Egyptian Broomrape (Orobanche aegyptiaca) Control in Tomato with Sulfonylurea Herbicides Greenhouse Studies 1

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1 W Thnology.. Volum 18: Egyptin Broomrp (Oronh gypti) in Tomto with Sulfonylur HriisGrnhous Stuis 1 HANAN EIZENBERG, YAAKOV GOLDWASSER, SHMUEL GOLAN, DINA PLAKHINE, n JOSEPH HERSHENHORN Astrt: Broomrps (Oronh spp.) r root holoprsiti plnts tht us svr mg to onomilly importnt rops, spilly in Mitrrnn ountris. Egyptin roomrp is th most troulsom w on tomtos grown for prossing in Isrl. In th prsnt stuy, w tst th ffiy n sltivity of four sulfonylur hriis in ontrolling Egyptin roomrp on tomtos grown in pots unr grnhous onitions. MON 375, rimsulfuron, HOE n SL-16 wr ppli postmrgn () n prplnt inorport () follow y pplitions. MON 375 n rimsulfuron wr mor sltiv to tomto n ontroll th prsit mor fftivly thn HOE n SL-16. MON 375 n rimsulfuron t 5 n g i/h n t, 15, n g i/h, rsptivly, ppli on tomto folig 1, 8, n ftr plnting (DAP) n follow y sprinklr irrigtion to fil pity, rsult in omplt ontrol of th prsit. Howvr, signifint rution in ontrol ffiy ws osrv whn th xprimnt ws rpt with hrol-topp pots, suggsting tht th hriis t minly through th soil. Expt for rimsulfuron, th follow y two trtmnts ws mor phytotoxi to tomto plnts thn th trtmnts. Th pplitions ontroll Egyptin roomrp fftivly, ut tomto plnts wr injur y HOE t ll pplition rts n y MON 375 t th high rt t 15 g/h. Th prsnt stuy trmin tht thr pplitions or pplition follow y two pplitions of MON 375 t 5 or g/h, or rimsulfuron t, 15, or g/h wr fftiv n sltiv in ontrolling Egyptin roomrp on tomto, unr grnhous onitions. Nomnltur: HOE, -thoxyphnyl [[(,6-imthoxy--pyrimiinyl) mino]ronyl]sulfmt; MON 375, N-[[(,6-imthoxy--pyrimiinyl) mino] ronyl]--(thylsulfonyl)imizo[1,- ]pyriin-3-sulfonmi; rimsulfuron; SL-16, N-[[(,6-imthoxy--pyrimiinyl)mino] ronyl]-3- (trifluoromthyl)--pyriinsulfonmi; Egyptin roomrp, Oronh gypti Prs. # 3 ORAAE; tomto, Lyoprsion sulntum Mill. Aitionl inx wors: Ativt hrol, Oronh ontrol, prsiti ws. Arvitions: DAP, ys ftr plnting;, postmrgn;, prplnt inorport. INTRODUCTION Th roomrps (Oronh spp.) r prsiti plnt spis tht r ommon in Isrl, whr, in mny ss, thy r th ws tht us th most onomi mg in fil rop n vgtl proution. Nin spis of roomrp hv n foun in Isrl, of whih fiv r 1 Riv for pulition Jnury 15, 3, n in rvis form Dmr, 3. Rsrh sintist, rsrh sintist, thniin, rsrh sintist, n rsrh sintist, rsptivly, Dprtmnt of W Rsrh, Agriultur Rsrh Orgniztion, Nw Y r Rsrh Cntr, P.O. Box 11, Rmt Yishy 3, Isrl. Corrsponing uthor s E-mil: iznr@volni.gri.gov.il. 3 Lttrs following this symol r WSSA-pprov omputr o from Composit List of Ws, Rvis 19. Avill only on omputr isk from WSSA, 81 Est 1th Strt, Lwrn, KS 66-. onomilly importnt (Eiznrg n Jol 1; Prkr n Rihs 19). Egyptin roomrp is ommon throughout Isrl, whr it prsitizs wi rng of rops longing to numrous otnil fmilis. This spis uss svr mg for prossing tomtos n nngrs th futur xistn of this rop y its hvy infsttions in tomto-growing rgions. Furthrmor, in th wintr of 1, thr wr rports of Egyptin roomrp mg to tomtos grown in grnhouss in Wstrn Glil n th Wstrn Ngv (Eiznrg n Jol 1). Grnhous stuis hv shown tht MON 375 (.i. 75% wtr-isprsil grnul [WG]), ppli prplnt inorport () n postmrgn (), ws highly sltiv to tomto n fftivly ontroll pur-

2 WEED TECHNOLOGY pl nutsg (Cyprus rotunus L.), lk nightsh, (Solnum nigrum L.), mustr (Sinpis rvnsis L.), rroot pigw (Amrnthus rtroflxus L.), n fil inw (Convolvulus rvnsis L.) (Eiznrg t l. 3). Thr min pprohs hv n suggst for hmil ontrol of roomrp: soil fumigtion (Foy t l. 19; Golwssr t l. 19), pplition of th hrii through th soil (Eiznrg t l. 1; Golwssr t l. 1; Hrshnhorn t l. 19, 19, 19), or folig pplition in whih th hrii trnslot through th host plnt folig into th root-tth prsit (Aly t l. 1; Golwssr t l. ; Josohn t l. 1; Klifl t l. 19). Hrii pplition through th soil is intn to ontrol grminting roomrp ss or young tthmnts on host roots. Th fftivnss of this mo of pplition pns minly on th phytotoxiity of th hrii to th prsit n its sltivity to th host rop (Eiznrg t l. 1; Golwssr t l. 1; Hrshnhorn t l. 19, 19, 19). Stuis s on ultivtion in polythyln gs rvl tht injtion of MON 375, SL- 16 (.i. 5% WG), rimsulfuron (.i. 5% WG) n HOE (.i. 6% WG) into th tomto root zon us nrosis n th of Egyptin roomrp tthmnts, whrs HOE us mg to th tomto plnts (Plkhin t l. 1). Egyptin roomrp ontrol or onsirl ly in its onst (or oth) ws hiv y hmigting (livry of hrii in th irrigtion wtr) tomtos with hlorsulfuron n trisulfuron (Hrshnhorn t l. 19). Folir pplitions of rimsulfuron, y ition to sprinklr irrigtion wtr, ws foun fftiv in ontrolling Egyptin roomrp n rnh roomrp (O. rmos L.) in pottos (Solnum turosum L.) (Golwssr t l. 1). Low rts of glyphost wr foun fftiv in ontrolling rnt roomrp (O. rnt Forssk.) in hosts from th Api fmily suh s rrot (Duus rot L.) n prsly (Ptroslinim rispum L.) (Golwssr t l. ; Josohn t l. 1; Klifl t l. 19). Low rts of glyphost ppli to too (Niotin tum L.) folig hiv limit ontrol of noing roomrp (O. rnu Lofi.) (Kogn n Urt 19; Rju 19), n folir pplition of glyphost n imzquin fftivly ontroll rnt roomrp in ro ns (Vii f L.) (Surorn t l. 19). Rports from Spin stt tht glyphost n imizolinon hriis ontroll sunflowr roomrp (O. umn Wllr.) in sunflowr (Hlinthus nnuus L.), n tht imzpyr ontroll rnt roomrp in ro ns (Gri-Torrs n Lopz-Grnos 11; Gri-Torrs t l. 19). Imzthpyr hs n foun fftiv for ontrolling rnt roomrp in ps (Pisum stivum L.) n is rgistr for ommril us in Isrl (Josohn t l. 19). Squntil folig pplition of imzpi fftivly ontroll sunflowr roomrp in sunflowr in Isrl (Aly t l. 1). Th ojtivs of th prsnt stuy wr to trmin th fftivnss n sltivity of MON 375, rimsulfuron, HOE, n SL-16, ppli y or for ontrol of Egyptin roomrp in tomto. MATERIALS AND METHODS Exprimnts wr prform in th wintrs of 19 n, in ht grnhous (35/ C mximum/ minimum) t Nw Y r Rsrh Cntr, in Jzrl Vlly in northrn Isrl. Ss of Egyptin roomrp wr ollt from n infst tomto fil in Ush, in th Glil ostl rgion n wr kpt t C until us. Egyptin roomrp ss, t rt of 1 mg/kg (pproximtly 3, ss), wr uniformly mix into ir-ri miumhvy ly lom soil (55% ly, 3% silt, % sn, % orgni mttr, ph 7.1) y mns of mnt mixr. Th mixtur ws pl in -L pots n irrigt to fil pity y sprinklrs. A singl -wk-ol (1 to 1 tru lvs) ll-grown tomto plnt (v Brig ) ws trnsplnt into pot, th plnts wr sprinklr irrigt thrftr. Tomto vlopmnt ws visully stimt wkly on sl whr rprsnt plnts n rprsnt hlthy, vigorous plnts with rspt to hight, vitlity, n lf olor. Th numr of mrg Egyptin roomrp inflorsns in h pot ws ount wkly. Tomto plnts wr hrvst whn roomrp inflorsns in th nontrt ontrol pots strt to vlop ss. Folig frsh n ry wights (ri for 7 h t 6 C) wr trmin t th n of th xprimnts, ftr plnting (DAP). Th tim squn of mrg Egyptin roomrp on tomto ws monitor, strting t 1 DAP. At th n of th xprimnt, Egyptin roomrp inflorsns wr ount n thir frsh n ry wights wr trmin. Th following hriis wr ppli on tomto folig: MON 375 t rts of 5,, n 15 g/h; rimsulfuron t, 15, n g/h; HOE t, 15, n g/h; n SL-16 t 5 n g/ h (Tl 1). Th hriis wr ppli 1, 8, n DAP, t L/h, with motoriz spryr quipp Volum 18, Issu 3 (July Sptmr) 91

3 EIZENBERG ET AL.: EGYPTIAN BROOMRAPE CONTROL IN TOMATO Tl 1. Timtl for n hriis pplitions on tomto. Trtmnts Dys from plnting Applition mtho Broomrp C Arvitions:, postmrgn;, prplnt inorport. Hriis ppli on tivt hrol topp pots (C). Soil rtifiilly infst with Egyptin roomrp ss t 1 mg/kg. Noninfst soil. with flt fn 1E nozzl n oprt t prssur of 3 kp. Four hours ftr th hrii pplition, sprinklr irrigtion ws ppli to fil pity of th soil. An itionl st of trtmnts inlu follow y two pplitions (Tl 1). MON 375 t 5,, n 15 g/h; rimsulfuron t, 15, n g/h; HOE t, 15, n g/h; n SL- 16 t 5 n g/h wr spry on th soil surf t L/h, with th sm motoriz spryr, 1 for tomto trnsplnting. pplition ws hiv y tking soil from th trt -L pots ftr 1 h, homognizing th soil n hriis in mnt mixr, n thn rturning th trt soil to th sm pots. Th soil in th pots ws wtr to fil pity, n tomtos wr trnsplnt into th soil 1 ltr. trtmnts wr ppli 8 n DAP, s sri ov. Th sm trtmnts wr rpt with tivt hrol topp pots to istinguish whthr th hrii ts y trnslotion through th plnt or through th soil (Tl 1). Ativt hrol (5 g) ws homogniz with.5 L of wtr n ppli uniformly to th surf of h pot for h pplition. Hrii-trt pots with no Egyptin roomrp ss in thir soil n nontrt pots whos soil ontin roomrp ss srv s ontrols. Th tivt hrol topp ontrol pots inlu on st with n on st without Egyptin roomrp ss inorport into th soil. All pots wr sprinklr irrigt h ftr hrii pplition n thrftr s n (Tl 1). Sprying Systms Co., North Avnu, Whton, IL 61. Th xprimnts wr rrng in ompltly rnomiz sign with six rplitions for h trtmnt; th xprimnts wr prform twi uring th wintr of 19 n th wintr of. Thr ws no yr y trtmnt intrtion for ll th vrils; thrfor, rsults of xprimnts wr omin n prsnt s 1 rplitions for h trtmnt. Trtmnts wr ompr using nlysis of vrin with full ftoril mol (hriis, roomrp inoultion, pplition mtho, hrol) using th JMP softwr. 5 Mns wr sprt y n LSD, on th sis of Tuky Krmr Honstly Signifint Diffrn tst (P.5). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Tomto vlopmnt in th hrii-trt, roomrp-fr pots, with n without hrol, ws similr; thrfor, it n onlu tht th ition of hrol on top of th pots h no influn on tomto vlopmnt (Tls n 3). A minor vlopmntl ly in tomto ws osrv with MON 375 t 15 n g/h, in th roomrp-infst s wll s in th noninfst tomtos. This ly ws ttriut to th hriis n not to Egyptin roomrp. Th tomto plnts rovr y 9 DAP; howvr, th vlopmnt in th nontrt tomto plnts grown in infst soil ws still ly (Tl ). Th vlopmntl rtrtion ws first mnifst s yllowing lvs n th initil signs of withring, follow y svrly impir vlopmnt of th tomto plnts y 77 DAP (Tl ). Th MON 375 trt tomto plnts grown in th Egyptin roomrp infst pots wr vigorous n hlthy n vlop normlly until th n of th xprimnt, in ontrst to th nontrt ontrols (Tl ). Whn hrol ws ppli on to th pot surf, th sm tomto vlopmnt inhiition ws osrv s in th roomrpinfst nontrt tomtos. trtmnt with MON 375 t n 15 g/h wr phytotoxi to tomto plnts (Tl 3) in ontrst to th -only trtmnts (Tl ). Dvlopmntl rtrtion ws osrv in tomto plnts trt with MON 375 t rts of n 15 g/h n ws not influn y hrol trtmnt. This rspons inits th ly ws u to hrii toxiity rthr thn prsit mg. Ths plnts i not rovr s shown in th tomto ry wight (Tl ). Exllnt ontrol of Egyptin roomrp ws otin 5 Vrsion..3, SAS Institut In., SAS Cmpus Driv, Cry, NC Volum 18, Issu 3 (July Sptmr)

4 WEED TECHNOLOGY Tl. Visully stimt fft of sulfonylur hriis on tomto vlopmnt t 1, 9, n 77 DAP. Hrii Rt Tomto vlopmnt Egyptin roomrp noninfst Egyptin roomrp infst plus C plus C MON 375 MON 375 MON 375 HOE HOE HOE SL-16 SL-16 g/h % LSD (.5) Arvitions: DAP, ys ftr plnting;, postmrgn. Tomto vlopmnt sl from ( plnts) to (hlthy plnts). Hriis ppli, 1, 8, n DAP. Hriis ppli on tivt hrol (C) topp pots, 1, 8, n DAP. Nonhrii trt pots with or trtmnts of MON 375 whn ompr with high lvls of prsitism in th nontrt ontrols, (t not shown). Howvr, whn th surfs of th pots wr ovr with hrol lyr, no Egyptin roomrp ontrol ws hiv. In trtmnts ovr with hrol, ly in Egyptin roomrp prsitism ws osrv. Broomrp shoots mrg DAP in omprison with 8 DAP in th nontrt ontrol. Th roomrp inftion ru th ry iomss of nontrt tomto plnts growing in hrol-ovr pots to th sm xtnt s tht of nontrt plnts growing in th pots without Tl 3. Visully stimt fft of sulfonylur hriis on tomto vlopmnt t 7, 1, 9, n 77 DAP. Hrii Rt Tomto vlopmnt Egyptin roomrp noninfst Egyptin roomrp infst plus C plus C MON 375 MON 375 MON 375 HOE HOE HOE SL-16 SL-16 g/h % LSD (.5) Arvitions: DAP, ys ftr plnting;, postmrgn;, prplnt inorport. Tomto vlopmnt sl from ( plnt) to (hlthy plnt). pplition 1, 8, n DAP, rsptivly, follow y ovrh irrigtion to pot pity. pplition 1, 8, n DAP, rsptivly, follow y ovrh irrigtion to pot pity. Th pots wr topp with tivt hrol (C). Nonhrii trt pots Volum 18, Issu 3 (July Sptmr)

5 EIZENBERG ET AL.: EGYPTIAN BROOMRAPE CONTROL IN TOMATO Tl. Effts of sulfonylur hriis, pplition mthos, n Egyptin roomrp infsttion on trt tomto ry wight s prnt of nontrt ontrol. Hrii MON 375 MON 375 MON 375 HOE HOE HOE SL-16 SL-16 Rt g/h Egyptin roomrp noninfst plus C Tomto ry wight plus C % of ontrol Egyptin roomrp infst plus C plus C LSD (.5) NS 15 3 Arvitions: DAP, ys ftr plnting;, postmrgn;, prplnt inorport. pplition 1, n 8, n DAP. pplition 1, 8, n DAP on plnts grown in hrol-ovr pots. pplition 1 for plnting n pplition t 8 n DAP. Dry wight s prntg of th vlu in Egyptin roomrp fr, nontrt pots Tl 5. Effts of sulfonylur hriis n pplition mthos on Egyptin roomrp ry wight pr pot s prnt of nontrt ontrol. Hrii MON 375 MON 375 MON 375 HOE HOE HOE SL-16 SL-16 Rt g/h Oronh ry wight plus C % of ontrol LSD (.5) 19 f 11 plus C 56 6 Arvitions: DAP, ys ftr plnting;, postmrgn;, prplnt inorport. pplition 1, 8, n DAP. pplition 1, 8, n DAP on plnts grown in hrol-ovr pots. pplition 1 for plnting n pplition t 8 n DAP. Egyptin roomrp ry wight s prntg of th vlu in th Oronh-infst nontrt ontrol. f Th t tht wr otin from th HOE trtmnts wr omitt from th sttistil nlysis us th tomto plnts wr hvily mg. hrol (Tl ). Broomrp shoots in MON 375 trtmnts, ovr with hrol, i not iffr from th nontrt ontrol; howvr, trtmnts ru th roomrp iomss (Tl 5). Tomto plnts wr not injur with or trtmnts of rimsulfuron t, 15, n g/h (Tls n 3). Ths trtmnts fftivly ontroll Egyptin roomrp, lthough fw roomrp shoots wr osrv 6 DAP (t not shown). Tomto ry wights with rimsulfuron trtmnts i not iffr from th nontrt ontrol. Whn pots wr ovr with hrol, roomrp ws not ontroll (Figurs 1 n ) n tomto ry wight ws ru (Tl ). Th numr of roomrp shoots in th hrol-ovr trtmnts ws not iffrnt from th nontrt ontrol (Tl 5). SL-16 t 5 n g/h or trtmnt t 5 g/h i not injur tomto plnts (Tl ). Howvr, SL-16 t g/h inhiit tomto vlopmnt (Tl 3), ut tomto rovr from th injury s oumnt y ry wight rsponss (Tl ). SL-16 or ontroll ut fil to ontrol th w whn th pot surf ws ovr with hrol (Figurs 1 n ). Tomto plnts trt with HOE t n 15 g/h wr not injur. Howvr, plnts trt with g/h xhiit initil vlopmntl ly (Tl ). This ly ws ttriut to th hriis n not to Volum 18, Issu 3 (July Sptmr)

6 WEED TECHNOLOGY Figur 1. Effts of MON 375, rimsulfuron, HOE, n SL-16 on Egyptin roomrp mrgn on tomto plnts grown in hrol-topp pots. Mns wr sprt y Tuky Krmr Honstly Signifint iffrn (HSD) tst (P.5). Vrtil rs rprsnt th HSD within h DAP. Figur. Effts of MON 375, rimsulfuron, HOE, n SL-16 ppli prplnt inorport plus postmrgn on Egyptin roomrp mrgn on tomto plnts grown in hrol-topp pots. Mns wr sprt y Tuky Krmr Honstly Signifint iffrn (HSD) tst (P.5). Vrtil rs rprsnt th HSD within h DAP. Egyptin roomrp prsitism us th sm phnomnon ws osrv 1 DAP, oth with n without roomrp-s infsttion. Tomto plnts trt with HOE in roomrp-infst soil rovr y 9 DAP, whrs vlopmnt in th nontrt tomto plnts grown in infst soil ws still ly. Th vlopmntl rtrtion ws first mnifst s yllowing lvs n th initil signs of withring, follow y svrly impir vlopmnt of th tomto plnts 77 DAP (Tl ). Th sm tomto growth inhiition tht ws hrtriz s withring n yllowing lvs tht ws osrv in th nonhrii-trt infst ontrols ws lso osrv in tomto plnts trt with HOE n grown in hrol-topp pots ontining soil infst with roomrp ss (Tl ). HOE ontroll th prsit (Figurs 1 n ; Tl 5). HOE trtmnts t, 15, or g/h wr phytotoxi to tomto plnts. Th trt plnts i not rovr from th injury s vin y iomss rutions of 6 to 89% ompr with untrt ontrols DAP (Tl ). All th hrii trtmnts ontroll Egyptin roomrp, s ompr with th high prsitism lvl osrv in th nontrt ontrols (t not shown). Howvr, whn th surfs of th pots wr ovr with hrol lyr for hrii pplition, Egyptin roomrp ws not ontroll (Figur 1). Th lk of ontrol ws ttriut to hrii sorption to th hrol tht intivt th hrii. In pots without hrol, trtmnts ontroll Egyptin roomrp (t not shown). Th t tht wr otin from th HOE trtmnts wr omitt from th sttistil nlysis us th tomto plnts wr hvily mg. Whn hrol ws to th pot surfs, th plus trtmnts prvnt th Egyptin roomrp prsitism in th initil stgs of tomto vlopmnt (Figur ). Bus hrii-trt tomto grown in roomrp-infst soil vlop normlly whrs tomto growth ws inhiit in th hrol-ovr pots grown in roomrp-infst soil, it n onlu tht Egyptin roomrp prsitism inhiit th tomto growth. Th lk of roomrp ontrol in hrol-ovr pots ws ttriut to sorption, n thus intivtion, of th hriis y th hrol. Tomto plnts prou fruits ftr ll hrii trtmnts. Thr ws no iffrn twn tomto fruit ry wight inluing th trtmnt with HOE (t not shown). In th prsnt stuy, th st omintion of Egyptin roomrp ontrol n tomto tolrn ws hiv y hrii trtmnt on th roomrp folig, follow y sprinklr irrigtion tht wsh th hrii off of th folig. Egyptin roomrp ws ontroll y MON 375 t 5,, n 15 g/h; rimsulfuron t, 15, n g/h; HOE t, 15, n g/h; n SL-16 t 5 n g/h, ppli t 1, 8, n DAP. Egyptin roomrp ws lso ontroll y hrii trtmnt, ut MON 375 trtmnts t to 15 g/h n HOE t to g/h wr phytotoxi to tomto plnts. Similr finings rgring th tion of th sulfonylur hriis in th soil wr rport prviously (Ei- Volum 18, Issu 3 (July Sptmr)

7 EIZENBERG ET AL.: EGYPTIAN BROOMRAPE CONTROL IN TOMATO znrg t l. 1; Golwssr t l. 1; Hrshnhorn t l. 19, 19). Tomto vlopmnt ws fft y two min ftors: hrii phytotoxiity (Eiznrg t l. 3), n Egyptin roomrp prsitism (Eiznrg t l. 1). Egyptin roomrp ontrol ws hiv with MON 375, SL-16, HOE, n rimsulfuron ppli irtly to th tomto root zon (Plkhin t l. 1). In tht stuy s wll s in th prsnt stuy, HOE ws phytotoxi to tomto whn ppli to th root zon. Ths finings for th sulfonylur hriis iffr from thos for glyphost n imizolinon hriis tht ontroll roomrp sussfully y trnslotion of th hriis through th host plnt folig n roots, into th tth prsit (Aly t l. 1; Golwssr t l. ; Josohn t l. 1; Klifl t l. 19). In th prsnt stuy, w hv monstrt tht svrl hriis ppli n fftivly n sltivly ontrol Egyptin roomrp on tomtos unr grnhous onitions. Th rsults of this stuy lso suggst tht for sussful fil us, ths hriis shoul vill in th rhizosphr throughout most of th tomto growing sson, thrfor rpt hrii trtmnts my nssry. Fil stuis to vlut ths hypothss r urrntly in progrss. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS W thnk th hrii ompnis, Agn Chmils (Luxmurg), n Milhn Brothr (Isrl), for proviing th hriis n th Chif Sintist, Ministry of Agriultur n Rurl Dvlopmnt for prtil supporting of this stuy. LITERATURE CITED Aly, R., Y. Golwssr, H. Eiznrg, J. Hrshnhorn, S. Goln, n Y. Klifl. 1. Broomrp (Oronh umn) ontrol in sunflowr (Hlinthus nnuus) in fils. W Thnol. 15: Eiznrg, H., Y. Golwssr, G. Ahry, n J. Hrshnhorn. 3. Th potntil of sulfosulfuron to ontrol troulsom ws in tomto. W Thnol. 17: Eiznrg, H., Y. Golwssr, S. Goln, J. Hrshnhorn, n Y. Klifl. 1. Oronh gypti ontrol in tomto (Lyoprsion sulntum) with hlorsulfuron. In A. Fr, P. Thlourn, D. M. Jol, L. J. Musslmn, C. Prkr, n J.A.C. Vrklij, s. Proings of th 7th Intrntionl Prsiti W Symposium, Nnts, Frn. P. 33. Eiznrg, H. n D. M. Jol. 1. Oronh in Isrli griultur. W pg: Ass: Mrh 9,. Foy, C. L., R. Jin, n R. Josohn. 19. Rnt pprohs for hmil ontrol of roomrp (Oronh spp.) rviw. Rv. W Si. : Gri-Torrs, L. n F. Lopz-Grnos. 11. of roomrp (Oronh rnt Forsk.) in ro n (Vii f L.) with imizolinons n othr hriis. W Rs. 31:7 35. Gri-Torrs, L., F. Lopz-Grnos, n M. Juro-Exposito. 19. Imzpyr ppli post mrgn in sunflowr (Hlinthus nnuus). W Rs. 3:3. Golwssr, Y., H. Eiznrg, S. Goln, n Y. Klifl.. of Oronh rnt n O. gypti in prsly. Crop Prot. : 35. Golwssr, Y., H. Eiznrg, J. Hrshnhorn, D. Plkhin, T. Blumnfl, H. Buxum, S. Goln, n Y. Klifl. 1. of Oronh gypti n O. rmos in potto. Crop Prot. :3 1. Golwssr, Y., Y. Klifl, S. Goln, A. Brgutti, n B. Ruin. 19. Dissiption of mthm-soium from soil n its fft on th ontrol of Oronh gypti. W Rs. 35:5 5. Hrshnhorn, J., Y. Golwssr, D. Plkhin, t l. 19. Oronh gypti ontrol in tomto fils with sulfonylur hriis. W Rs. 38: Hrshnhorn, J., Y. Golwssr, D. Plkhin, Y. Lvn, G. Hrzlingr, S. Goln, T. Chilf, n Y. Klifl. 19. Efft of sulfonylur hriis on Egyptin roomrp (Oronh gypti) in tomto (Lyoprsion sulntum) unr grnhous onitions. W Thnol. 1: Hrshnhorn, J., D. Plkhin, Y. Golwssr, J. H. Wstwoo, C. L. Foy, n Y. Klifl. 19. Efft of sulfonylur hriis on rly vlopmnt of Egyptin roomrp (Oronh gypti) in tomto (Lyoprsion sulntum). W Thnol. 1: Josohn, R., Z. Dor, Z. Tnmi, n N. Ovt. 19. Crnt roomrp ontrol in grn n fil ps with folirly ppli imzthpyr. In K. Wgmnn, L. J. Musslmn, n D. M. Jol, s. Currnt Prolms of Oronh Rsrh. Proings of th th Intrntionl Workshop on Oronh Rsrh, Aln, Bulgri: Institut for Wht n Sunflowr Dorovj. Pp Josohn, R., Z. Tnmi, n H. Eiznrg. 1. My plnt growth rgultors us to win th mrgin of sfty of hriis? In A. Fr, P. Thlourn, D. M. Jol, L. J. Musslmn, C. Prkr, n J.A.C. Vrklij, s. Proings of th 7th Intrntionl Prsiti W Symposium, Nnts, Frn: Univrsity of Nnts. Pp Klifl, Y., Y. Golwssr, D. Plkhin, H. Eiznrg, G. Hrzlingr, n S. Goln. 19. Sltiv ontrol of Oronh spp. in vrious rops with sulfonylur n imizolinons hriis. In Joint Ation to Oronh in th WANA-Rgion: Exprins from Moroo. Proings, Rgionl Workshop, Rt, Moroo, 19. Rt, Moroo: GTZ GmH. P. 6. Kogn, M. n C. Urt. 19. Effiy n sltivity of glyphost ontrolling Oronh rnu in Virgini too. In J. I. Curo, D. Brnr, D. M. Jol, L. J. Musslmn, n C. Prkr, s. Avns in Prsiti Plnt Rsrh. Proings of th 6th Intrntionl Prsiti W Symposium. Coro, Spin, Junt Anlusi: Junt -Anlvi. Pp Prkr, C. n C. R. Rihs. 19. Prsiti Ws of th Worl: Biology n. Wllingfor, Grt Britin: CAB Intrntionl. Pp Plkhin, D., H. Eiznrg, J. Hrshnhorn, Y. Golwssr, n Y. Klifl. 1. of Oronh gypti with sulfonylur hriis in tomtopolythyln g stuis. In A. Fr, P. Thlourn, D. M. Jol, L. J. Musslmn, C. Prkr, n J. A. C. Vrklij, s. Proings of th 7th Intrntionl Prsiti W Symposium, Nnts, Frn: Univrsity of Nnts. Pp.. Rju, C. A. 19. Stuis on hmil ontrol of Oronh rnu in too fils. In J. I. Curo, D. Brnr, D. M. Jol, L. J. Musslmn, n C. Prkr, s. Avns in Prsiti Plnt Rsrh. Proings of th 6th Intrntionl Prsiti W Symposium. Coro, Spin: Junt Anlusi: Junt -Anlvi. Pp Surorn, J., M. C. Sxn, n M. Myr. 19. Broomrp ontrol in f n (Vii f L.) with glyphost n imzquin. W Rs. 9: 1. Volum 18, Issu 3 (July Sptmr)

Present state Next state Q + M N

Present state Next state Q + M N Qustion 1. An M-N lip-lop works s ollows: I MN=00, th nxt stt o th lip lop is 0. I MN=01, th nxt stt o th lip-lop is th sm s th prsnt stt I MN=10, th nxt stt o th lip-lop is th omplmnt o th prsnt stt I