Assessment of allelopathic potential of Cassia sophera L. on seedling growth and physiological basis of weed plants

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1 Vol. 13(9), pp , 26 Frury, 2014 DOI: /AJB ISSN Ami Journls Afrin Journl of Biothnology Full Lngth Rsrh Ppr Assssmnt of lllopthi potntil of Cssi sophr L. on sling growth n physiologil sis of w plnts Asif Gulzr*, M.B. Siiqui n Shzi Bi Dprtmnt of Botny, A.M.U, Aligrh, U.P, , Ini. Apt 10 Jnury, 2014 Alllopthy is sri s oth nfiil n ltrious iohmil intrtion twn plnt n ws, n/or plnt n miroorgnisms through th proution of hmil ompouns tht sp into th nvironmnt n susquntly influn th growth n vlopmnt of nighouring plnts. Th prsnt lortory xprimntl stuy ws onut to vlut th lllopthi fft of Cssi sophr (L.) on thr w plnts (Chnopoium lum L., Mlilotus l Mik n Niotin plumginifoli Viv.). Aquous xtrts of Cssi t 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 n 4.0% onntrtions wr ppli to trmin thir fft on s grmintion, sling growth, ry iomss, lf r, rltiv wtr ontnt, hlorophyll n protin ontnt of tst plnts unr lortory onitions. Th quous xtrts h signifint rtrtory fft on s grmintion of tst plnts whih vri mong spis n lso with th iffrnt onntrtions us. Root lngth n shoot lngth of w spis rs signifintly whn plnts wr xpos to inrsing quous onntrtion (0.5, 1, 2 n 4%). Th noti rution in ry iomss, lf r n rltiv wtr ontnt wr lso signifint. Physiologil prmtrs (totl hlorophyll ontnt n protin ontnt) in rltion to thr tst spis (M. l, C. lum n N. plumginifoli) wr signifintly ru with th iffrnt onntrtions of quous xtrt us. From this w n prit tht ssi might possss lllohmils tht uss th supprssiv ility. Ky wors: Alllopthy, quous xtrt, Mlilotus l, Chnopoium l n Niotin plumginifoli. INTRODUCTION Ws hv n prsistnt prolm for griultur systms us it uss onomi losss y rution in rop yil, inrs ost of rop proution, n oftn us totl rop filur (Bhulr t l., 1998). Conrns out ngtiv ffts of hrii us, suh s nvironmntl ontmintion, vlopmnt of hrii rsistnt ws n humn hlth prolms, mk it nssry to ivrsify or othr w mngmnt options (Holthi t l., 2008). Th us of lllopthi hvior is on of th nw options for sustinl w mngmnt (Olofsottr n Nvrz, 1996). Th invsiv ntur of ws is u to th lllopthy whih n fin s th irt or inirt hrmful or nfiil ffts of on plnt on nothr through th proution of hmil ompouns tht sp into th nvironmnt. All ths ompouns usully r ll *Corrsponing uthor. E-mil: sif. sif4gulzr@gmil.om, zmn.mu@gmil.om. Tl: Arvitions: DAS, Dy ftr sowing; CRD, ompltly rnomiz sign; AOSA, Assoition of Offiil S Anlysts; DMSO, i-mthyl sulphoxi; CSAE, C. sophr quous xtrt; GP, grmintion prntg; PL, plumul lngth; RL, ril lngth; DW, ry wight; RWC, rltiv wtr ontnt.

2 1038 Afr. J. Biothnol. sonry plnt prouts or wst prouts of th min mtoli pthwys in plnts (Turk t l., 2003; Yokotni t l., 2003; Iql t l., 2006). Th proution of lllohmils is wily influn y gntis s wll s nvironmntl ftors t iffrnt growth stgs (Yu t l., 2003). Thy ntr th nvironmnt through vrious routs suh s lhing, voltiliztion, root xution, s-ot xution ftr imiition, n omposition of ivrs prts of th plnt (Ri, 1984; Brtin t l., 2003; Higshinksu t l., 2004). All plnt prts of th w inluing lf, stm, root, n fruit pning upon plnt spis hv lllopthi potntil (Mhmoo t l., 1999; Alm n Islm, 2002; Tinnin n Mullr, 2006). Diffrnt groups of plnts, rops n ws hv wi known lllopthi intrtions (Inrjit n Dkshini, 1994; Ahm t l., 2007; Uin t l., 2007). Thr r svrl rports tht som w spis hv lllopthi ffts on s grmintion n slings growth of onomilly importnt rop plnts (Multu t l., 2011; Shiu n Anrw, 1998; Ri, 1984; Dlys t l., 2004; Gulzr n Siiqui, 2014; Sisoi n Siiqui, 2012). Th multipl ffts rsulting from lllohmils inlu rss in plnt growth, sorption of wtr n minrl nutrints, ion uptk, lf wtr potntil, shoot turgor prssur, osmoti potntil, ry mttr proution, lf r xpnsion, stomtl prtur siz, stomtl iffusiv onutn, n photosynthsis (Bookr t l., 1992; Chou n Lin, 1976; Einhllig t l., 1970; Einhllig n Kun, 1971; Einhllig n Rsmussn, 1979; Einhllig t l., 1985; Grl t l., 1992; Pttrson, 1981; Wir t l., 2004). Th Cssi sophr longs to th Lguminos fmily n th sufmily of Cslpinioi, xtning from Afri to Ini n South Est Asi. C. sophr is liv to ntiv of South Amri. Th spis grows long rosis n on wst groun n is rport y Muly n Shrm (2012) to ommon w in unultivt lns. Its invsiv ntur is u to its fst growth rt, high rproutiv n vgttiv potntil, ptl to hnging nvironmntl onitions, wi ologil mplitu n lllopthy. Tritrpns from ssi r known for thir lllopthi rsponss n grt ologil signifin with rspt to invsion (Ghyl t l., 2007). Th quous xtrt of th whol plnt n lvs prous n inhiitory lllopthi fft on mny ws. Th powr lvs of C. sophr lso fft th growth n mtolism of ssoit ws. Rntly, stuy show tht th lllopthi fft of Cssi ointlis L. uss th supprssion of s grmintion n growth in Prthnium hystrophorus L., trimntl w in Ini (Knox t l., 2011). Similrly, th lllopthi fft of Cssi tor on s grmintion n growth of mustr hs n luit y Srkr t l. (2012). In thno otnil litrtur, it is mntion to fftiv in th trtmnt of pityrisis, psorisis, sthm, ut ronhitis, ough, its n onvulsions of hilrn (Chopr t l., 1956; Aghrkr, 1991; Dutt, 1995; Kirtikr n Bsu, 2000). For this rson, th plnts r not stroy n inst llow y th lol popl to grow nr rop fils. Thrfor, in th prsnt work, n ttmpt hs n m to vlut n ompr th lllopthi potntility of th ommon invsiv w (C. sophr) on th grmintion, sling growth, ry iomss, lf r n physiologil prmtrs of thr w spis (M. l, C. lum n N. plumginifoli). MATERIALS AND METHODS Colltion of plnt mtrils Th C. sophr ws ollt from th mpus of Aligrh Muslim Univrsity, Aligrh (27, 29 to 28 º, 100 N.L n 77 º, 29 º to 78 º, 38 º E.L) whr it ws growing unntly. Th plnts wr uproot t mturity. Thy wr wsh thoroughly with istill wtr n irri t room tmprtur for 96 h. Th ril portions wr sprt, hopp into 1 m long pis, n groun into fin powr with mortr n pstl. Stok quous xtrt ws otin y soking 4 g powr in 100 ml of ol istill wtr (4% w/v) t room tmprtur (20±2 º C) for 24 h with osionl shking. Th mixtur ws filtr through two lyrs of hsloth n ntrifug for 20 min to rmov prtiult mtril n th purifi xtrt ws just to ph 6.8 with 1 M HCl. Diffrnt onntrtions (0.5, 1 n 2%) wr prpr from th stok solution in ition to th ontrol (Singh t l., 1989). Th quous xtrts wr iniviully ottl, tgg, n to mintin th ffiy of xtrts, it is kpt in rfrigrtor for furthr us. Grmintion in Ptri ishs For growth stuis, ss of C. lum, M. l n N. plumginifoli wr prour from Ntionl rsrh ntr for w sin, Jlpur (M.P). Ss of h tst plnts wr first surf striliz with 2% soium hypohlorit solution for 2 min n wsh thoroughly with istill wtr. Nxt, sts of utolv Ptri ishs wr prpr, h ontining singl lyr of Whtmn No. 1 filtr ppr n 5 ml of tst xtrt for h onntrtion (0.5, 1, 2 n 4%) of ril shoots. Th Ptri ishs trt with istill wtr wr tkn s ontrol n onsir to st 0. Th trtmnts wr rrng in ompltly rnomiz sign (CRD) with 10 rplits t room tmprtur on lortory nh with 12 h supply of fluorsnt light uring th night. Th whol xprimnt ws rpt on. Th plnts wr smpl on 15th y ftr sowing (DAS) to ror vrious osrvtions. Dtrmintion of grmintion prntg, root lngth, shoot lngth, ry iomss, lf r n rltiv wtr ontnt Grmint ss wr ount ily oring to th Assoition of Offiil S Anlysts (AOSA) mtho (AOSA, 1990). Th ss wr onsir s grmint whn th ril siz ws 2 mm. Fiftn (15) ys ftr sowing, grmintion prntg ws lult using th formul: grmintion prntg = (grmint s/totl s 100) for h rplition of th trtmnt follow y sling root lngth (m), shoot lngth (m) n ry wight (mg) trmintion. Th root n shoot lngth wr msur y using

3 Gulzr t l mtr sl; whil, th ry wight ws msur with th hlp of four igitl ln of Sinth, Mol ZSA 120, Coloro (USA). Th lf r ws msur mnully y using grph sht, whr th squrs ovr y th frsh lf wr ount to lult th lf r. Using th qution of Df n A El- Ftth (2008), th rltiv wtr ontnt (RWC) ws vlut s RWC% = (FW - DW) / FW 100. Protin trmintion Th mtho s givn y Lowry t l. (1951) ws opt for this purpos. Chlorophyll trmintion Th totl hlorophyll ontnt from lvs of trt or ontrol plnts wr xtrt in i-mthyl sulphoxi (DMSO) following th mtho of Hisox n Isrlstm (1979). Finly ut uniform iss (100 mg frsh wight) wr m from fully xpn lvs of tst plnts. Dry wight quivlnts of h of th trt smpls wr trmin y kping 100 mg frsh wight iss in n ovn. Th wight mtril (100 mg frsh wight lf is) ws suspn in 10 ml of i-mthyl sulphoxi (DMSO) inut t 65 C for 1 h (th prio of inution ws foun suffiint for th omplt xtrtion of hlorophyll). Th DMSO ws rovr y thorough nttion. Th finl volum ws orrt to 10 ml with frsh DMSO. Th xtintion of hlorophyll thus, rovr in DMSO ws msur t ul wvlngth of 645 n 663 nm on sptrophotomtr ginst DMSO s lnk. Th xtintion vlus wr r n th mount of hlorophyll ws lult oring to th qution givn y Arnon (1949), with moifition y Hisox n Isrlstn (1979). Sttistil nlysis Using stnr prours of sttistil t nlysis (inluing th softwr BioStt 2009, vrsion , n th inuilt mthmtil funtions of sigm plot vrsion 10, th ffts of iffrnt onntrtions of C. sophr wr orrlt with th rt of grmintion, root lngth, shoot lngth, lf r, DW, RWC, hlorophyll ontnt n protin ontnt of tst spis. Figurs 1 to 4 show hng in ths prmtrs (th rs rprsnt th stnr vition of msurmnt) RESULTS Grmintion Th grmintion prntg (GP) of M. l ws signifintly fft y th inrs in onntrtion of C. sophr quous xtrt (CSAE) (Figur 1). In ontrol n 0.5% CSAE, GP vlus wr 100 n 98%. Th prntg ws ru to 57% t 1% n 55.6% t 2% CSAE onntrtion lvls n to 30% t 4% CSAE onntrtion. Gnrlly, GP of C. lum ss vri with CSAE onntrtions (Figur 1) n it is support sttistilly. In th ontrol sris, GP vlus wr 80% ut rs upon pplying 0.5 n 1% CSAE onntrtions (67 n 70%, rsptivly). Howvr, th rution gos to mrkly lowr lvl t 2 n 4% onntrtions (47 n 50%, rsptivly). Figur 1 shows grt vrition in th lult vlus of GP of N. plumginifoli ss. Th GP ws signifintly fft y th inrs in CSAE onntrtions. In ontrol, 0.5 n 1% CSAE, GP vlus wr 100, 95 n 92%. Th prntg ws ru t 2 n 4% CSAE onntrtion lvls. Sling growth Th rsults of plumul lngth (PL) of M. l imply tht lllopthi sustns fft ngtivly th sling stg (Figur 2). PL ws signifintly ru t iffrnt onntrtions of trtmnts givn. Th vlu of PL ws m t ontrol lvl, ut ru to m t 0.5% CSAE onntrtion. Th rtrtory lllopthi tion ws ror in 1, 2 n 4% CSAE onntrtions, whih signifintly ru PL. Alllopthi fft of CSAE onntrtion on PL of C. lum is givn in Figur 2. Th plumul longtion ws not ompltly inhiit y th xtrt, ut th lngth ws ru t highr onntrtion lvls. Oviously, ll lllopthi onntrtions hv ru PL. In ontrol sris, PL of C. lum ws 19 m. In 0.5, 1, 2 n 4% onntrtions, inhiition ws osrv n th vlus wr 17.71, 17.77, n 15 m, rsptivly (Figur 2). PL of N. plumginifoli ws signifintly ru in h trtmnt (Figur 2). PL ws m in ontrol sris ut ws ru to 17 m t 0.5% CSAE onntrtion. Th mximum lllopthi tion of 1, 2 n 4% CSAE onntrtions ws osrv in th form of rution s 16, n 14 m, rsptivly. A slight iffrn ws osrv mong M. l RL (Figur 1). Th ontrol vlu ws m. Elvt CSAE onntrtions h signifint rtrtory fft on ril growth. At 0.5% CSAE onntrtion, it ws m. Upon pplying highst CSAE onntrtion (4%), it ws ru to 5.99 mm. A grul rs in RL of C. lum ws osrv with grul inrs in CSAE onntrtions. RL ws signifintly fft y th trtmnt t 4% onntrtion. In th ontrol, vlus of RL wr 10 m, ut t highr onntrtions of CSAE ril mrgn wr lrly fft. At 0.5 n 1% onntrtions, RL rs to 9.50 n 8.31 m; till it ttin vlu of ~6.39 n 4 m t 2 n 4% onntrtions. In th ontrol sris RL of N. plumginifoli ws 9.00 m. High CSAE onntrtions h signifint rtrtory fft on ril growth (Figur 1). At 0.5% CSAE onntrtion it ws 8.01 m. Upon pplying th highst CSAE onntrtion (4%), it ws ru to 3.99 m n t 1 n 0.5% CSAE, th vlus wr 7.11 n 8.01 m, rsptivly. Dry iomss, lf r n rltiv wtr ontnt As pr th ry iomss of tst spis fft y CSAE t 4% onntrtion, th prntg rution osrv ws 34, 40 n 44% in M. l, C. lum n Niotin plumginifoli ovr th ontrol (Figur 2). In ontrst to

4 1040 Afr. J. Biothnol Mlilotus l Chnopoium lum Niotin plumginifoli Grmintion prntg (%) Trtmnts 14 Mlilotus l Chnopoium lum Niotin plumginifoli 12 Root lngth (m) Trtmnts Figur 1. Th ffts of inrsing onntrtions of Cssi sophr on grmintion prntg (%) n root lngth (m) of tst spis (n = 10).Th rs init stnr vition. Diffrnt suprsript symols within h olumn rprsnt signifint iffrn mong thmslvs t P<0.05 pplying DMRT. ontrol, lf r shows rs with inrs in xtrt onntrtion, ru y 16, 10 n 19.65% in C. lum, M. l n N. plumiginifoli t 4% CSAE onntrtion (Figur 3). Lf rltiv wtr ontnt (RWC) of th strss plnts show signifintly lowr vlus t highr CSAE onntrtion thn thir ontrol plnts n tht wr 26.6% in N. plumiginifoli n 14.28% in M. l (Figur 3). Protin n hlorophyll ontnt Th protin n hlorophyll ontnt of tst spis wr fft signifintly whn trt with th iffrnt onntrtions of CSAE. Although, trtmnt with 0.5% CSAE h vry littl impt on th protin n hlorophyll ontnt of tst slings, highr onntrtions (4%) ru th protin ontnts y 41.3, 20 n 33% in M.

5 Gulzr t l Mlilotus l Chnopoium lum Niotin plumginifoli Plumul lngth (m) f f f 5 0 Trtmnts 0.4 Mlilotus l Chnopoium lum Niotin plumginifoli 0.3 Dry iomss (mg) Trtmnt (%) Figur 2. Th ffts of inrsing onntrtions of Cssi sophr on plumul lngth (m) n ry iomss (mg) of tst spis (n = 10). Th rs init stnr vition. Diffrnt suprsript symols within h olumn rprsnt signifint iffrn mong thmslvs t P<0.05 pplying DMRT. l, C. lum n N. plumiginifoli s ompr to th ontrol (Figur 4). Th hlorophyll ontnt ws similrly fft rsulting to mor rution t highr onntrtion (4%) in omprison to ontrol (Figur 4). DISCUSSION Trtmnt y quous xtrt rsult in ly grmi- ntion n low grmintion rt of th ws. Through ly grmintion, lowr s grmintion rt n ru sling growth, ru root-shoot rtio, th trtmnts lowr ry mttr. Th inhiitory ffts wr inrs with inrsing onntrtions. This stuy shows tht iffrnt onntrtions of lht show istint lllopthi inhiitory ffts on th w spis; lowr onntrtions (1 n 0.5%) show wk inhiitory or vn positiv ffts, whrs highr

6 1042 Afr. J. Biothnol Mlilotus l Chnopoium lum Niotin plunginifoli Lf r (m 2 ) f Trtmnt (%) Mlilotus l Chnopoium lum Niotin plumginifoli RWC (%) f 40 Trtmnt (%) Figur 3. Th ffts of inrsing onntrtions of Cssi sophr on lf r (m 2 ) n Rltiv wtr ontnt (%) of tst spis (n = 10). Th rs init stnr vition. Diffrnt suprsript symols long h rprsnt signifint iffrn mong thmslvs t P<0.05 pplying DMRT. onntrtions (4 n 2%) show strongr inhiitory ffts. Thrfor, onsiring tht th plnt lllohmils oul hv nfiil or inhiitory fft, in orr to ontrol. As osrv in mny stuis (Hong t l., 2003; 2004; Multu t l., 2011; Lungu t l., 2011; Shpl t l., 2011), lllohmils xtrt from Mli (xtrt with thnol n wtr) inhiit grmintion n growth of rivr plnts r in lin with our stuis. Similr osrvtion ws lso onlu y Bogtk n Gnizowsk (2007) n Jv (2011) in rish grmintion inhiition u to th rsult of inution of

7 Gulzr t l Totl hlorophyll ontnt (µg/mg frsh wt.) 4.5 Mlilotus l Chnopoium lum Niotin plumginifoli f 1.5 Trtmnt (%) 0.7 Protin ontnt (mg/g ry wt.) Mlilotus l Chnopoium lum Niotin plumginifoli 0.2 Trtmnt (%) Figur 4. Th ffts of inrsing onntrtions of Cssi sophr on hlorophyll ontnt (mg/g fr. Wt.) n protin ontnt (mg/g ry wight) of tst spis (n = 10).Th rs init stnr vition. Diffrnt suprsript symols long h urv rprsnt signifint iffrn mong thmslvs t P<0.05 pplying DMRT. oxitiv strss. Suggst mhnism for th inhiition of s grmintion is th isruption of rk or mitohonril rspirtion n y this, possil isruption of th tivity of mtoli nzyms involv in glyolysis n oxitiv pntos phospht pthwy (OPPP), whih tks sustrts from glyolysis n fs its prouts k into glyolysis s osrv in Pinus lriio ss grmintion grown in th soils roun P. lriio n Fgus sylvti trs (Musolo t l., 2001). In gnrl, th ngtiv fft inrs with th onntrtion of th xtrt n iologil tivitis of rivr plnts to lllohmils whih r known to

8 1044 Afr. J. Biothnol. onntrtion pnnt s noti y Zhng t l. (2007), Singh t l. (2006) n Png t l. (2004), whih lso is in lin with our stuy. Th root lngth rs s th onntrtion of xtrt inrs n th grtst inhiition ws osrv t 4% onntrtion. As root mmrns r primry sit of tion for phnolis. Th ontt of phnoli is with th root ll mmrn ls to polriztion, n fflux of ions, n rution of hyroli onutivity, wtr uptk n nt nutrint uptk (Bzirmkng t l., 1995; Lhmn n Blum, 1999). Root growth is hrtriz y high mtoli rts n, for this rson, roots r highly susptil to nvironmntl strsss suh s lllohmils in soils (Cruz-Ortg t l., 1998). Similrly, Brson t l. (2005) rport tht BOA impir root systm vlopmnt, rsulting in ru root lngths n omplt sn of ltrl root formtion in 10-y-ol A. thlin slings y 50% (I 50 ) n 80% (I 80 ) t 540 µm n µm. In th prsnt stuy, quous xtrt lowr rltiv wtr ontnts in lvs of ll trgt spis. Apprntly, th thr trgt spis rspon iffrntly to th phytotoxi ompouns, thry ontriuting to spis sltivity. Som othr phnoli is suh s p-oumri, ffi, fruli, n sliyli is lso us wtr strss in plnts (Einhllig, 1995; Brkosky n Einhllig, 2003). Snhz-Morirs n Rigos (2005) rport tht 10% rs in rltiv wtr ontnt ws orrlt with lin in lf wtr potntil in BOA-xpos lttu plnts onntrtion, rsptivly. From our rsults, it is lr tht rss in th rltiv wtr ontnt of lvs in ths plnt spis initilly inu stomtl losur, imposing rs in th supply of CO 2 to th msophyll lls n, onsquntly, photosynthsis oul lowr rsulting in th rs in hlorophyll ontnt (Hussin n Rigos, 2011). Th signifint rution of hlorophyll ontnt sn with ll onntrtions my u to th inhiition of hlorophyll iosynthsis, th stimultion of hlorophyllgring sustns, or oth (Yng t l., 2007; Pttrson, 1981). On of th st-hrtriz phytotoxi mhnisms inu y lllohmils is th inhiition of photosynthsis n oxygn volution through intrtions with omponnts of photosystm II (PSII) (Einhlling, 1995). Highr onntrtions of xtrts wr foun to us mosi hlorosis, rsulting in th yllowing of lvs n thry using th rution in th hlorophyll ontnt. A signifint owngr in lf protin ontnts in ll thr spis u to quous xtrt of iffrnt onntrtion is support y finings of Bzirmkng t l. (1997); Mrsi n Singh (1993); Hussin t l. (2010) tht mny phnoli is ru th inorportion of rtin mino i into protins n thus ru th rt of protin synthsis. Th ry mss rution is support y prvious stuy of Trzi n Koliskn (2010), whr th longtion n DW of rly n wht slings wr rport to ru y th wlnut lllohmil juglon (5- hyroxy-1,4-nphthoquinon) in similr pttrn. Mron mironutrint sorption n IAA oxis in plnt root lls is inhiit y vrious lllohmils (Yng t l., 2004), whih my l to th osrv rutions in DW n RWC of grminting mustr sling. Conlusion Th lllopthi fft from quous xtrts C. sophr show signifint rtrtory fft on ll th ov mntion prmtrs of M. l, C. lum, N. plumginifoli. Hn, th lllohmils xtrt from quous xtrt of Cssi n mploy for th nturl ontrol of th tst ws, thus hiving th im of nvironmntl sfty. Thr is n for furthr stuy to rri out on intifying th inhiiting lllohmil in th prts invstigt. By lying grmintion, lowring th grmintion rt of th ws n inhiiting sling growth, lht from C. sophr oul provi n fftiv wy of ontrolling th ws. REFERENCES Aghrkr SP (1991). Miinl Plnts of Bomy Prsiny, Sintifi Pulishrs, Johpur, Ini. p. 58. Ahm R, Uin MB, Khn ASA, Mukul SA, Hossin MK (2007). Alllopthi ffts of Lntn mr on grmintion n growth hviour of som griulturl rops in Bnglsh. J. For. Rs. 18: Alm SM, Islm E (2002). Effts of quous xtrt of lf, stm n root of nttllf goosfoot n NCl on grmintion n sling growth of ri. Pk. J. S Thnol. 1: Arnon DI (1949). Coppr nzyms in isolt hloroplsts polyphnol oxis in Bt vulgris. Plnt Physiol. 24:1-15. Brson SR, Snhz-Morirs AM, Prol-Bonjoh N,Shulz M, Kgn IA, Agrwl AK, Rigos MJ, Duk SO (2005). Dtoxifition n trnsriptom rspons in Ariopsis slings xpos to th lllohmil nzoxzolin-2(3h)-on. J. Biol. Chm. 280: Brkosky RR, Einhllig FA (2003). Alllopthi intrfrn of plntwtr rltionships y pr-hyroxynzoi i. Bot. Bull. A. Sini 44: Bzirmkng R, Lroux GD, Simr RR (1995). Effts of nzoi n innmi is on mmrn prmility of soyn roots. J. Chm. Eol. 21: Bzirmkng R, Lroux GD, Simr RR, Nu P (1997). Alllopthi ffts of phnoli is on nuli i n protin lvls in soyn slings. Cn J. Bot. 75: Brtin C, Yng XH, Wston LA (2003). Th rol of root xuts n lllohmils in th rhizosphr. Plnt Soil 256: Bhulr DD, Ntzr DI A, Rimnshnir DE, Hrtzlr RG (1998). W mngmnt in short rottion poplr n hrous prnnil rops grown for ioful proution. Biomss Bionrg. 14: Bogtk R, Gnizowsk A (2007). ROS n Phytohormons in Plnt- Plnt lllopthi Intrtion. Plnt Signl. Bhv. 4: Bookr FL, Blum U, Fisus EL (1992). Short-trm ffts of fruli i on ion uptk n wtr rltions in uumr slings. J. Exp. Bot. 93: Chopr RN, Nyr SL, Chopr IC (1956). Glossry of Inin Miinl Plnts, CSIR, Nw Dlhi, Ini. p. 55. Chou CH, Lin HJ (1976). Autointoxition mhnism of Oryz stiv I. Phytotoxi ffts of omposing ri rsius in soil. J. Chm. Eol. 2: Cruz-Ortg R, Any AL, Hrnnz-Butist BE, Lgun Hrnnz G (1998). Effts of lllohmil strss prou y Siyos ppi

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