Disease Loss Assessment and Chemical Management of Poplar Rust Using by Some Conventional Fungicides

Transcription

1 211 Intrntionl Confrn on Asi Agriultur n Animl IPCBEE vol.13 (211) (211)IACSIT Prss, Singpoor Diss Loss Assssmnt n Chmil Mngmnt of Poplr Rust Using y Som Convntionl Fungiis Simk Slhi 1 + n Solimn Jmshii 1 1 Dprtmnt of Plnt Prottion, Miynh Brnh, Islmi Az Univrsity, Miynh, Irn Astrt. Poplr rust us y Mlmpsor spp. imposs hvy losss in poplr-growing rs in Irn. To stimt iss loss, woo volum ws msur in two ontinul yrs from 29 to 21 n woo volum prntg inrmnt ws lult. Thr ws signifint loss in inft trs ompring hk plnts in woo volum inrmnt. Also, vlution of som ommon fungiis omprising of propionzol, mnoz, rnzim n nomyl show tht th st fungii ws propionzol s folig spry twi yr in rommn os. Kywors: Mlmpsor, fungii, propionzol, rnzim, nomyl, mnoz 1. Introution Th iuous tr, Populus nigr, ommonly nm lk poplr is ntiv to Europ, southwst n ntrl Asi, n northwst of Afri (Pi & MCrkn, 25; Wng & Fng, 1984). Ovr th pst two s, rusts on poplr us y Mlmpsor spp. hv n sujt to xtnsiv stuy us of th svr mg (Pi & MCrkn, 25). Poplr rust is sily rogniz y th msss of yllow or orng fungl spors tht ovr th lf surf in summr, minly on th unrsi. Aftr fw wks, th lvs lkn, url up n fll prmturly (Lnnsl n Tush, 22). Poplr rust is on of th most importnt fungl lf isss in Irn (Bhh, 1991). Est Azryjn provin hs n rport s on of th hvily inft rgions of Irn (Eslmi t l., 28). Thirtn spis n two hyris of Mlmpsor hv n sri on Populus (Bgynryn, 1998). Convntionlly, poplr rusts r rgr s nursry isss. Th iss uss prmtur folition, 2 3 months prior to norml lf fll, thry ffting plnt growth (Pi & MCrkn, 25). Although in som ss hmil ontrol woul rport to rmin xpnsiv, somtims physilly imprtil n in mny ss nvironmntlly unsirl, th st ontrolling mtho of poplr rust is rsistnt plnt vritis n hyris implmnttion (Clln n Brn, 1998). Chmil ontrol is still on of th st n ommon wys to mng iss in stlish trs (MCrkn & Dwson, 1998 n Shrm t l., 25). Thr r oupl of rsrhs whih hs n rri out rgring poplr rust using y hmils vi folig sprying. Thr-tim pplying of 1% CuOCl 2 (n of My, Jun, n July), gv omplt prottion ginst Mlmpsom llii-populin, n M. lriipopulin, n ithn ws lmost uslss (Sri & Milotovi, 196). Svrl invstigtors onfirm tht Cu (s oppr oxyhlori in Cuprox ) n nonil gv signifint ontrol of Mlmpsor lrii-populin on poplr (Fullrton n Mnzis, 1974; Spirs, 1976 n Shrin, 1978). MCrkn n Dwson (1998) rport tht nonil (Clirus ) n myloutnil (Systhn ) provi fftiv ontrol of th rust, ut only whn ppli s prottnt t 14-y intrvls, ginning in mi-my for th rust h n opportunity to stlish itslf. Sussful ontrol of lf rust (M. ilit) of P. ilit in nursry slings ws hiv y sprying rnzim n mnoz (Khn t l., 1988). Ruro & My (1996) rport th ffiy of ifnoonzol, ptn n mnoz ginst uriniospor grmintion of Mlmpsor mus unr in + Corrsponing uthor. Tl.: ; fx: E-mil rss: simk1383@gmil.om 121

2 vitro onitions. Also, Post-symptom sprys of ifnoonzol (.2%), pnonzol (.6%) n rnzim (.5%) xhiit xllnt rint tivity n rsult in minimum proution of uriniospors pr urinium n pr unit lf r whn ppli on nursry-grown poplr slings. Whn fungiis wr tst s prvntiv n post-symptom sprys t fortnightly intrvls, ifnoonzol, pnonzol n hxonzol rsult in th lst iss inin n urini pustuls pr lf, n minimum rt of spr of iss n r unr iss progrss urv (Shrm & Shrm, 2). Th urrnt rsrh ims wr stimting woo losss in inft trs y rust n vlution of som onvntionl fungiis ffiiny on iss mngmnt. 2. Mtril n Mtho 2.1. Diss loss ssssmnt Th xprimnt ws prform in lk poplr (Populus nigr L.) grn with Itlin origin ultivr nmly Lomry plnt in Mrh 28 t Miynh rgion, Irn (47 42ˊ E n 37 24ˊ N, 168 m..s.l.) in growing ssons. Th trs intr- n intr-rows intrvls wr 1 n 9 m, rsptivly. Sin woo proution is th most importnt purpos of poplr plting, w tri to stimt woo loss us y th iss. To stimt woo loss, two smll horizontl lins wr rwn on trunk s two mrks in th first yr i.. 29 on Novmr 1. Th first lin hight ws 15 m from th groun lvl n th othr on ws mrk 1 mtr ov tht. Sixty trs of inft n hlthy ss wr mrk s mntion ov. Th imtr of th trunk msur using y llipr in oth mrk sits. Th woo volum hs n lult y following formul lik onil frustum: 2 v = πh/3((r 1 + r 1 r 2 ) + r 2 2 ) in whih h ws hight, r 1 =ownr lin rius, r 2 = uppr lin rius. In th son yr i.. 21, Novmr 1, th sm sits volum ws lult y th sm mtho. Th woo inrmnt prntg ws lult y formul low: IP% = (V i -V h )/V h 1 in whih IP% ws inrmnt prntg in woo volum, V i = woo volum of inft plnt n V h = woo volum of hlthy plnt Chmils ffiiny s vlution To vlut of hmil trtmnts fftivnss, four ommon fungiis omprising of propionzol (Tilt, EC25, 1 ppm), mnoz (Dithn m-45, WP8, 25 ppm), rnzim (Bvistn, WP6, 5 ppm) n nomyl (Bnlt WP5, 5 ppm) wr us s folir pplitions on My 21, 29, on th first uri wr osrv n rpt vry othr 21 y for thr tims. In th sm yr, iss ssssmnt ws lult using Shrm t l., (25) ftr on, two n thr months of first sprying. Brifly, th iss inin ws ror y ounting th inft n totl numr of lvs on h tr. To stimt iss svrity, lvs wr slt from iffrnt hights of th trt n hk trs n urinil pustuls pr lf wr lult y ounting th pustuls on 1 lvs slt from top, mil n ottom positions of plnts in h rplition, n mns lult. 3. Rsults n isussion 3.1. Woo loss ssssmnt On th whol of stui grn, out 78% of poplrs wr inft y rust. Th volum of woo in inft trs h n inrs only 28.2% (25.26 m 3 ) in yr, whil in hlthy plnts it ws inrs pproximtly up to two tims in vrg from 744 to 1376 m 3 (84.96%) in yrs (Fig. 1). It shows how muh iss n impos hvy onomi losss uring yr n oul strutiv in ontinuous yr. Thr ws signifint loss in nnully w proution out 233 m 3 pr plnt. Also, thr wr th rports of poplrs u to this iss in UK (Clln n Brn, 1998). Thrfor, sin th woo hivmnt is th min purpos of poplr ultivtion, thr will srious out out onomi justify for populr stlishmnts if th iss is hvily omint in rgion. Th woo is slling y wight in this rgion, y onvrting volum to wight; it is possil to stimt th onomi losss too. 122

3 Thus, fst n fftiv mtho for iss ontrol shoul frmrs n for rust mngmnt. Th hmil ontrol might suitl option in this s whih hs n vlut in this stuy. volum of th woo (m 3 ) Inft Hlthy Fig. 1: Volum of woo in hlthy n inft poplr trs to rust uring 29 n Fungiis fft vlution Diss inin (th numr of inft lv pr tr) ws out th sm in thr ssssmnt tims uring 21 July 21 August. Aout 91.4% of lvs in tr wr inft y rust. Howvr, iss svrity in (numr of rust pustuls pr lf) ws inrs uring ths thr months from 5.3% to 89.34%. Thr ws n inrsing tnny of iss svrity y tim. On th whol, ll hmils oul ru iss inin n svrity ompring ontrol. Drmnt prntg ws rmrkl in iss svrity thn iss inin. Crnzim n nomyl fft iss svrity lss thn mnoz n propionzol. In th first ssssmnt tim, propionzol show th st ffts on iss svrity rution with 2.1 pustuls pr lf in vrg (8.48% rmnt ompring ontrol). Also, propionzol ws th most sussful fungii in iss inin too (67.13% rmnt). Crnzim h th lst fft on iss svrity ut thr ws no signifint iffrn in iss inin twn nomyl n mnoz in th first ssssmnt stg. Mnoz ws mor fftiv on iss inin thn rnzzim n nomyl in first ssssmnt stg. On sprying with propionzol h th sm fft on iss inin with twi n thr tims sprying y rnzim n nomyl. Also, nomyl sprying rptition oul ru iss inin signifintly ut oul not fftiv on iss svrity. Propionzol sprying for two n thr tims oul ru iss inin n fftiv on iss svrity ompring on sprying ut thir sprying y propionzol oul not rsonl us th son on oul ru iss svrity suffiintly ompring on sprying (Fig. 2 n 3). Thrfor, th most rommnl fungii for iss hmil mngmnt woul propionzol. It is ttr to spry trs twi in yr y propionzol. 123

4 Jul 21-My 21-Aug inft lvs prntg pr tr f f g 1 nomyl rnzim mnoz propionzol ontrol Fig. 2: Diss inin s th numr inft lvs pr tr in fungii trt poplrs in thr ssssmnt tim Jul 21-My 21-Aug numr of rust pustuls pr lf f f f g g nomyl rnzim mnoz propionzol ontrol Fig. 3: Diss svrity s th numr of rust pustuls in fungii trt poplr trs in thr ssssmnt tim 124

5 4. Aknowlgmnts Spil thnks to Rsrh Affirs Dprtmnt, Islmi Az Univrsity Miynh Brnh for supporting this projt. Also, w woul lik to xprss out p thnks to Mr. Mji Mokhtri, Mr. Nrimn Jfri n Mr. Hossin Slhi to thir ooprtion in th fil. 5. Rfrns [1] A.G. Spirs. Fungiis for ontrol of poplr lf rust n ffts of ontrol on growth of Populus nigr. Nw Zln Journl of Exprimntl Agriultur. 1976, 4 (2): [2] A. Sri, n I. Milotovi. A tril of Poplr rust ontrol in th Bnov Jrug forst nursry. Sumrki List. 196, 84 (9-1): ; 424. [3] A.R. MCrkn, n W.M. Dwson. Short rottion oppi willow in Northrn Irln sin 1973: vlopmnt of th us of mixturs in th ontrol of folir rust (Mlmpsor spp.). Europn Journl of Forst Pthology. 1998, 28: [4] C. Wng, n C.F. Fng. Sli. Flor of th Popl s Rpuli of Chin. [in Chins]. Bijing: Sin Prss. 1984, 2 (2): [5] D. Lonsl n P. Tush. Poplr Rust n its Rnt Impt in Grt Britin. 22. Forstry Commission, Einurgh. Rtriv from [6] E. Bh. Plnt prottion nylopi of Irn: psts, isss n ws. Isfhn: Y-ou Pulishr, pp. [7] F. Eslmi, B. Shrifni, n M. Asi. Mlmpsor spis on Slix n Populus trs in Isfhn provin. Proings of th 18 th Irnin Plnt Prottion Congrss, Vol. II Plnt Disss, August, Fulty of Agriultur, Univrsity of Bu-li Sin, Hmn, Irn. 28, 114. [8] G. Bgynryn. Th spis of Mlmpsor on Populus (Sli). In: R. Jlknn, P.E. Crn, J.A. Wll, n T. Alto (s) Proings of th First IUFRO Rusts of Forst Trs W.P. Confrn, 2 7 August, Srislkä. Finnish Forst RsrhInstitut, Rovnimi. 1998, [9] G. Clln, E. Brn. Lf rust on ottonwoo n hyri poplr. Diss of Populus in British Columi: Cnin Forst Srvi. 1998, [1] J.E. Shrin. Poplr lf rust, Mlmpsor lrii-populin, n its ontrol y ril pplition of fungiis. Myology n Plnt Pthology Rport. 1978, [11] L. Ruro, n L.L. My, Chrtriztion of rust in poplr (Populus spis) n th ffiy of fungiis in vitro ovr th grmintion of uriniospors. Rvist o Stor Cinis Agrris.1996, 15: [12] M.H. Pi, n A.R. MCrkn. Rust Disss of Willow n Poplr. Lonon: CAB pulishing pp. [13] M.H. Pi, n R.Z. Shng. Stuy on th lf rust of Cthy poplr us y Mlmpsor lrii-populin Kl. Journl of North Estrn Forstry Institut. 1984, 12 (2): [14] R.A. Fullrton, n S.A. Mnzis. Exmintion of fungiis for ontrol of poplr rust in Shltrlts. Nw Zln Journl of Exprimntl Agriultur. 1974, 2: [15] R.C. Shrm, n S. Shrm. Sttus n istriution of folir isss of poplr in Himhl Prsh. Inin Phytopthology. 2, 53: [16] R.C. Shrm, S. Shrm, A.K. Gupt. Efft of prvnttiv fungii sprys on Mlmpsor rust of poplr in th nursry. Rust isss of willow n poplr. In M.H. Pi, n A.R. MCrkn. Rust isss of willow n poplr. 25, [17] S.N. Khn, P.S. Rhill, R.K. Tiwri, D.S. Rwt, n B.M. Misr. Control of poplr rust, Mlmpsor ilit in nursris. Inin Journl of Forstry. 1988, 11: