Seed Priming With Leaf Aqueous Extract of Lesser Bulrush Improves Resistance against Salt Stress in Pea a,b

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1 Highr Dprtmnt n IJISET - Intrntionl Journl of Innovtiv Sin, Enginring & Thnology, Vol. 4 Issu 8, August 217 ISSN (Onlin) Impt Ftor (216) S riming With Lf Aquous Extrt of Lssr Bulrush Improvs Rsistn ginst Slt Strss in, *Ni Ghzl, Hif Si, Ins Zrii,, Muhmm Frooq,, Ins S Ri Houl Institut of Biothnology,Univrsity of Monstir, Monstir 5, Tunisi. UR Agroioivrsity, Highr Agronomi Institut, IRESA-Univrsity of Souss, 442 Chott-Mrim, Souss,Tunisi. of Agronomy, Univrsity of Agriultur, Fisl, kistn. Th UWA Institut of Agriultur, Th Univrsity of Wstrn Austrli, LB 55, rth WA 61, Austrli. *For orrsponn: E-mil rss: 33TUni_266@yhoo.frU33T; Tl: ; Fx: Astrt This stuy ws onut to vlut th fft of s priming with quous xtrt of lssr ulrush on th rsistn ginst slt strss in p. For priming, ss of p vrity Dou rovn wr sok in quous xtrt of lssr ulrush lvs. Slt strss ws impos s, 24 n 32 mm NCl for grmintion n n 12 mm for growth. rim () n non prim (N) ss wr sown in tri plts. Slt strss supprss th grmintion, growth, n ru th mmrn intgrity, rspirtion, minrl omposition (potssium n phosphorus) of p. Howvr, slt strss us signifint inrs in th umultion of soium, prolin, totl solul sugrs n sonry mtolits (phnols, flvonois n lklois). S priming, with lf quous xtrt of lssr ulrush, hlp in mitigting th vrs ffts of slt strss on p. lnts vlop from prim ss show ttr rspons to slt strss y th prottion of mmrn intgrity n th mintnn of th osmoti (prolin, totl solul sugrs, potssium n phosphorus. In onlusion, th s priming with xtrts of lssr ulrush oul onsir s n fftiv ltrntiv mtho to improv th rsistn slt strss in p. Ky wors:, slinity, s priming, quous xtrts, lssr ulrush. 1. Introution Among ioti strsss, slinity strss is n importnt strss s it uss signifint rution in rop proution (Sh t l. 21). Slinity ffts som physiologil n iohmil prosss of th plnts n rus signifintly th yil (Munns n Jms, 23). Slt strss ffts ll mjor prosss n plnt mtolism suh s growth, flowring, photosynthsis, rspirtion, wtr potntil, nzymti tivity, sorption of minrls n nutrint ln (Cssniti t l. 213; rihr t l. 215). In most plnt spis slinity ffts grmintion n vlopmnt of th sling, whih is onsir th vlopmntl stg tht is most snsitiv n vulnrl to ioti strsss (Sos t l. 25; Blqziz t l. 29). Dly of grmintion (Fool, 24) n growth inhiition u to slinity r us y low xtrnl wtr potntil, ion imln n spifi ion toxiity (Munns, 22; Mirn t l. 21).Unr ths onitions thr is rs in wtr sorption n n xssiv sorption of ions (Akrm t l. 21). longs to th Lguminos fmily whih rprsnts th son most importnt fmily of rop plnts ftr o, ounting for pproximtly 27% of th worl's rop proution (Grhm n Vn, 23). Fil p, lik othr pulss, is omprtivly snsitiv to numr of ioti strss ftors, prtiulrly involving soil nutrition suh s slinity (Dit t l. 26).Its proutivity ws mrkly ru t lvt lvls of slt strss (Njfi t l. 27). S priming is on of th physiologil mthos tht improvs s prformn n provis fstr n synhroniz grmintion. It is n sy, low ost n low risk thniqu n rntly ing us to ovrom th slinity prolm in griulturl lns (Nto n Tos, 2). It stimults mny of th mtoli prosss involv with th rly phss of grmintion n it hs n not tht slings from prim ss mrg fstr, grow mor vigorously n prform ttr in vrs onitions (Crmr, 22). S priming is thniqu us for plnts to giv thm goo strt n to nhn th proutivity with inrs in grmintion rt, grmintion prntg, rly mrgn n vigor (Bsr t l. 25; Frooq t l. 25). Diffrnt thniqus hv n rri out, lik hyropriming, osmopriming, mtripriming, hrning, osmohrning, n hormonl priming (Hrgr n Emmrih 1992, 1992; Bsr t l 24, 25), to improv th grmintion rt, fil mrgn, sling vigor, stn stlishmnt, n onomi yils in mny rops (Du n Tuong, 22; Hrris t l. 22; Frooq t l. 28), n to inu tolrn ginst ioti n ioti strsss (Snrtn t l. 2; Shkirov t l. 23). Eh trtmnt hs vntgs n isvntgs n my hv vrying ffts pning upon plnt spis, stg of plnt vlopmnt n onntrtion/os of priming gnt n inution prio (Ashrf n Fool, 25). Bio-priming 154

2 IJISET - Intrntionl Journl of Innovtiv Sin, Enginring & Thnology, Vol. 4 Issu 8, August 217 (hyrtion using iologil ompouns) is nw thniqu sign to introu orgni n inxpnsiv s priming tools lik plnt xtrt n jut mt s nturl n sily ptl priming gnt sours to improv grmintion n sling growth (Noumn t l. 212). Lssr ulrush (Typh ngustifoli L.) is ommonly known s Elphnt grss or ttil from fmily Typh. It is prnnil hrous plnt of gnus Typh ommonly foun in th Northrn hmisphr in rkish lotions. vrity Linoln n Dou rovn r wily ultivt in Tunisi. In rnt stuy, w foun s priming with tht quous xtrt of lssr ulrush improv th rsistn ginst slt strss in p vrity Linoln y moulting mmrn stility, photosynthti pigmnts, sugr mtolism n ioni homostsis (Ghzl t l. 216). This stuy ws onut to vlut th influn of s priming with quous xtrt of lssr ulrush in improving th rsistn ginst slt strss in p vrity Dou rovn n its mo of tion. 2. Mtril n mthos 2.1. lnt mtril Mtur lvs of lssr ulrush wr ollt uring spring, n wr wsh svrl tims with tp wtr n ri in hot-ir ovn t 6 C for 72 h. Thn, thy wr powr in lnr n siv through 4 msh (42 μm) siv. 6 grms of powr wr sok in 1 L of stril istill wtr in th rk t room tmprtur for 24 h. Th xtrt ws filtr n striliz using.25 μm filtrs. This xtrt (6 g/l) ws us for io-priming ssy S priming (isum stivum L.) vrity Dou rovn ss, slt from rop ultivt in th ntr of Tunisi, wr us in this xprimnt. Th ss wr isinft with 1% (w/v) soium hypohlorit for 5 min n thn wsh 3 tims with istill wtr. For priming, ss wr sok in lvs quous xtrts (6 g/l) for 48 h t room tmprtur in rk. Thn wsh with istill wtr n lft to ry in ir twn two filtr pprs. Th rtio of s wight to solution volum ws 1:5 (Frooq t l. 26). Aftr priming, ss wr givn 3 wshings with istill wtr n r-ri to nr thir originl wight (Bsr t l. 22). Th prim ss () wr stor t 4 C until us. Non-prim ss (N) r us s ontrol growth n trtmnt onitions Thr onntrtions of NCl wr us to vlut th fft of priming on its tolrn y p grmintion n sling growth. For grmintion, ss wr xpos to 24 n 32 mm NCl (provoking rsptivly, 5% n % of grmintion rt) n for growth, p slings wr xpos to 12 mm NCl (inuing 5% inhiition of root n shoot lngth). ISSN (Onlin) Impt Ftor (216) rim () n non-prim ss (N) (ontrol) wr pl in tri ishs n irrigt with 5 ml of h solutions of mm NCl. Grmint ss, with 1mm root lngth, wr, for first th, wigh for n ftr rying t 6 C for 2 ys, n pl in frzr ( 8 C) for son th, for iohmil nlysis. For sling growth, prim () n non-prim (N) ss wr grmint in tri ishs t room tmprtur in th rk irrigt with istill wtr. Svn-y ol slings uniform wr susquntly ultur iniviully in omplt Hogln s mium (Hogln n Arnon, 195) ilut y hlf in grnhous (16 h light/8 h rk t 2/17 C). Aftr 1 ys of limtion, plnts wr ultivt in th prsn of 12 mm NCl whih ws th onntrtion inuing rution of 5% root n shoot lngth. Slt trtmnt ws initit y ing inrmnts of 4 mm NCl ily until th sir onntrtion of 12 mm NCl to voi osmoti shok. lnts wr grown in th finl slinity solutions for 12 ys. Th ultur mi wr rt ontinuously n th rnwl ws on vry 2 ys. At th n of th trtmnt prio, th plnts wr hrvst n sprt into roots n shoots, frsh or ry mtrils ws us for th trmintion of iffrnt prmtrs Eltrolyt lkg Th ltrolyt lkg (EL) ws trmin s sri y Lutts t l. (1996). Grmint ss, roots or ril prts of frsh p slings wr ut n pl in tst tus ontining 15 ml of istill wtr. Th tus wr inut t room tmprtur for 24 h n 48 h n th initil ltril onutivity of th mium (EC1) ws msur using igitl onutivity mtr (typ BCT- 438). Th smpls wr utolv t 121 C for 2 min to rls ll ltrolyts, ool own to 25 C n th finl ltril onutivity (EC2) msur. Th ltrolyt lkg (EL) ws lult oring to th following formul (Lutts t l., 1996): EL = (EC1/EC2) Lipi proxytion Frozn smpls (2 mg) (grmint ss, roots n ril prts) wr homogniz with mortr kpt on i n thoroughly mix with 2.5 ml of 67 mm phospht uffr (ph=7) n.5 g V. Aftr ntrifugtion (2 g for 15 min t 4 C), th suprntnt ws us to trmin lipi proxition (Dolinski t l. 23). A 75 μl of nzym xtrt ws to 3 ml of.5% TBA (prpr in 2% TCA). Th homognt ws inut t 9 C for 1 min. Th rtion ws stopp quikly y ooling th mixtur in i. Thn, th mixtur ws ntrifug n th suprntnt sorn ws msur t 532 n 6 nm, n th MDA onntrtion ws lult 1 1 using th xtintion offiint of 155 mm m (Dolinski t l. 23). 155

3 = IJISET - Intrntionl Journl of Innovtiv Sin, Enginring & Thnology, Vol. 4 Issu 8, August 217 ISSN (Onlin) Impt Ftor (216) Cll mtoli tivity For th trmintion of th phosphorus () Th frsh plnt mtril (1 mg) ws wsh ontnt, 5 ml of h solution ws rt with 5 ml of n ri quikly twn lotting ppr, thn nitrovnomolyi rtiv in flsh of 25 ml n inut in 5 ml of TTC (.2%, ph= 7) t 37 C for thn istill wtr ws to th gug mrk. Th 4 h in th rk. Th rtion ws stopp y ing.5 sorn ws r t 43 nm n th ontnt ws ml of sulfuri i (1 M). Thrftr, th plnt trmin y lirtion urv (Mrtin-révl t l. mtril ws rmov, wsh with istill wtr, 1984). ri quikly twn filtr ppr n groun in 2.1. Sonry mtolits proution in p mortr pl in i ontining 3.5 ml of thyl tt. slings grown in th prsn of 12 mm Th homognt ws filtr n th volum ws NCl hrvst n frozn (sprting roots n ril just to 7 ml with thyl tt. Th sorn prts) wr homogniz in 8% mthnol for 24 h. ws msur t 485 nm n th mount of formzn Th homognt ws ntrifug t 1 g for 2 ws lult s follows (Smpitro t l. 26): min t 4 C n th suprntnt ws us to trmin Formzn ontnt (%) = DOR485R trtmnt/dor485r th lvls of sonry mtolits (Grí-Sánhz t ontrol. l. 212) Totl solul sugrs ontnt Totl phnoli (T) ontnt Th totl solul sugrs rt ws trmin Th T ontnt ws msur using th moifi oring Duois (1956). Th frsh plnt mtril (1 Folin Cioltu mtho (Vlioglu t l. 1998). mg) ws inut in 2 ml of 8% thnol for 48 h in Smpl xtrt (1 μl) ws mix with 5 μl of th rk. Thrftr, ll th lohol ws vport y 1/1 ilut (in Milli-Q wtr) Folin Cioltu putting th tst tus in wtr th t 7 C. Tst tu phnol rgnt n llow to rt for 5 min in th ws ool n 2 ml of istill wtr wr. 1 rk t room tmprtur. Thn 4 μl of soium ml of th solution ws tkn n rtiv with 1 ml iront (7.5%) wr to th mixtur. Aftr 9 of 5% phnol, tking r to shk wll. Thn 2 ml of min of inution in th rk t 3 C, th sorn onntrt sulfuri i wr n th tst ws r t 765 nm. T ontnt wr xprss s mg tus wr pl in th i for 25 min. Th glli i quivlnt/g ry mttr (mg GAE/g DW) sorn ws msur t 49 nm. L-gluos ws 2 using glli i lirtion urv (R =.998). us s stnr Totl flvonoi (TF) ontnt 2.8. rolin ontnt Th TF ontnt ws trmin rolin in p grmint ss, roots n ril sptrophotomtrilly oring to stnr mtho prts ws xtrt n nlyz oring to Bts t (Quttir t l. 2). Brifly,.5 ml of 2% solution l. (1973). Tn milligrm (1 mg) of ry plnt mtril of AlClR3R in mthnol ws mix with th sm volum ws mix with 1.5 ml quous sulfosliyli i of xtrt. Asorption rings t 43 nm wr tkn (3%, w/v). Th homognt ws ntrifug t 13 ftr 3 min ginst lnk. TF ontnt ws tr/min for 1 min, n th suprntnt ws trnsfrr xprss s mg qurtin quivlnt/g ry wight to frsh 1.5 ml tu. Th xtrt solution ws 2 (mg QE/g DW) using qurtin lirtion urv (R rt with n qul volum of glil ti i n =.988). ninhyrin rgnt (1.25 g ninhyrin in 3 ml glil Totl pripitl lkloi (TA) ontnt ti n 2 ml 6M HR3ROR4R) n inut t 1 C Th TA ontnt ws trmin y for 1 h. Th rtion ws trmint y pling th sptrophotomtri mtho with Drgnorff rgnt tu in n i th. Th rtion mixtur ws (Stumpf, 1984). riniplly, 3 μl of plnt xtrt vigorously mix with 2 ml of tolun. Aftr wrming ws mix with 1 μl of Drgnorff rgnt. Aftr t 25 C, th hromophor ws msur t 52 nm. L- ntrifugtion t 7 g for 1 min, th suprntnt ws rolin ws us s stnr. rmov n issolv in 1 ml of 2.45M NI. An 2.9. Dtrmintion of soium, potssium n liquot of 1 μl of h tu ws to 1 ml of phosphorus ontnts.49 M NI, ftr whih th sorn ws r t Aftr rying n grining, 1 g of plnt mtril 467 nm. TA ontnt ws xprss s mg ppvrin ws wigh in psuls n ws pl in muffl hyrohlori quivlnt/g ry wight (mg AHE/g furn typ (Flli Mnfri) t 22 C for 2 h n thn DW) using ppvrin hyrohlori lirtion urv t 55 C for 6 h, to wll lin. Thn, 2 ml of 2 (R.951). onntrt hlorhyri i wr in h Sttistil nlysis psul n ht until th i totl vportion. 5 Th lortory iossys n pots ultur wr ml of hyrohlori i wr to smpl for 1 onut in ompltly rnomiz sign with minuts n th otin solutions wr filtr n four rplitions. Dunn, Stunt t n ANOVA tsts rought k to 1 ml with istill wtr. Th wr prform using ASW sttistis 2., for sorn ws r y flm sptromtry. Th % of Winows progrm, to nlyz trtmnt iffrns. N n K ws trmin y lirtion solution Th mns wr sprt s on lst signifint (Mrtin-révl t l. 1984). iffrns t th.5 proility lvl. 156

4 IJISET - Intrntionl Journl of Innovtiv Sin, Enginring & Thnology, Vol. 4 Issu 8, August Rsults 3.1. Influn of s priming on th grmintion n sling growth of p NCl fft p grmintion whih ws ru y hlf with 24 mm n ompltly inhiit t 32 mm. Th priming with quous xtrts of lssr ulrush lvs mliort signifintly th grmintion n th rt ws inrs y 13.75% n 11.25% rsptivly t 24 n 32 mm. Th grmintion inx (IG), 29Trflting th grmintion sp, ws lso lrt. IG ws inrs y 28%, 43.8% n 45% for prim ss in sn n in prsn of NCl t 24 n 32 mm, rsptivly (Tl 1). Tl 1. Influn of s priming, with lf quous xtrt of lssr ulrush, on grmintion prntg n grmintion inx of p unr slt strss. Slt strss (mm NCl) Mns with th sm lttrs in olumn r not signifintly iffrnt t p.5. N = Non-priming; = S priming. 29TAt 12 mm NCl, onntrtion ruing 5% of root n shoot lngth for N, th priming hs mliort th root n 29T4Tshoot lngth rsptivly29t4t y 29T2% n 26.5%4T. 29T4TIn th sn of slt strss t29t4this stimultion prntgs wr 4T91% n 74.4% 4Trsptivly for th two orgns (Fig 1). / shoot lnght (%) ovr ontrol Ss Finl grmintion (%) mm 12 mm Figur 1. Influn of s priming, with lf quous xtrt of lssr ulrush, on root n shoot lngth of p sling unr slt strss. Eh r inits mn ± S.D., n = 4. Brs with iffrnt lttrs iffr signifintly t p.5. N = Non-priming; = S priming Influn of s priming on ltrolyt lkg of p grmint ss n p slings ISSN (Onlin) Impt Ftor (216) Grmintion inx N N N Shoot Th ltrolyt lkg (EL) from p grmint ss n slings (roots n shoots) wr trmin y msuring th onutivity of th mium whr thy wr immrs (Fig 2). grmintion ws rri out in th prsn of, 24 n 32 mm NCl n growth with n 12 mm NCl. Rsults show tht th priming ws nfiil; hn EL ws ru in ll ss (in th sn n in th prsn of NCl). In, ftr 48h of inution, th priming inu 7% rution of EL (ginst 33.8% rgistr ftr 24h) for grmint ss in th sn of NCl. With NCl, th rution prntg ws 44% n 49.8% ftr 24h n 7.1% n 113.7% ftr 48h rsptivly t 24 n 32 mm (Fig 2A). For slings, Fig 2B show th vrition of EL for p roots n shoots ultivt in th prsn of n 12 mm NCl. Th priming ru th EL in ll ss. Thus, for roots, ftr 24 h, th priming rs signifintly th EL y 2.4% n 271.2% rsptivly with n 12 mm NCl, ths vlus wr 14.5% n 252.5% for shoots. Aftr 48 h, priming influn slightly th lkg of ions from roots, whih ws ror with rs vlus y 98.8% n 934.7%, rsptivly t n 12 mm. For shoots, ths rutions wr 25.2% n 244.7% (Fig 2B). (A) 12 Eltrolyt lkg (%) Eltrolyt lkg (%) (B) f f 24 h 24 mm 32 mm mm 12 mm mm 12 mm 24 h f Aril prt Figur 2. Influn of s priming, with lf quous xtrt of lssr ulrush, on ltrolyt lkg (%) of (A) grmint ss n (B) root n shoot of p unr slt strss ftr n immrsion of 24 n 48 h in istill wtr. Eh r inits mn ± SD; n = 4; Brs with iffrnt lttrs iffr signifintly t p.5. N = Nonpriming; = S priming. 3.3 Influn of s priming on lipi proxition in p grmint ss n slings olyunsturt ftty is r th mjor lipi omponnt of th mmrn susptil to proxition n grtion. In, th inrs in mmrn prmility unr slt strss orrspons f 48 h 24 mm 32 mm g mm 12 mm mm 12 mm 48 h f Aril prt N 157

5 FW FW FW FW n IJISET - Intrntionl Journl of Innovtiv Sin, Enginring & Thnology, Vol. 4 Issu 8, August 217 to n inrs in lipi proxition stimt y mlonilhy (MDA) umultion. This ssy ws prform on prim () n non-prim (N) ss. For grmint ss, th rsults show tht MDA ontnt ws lowr in ompr to N ss in th sn n unr slt onitions. This rution -1 ws, rsptivly, 5.3, 11 n 2 U.g t, 24 n 32 mm NCl. In ition, MAD ontnt inrs in N whn NCl onntrtion nhn, howvr in prim ss thr is no signifint iffrn twn th thr trtmnts (Fig 3A). For slings, Fig 3B shows th MDA ontnts in roots n shoots of slings p vlop from n N ss, in th sn n in th prsn of mm NCl. An vrg inrs of 6.5 U.g ws ror in N sling t 12 mm ompr to N sling t mm NCl. Whil, priming rss -1 this ontnt of MDA y 2.8 n 2.1 U.g in roots -1 n y 5.9 n 5 U.g in ril prts rsptivly t n 12 mm NCl (fig 3B). Contnt in MDA (U.g -1 FW) (A) mm 24 mm 32 mm ISSN (Onlin) Impt Ftor (216) Figur 3. Influn of s priming with lf quous xtrt of lssr ulrush, on mlonilhy (MDA) ontnt (U/g FW) in (A) grmint ss n (B) in root n shoot of p unr slt strss. Eh r inits mn ± SD; n = 4; Brs with iffrnt lttrs iffr signifintly t p.5. N = Non-priming; = S priming Influn of s priming on ll mtoli tivity in p grmint ss n sling Figur 4 rports th formzn ontnt, xprss in prnt of ontrol in p ss n slings, in th sn n th prsn of NCl. Ths ontnts rflt th mtoli tivity of lls, minly th tivitis of hyrogns nzyms n thus mitohonril rspirtion. Th rsults show mor or lss signifint rs of formzn proution unr th fft of slt strss. Howvr, th priming mliort th ll mtoli tivity in ll ss. Th formzn ontnt in prim ss show stimultion of 46.8%, 23.2% n 42.8% t, 24 n 32 mm NCl rsptivly (Fig 4A). Th formzn ontnt, xprss s prnt of ontrol (N sling), in p roots n ril prts grown in th prsn of n 12 mm NCl is shown in (Fig 4B). Th rsults show mliortion in ll mtoli tivity with prim ss in th sn n lso in th prsn of NCl. For th roots, th (B) 12 mm 12 mm Aril prt N formzn lvl ws grtly inrs in ll ss. In th sn of slt, th ontnt ws ror (37.5%) follow y th prsn of NCl (17.7%). For ril prts, ths lvls wr 52.7% n 16.3%, rsptivly (Fig 4B). Th formzn lvl ws highr in p sling initing grtr mtoli tivity us y th fft of th priming. (A) 2 Contnt in formzn (in% of ontrol) Figur 4. Influn of s priming, with lf quous xtrt of lssr ulrush, on formzn ontnt (in % of ontrol) in (A) grmint ss n (B) in root n shoot of p unr slt strss. Eh r inits mn ± SD; n = 4; Brs with iffrnt lttrs iffr signifintly t p.5.n = Non-priming; = S priming Influn of s priming on prolin umultion in p grmint ss n slings Figur 5 shows tht slt pplition nhn signifintly (p<.5) prolin umultion in p grmint ss n in slings. As rspons to priming, prolin ontnt ros mor vn y pplition of slinity in lmost ss In, prolin mounts wr 8.1, μmol/g DM rsptivly in N grmint ss t, 24 n 32 mm (Fig 5A). Ths ontnts inrs 1.4 tims in sn of NCl n 1.1 tims t 24 mm, ut rs y.8 tims t 32 mm for prim ss (Fig 5A). In slings vlop from not prim ss, th -3 prolin mount pss from 43.1 μmol/g DM to μmol/g DM for roots n from 46.1 μmol/g -3 DM to 62.1 μmol/g DM for shoots, in th prsn of 12 mm of NCl. This ontnt ws stimult y n vrg of 1.2 tims in slings vlop from prim ss (Fig 5B). rolin ontnt (µmol/g DW) (A),8,6,4, mm 24 mm 32 mm mm 24 mm 32 mm Figur 5. Influn of s priming, with lf quous xtrt of lssr ulrush, on prolin ontnt (μmol/g DW) in (A) grmint ss n (B) in root n shoot of p unr slt strss. Eh r inits mn ± SD; n = 4; Brs with iffrnt lttrs iffr signifintly t p.5.n = Non-priming; = S priming. (B) (B) mm 12 mm mm 12 mm Aril prt mm 12 mm mm 12 mm Aril prt N 158

6 IJISET - Intrntionl Journl of Innovtiv Sin, Enginring & Thnology, Vol. 4 Issu 8, August Influn of s priming on umultion of totl solul sugrs in p grmint ss n slings Dt of figur 6 show signifint (p.5) fft of slinity n s priming on th umultion of solul sugrs whih inrs with nhn NCl onntrtion (Fig 6). Th priming inrs this umultion in th sn of NCl, whr prim ss h 31.8 mg/g FW whih prsnt 2.6 tims th lvl of not prim ss (Fig 6A). In th prsn of NCl, sugrs ontnt i not vry signifintly t 24 mm, n slightly rs t 32 mm in prim ss ompr to non-prim ons (Fig 6A). In slings, slinity hs nhn sugrs ontnt in th two orgns n th nhnmnt ws mor importnt in slings vlop from prim ss (Fig 6B). Ovr ll, n vrg of 2.5 mg/g FW ws not in roots n shoots of p vlop from prim ss (Fig 6B). (A) Solul sugrs ontnt (mg/g FW) mm 24 mm 32 mm Figur 6. Influn of s priming, with lf quous xtrt of lssr ulrush, on totl solul sugrs ontnt (mg/g FW) in (A) grmint ss n (B) in root n shoot of p unr slt strss. Eh r inits mn ± SD; n = 4; Brs with iffrnt lttrs iffr signifintly t p.5.n = Non-priming; = S priming Influn of s priming on Soium, otssium n hosphorus ontnt of p grmint ss n sling Minrl omposition in p ws signifintly (p.5) fft y slt strss n priming. Ovrll, inrsing slinity prou inrsing in N umultion ut rsing in K n ontnt in p grmint ss n shoots, n th priming fft ws iffrnt (Fig 7). For p grmint ss, th figur 7A show tht N ontnt ws inrss y 4.5 n 5 tims rsptivly t 24 n 32 mm in not prim ss. Whil, priming rs this mount y n vrg of.9 tims, in ll ss. Slinity rss th K ontnt in N ss y.9 tims, whn priming slightly mliort this ontnt without n unr slt onitions. Also, priming inrs th ontnt t n 24 n 32 mm y 1.3 tims ompr to nonprim ss (Fig 7A,, ). In shoots nithr vlop from non-prim ss, N ontnt ws inrs, signifintly, y 5.9 (B) ISSN (Onlin) Impt Ftor (216) mm 12 mm mm 12 mm Aril prt N tims t 12 mm NCl. An vrg rs of.9 tims ws not for N ontnt t n 12 mm NCl in shoots vlop from prim ss (Fig 7B ). For K ontnt, it rs in prsn of slt (.9 tims), howvr, n mliortion of its lvl ws otin in shoots of prim ss (1.1 tims) in slt onitions (Fig 7B ). Similrly, for ontnt, its mount ws slightly mliort y priming in th sn n in th prsn of NCl (Fig 7B ). (A) () 4 () N ontnt K ontnt () 4,5 ontnt ,5 mm 24 mm 32 mm f Figur 7. Influn of s priming, with lf quous xtrt of lssr ulrush, on soium (), potssium () n phosphorus () ontnt (in %) in (A) grmint ss n (B) in shoot of p unr slt strss. Eh r inits mn ± SD; n = 4; Brs with iffrnt lttrs iffr signifintly t p.5. N = Non-priming; = S priming Influn of s priming on umultion of sonry mtolits in p slings Th mounts of sonry mtolits wr trmin in roots n shoots of slings vlop from prim n non-prim p ss in th sn n in th prsn of slt (12 mm NCl) (Fig 8, 9 n 1) Totl phnoli (T) ontnt Totl phnols wr slightly umult in p roots n shoots t 12 mm NCl whr th mounts wr inrs y n vrg of 1.1 tims, in th sn of priming. Th sm trn ws rgistr for mtril from prim ss (Fig 8). (B) mm 12 mm N 159

7 whih Totl phnoli ontnt (mg GA/g FW) IJISET - Intrntionl Journl of Innovtiv Sin, Enginring & Thnology, Vol. 4 Issu 8, August 217 Figur 8. Influn of s priming, with lf quous xtrt of lssr ulrush, on totl phnoli ontnt (mg GA/g FW) in root n shoot of p unr slt strss. Eh r inits mn ± SD; n = 4; Brs with iffrnt lttrs iffr signifintly t p.5. N = Nonpriming; = S priming Totl flvonoi (TF) ontnt Th umultion of totl flvonois in roots n shoots ws umult in ll ss y th priming. Th prsn of NCl in th mium inrs this umultion in sling of non-prim ss y n vrg of 1.5 tims. For sling vlop from prim ss, this umultion ws mor importnt in shoot thn in root (Fig 9). Totl flvonois ontnt (mg QE/g FW) Figur 9. Influn of s priming, with lf quous xtrt of lssr ulrush, on totl flvonoi ontnt (mg QE/g FW) in root n shoot of p unr slt strss. Eh r inits mn ± SD; n = 4; Brs with iffrnt lttrs iffr signifintly t p.5. N = Nonpriming; = S priming Totl pripitl lkloi (TA) ontnt Th figur 1 shows tht TA lvls inrs in p sling from not prim ss unr slt onitions (1.2 tims). Th sm trn, th priming inrss this umultion t mm (1.2 tims). Howvr, it rs this ontnt y.9 tims in root n shoot t 12 mm (Fig 1). Totl pripitl lklois ontnt (mg AHE/g FW),8,6,4,2 Figur 1. Influn of s priming, with lf quous xtrt of lssr ulrush, on totl pripitl lklois ontnt (mg AHE/g FW) in root n shoot of p unr slt strss. Eh r inits mn ± SD; n = 4; Brs with iffrnt lttrs iffr signifintly t p.5. N = Non-priming; = S priming. 4. Disussion,3,2,1,16,12,8,4 mm 12 mm mm 12 mm ISSN (Onlin) Impt Ftor (216) Aril prt mm 12 mm mm 12 mm Aril prt mm 12 mm mm 12 mm Aril prt N N N Th prsnt stuy invstigt th rspons of p (isum stivum L.) vrity Dou rovn to slinity ftr prtrtmnt of its ss y lf quous xtrt of lssr ulrush. Dt show tht slinity h signifintly (p.5) fft grmintion n sling growth. In, t 24 mm NCl, only 5% of p ss oul grmint, whil, t 32 mm th grmintion ws ompltly stopp. For growth, 12 mm NCl ws rsponsil of 5% of inhiition of p root n shoot lngth. This shows tht p ws onsir s mortly tolrnt to NCl (Suro n Johnsn, 1994). Slinity oul fft grmintion in two wys, y rsing th osmoti potntil whih rtr or prvnt th wtr uptk or y toxi umultion of ions whih mgs th mryo (Soughir t l. 213). In this rspt, Ansri n Shrif-Zh (212) stt tht inrsing slt onntrtion rss th grmintion prntg n inrss grmintion tim. In th prsnt stuy, slt strss us signifint rution in sling lngth (Fig 1) n 12 mm NCl ru y hlf th lngth of p root n shoot. Bnoglu t l. (24) init lso tht this rtr growth is u to inhiition of ll longtion u to highr + onntrtion of N uss mmrn isorgniztion, inhiition of ll ivision n xpnsion (Divni t l. 211). Stuying th fft of s priming on p grmintion n growth, rsults monstrt tht this trtmnt limit th ngtiv impt of slinity us plnts ris from prim ss ror ttr grmintion n growth thn plnts riv from unprim ss whr thy show signifint mliortion in th sn n in th prsn of NCl (Tl 1 n Fig 1). Th positiv ffts of s priming unr slinity onitions hv n rport in mny rops, suh s lttu (Ltu stiv L.) (Nsri t l. 211), tomto (Solnum lyoprsium L.) (rhn t l. 214), miz (Z mys L.) (Tti, 214), pppr (Cpsium nnuum L.) (Aloui t l. 214), n milk thistl (Silyum mrinum L.) (Zvriyn t l. 215).S priming improvs s prformn n provis fstr n synhroniz grmintion with rtin physiologil, iohmil, llulr n molulr hngs (Di Girolmo n Brnti, 212; Siri t l. 213). Ths hngs inlu ll ivision n longtion, plsm mmrn fluiity, th inution of strss-rsponsiv + protins, hngsin trnsriptom n protom, H - ATs tivity n hngs in th ntioxint systm tivity (Vrir t l. 21). riming is lso thought to inrs th tivity of mny nzyms involv in mtolism of rohyrts (α n β mylss), protins (protss) n lipis moiliztion (isoitrt lys) tht r implit in th stor rsrvs moiliztion (Vrir t l. 21; Di Girolmo n Brnti, 212). Ths nzyms r ssntil in th rkown of mromoluls for th vlopmnt n growth of th mryo tht ultimtly rsult in rly 16

8 IJISET - Intrntionl Journl of Innovtiv Sin, Enginring & Thnology, Vol. 4 Issu 8, August 217 n highr sling mrgn (Vrir t l. 21). Thr r rports tht priming filitts th rpir of hromosoml mg (Vrir t l. 21), prmits rly DNA rplition n rpir, inrss RNA n novo protinsynthsis n rus th lkg of mtolits (prll t l. 215). Slinity m lso oxitiv strss mnifst y ltrolyt lkg (EL) n th lipi proxytion (MDA). In ft, mg of ll mmrn us y slt strss is xprss y its ion prmility, whih n sily msur y th lkg of ltrolyts (Lutts t l. 1996).Dt of th prsnt stuy rvl tht mmrn prmility ws inrs in p ss grmint n sling with inrsing NCl strss n with tim of inution (Fig 2). Similr rsults wr ror on snsitiv ri vritis (Lutts t l. 1996).Th priming ws nfiil in ll ss whr th ltrolyt lkg ws ru ompr to unprim ss. This is in grmnt with th rsults of Stvns t l. (26) on tomtos n Yilirim t l. (28) on uumr.this rution in EL sms u to ttr mmrn rpir uring th r-rying pross following priming (Frooq t l. 211). Mmrn lipi proxition rsults in mlonilhy (MDA) umultion. Th ontnt of MDA is sign of mmrn mg t th llulr lvl unr slt strss (Wisny t l. 212). Thus, th umultion of MDA n srv s n importnt oxitiv strss initor (Gong t l. 28). Dt monstrt tht MDA ontnt of p grmint ss n sling inrs signifintly in th prsn of slt strss (Fig 3) whih is onsistnt with th rsults of Kutgn n wlzik, (28) n Fllh t l. (212). riming us in this stuy ru signifintly this umultion (Fig 3) rflting rution in lipi proxition n onsqunt of prsrvtion of ll mmrns. Th priming strtgis ru mlonilhy umultion unr slt strss onition in slings (Dong t l. 214; prll t l. 215; Younsi n Mori, 215). Ths rsults wr osrv in wht (Zhng t l. 28), n (Azooz, 29) n lflf (Younsi n Mori, 214). Slinity lso rs th tivity of hyrognss whih oul rfltion of ll mg u to xposur to NCl. Th priming ws nfiil in ll ss, s for, t show tht th formzn lvl ws highr in prim p grmint ss n sling initing grtr mtoli tivity (Fig 4). Similr rsults wr rport y Nsri t l. (211) on lttu, Mhjn t l. (211) on ri n Kul t l. (215) on oils rp (olz). It is rport tht s priming n tivt prosss rlt to grmintion y tivtion of ATs s wll s othr nzyms promoting th vilility of AT (Nsri t l. 211). Th tivitis of svrl nzyms ssoit with th grmintion pross hv n improv following priming inluing hyrognss (Bk t l. 214). ISSN (Onlin) Impt Ftor (216) As rspons to slt strss, p grmint ss n sling umult mor prolin, n orgni soluts synthsis for n osmoti justmnt in rspons to th rs xtrnl wtr potntil (Zvriyn t l. 215). rolin, lso protts th strutur of protins ginst nturtion, stilizs ll mmrns, n funtions s hyroxyl ril svngr (Aspinl n lg, 1981).Thus, prolin ontnt inrs signifintly in p ss n slings unr slt onitions (Fig 5). This umultion promots th rution of ll osmoti potntil n llows n osmoti justmnt to th strss onition (Mtis t l. 215; Kul t l. 215). In this stuy (Fig 5), th synthsis of prolin ws mor signifint in th mtril vlop from prim ss; in lmost ss. riming pppr (Cpsium nnuum L.) ss us mrk inrs in prolin umultion (Aloui t l. 214). Morovr, priming nhn prolin ontnt in sunflowr (Hlinthus nnuus L.) slings unr strss onitions (Moghnishi t l. 213) In ft, priming my inrs th prolin ontnt, whih n inrs rop rsistn to slinity (Kzmi n Esknri, 212; Kul t l. 215 ; ). Similrly, totl solul sugrs ontnt in p ss n sling ws lso touh y slinity strss n priming trtmnt (Fig 6). lnts ovrom slinity-inu osmoti ffts through th umultion of orgni soluts suh s sugrs; omptil with plnt mtolism is n importnt mhnism of slt tolrn in plnts. This mhnism promots th rution of ll osmoti potntil n llows n osmoti justmnt to th strss onition (Mtis t l. 215; Kul t l. 215). Aftr priming, th totl solul sugrs mounts in p ss n sling inrs mor proving th nfit impt of this mtho lik it ws osrv on wht (Frooq t l. 211), rly (Anwr t l. 211) n orinr (Bn Frj t l. 214). This inrs ws ttriut to n inrs in α- myls tivity (L n Kim, 2). Thus, it is liv tht th priming of th ss woul hv improv th vigor of th slings, s rsult of n inrs in th hyrolysis of th strh. Also, th inution of novo synthsis or n inrs in hyrolyti nzym tivity, thus prouing grmintion mtolits in rquir mounts, hs n rport (L n Kim, 2). Slinity n priming h morovr signifint impt on minrl ln in p. In this stuy, inrs in N whil rs in K n wr osrv, ut with signifint (.5) iffrns in th prsn of NCl (Fig 7). S priming llvits th vrs ffts of slinity strss on grmintion n sling growth of p y promoting K n umultion n rsing N umultion in th slings (Fig 7). Th prsnt rsult is in grmnt with th work of Mnguzzo t l. (2) n Zi n 161

9 n IJISET - Intrntionl Journl of Innovtiv Sin, Enginring & Thnology, Vol. 4 Issu 8, August 217 ISSN (Onlin) Impt Ftor (216) Al- Smry (21). This rss th osmoti potntil of th plnt n inrss th uptk of wtr (Ashrf, 24). otssium plys n importnt rol in lning mmrn potntil n turgor, tivting nzyms, n rgulting osmoti prssur in lls (Chrl, 24). Th umultion of ths ions n th rstrition of th ntry of toxi ions into th ytoplsm + - (N Cl ) r mong th strtgis for pting plnts to slinity n improving thir tolrn to this strss (Luhli n Epstin, 199). Msurmnt of totl phnols, flvonois n lklois ontnt in roots n ril prts of p Rfrns monstrt tht it is lso fft y slinity n priming trtmnt (Fig 8, 9 n 1). Mny uthors rport tht polyphnols r involv in plnt rsponss to slt strss (Whi n Ghznfr, 26). In, it is rport tht polyphnols ply n importnt rol in protting th photosynthti pprtus ginst photo-oxitiv mg (Tttini t l. 26) n photo-inhiition (Styn t l. 22) in slt onitions. Flvonois whih r glyosis loliz in th vuol lso isply ntioxint tivity (Nijvlt t l. 21). Also, flvonois, prtiulrly nthoynins, hv vry powrful ntioxint pity n r involv in th trpping of rtiv oxygn spis (ROS) umult s rsult of slt strss (Tsu t l. 1996). Thy ru lipi proxition n prsrv th intgrity of mmrn struturs (Tsu t l. 1996). In ition to ths non-nzymti ntioxints, thr r othr mtolits with ntioxint proprtis, suh s lklois, phnoli i, n itrpns, ut thir xt funtion in th ll toxifition mhnism is still poorly fin (Ashrf, 28). Ths finings of this stuy r in grmnt with thos of Ghzl t l. (216) whr s priming with lf quous xtrt of lssr ulrush hlp in llviting th inhiitory fft of slt strss on grmintion n growth of p vrity Linoln. In, prim ss wr ttr l to grmint n vlop into sling unr slt strss y moulting mmrn stility, photosynthti pigmnts, sugr mtolism, n ioni homostsis (Ghzl t l. 216). 5. Conlusion S priming llvit th inhiitory fft of slt strss of p ss n sling n ll of thm positivly rspon to s priming in th sn n lso in th prsn of NCl. rim ss om mor tolrnt to slt strss, proly thnks to th mmrn intgrity prottion n th mintining of th highst vlus of osmoti (prolin n totl solul sugrs, K n ). Ths finings suggst tht priming p ss with lf quous xtrt of lssr ulrush my onsir s n fftiv ltrntiv mtho to improv th slt tolrn of p (isum stivum L.) vrity Dou rovn. In prsptiv, it is importnt to ontinu th stuy y tsting th rprouiility of ths rsults in fil rops n in othr stgs of plnt vlopmnt, s wll s on thir yil. Aknowlgmnts W wish to thnks ll stff for th thnil ssistn of th Dprtmnt of Biology n lnt rottion n Environmnt of th Highr Institut of Agronomy of Chott Mrim. Akrm, M., Ashrf, M.Y., Ahm, R., Wrih, E.A., Iql, J., Mohsn, M., 21. Srning for slt tolrn in miz (Z mys L.) hyris t n rly sling stg. k J Bot. 42, Aloui, H., Souguir, M., Ltiqu, S., Hnnhi, C., 214. Grmintion n growth in ontrol n prim ss of pppr s fft y slt strss. Cr Agron Mol. 47, Ansri, O., Shrif-Zh, F., 212. Osmo n hyro priming improvmnt grmintion hrtristis nnzym tivity of Mountin Ry (Sl montnum) ss unr rought strss. J Strss hysiol Biohm. 8, Anwr, S., Shfi, M., Bkht, J., Triq Jn, M., Hyt, Y., 211. Efft of slinity n s priming on growth n iohmil prmtrs of iffrnt rly gnotyps. Afr J Biothnol. 1(68), Ashrf, M., Hrris,.J.C., 24. otntil iohmil initors of slinity tolrn in plnts. lnt Si.166, Ashrf, M., 28. Biothnologil pproh of improving plnt slt tolrn using nitoxints s mrkrs. Biothnol Av. 27(1), Ashrf, M., Fool, M.R., 25. r-sowing s trtmnt A shotgun pproh to improv grmintion, plnt growth, n rop yil unr slin n non-slin onitions. Av Agron. 88, Aspinll, D., lg, L.G., rolin umultion: physiologil spts. In LG lg, D Aspinll, s, Th hysiology n Biohmistry of Drought Rsistn in lnts. Ami rss, Syny, pp Azooz, M.M., 29. Slt strss mitigtion y s priming with sliyli i in two f n gnotyps iffring in slt tolrn. Int J Agri Biol. 11, Bk, B., Romnowsk-Du, Z., Grzsik M., Duijn B.V., 214. Rpi vlution of grminility of prim Chin str (Cllistphus hinnsis nss.) Ss with physiologil n iohmil mrkrs. J Horti Rs. 22(2), Bnoglu, E., Eyiogn, F., Yul, M., Oktm, H.A., 24. Antioxint rsponss of shoots n roots of lntil to NCl-slinity strss. lnt Growth Rgul. 42,

10 IJISET - Intrntionl Journl of Innovtiv Sin, Enginring & Thnology, Vol. 4 Issu 8, August 217 Bsr, S.M.A., Afzl, I., Rshi, R.A., Hm, A., 25. Inuing slt tolrn in wht y s vigor nhnmnt thniqus. Int J Biol Biothnol. 2, Bsr, S.M.A., Frooq, M., Hfz, K., Ahm, N., 24. Osmohrning: A nw thniqu for ri s invigortion. Int Ri Rs Nots. 29, Bsr, S.M.A., Frooq, M., Tssm, R., Ahm, N., 25. hysiologil n iohmil spts of pr-sowing strtmnts in fin ri (Oryz stiv L.). S Si Thnol. 33, Bsr, S.M.A., Zi, M.N., Mhmoo, T., Afzl, I., Khliq, A., 22. Comprison of iffrnt invigortion thniqus in wht (Tritium stivum L.) ss. k J Ari Agri. 5, Bts, L.S., Wlrn, R.., Tr, I.D., Rpi trmintion of fr prolin for wtr strss stuis. lnt Soil. 39, Blqziz, R., Romn, A., A, A., 29. Slt strss ffts on grmintion, growth n ssntil oil ontnt of n nmi thym spis in Moroo (Thymus mronus Bll.). J Appl Si Rs. 5, Bn Frj, M., Zhni, K., Hnnhi, C., Mhwhi, T., Blngr, A., 214. Efft of priming on growth, iohmil prmtrs n minrl omposition of iffrnt ultivrs of orinr (Corinrum stivum L.) unr slt strss. J Strss hysiol Biohm. 1(3), Cssniti, C., Romno, D., Hop, M.E.C.M., Flowrs, T.J., 213. Growing flriulturl rops with rkish wtr. Environ Exp Bot. 92, Chrl, L., 24. Rgultion of K+ hnnl tivitis in plnt from physiologil to molulr spts. J Exp Bot. 55, Crmr, G.R., 22. Soium-lium intrtions unr slinity strss in Läuhli, A., Lüttg slinity. Envirnomnt plnts. 4, Divni, S., Xvir, R., Vino, V., Timlt, K., Lim, O.F., 211. Rol of xognous prolin inmliorting slt strss t rly stg in twori ultivrs. J Strss hysiol Biohm. 7(4), Di Girolmo, G., Brnti, L., 212. Trtmnt onitions n iohmil prosss influning s priming fftivnss. Itl J Agron. 7, Dit, M.A., Rispil, N., rts, E., Ruils, D., Singh, K.B., 26. Biothnology pprohs to ovrom ioti n ioti strss onstrints in lgums. Euphyti. 147, Dolinski,.M.F., Frrrs, M.L.L., Hur, D.A., Spim, C.A., Brini, A.L., Frrrs- Filho, O., 23. roxis n lipi proxition of soyn roots in rspons to p-oumri n p-hyroxynzoi is. Brz Arh Biol Thnol. 46, Dong, L., Ho, Z., Li, Z., Zhu, J., Wng, Q., 214. Enhnmnt of wlsh onion (Allium fistulosum L.) s vigor y KNOR3R priming. J Agr Si Th. 16, ISSN (Onlin) Impt Ftor (216) Du, L.V., Tuong, T.., 22. Enhning th prformn of ry-s ri: ffts of s priming, sling rt, n tim of sling. In: Dirt Sing: Rsrh Strtgis n Opportunitis (Es. S ny, M Mortimr, L W, T Tuong, K Lops, B Hry). Intrntionl Ri Rsrh Institut, Mnil, hilippins, pp Duois, M., Gills, K.A., Hmilton,.A., Rurg, A., Smith, F., Colorimtri mtho for trmintion of sugrs n rlt sustns. Anl Chm. 28(3), Fllh, H., Jllli, I., Ksouri, R., Boul, M., Guyot, S., Mgné, C., Ally, C., 212. Efft of slt trtmnt on phnoli ompouns n ntioxint tivity of two Msmrynthmum ul provnns. lnt hysiol Biohm. 52, 1-8. Frooq, M., Aziz, T., Ur Rhmn, H., Ur Rhmn, A., Chm, S.A., Aziz, T., 211. Evluting surf rying n r-rying for wht s priming with polymins: ffts on mrgn, rly sling growth n strh mtolism. At hysiol lnt. 33, Frooq, M., Bsr, S.M.A., Rhmn, H., 26. S priming nhns mrgn yil n qulity of irt s ri. Int Ri Rs Nots. 31, Frooq, M., Bsr, S.M.A., Rhmn, H., 28. S priming with polymins improvs th grmintion n rly sling growth in fin ri. J Nw Ss. 9, Frooq, M., Bsr, S.M.A., Ahm, N., Hfz, K., 25. Thrml hrning: nw s vigor nhnmnt tool in ri. J Intgr lnt Biol. 47, Fool, M.R., 24. Rnt vns in gntis of slt tolrn in tomto. lnt Cll Tissu Orgn Cult. 76, Grí-Sánhz, M., Grrio, I., D Jsús Csimiro, I., Csro,.J., Espinos, F., Grí-Romr, I., Arn, E., 212. Dfn rspons of tomto slings to oxitiv strss inu y phnoli ompouns from ry oliv mill rsiu. Chmosphr. 89, Ghzl, N., Rinz, I., Si, H., S, I., Frooq, M., Rinz, A., Zrii, I., Houl, R Improvmnt of isum stivum slt strss tolrn y io-priming thir ss using Typh ngustifoli lvs quous xtrt. S. Afr. J. Bot. 15, Gong, H.J., Chn, K.M., Zho, Z.G., Chn, G.C., Zhou, W.J., 28. Effts of silion on fns of wht ginst oxitiv strss unr rought t iffrnt vlopmntl stgs. Biol lnt. 52 (3), Grhm,.H., Vn, C.., 23. Lgums: Importn n onstrints to grtr us. lnt hysiol. 131, Hrgr, S.., Emmrih, W.E., Efft of mtri-priming urtion n priming wtr potntil on grmintion of four grsss. J Exp Bot. 43, Hrgr, S.., Emmrih, W.E., S grmintion rspons of four south-wstrn 163

11 IJISET - Intrntionl Journl of Innovtiv Sin, Enginring & Thnology, Vol. 4 Issu 8, August 217 rng grsss to quilirtion t sugrmintion mtri-potntils. Agron J. 84, Hrris, D., Tripthi, R.S., Joshi, A., 22. On-frm s priming to improv rop stlishmnt n yil in ry irt-s ri. In: Dirt Sing: Rsrh Strtgis n Opportunitis. (Es. S ny, M Mortimr, L W, T Tuong, K Lops, B Hry). Intrntionl Ri Rsrh Institut, Mnil, hilippins, pp Hogln, D.R., Arnon, D.I., 195. Th wtr-ultur mtho for growing plnts without soil. Cliforni Agriulturl Exprimnt Sttion. 347, 1-32 (Brkly). Kzmi, K., Esknri, H., 212. Dos priming improv s prformn unr slt n rought strss?. J Bsi Appl Si Rs. 2, Kutgn, A.J., wlzik, E., 28. Qulity n nutritionl vlu of strwrry fruit unr long trm slt strss. Foo Chm. 17, Kul, S., Grnzrsk, M., Wojtyl, Ł., Clipp, A., Kosml, A., Żmińko, A., Lutts, S., Quint, M Diphring priming inu improvmnt of rp s (Brssi npus L.) grmintion through n intgrt trnsriptomi n protomi pproh. lnt Si. 231, Kul, S., Wojtyl, Ł., Quint, M., Lhowsk, K., Lutts, S., Grnzrsk, M., 215. Enhn xprssion of th prolin synthsis gn 5C SA in rltion to s osmopriming improvmnt of Brssi npus grmintion unr slinity strss. lnt Si. 183, Luhli, A., Epstin, E lnt rsponss to slin n soi onitions. In: TANJI K.K. (.), Agriulturl slinity ssssmnt n mngmnt. ASCE Mnul Rports on Enginring rtis. 71, L, S.S., Kim, J.H., 2. Totl sugrs, α-myls tivity, n grmintion ftr priming of norml n g ri ss. Kor J Crop Si. 45, Lutts, S., Kint, J.M., Bouhrmont, J., Effts of vrious slts n of mnnitol on ion n prolin umultion in rltion to osmoti justmnt in ri (Oryz stiv L.) llus ulturs. J lnt hysiol. 149, Lutts, S., Kint, J.M., Bouhrmont, J., NClinu snsn in lvs of ri (Oryz stiv L.) ultivrs iffring in slinity rsistn. Ann Bot. 78, Mhjn, G., Srlh, R.S., Jpinr, S., Gill, M.S., 211. S priming ffts on grmintion, growth n yil of ry irt-s ri. J Crop Improv. 25, Mrtin-révl,., Gonr, J., Gutir,., Méthos nlytiqu référn, in L nlys végétl ns l ontrôl l limnttion s plnts tmpérés t tropils. Eition Lvoisir TEC & DOC. Mtis, J.R., Riiro, R.C., Argão, C.A., Arújo, G.G.L., Dnts, B.F., 215. hysiologil hngs in osmo n hyroprim uumr ISSN (Onlin) Impt Ftor (216) ss grmint in ioslin wtr. J S Si. 37, Mnguzzo, S., Nvri-Izzo, F., Izzo, R., 2. NCl ffts on wtr rltions n umultion of minrl nutrints in shoots, roots n ll sp of wht slings. Brz J lnt hysiol. 16, Mirn, D., Fishr, G., Ulrihs, C., 21. Growth of p goosrry (hyslis pruvin L.) plnts fft y slinity. J Appl Bot Foo Qul. 83, Moghnishi, M., Krimmojni, H., Niknshn,., 213. S trtmnt to ovrom rought n slt strss uring grmintion of sunflowr (Hlinthus nnuus L.). J Agro iol. 3, Munns, R., 22. Comprtiv physiology of slt n wtr strss. lnt Cll Environ. 25, Munns, R., Jms, R.A., 23. Srning Mthos for Slinity Tolrn: A Cs Stuy with Ttrploi Wht. lnt Soil. 253, Njfi, F., Khvri-Nj, R.A., Rstgr-jzii, F., Stikln, M., 27. Growth n som physiologil ttriuts of p (isum stivum L.) s fft y slinity. k J Biol Si. 1, Nsri, N., Kour, R., Mhmoui, H., Btour, O., Bouroui, N., Lhâl, M., 211. Th fft of osmopriming on grmintion, sling growth n phosphts tivitis of lttu unr slin onition. Afr J Biothnol. 1(65), Nto, A.D., Tos, J.N., 2. Slt strss in miz slings: I. Growth nlisys. Rv rs ng grí Amint. 4, Nijvlt, R.J., Vn Noo, E., Vn Hoorn, D.E., Bolns,.G., Vn Norrn, K., Vn Luwn,.A., 21. Flvonois: rviw of prol mhnisms of tion n potntil pplitions. Am J Clin Nutr. 74(4), Noumn, W., siiqui, M.T., Bsr, S.M.A., 212. Moring olifr lf xtrt: An innovtiv priming tool for rngln grsss. Turk J Agri For. 36, prll, S., Arújo, S.S., Rossi, G., Wijysingh, M., Cronr, D., Blstrzzi, A., 215. S priming: stt of th rt n nw prsptivs. lnt Cll Rp. 1. rihr,., Singh, S., Singh, R., Singh, V.., rs, S.M., 215. Efft of slinity strss on plnts n its tolrn strtgis: rviw. Environ Si ollut R. 22 (6), rhn, N., rksh,., Tiwri, S.K., Mnimurugn, C., Shrm, R.., Singh,.M., 214. Osmopriming of tomto gnotyps with polythyln glyol 6 inus tolrn to slinity strss. Trns Biosi. 7, Quttir, D.C., Grssir, B., Vssur, J., Din, T., Brunt, C., Luykx, M.C., Cyin, J.C., Billul, F., Trotin, F., 2. hnoli ompouns n ntioxint tivts of ukwht (Fgopyrum sulntum Monh) hulls n flour. J Ethnophrmol. 72,

12 IJISET - Intrntionl Journl of Innovtiv Sin, Enginring & Thnology, Vol. 4 Issu 8, August 217 Sh,., Chtrj,., Bisws, A.K., 21. NCl prtrtmnt llvits Slt strss y nhnmnt of ntioxint fns n osmolyt umultion in mungn (Vign rit (L.) Wilzk). Inin J Exp Biol. 48, Smpitro, D.A., Mrt, A.V., Mri, I.I., 26. lnt growth inhiitors isolt from sugrn (Shrum offiinrum) strw. J lnt hysiol. 163, Snrtn, T., Touhll, D., Bumm, E., Sixon, K., 2. Atyl sliyli (spirin) n sliyli i inu multipl strss tolrn in n tomto plnts. lnt Growth Rgul. 3, Shkirov, F.M., Skhutinov, A.R., Bzrukov, M.V., Ftkhutinov, R.A., Ftkhutinov, D.R., 23. Chngs in th hormonl sttus of wht slings inu y sliyli i n slinity. lnt Si. 164, Siri, B., Vihitphn, K., Kwnr,, Vihitphn, S., Klnrit,., 213. Improvmnt of qulity, mmrn intgrity n ntioxint systms in swt pppr (Cpsium nnuum Linn.) ss fft y osmopriming. Aust J Crop Si. 7, Sos, L., Llns, A., Rinoso, H., Rginto, M., Lun, V., 25. Osmoti n spifi ion fft on th grmintion of rospis stromulifr. Ann Bot. 96, Soughir, M., Elour, M.A., Hnnhi, C., 213. Th fft of NCl priming on mrgn, growth n yil of fnugrk unr slin onitions. Cr Agron Mol. 2, Stvns, J., Snrtn, T., Sivsithmprm, K., 26. Sliyli i inus slinity tolrn in tomto (Lyoprsion sulntum v. Rom): ssoit hngs in gs xhng, wtr rltions n mmrn stilistion. lnt Growth Rg. 49, Styn, W.J., Wn, S.J.E., Holroft, D.M., Jos, G., 22. Anthoynins in vgttiv tissus: propos unifi funtion in photoprottion. Nw hytol.155, Stumpf, D.K., Quntifition n purifition of qutrnry mmonium ompouns from hlophyt tissu. lnt hysiol. 75, Suro, G.V., Johnsn, C., Strtgis n sop for improving slinity tolrn in rop plnts. In: ssrkli M, itor.hnook of plnt n rop strss. Nw York: Mrl Dkkr; pp Tti, S.A.,214. Th fft of priming on grmintion inxs n s rsrv utiliztion of miz ss unr slinity strss. J S Si Thnol. 3, Tttini, M., Rmorini, D., inlli,., Agti, G., Srini, E., Trvrsi, M.L., Mssi, R., 26. Morpho-ntomil, physiologil n iohmil justmnts in rspons to root zon slinity strss n high solr rition in two Mitrrnn vrgrn shrus, Myrtus ommunis n isti lntisus. Nw hytol. 17, Tsu, T., Shig, K., Ohshim, K., Kwkishi, S., Osw, T., Inhiition of lipi ISSN (Onlin) Impt Ftor (216) proxition n th tiv oxygn ril svnging fft of nthoynin pigmnts isolt from hsolus vulgris L. Biohm hrmol. 52, Vrir, A., Vri, A.K., Dlni, M., 21. Th su llulr sis of s priming. Cur Si. 99, Vlioglu, Y.S., Mzz, G., Go, L., Oomh, B.D., Antioxint tivity n totl phnolis in slt fruits, vgtls, n grin prouts. J Agri Foo Chm. 46, Whi, A., Ghznfr, A., 26. ossil involvmnt of som sonry mtolits in slt tolrn of sugrn. J lnt hysiol. 163, Wisny, W., Sohri, Y., Hiri, G., Siosmrh, A., Ghssmi-Golzni, K., 212. Chngs in ntioxint nzyms tivity n plnt prformn y slinity strss n zin pplition in soyn (Glyin mx L.). lnt Omis J. 5, Yilirim, E., Turn, M., Guvn, I., 28. Efft of folir sliyli i pplitions on growth, hlorophyll n minrl ontnt of uumr (Cuumis stivus L.) grown unr slt strss. J lnt Nutr. 3, Younsi, O., Mori, A., 215. Efft of priming of ss of Migo stiv mi with girlli i ongrmintion, slings growth n ntioxint nzyms tivity unr slinity strss. J Horti Rs. 22, Zvriyn, A., R, M., Asghri, M., 215. Efft of s priming y potssium nitrt on grmintion n iohmil inis in Silyum mrinum L. unr slinity strss. Int J Lif Si. 9, Zi, I.M., Al-Smry, N.A., 21. Rspons of two iffrntilly rought tolrnt vritis of miz to rought strss. k J Biol Si. 4, Zhng, Y., Ji, A., Ning, T., Xu, J., Li, Z., Jing, G., 28. otssium nitrt pplition llvits soium hlori strss in wintr wht ultivrs iffring in slt tolrn. J lnt hysiol. 165,