Refining properties of lavender (Lavandula spica L.) in cadmium contaminated environments

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1 2277 Rfining proprtis of lvnr (Lvnul spi L.) in mium ontmint nvironmnts Anhit Kirostmi 1, Pzhmn Mori 2 * n Vhi Aousi 1 1. Dprtmnt of Hortiulturl Sin, Islmi Az Univrsity, Sin n Rsrh Brnh, Thrn, Irn 2. Dprtmnt of Hortiulturl Sin, Islmi Az Univrsity, Svh Brnh, Svh, Irn Astrt Consiring th vr-inrsing stt of pollution in iffrnt spts of th nvironmnt, ornmntl plnts n hrs suh s Lvnul hv om th ntr of ttntion mostly u to thir vilility n us in urn grn sps. Phytormition is morn n onomil mtho whih n ppli to mtropoliss for rsing mtl ontmintions in soil, wtr, n tmosphr. This stuy xmin th ontmintion rsistn of Lvnul ginst mium through 3 ompltly rnomiz lok sign xprimnts. Th inlu mium t 2 onntrtions (0 n 100 mg) n t 2 onntrtions (1 n 2 mm). Rsults suggst tht hvy mtl strss rs morphologi proprtis unr stuy n y ing th mium sorption rs in Lvnul. Kywors: Lvnul; hvy mtls; phytormition; Kirostmi, A., P. Mori, V. Aousi 'Rfining proprtis of lvnr (Lvnul spi L.) in mium ontmint nvironmnts'. Irnin Journl of Plnt Physiology 8 (1), Introution Pollutnts r onsir s isrupting ftors of th osystm. Amongst thm, hvy mtls r spilly importnt u to th ft tht thy r rsistnt to omposition n hv grt physiologil mging ffts on orgnisms t low onntrtions (Allowy, 1990). Irn, ing vst ountry n similr to othrs lot on th ri lt of th rth, suffrs from wtr srity n thrfor, its lrg itis suh s Thrn turn to urn n inustril wstwtr to ompnst for this shortg. Long-trm pplition of wstwtr *Corrsponing uthor E-mil rss: pjmori@gmil.om Riv: April, 2017 Apt: Sptmr, 2017 whih is gnrlly us in vgtl ultivtion rsults in th onntrtion of hvy mtls in soil n trnsfrring to plnts on high n ngrous lvl (Yrgholi t l., 2007). Phytormition is simpl n onomi thnology in whih plnts suh s forg, wooy plnts, n shrus r us to rmov, mintin, n nutrliz nvironmntl pollutnts suh s hvy mtls, rr lmnts, orgni oil ompouns, n riotiv mtrils from soil n wtr. Suh plnts r l to sor, trnsfr n stiliz hvy mtls through thir orgns n ompos thm (Kling, 1997). Rntly, mny rsrhrs hv tkn intrst in using plnts to rmov hvy mtls from ontmint soil (Chny t l., 1997,

2 2278 Irnin Journl of Plnt Physiology, Vol (8), No (1) MGrth t l., 1993, Rskin t l., 1994). Som spis of plnts r l to trnsfr hvy mtls to thir ril orgns. Rmoving hvy mtl rih ril orgns from ontmint nvironmnts n usful in rmoving hvy mtls from soil with minimum ost ompr to xvting n trnsfrring surf soil from th sit (Blylok t l., 1997).Hyprumultors r plnts whih n onntrt hvy mtls in thir ril orgns on n xtr orinry lvl (Shn t l., 2002, Chny t l., 1997). Two mthos r suggst to inrs th soluility of hvy mtls suh s l in soil n ultimtly, to inrs th sorption lvl of plnts. Ths r rsing th ph lvl of soil using vrious is n inrsing th soluility of th lmnt through vrious hlts suh s NTA (Nitrilo triti i), EDTA (Ethyln iminttr ti i), HEDTA (hyroxyl thyln imin triti i), n (ithyln trimin pnt ti i) (Blylok t l., 1997). Ais n hlts r us in grnhouss n frms to inrs th sorption lvl of hvy mtls in soil y plnts (Hung t l., 1997). Lvnul is prnnil, frutsnt (shruy) n lush (suulnt) plnt. Its flowrs r rk purpl n in th form of ompt Hyinths. It is shp s long ovl ttrhrons with ig violt rts t its h. Th fruit is ompos of 4 nutlts, h gining n ovl shp n trnsprnt rown olor ftr ripning. Lvnul hs long n thin lvs with rvr gs n is ovr with otton-lik lint on oth sis. It hs multipl squr stms, h twn 30 to 60 m tll (Omiygi, 2000). Th min ojtivs of this stuy wr to xmin n rogniz th lvl of sorption of mium y Lvnul in ontmint soils, to us n onomi n non-strutiv mtho for rfining soil n solving urrnt issus of rfining n xtrting hvy mtls n to rs xpnss. Aitionlly, th stuy tri to trmin th impt of mium on morphology n phytohmistry proprtis of Lvnul s hzrous pollutnt for th hlth of humn n othr orgnisms. Mtrils n Mthos In orr to xmin th ility of Lvnul in phytormition of mium from soil, xprimnts wr rri out in th grnhous of Mllt Prk using pots n lso t th Rzi l. Of Islmi Az Univrsity, Thrn Sin n Rsrh Brnh. Th tsts wr on through 3 ompltly rnomiz lok sign xprimnts. Th inlu iffrnt lvls of mium (0 n 100 mg) n (0,1 n 2 mm) in th form of solution sprying t pr-trmin tims. To pply th, 100 mg of mium ws mix with soil n hl for 3 wks in sl gs to stiliz th mtl in th soil. Thn th soil ws trnsfrr to th pots to ultivt Lvnul in thm. Aftr th ompltion of th xprimnt prio (4-5 wks) th ushs wr rmov from th soil n trnsfrr to th lortory. At th tim of rmovl, th hight of ril orgns n th lngth of th roots wr ror. During th nxt stg, th roots n ril orgns wr wigh using igitl sl n thir wt wight ws ror. To ror th ry wight of th root n ril orgns, thy wr kpt for 48 hours t 70 C insi n ovn. Aftr 2 ys, th root n ril orgns wr rmov from th ovn n wigh using th igitl sl. Th ri plnts wr thn powr for roring thir tils. Th plnt xtrt ws prpr using th igstion n ry urning mthos n th onntrtion of Cmium ws trmin using tomi sorption sptrosopy. Thn, th ontnt of th lmnts wr msur. SOD tivity msurmnt ws on using th Minmi n Yoshikw (1979) mtho. Th Bts (1973) mtho ws us for Prolin msurmnt. Dt ws nlyz using Spss Softwr n igrms wr prpr using Exl. Mns wr ompr using th Dunn tst t 1% n 5% proility lvls. Rsults Th vrin nlysis (Tl 1) show signifint iffrn twn th rgring th mount of mium sorption t 1% lvl. Th minimum mount of mium sorption t roots n ril orgns ws 2 mm

3 wt wight of root(gr) ry wight of root(gr) Cmium ontmintion in Lvnr (Lvnul spi L.) 2279 Tl 1 Vrin Anlysis Sour of Vrition Dgr of From Wt Wight of Aril Orgns Dry Wight of Aril Orgns Wt Wight of Root Mn Squr Dry Wight of Root Plnt Hight Totl Lf hlorophyll Lf prolin Trtmnt ** ** ** 1.902** ** 0.384** 1.812** Exprimntl Error Vrition Coffiint (%) Sour of Vrition Mn Squr Dgr of From Stm L Root L Trtmnt ** ** Exprimntl Error Vrition Coffiint (%) **,*, ns rsptivly mn signifin in th 1 n 5 % proility lvl n insignifin whil th mximum mount ws ror s 100 ppm of mium. Also, thr ws signifint iffrn twn th rgring th mount of lf prolin t 1% lvl in wy tht th minimum prolin ontnt of 2 mm ws Thr ws signifint iffrn twn th rgring th mount of lf hlorophyll t 1% lvl, th mximum mount with 2 mm ing mg of hlorophyll. Th highst wt n ry wights of th roots unr 2 mm wr gm n 3.80 gm, rsptivly. Th highst ry wight of shoots unr 2 mm ws 7.23 gm. Also, th highst wt wights of shoots unr 2 mm n 1 mm wr n mg, rsptivly. Th mount of sor mium ws highr for ril orgns ompr to th roots. Th fft of mium n onntrtions on ry n frsh wights of roots n shoots Th wight of th ry mttr of Lvnul n totl sorption of mium y th ril orgns of th plnt shows th ffts of on phytormition n mium xtrtion y Lvnul uring xprimntl. As it n sn, mium rs th plnt's ry mtril, ut inrsing lvls l to n inrs in th ry mttr n in gnrl, th mount of mium xtrtion from th soil ws improv uring. Aoringly, th minimum n mximum ry n wt wights wr ror unr 100 ppm of mium n 2 mm, rsptivly. By inrsing th mount of, so i th ry n wt wights of th plnt. On th othr hn, unr miumonly trtmnt, th wt wight rs signifintly onfirming th toxiity of mium Fig. I. Th fft of vrious mium n on th ry wight of roots f Fig. II. Th fft of vrious mium n on th wt wight of roots f

4 Chlorophyll ontnt wt wight of ril orgns(gr) ry wight of ril orgns(gr) 2280 Irnin Journl of Plnt Physiology, Vol (8), No (1) on th growth of Lvnul (Figs. I, II, III, IV). Th fft of mium onntrtions on th hlorophyll ontnt of Lvnul During this stuy th mount of hlorophyll unr 100 ppm mium trtmnt xprin lin ompr to th ontrol. At 100 ppm trtmnt, ing us grul inrs in th hlorophyll ontnt. Aoringly, th highst mount of lin in th hlorophyll ontnt of th plnts unr th 1 mm mg mium n 2 mm mg mium wr mg pr grm wt wight n mg pr grm wt wight, rsptivly (Fig. V). It is ssum tht high onntrtions of mium ffts morphologi proprtis n uss lin in th mount of hlorophyll, n upon ing th sorption of hvy mtls suh s mium rss. On rson for th lin in hlorophyll ontnt is hvy mtls suh s L ting s iosynthsis inhiitors. Th fft of Cmium n onntrtions on th umultion of Cmium in roots n shoots of Lvnul Inrsing th mount of mium in l to n inrs in mium umultion in roots. Th highst mount of mium umultion in th root of th plnts ws ror unr th 100 ppm mium trtmnt whih ws pproximtly 12 mg pr kg of th ry wight. Compring th mount of mium umult in shoots n roots of Lvnul unr similr suggst th signifint ility of th root for storing n umulting mor mium. Exmining th mount of mium umultion in ril orgns of Lvnul in rspons to iffrnt show n inrs so tht th highst mount ws ror unr 100 ppm onntrtion of mium trtmnt (Figs. VI n VII). Th fft of mium onntrtions on th prolin ontnt of Lvnul Fig. III. Th fft of vrious mium n on th ry wight of ril orgns Fig. IV. Th fft of vrious Cmium n on th wt wight of ril orgns Fig. V. Th fft of vrious mium n on th hlorophyll ontnt Prolin is funmntl ftor in th importnt pross of plnt growth unr nvironmntl strss. Compring th prolin lvl of Lvnul unr iffrnt mium to ontrol plnts (Fig. VIII) show tht y inrsing th mium onntrtion in th growth nvironmnt of th plnt, its prolin ontnt inrs signifintly. Rsults otin from ompring mns show signifint iffrn twn ontrol n mium. In othr wors, th 100 ppm mium trtmnt fft th prolin lvl of Lvnul. Also, thr ws signifint iffrn f

5 SOD Enzym tivity Prolin ontnt Cmium ontnt of stm Cmium ontnt of root Cmium ontmintion in Lvnr (Lvnul spi L.) 2281 in. Th highst n lowst prolin lvls wr osrv in th 100 ppm mium n 2 mm, rsptivly. Aing to mium lso us lin in th prolin ontnt lvl (Fig. VIII). Th fft of mium onntrtions on Suproxi ismuts (SOD) nzym tivity Inrs in th mium trtmnt us n inrs in th Suproxi ismuts nzym tivity so tht th highst n lowst lvls of tivity wr osrv in 100 mg mium n 2 mm, rsptivly n on n ssum tht th mount of Cmium us hngs in th tivitis of this nzym in plnts unr stuy (Fig. IX). Th fft of mium onntrtions on root hight n lngth of Lvnul Anlysis of vrin show signifint iffrn (p 0.01) in th hight n lngth of Lvnul roots mong th in suh wy tht th highst hight long to th 2 mm trtmnt showing signifint iffrn ompr to th ontrol plnts. Th longst roots gin long to th 2 mm whih ws signifintly iffrnt from th ontrol plnts. This suggsts tht Cmium h ngtiv fft on th lngth of th root n th hight of th plnt, prvnting th growth of oth orgns (Figs. X n XI). Disussion Aminolvulini i hyrogns n protohlorophylli ruts nzyms n t s iosynthsis inhiitors for hlorophyll. Ths mtls inhiit th synthsis of gmm minolvulini i n th formtion of th protohlorophylli ruts n sustrt nzym omplx. Th mutul intrtion of th hvy mtl with th sulfhyryl group nzyms is onsir s th most importnt mhnism of suh inhiitors (Khtii t l., 2008). In ition to hvy mtls ting s iosynthsis inhiitors for hlorophyll, suh mtls lso us th iogrtion of hlorophyll. Anothr fft of Control 1mM 2mM CCl2 100 ppm CCl2 100 ppm, 1mM CCl2 100 ppm, 2mM Fig. VI. Th fft of vrious mium n on th mium ontnt of roots Control 1mM 2mM Fig. VII. Th fft of vrious mium n on th mium ontnt of stms Fig. VIII. Th fft of vrious mium n on prolin ontnt Fig. IX. Th fft of vrious mium n on th SOD Enzym tivity CCl2 100CCl2 100CCl2 100 ppm ppm, 1mM ppm, 2mM

6 root lngth(m) plnt hight(m) 2282 Irnin Journl of Plnt Physiology, Vol (8), No (1) hvy mtls on th iosynthsis of hlorophyll inlus rpling th ntrl mgnsium in hlorophyll whih rsults in th lin of soring light y hlorophyll n thrfor lin in photosynthsis (Shrm n Duy, 2005). Dlin of hlorophyll n sri s th hitution of plnts to th strss sin it rss th possiility for furthr mg to th photosynthsis systm y forming fr rils of oxygn whn xtr nrgy is vill (Jung, 2004). Cmium is in onstnt omptition with Iron whih uss th root of th plnt to sor mium inst n finlly rpling mgnsium in th hlorophyll moluls n l to th lin of hlorophyll synthsis (Kuppr t l., 1998). Our stuy show th fft of mium on Lvnul whih rsult in signifint lin in th hlorophyll ontnt ompr to th ontrol plnts whih provs th othr rsults of th xprimnt. Th prsn of mium rsult in lin in growth, vportion, prspirtion, n ion sorption y th plnt n th lin in wtr sorption n ion onntrtion prvnts th root tivity (Vslo t l., 2003). Th rs of trnsfr of mium from root to ril orgns n rsult of th intivnss of th lmnt in th ll wlls or th joining of mium to th orgni ompouns vill in th root (Phytohltin) (Sniti Toppi n Grilli, 1999). This fining ws th sm s (Mohmm Pour t l., 2012). Prolin is n importnt osmoti rgultor for mny hlophyt n non-hlophyt spis suh s Alflf n Sorghum. Aumultion of prolin in ri is sign of slt strss injury, n is us of th inrs in Ornithin minotrnsfrs n its prursor, glutmi (Stwr n L, 1974). Insi plnt lls, prolin plys rol in osmoti ln of vuols (Flors t l., 2002). Aitionlly, prolin ts s ontinr for ron n nitrogn. It lso protts th plnt from th mgs of fr rils. Th lin of prolin onsumption in protin synthsis uring strss might th rson for prolin umultion (Turhn n Ayz, 2004). W n ssoit prolin umultion with wtr shortg u to th fft of hvy lmnts in siln vulgris (Sht t l, 1998). Th rsults from Gronlni ns plnt show grul inrs of prolin Fig. X. Th fft of vrious mium n on plnt hight Fig. XI. Th fft of vrious mium n on root lngth ontnt unr th fft of mium (Prlk n Yilmz, 2011). Dinkr t l. (2008) show tht th prolin ontnt inrs unr th fft of mium in roots n lvs of Arhis hypog whih is onsistnt with th rsults of this stuy. Suproxi ismuts (SOD) inlu mtllonzyms tht tlyz th isproportion of suproxi fr rils to hyrogn proxi n oxygn n thy sm to hv n importnt rol in protting lls ginst th inirt mging ffts of suh rils (Luis t l., 1983). Stuis show tht high onntrtions of hvy mtls rsult in th lin of ntioxint nzyms tivity rthr thn thir inrs (Shutznul n Poll, 2002). Gosh (2005) rport tht mium prvnts th tivitis of som nzyms n th simnttion of ssntil lmnts or mtolits n thrfor uss ll mg. This fining is inonsistnt with th rsults of (Mozfri t l., 2010). Shutznul t l. (2001) rport tht mium uss ly in plnt growth. Sri t l. (2009) rport tht vrious mium onntrtions o not signifintly fft th rt f

7 Cmium ontmintion in Lvnr (Lvnul spi L.) 2283 n sp of sprouting n oppr sulpht os not signifintly fft th sprouting rt of A. lntiformis. But th inrs in lngths of ril, plumul, n plntlt n lso th s vigor inx wr signifint t (p 0.01) unr th influn of th whih onfirms th rsults of this stuy. Morifh, (2008) stt tht mium uss rs in th wight n msurmnt of ril orgns, root lngth, n lf r. Th prsn of mium ls to th lin in th growth, vportion, prspirtion n ion sorption y th plnt n th lin in wtr sorption n ion onntrtion prvnts th root tivity (Vslov t l., 2003). Conlusion Cmium rsult hng (inrs or rs) in ll vlut proprtis n y ing th hlt, th sorption lvl of this hvy mtl y Lvnul rs signifintly. Rfrns Allowy, B. J., 'Hvy Mtls in Soils: L Blki n Glsgow'. Lt. Lonon Bts, L. S., R. P. Wlrn n I. D. Tr, 'Rpi trmintion of fr prolin for wtr-strss stuis'. Plnt n Soil, 39(1): Blylok, M.J., D.E. Slt, S. Dushnkov, O. Zkhrov, C. Gussmn n Y. Kpulnik 'Enhn Aumultion of P in Inin Mustr y Soil-Appli Chlting Agnts'. Environ. Si. Thnol., 31 (3), pp Chny, R. L., M. Mlik, Y. M. Lim, S. L. Brown, E. P. Brwr, J. S. Angl n A. J. M. Bkr 'Phytormition of soil mtls'. Curr. Opinion Biothnol. 8: Dinkr, N., P. C. Ngjyothi., S. Sursh., Y. Uykirn n T. Dmohrm, 'Phytotoxiity of mium on protin, prolin n ntioxint nzym tivitis in growing Arhis hypog L. slins'. Journl of Environmntl Sins 20: Flors, P., M. A. Botll., V. Mrtinz n A. Cr 'Rspons to slinity of tomto slings with split-root systm: nutrint uptk n rution'. Journl of Plnt Nutrition. 25: Ghosh, M n S.P. Singh 'A omprtiv stuy of mium phytoxtrtion y umultor n w spis'. Environ. Pollut, 133: Hung, J.W., J.J. Chn, W.R. Brti n S.D. Cunninghm 'Phytormition of l-ontmint soils: Rol of synthti hlts in l phytoxtrtion'. Environ. Si. Thnol. 31: Jung, S 'Vrition in ntioxint mtolism of young n mtur lvs of Ariopsis thlin sujt to rought'. Plnt Sin. 166: Khtii, M., M. H. Rsh., A. Gnjli n M. Lhooti, 'Th ffts of iffrnt nikl onntrtion on som morphophysiologil hrtristis of prsly'. Irn. J. Fil Crops Rs. 2: Kling, J 'Phytormition of orgnis moving rpily into fil trils'. Environ. Si. Thnol. 31, A129. Kuppr, H., F. Kuppr n M. Spillr., 'In situ ttion of hvy mtt sustitut hlorophylls in wtr plnts'. photosynthsis Rs. 58 : Luis, A., D. Dl. Rio., I, Lyon., Bru, G n Mrvinl, S 'Immunoyto hmil vin for proxisoml loliztion of mngns suproxi ismuts in lf protoplsts from highr plnt'. Plnt, 158: Mozfri, A., D. Hii., A. Mlki n F. Bi., 'Evlution of Multi-Spis Aility in Drsing Cmium Contmintion of Soil'. Cultivtion n Plnt Bring Mgzin. Volum 8. No. 3, P MGrth, S. P., C. M. D. Sioli, A. J. M. Bkr n R.D. Rvs 'Th potntil for th us of mtl umulting plnts for th in situ ontmintion of mtl-pollut soils'. Kluwr Ami Pu., Dorrht, Nthrlns. PP Mihl, J, B., E. S. Dvi., D. Slvik., Z. Olg., G. Christophr., K. Yorm., D. E. Burt n R. Ily 'Enhn umultion of P in Inin mustr y soil-ppli hlting gnts'. Environ. Si. Thnol. 31:

8 2284 Irnin Journl of Plnt Physiology, Vol (8), No (1) Mohmm Pour. F., S., Asi Kpourhl, 'Evlution of th Hyprum ultiv Aility of Grn Crss for th Phytormition of Cmium Contmint Soil, Wtr n Soil'. Rsours Prottion Mgzin, 2n Yr, No. 2. Murifh, S. S. A 'Growth prmtrs n lmntl sttus of Cuumr (Cuumus stivus) slings in rspons to mium umultion'. Intrntionn journl of griultur & Biologiy. 3(5) Omiygi, R 'Proution n Pross of Hrs'. Astn Ghos Rzvi Pulition. Rskin, I., P. B. N. A. Kumr., V. Dushnkov n D.E. Slt 'Bioonntrtion of hvy mtls y plnts'. Curr. Opin. Biothnol. 5: Sht. H., Shrm, S n Vooijs, R 'Hvy mtl inu umultion of fr prolin in mtl tolrnt n non tolrnt otyp of siln vulgris'. physiologi plntrum 101: Shutznul, A n A. Poll., 'plnt rsponss to ioti strss:hvy mtlinu oxitiv strss n prottion y myorrhiztion'. J. Exp. Botny. 53: Shn, Z.G., X.D. Li, C.C. Wng, H. M. Chn n H. Chu 'L phytoxtrtion from ontmint soils with high-iomss plnt spis'. J. Environ. Qulity 31: Shrm. p n R. S. H. Duy., 'L toxiity in plnts'. Plnt physiol. 17: Soniti toppi, l n R. Grilli 'Rspons to mium in highr plnts'. Environ. EXP. Bot. 41: Stwrt, G. R n J. A. L., 'Th rol of prolin umultion in hlophyt's. Plnt. 120: Turhn, H n C. Ayz Efft of slinity on sling mrgn n growth of sunflowr (Hlinthus nnuus L.) ultivrs. Int J Agri Biol. 6 : Vslo. V., 'Efft of mium on ion uptk, trnspirtion n ytokin ontnt in wht slings'. plnt physiol. 117: Yrgholi, B., 'Exmining Qulittiv- Quntittiv Chngs of th Wstwtr of Firouz for Agriultur Applition'. Thnil Rport. Institut of Agriulturl Enginring n Thnil Rsrh, P