngmnt ut no irrigtion. Dspit som soil vriility within th r, th lrg numr of rplitions gnrlly lnt sttistil signifin to rltivly smll iffrns in growth, yil, n othr prformn t. Dt ollt. Tr siz ws msur vry yr for th first 5 yrs n susquntly out vry othr yr. Rltiv tr siz is 1 Th tr whih suppli th s for ths grpfruit stoks is list in USDA rors s "Bown" grpfruit. E. M. Svg, now rtir from th U. S. Dprtmnt of Agriultur, rlls tht his fthr, Frnk Svg, sur us out 75 yrs go from lok of sy grpfruit from th Bown grov 7 mils northst of Eustis, Flori. This lok of grpfruit prou wll n ws onsir to somwht rlir in fruit mturity thn othr sv grpfruit in th r. Frnk Svg propgt numr of trs from ths us n plnt thm in his hom grov t Eustis whr som of th trs r still thriving. H ll ths trs "Bown" grpfruit to signt th uwoo sour, n th nm hs rri ovr into USDA rors. In rly hyriiztion work, ths trs wr us s prnt in rosss whih prou mny of th tnglos n lso trifolit-orng hyris. Rntly w rfully ompr th "Bown" with th Dunn grpfruit s to fruit hrtr, numr of ss, n s hrtristis n wr unl to fin ny points of iffrn. In this rport, thrfor, w hv us th nm Dunn rthr thn prptut onfusion y lling this vrity Bown grpfruit.

2 124 FLORIDA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, 1961 xprss in ntimtrs of trunk irumfr n t fix point out 6 inhs ov th u union. Yil rors in oxs of fruit pr tr wr ror vry yr, ut th st tistil nlysis ws s on th mns of th 3 trs pr plot. Fruit smpls for qulity stuis, tkn prioilly throughout th tst, onsist of omposit of 24 fruits pik t rnom from th 3 trs of h plot. Avrg fruit wight, prntg of jui, n totl solul solis, i, n vitmin C in th x prss jui wr trmin y stnr pro urs. Th sttistil nlyss wr y th nlysis of vrin, n th Dunn multipl rng tst ws us to show signifin.2 TABLE 1. Finl trunk irumfrn *n 3-yr vrg of totl solul solis n i of Prson Brown n Vlni orngs on vrious rootstoks Prson Brown on - Sour orng No. 3 Sour orng A Hough lon Dunn grpfruit Cloptr mnrin Rusk itrng Svt or. (P. Brown) P. Brown (unu) Vlni on - Sour orng Mo. 3 Sour orng A Dunn lmon grpfruit Cloptr mnrin Rusk itrng irum. m. Totl i prnt Totl ol*, / Sttistil signifin. Mns follow y lttr "" r signifintly iffrnt t th 5% lvl from thos mns not hving ""; thos follow y "" r signifintly iffrnt from thos not hving "", t. Rsults Tr siz. Tl 1 shows tht, 17 yrs ftr plnting, th Prson Brown vrity on Dunn grpfruit n Cloptr mnrin rootstoks h prou signifintly lrgr trs thn on lmon or swt orng rootstoks. Th 2 sour orng strins wr onsirly smllr thn lmon, hvior hrtristi of sour orng rootstoks on Lkln soil. Trs on Rusk itrng grw s vigorously s thos on lmon for th first 4 yrs (not shown in Tl 1) ut thrftr ruptly slow own so tht thy n in lst pl, vn smllr thn thos on th sour orngs. A mrk stunting of growth ftr th first fw yrs hs n frquntly osrv of trs fft with xyloporosis, n prhps th loss 2 Th hlp of E. Jms Koh, Biomtriin, Biomtril Srvis, Plnt Inustry Sttion, Bltsvill, Mryln, on th sttistil nlyss is grtfully knowlg. of th initil vigor of th trs on Rusk itrng in this xprimnt ws u to som gr of intolrn of this rootstok to xyloporosis. Th rltivly normous siz of th unu Prson Brown sling trs, whih towr ov ll u trs in th xprimntl lok, is of prtiulr intrst in th light of thir rpily inrsing proution in th ltr yrs. With Vlni s th sion vrity thr ws no signifint iffrn in finl tr siz twn th lmon, Dunn grpfruit, Cloptr, n swt orng rootstoks. All ths rootstoks r out qully wll pt for tr growth on th p sns. Lik Pr son Brown vrity, Vlni on sour orng prou smllr trs n on Rusk itrng it tril in lst pl. Fruit yils. Th totl proution pr tr for th ntir 17 yrs from plnting tim is shown in th lst olumn of Tl 2. To show th trns in proution on th vrious rootstoks, th 17-yr prio is ivi into 3 intrvls n th totl oxs of fruit pr tr for h intrvl is prsnt (olumns 1, 2, n 3). In th Prson Brown sion vrity (Tl 2), th proutivity of lmon rootstok ovr ll othr stoks is vint uring th first 9 yrs from plnting tim. In th nxt 4 yrs, th supriority of lmon ws not so mrk prntg-wis, n in th lst 4 yrs (14 to 17 yrs of g), th yil ws not signifintly grtr thn on Dunn grpfruit, Cloptr mnrin, or swt orng rootstoks. Trs on sour orng n Rusk itrng, oth proutiv rootstoks for th tr siz, h lowr yils us of thir smllr ring surfs. Th unu Prson Brown sling trs inrs rpily in proution ftr th first 9 yrs in th orhr, n in th lst 4 yrs of th xpri mnt (14 to 17 yrs ol), thy wr wll h of ny of th u trs on ny rootstok. Th Vlni trs, in ll prios n on ll stoks, wr outyil y th Prson Brown trs. Th ffts of rootstoks on th Vlni yils, howvr, wr vry similr to thos on Prson Brown. Th prinipl iffrn ws tht with Vlni th rly supriority of lmon ws mor pronoun n on tinu through th lst 4 yrs of th xpri mnt. Thr ws finit inition, how vr, tht proution iling ws ing p proh y oth Prson Brown n Vlni

3 i GARDNER AND HORANIC: ROOTSTOCK EVALUATION 125 TABLE 2. Avrg yil pr tr of Prson Brown n Vlni orngs uring init tr g Rootstok n sion Aft Boxs 1-9 vrs. i >r tr for intrvls n A vrs ntir I A«14-17 vrs, prio I Entir prio Prson Brown on - Sour orng No. 3 Sour orng A lmon Dunn grpfruit Cloptr mnrin Rusk itrng P. Brown (unu) i' f Vlni on - Sour orng No. 3 Sour orng A lmon Dunn grpfruit Cloptr mnrin Rusk itrng XI Sttistil signifin. Mns follow y lttr "" r signifintly iffrnt t th 5% lvl from thos mns not hving "" thos follow y "" r signifintly iffrnt from thos not hving "", t. 2/ Dt missing for 10th yr of Vlni trs. on lmon rootstok t n rlir g thn on th othr rootstoks. This proution iling ws prtiulrly vint with th Prson Brown sion vrity. During th lst 4 yrs Prson Brown trs on Dunn grpfruit, Cloptr mnrin, n swt orng rootstoks h ught up with lmon in oxs of fruit prou n with Vlni s th sion vrity, ths rootstoks h su stntilly nrrow lmon's l. Totl solul solis n i. Th influ n of rootstok on totl solul solis (Tl 1) ws in th sm rltiv orr for oth sion vritis. Rusk itrng prou th highst totl solis (sttistilly signifint ovr sour orng only with th Vlni vrity), fol low in sning orr y sour orng, swt orng, Dunn grpfruit, n Clo ptr mnrin (not signifintly iffrnt), n lmon lst y wi mrgin. In totl i ontnt of th jui thr ws rl tivly littl spr n no vry onsistnt r ltionship to rootstok. Fruit siz, prnt jui, n vitmin C Siz of fruit, trmin y th numr of fruit pr ox, ws signifintly influn y rootstok (Tl 3). Th lrgst numr of fruit pr ox, prou y Cloptr rootstok for Vlni vrity, inits th smllst fruit TABLE 3. Frui siz (No. pr ox), wight pr fruit, prnt Jui, n vltsln C ontnt of Prson Brown n Vlni orngs on vrious roostokg. (Avrg of 3 yrs) Rootstok n sion Prson Brown on - Sour orng No. 3 Sour orng A loon Dunn grpfruit Cloptr mnrin Rusk itrng P. Brown (unu) Vlni on - Sour orng No. 3 Sour orng A lon Dunn grpfruit Cloptr mnrin Rusk itrng 1 Av. wight Fruit siz 1 or Erult No. pr ox ' go. 195.*» 196." t 205. i 203.: ; ' J 222J 209. C 207.fl Jui prnt Vlt uln C 100 < i >gm : i 54. ( 52.«53. j 53. > 54. i () 2/ Sttistil signifin. Mns follow y lttr "" r signifintly iffrnt t th 5% lvl from thos mns not hving "": thos follow y "" r signifintly iffrnt fron thos not hving u", t. 52.! 52J fi 49.1

4 126 FLORIDA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, 1961 TABLE 4.--Avrg wight n poun-solis pr ox n poun-solis pr tr for Prson Brown n Vlni orngs on vrious rootstoks uring init tr g Wt. pr ox (ls Poun-solis pr ox Poun-solis pr tr for intrvls n ntir prio J& i 1-9 vrs. 1 A vrs.i Ag vrs.i Entir prio Prson Brown on - Sour orng No. 3 Sour orng A lmon Dunn grpfruit Cloptr mnrin Rusk itrng P. Brown (unu) / , Vlni on - Sour orng No. 3 Sour orng A lmon Dunn grpfruit Cloptr mnrin Rusk itrng T / Sttistil signifin. Mns follow y lttr "" r signifintly iffrnt t th 5% lvl from Inos mns not hving ""; thos follow y»» r signifintly iffrnt from thos not hving, t. 2/ Dt missing for 10th yr of Vlni trs. prou y ny of th rootstoks. In similr nlogy, lmon prou lrgr V lni fruit thn othr rootstok. With Prson Brown s th sion vrity, th smllst fruit ws prou y Cloptr mnrin n sour orng rootstoks. lmon n swt orng stoks prou lrgr fruits thn th othr rootstoks. Th unu Prson Brown slings, howvr, prou still lrgr fruit. With vritis for whih ontrol of fruit siz is sirl, us of mrkt prfrns or lgl siz rstritions, th hoi of rootstok my rthr importnt. With oth sion vritis slightly highr jui ontnt ws prsnt in fruit from sour orng, Dunn grpfruit, n Cloptr thn from th othr rootstoks. On ll stoks V lni h n pprily highr jui ontnt thn Prson Brown. Th vitmin C ontnt of th jui of oth sion vritis ws pprily highr in fruit on sour orng thn on th othr rootstoks. Vitmin C ws highr in Prson Brown fruit thn in Vlni on ll rootstoks. Poun-solis.-Th t ollt prmitt th lultion of n vrg poun-solis pr ox of fruit n pr tr for h of th root stoks. Th lultion involv th vrg wight pr ox of fruit on th vrious root stoks (Tl 4). Wight pr ox of fruit ws otin y multiplying th mn numr of fruit pr ox y th mn wight pr fruit (Tl 3). Th prntg of jui n its solis ontnt, of ours, ntr into th l ultion of poun-solis pr ox of fruit. Bus of th mrk supriority of lmon in oxs of fruit prou ovr ny othr ommonly-us rootstok in th rly lif of th trs, th ssumption is sily m tht th pouns of solis must lso grtr on lmon, prtiulrly for th Vlni sion vrity. Howvr, th omin fft of low solis, low wight pr ox, n som wht ru prntg of jui, whih hr triz th Vlni fruits on Lmon rootstok tully rsult in lowr pounsolis pr tr thn som of th othr root stoks y th tim th trs wr 14 to 17 yrs ol (Tl 4). Aftr 13 yrs of g th Vlni vrity yil signifintly mor poun-solis pr tr on Dunn grpfruit; Cloptr mnrin, n swt orng rootstoks thn on lmon. This ws not tru, howvr, for th first 13 yrs from plnting t uring whih prio lmon not only prou y fr th highst ox ror ut lso th highst poun-solis pr tr. Th vrg wight pr ox of Vlni fruit on lmon rootstok (Tl 4)

5 GARDNER AND HORANIC: ROOTSTOCK EVALUATION 127 pprs to qustionly low. As point out, ths r lult wights riv y multiplying th numr of fruit pr ox y th vrg wight pr fruit in rnom smpl of 24 fruits pik from h of th 13 rplitions. If ths rnom smpls wr is s to fruit siz, n rror woul introu whih woul rflt in th lult wight pr ox n thrfor in th poun-solis pr ox. Th ounts for th numr of fruit pr ox wr m in th 10 to 13 yr prio. It is possil tht th fruit on lmon, in omprison with othr stoks, ws lrgr on trs of this g thn it-ws ltr on. This woul tn to rsult in light wight pr ox in th lultions m. Dspit th possiility of rror from ithr or oth of ths sours, th t init tht in this xprimnt Cloptr mnrin, Dun n grpfruit, n swt orng rootstoks hv onsistntly gin on th rly l of lmon in poun-solis pr tr n will soon ovrtk lmon if in thy hv not lry on so. Th gins in fruit proution n in pounsolis pr tr y th unu Prson Brown slings in th lst prio r striking, ut th highr piking osts for suh trs shoul onsir. Attntion is lso irt to th ft tht uring th lst 4 yrs of th xpri mnt, th Prson Brown trs prou mor pouns of totl solul solis thn th Vlni trs on vry rootstok. Summry Ol-lin Prson Brown n Vlni swt orng vritis wr plnt in 1942 on 7 rootstoks in wll-rplit plot sign on firly goo gr of Lkln fin sn nr Tvrs, Flori. Th 7 rootstoks wr sour orng (2 sltions), lmon, Dunn grpfruit, Cloptr mnrin, Rusk itrng, n swt orng (Prson Brown vrity). In th portion of th xprimnt in whih Prson Brown ws th sion vrity, unu s lings of this vrity wr inlu for ompri son with th ol-lin strin u on its slings. Msurmnts throughout th first 17 yrs of th xprimnt inlu tr growth, fruit yils, n vrious fruit-qulity ftors, nmly fruit siz n wight, prnt jui, n totl solul solis, i, n vitmin C ontnt of th xprss jui. Pouns of solis pr ox of fruit n pr tr wr lult n pr snt for h of th rootstoks us. On th Lkln fin sn of this xpri mnt, Prson Brown vrity m th lrgst trs on Dunn grpfruit n Cloptr root stoks, follow in sning orr y lmon, swt orng, sour orng, n Rusk itrng. Th unu Prson Brown s lings, howvr, grtly x ll u trs in siz. With Vlni s th sion vri ty, thr wr no signifint siz iffrns twn lmon, Cloptr mnrin, Dunn grpfruit, n swt orng root stoks. Th 2 sour orng sltions wr intr mit in siz n Rusk itrng th smllst. Up to 13 yrs of g, lmon grtly x ll othr rootstoks in proution. Susquntly, howvr, Dunn grpfruit, Cloptr mnrin, n swt orng rootstoks ught up with lmon whn Prson Brown ws th sion vrity n whn Vlni ws th sion vrity thy pproh lmon. Rusk itrng, lthough it r sult in smllr trs, prou out th sm mount of fruit s th sour orng rootstoks. On poun-solis sis lmon outyil th othr rootstoks in oth sion vri tis uring th first 13 yrs of g. Thr ftr, th Cloptr mnrin, Dunn grp fruit, n swt orng rootstoks qull th lmon whn Prson Brown ws th sion vrity n ths 3 rootstoks surpss lmon whn Vlni ws th sion vrity. This xprimnt offrs for th first tim, w liv, th opportunity to mk stritly vli omprison of th rltiv prformn of ths ommonly-us rootstoks. Th t on poun-solis, prtiulrly for th Vlni vrity, ris qustion whthr th hvy trn of plnting Vlni on lmon rootstok is justifi on firly goo soils. Th long proutiv lif of itrus orhr shoul l on to wigh th istint vntg of lmon in th rly yrs ginst th highr rturns shown y Cloptr mnrin, swt orng, n Dunn grpfruit rootstoks in th ltr yrs. LITERATURE CITED v/ V..Bt?o!iLOr'M-.D- 5^H,'xJt Wr- Th Cl'rus Inustry, Vol. II Univ. of Cliforni Prss, Brkly, Clif. 2. Cook, Jms A., Gorg E. Horni, n F. E. Grnr. Citrus rootstok trils; nin-yr progrss rport on svn So? fln *". Pro. Fl. Stt Hort. 3. Horni, Gorg E. n F. E. Grnr. Rltiv wilt- Hort Sor72^ 77 7% " Vn' Us rootstoks- Pro- Fl. Stt 4. Sinlir, Wlton B. Th orng-its iohmistry n physiology Univ. of Cliforni Printing Dpt., Brk-