e vsk-e e v I b vq-ab vq we epbv Aa vck mbr Kzgvi mvnv cwipvjk, cwipvjbv cl `, evsjv `k e vsk Ges cöv³b Aa vck, A_ bxwz wefvm, ivrkvnx wek we` vjq

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3 e vsk-e e v I b vq-ab vq we epbv Aa vck mbr Kzgvi mvnv cwipvjk, cwipvjbv cl `, evsjv `k e vsk Ges cöv³b Aa vck, A_ bxwz wefvm, ivrkvnx wek we` vjq

4 e vsk-e e v I b vq-ab vq we epbv GLv b wkqz ejvi Rb Avcbviv h Avgv K W K Qb, GUv Avgvi Kv Q A kl MŠi ei Avwg K Zv_ eva Kwi GB cöwzôvb- evsjv `k Bbw wudu Ae e vsk g v br g U-Gi iæz G ` k wkli úk x; hw`i A bkuv Avov j _ K hvq A_ bxwz hz mpj nq, Kg Kv Û hz we Ívi I MfxiZv Av m, UvKvi jb ` b ZZ ˆewPÎ I RwUjZv ev o e vsk e e v mlv b cövq wbtk ã K `ªf~wg Z P j Av m GB e e v Aek ïayb wewnz cövwzôvwbk KvVv gvq AvU K _v K bv Zv K Qvwo qi hvq HwZ n i hvmm~î jv bvbvw` K Qovq Zviv Avevi bzzb-bzzb wpšív-fvebv, GgbwK dw `-wdwk ii c_ Ly j `q e vsk-e e v cöz bv n ji c iv Zv `i m ½ Rwo q hvq cövší _ K K `ª, me RvqMv ZB gvby li Rxeb-hvc b Zv Acwinvh n q DV Z _v K n q I V ZviB welq-avkq evsvcov wb q GB cöwzôv bi Kvievi G K D c v Kiv P j bv mevb GUv Av iv fv jvfv e Dcjwä Ki eb, Ges Gi AviI köxe w NU e, GBwU Avwg AvšÍwiKfv e Kvgbv Kwi Avgvi GB K_v ejvi my hvm huv K iy K i, mb AKvj-cÖqvZ KxwZ gvb e vskvi, G.Gd.Gg. byiæj gwzb h wbišíi cöiyvi Drm n q Av Qb, Zuv K AvšÍwiK kö v I AK wîg m vb RvbvB Z e LyeB ms Kv Pi m ½ ^xkvi K i wbb, Zuvi wel q Av M Avgvi wkqzb Rvbv wqj bv gd ^ j _vwk hvmv hvmi xy ZvB byiæj gwz bi gz iyxq e w³z Avgvi A MvP i _ K hvb G e _ Zv meuvb Avgvi ZvB ïiy ZB mevi Kv Q gv P q wbb AvR GB e³ Zvgvjvi mskj bi Mvovq Zuvi RxebK g i msw ß cwipq c q Avwg Awff~Z 1 gvî câvk eq ii Rxeb ( )! wkš KZ Kx K i Qb! IB eq mb cökvmwbk ` Zvq Kg Î m e v P Í i cuš Q Qb Zvi P qi eo K_v, IB ` Zvi Ggb m wókxj cöv qvwmk wekvk NwU q Qb, hv evsjv `k e vs Ki Kg KvVv gv ipbvq I Zvi cwipvjbvq vqx wbg vy-kjvi Qvc i L M Q GB evsjv `k Bbw wudu Ae e vsk g v br g Ui cöwzôv ZI wqj Zuvi AMÖYx f~wgkv Zuv K g b i L cyy jvf Avgv `ib Ges GB cöwzôvb h Zvi AvbyôvwbK my hvm K i w` q Q, m Rb Zv K-I-Zvi cwipvjkgðjx KI ab ev` 1

5 Av iv GKRb K GB m ½ cig kö vq iy Kwi Z e Zvi Av M AKc U Keyj Kwi, GLv b evsjvq ejv wvk n e wkbv, Gwb q Avgvi wøav wqj Av Mi ev iv Rb e³vi wfz i GMv iv RbB e j Qb Bs iwr Z AwZ Zz Lvo AwZ ` `Lj Zuv `i IB fvlvq Avwg Bs iwr fv jv Rvwbbv evsjv ZI h wq q wb R K cökvk Ki Z cvwi, Ggb bv Zey Zzjbvq, g b Kwi, ewk ^ Q ` wkš cö_v fvovi mvnmuzkz Kx K i cvb? GBLv bb mnvq nb cöqvz Aa vck W. gvrvd&di Avng` `Ljvg, 2008-G Aóg byiæj gwzb vik e³ Zv wzwb w` q Qb evsjvq GLb Ae&w` IB GKwUB 2 fvlvq Zuvi cöväjzv, hšw³kzv I AšÍ f `x hšw³k wbg vy AbwZµg Zey wzwb mvg b _vkvq fimv cvb eqi we kk Av M wzwb hlb wq jb evsjv `k A_ bxwz mwgwzi mfvcwz, ZLb wzwb Avgv `i evsjvq wjl Z DrmvwnZ Ki Zb ïay mwgwzi Rb v j bq, Ab vb Av_ bxwzk gbbkxj PP v ZI AvR GLv b mb-me g b K i, wzwb bb, GB Av c wb q Zuvi wzi cöwz web ª cöywz RvbvB Zvic ii, A ^xkvi Ki Z cvwi bv, Ggb KD KD _vk Z cv ib, huv `i Kv Q evsjv fvlv A Pbv, A_P GB wel q Zuv `i Ávb AMva we `wk n j Zuv K W K G b K_vgvjvi mvim I wkqv ji M íi `kv niqv m e ZvQvov Avgv `i wkw Z gnji GB me cöm½ wb q Bs iwr Z PP vq hzuv Af Í, evsjvq ZZUv bq evb ii m ½ hvmv hvm ervq ivlvi R b I Bs iwrb Dc hvmx, Ges m Kvi Y mw` KB Avgv `i SuvK GUv A hšw³k bq A_ bxwzi cö_g cv V wekívqb I DËivq bi aviyv Ggb AvPiYB m½z e j wb ` k K i G jv Dwo q `evi bq ZvB cwiwk ó Avgvi AcUz Bs iwr ZB hv ej Z PvB, Zvi GKUv mvigg `evi Póv Kwi PvB j Zuviv AMZ v Zv Z Kvb ` eb, GQvov Avi Kx-B ev ej Z cvwi! Av iv GKUv K_v ïiy Z e j ivwl Bs iwr Z ÔgvwbÕ (Money) k ã hgb Zvi e envwik iƒc Ges cö qv Mi Af šíixy I AšÍR vj Pv Li mvg b f m I V, evsjvq IB-iKg Kvb GKK k ã Zvi meuzkz Ges IB meuzkzbñ dzwu q Zvjv ek gykwkj Ôgỳ ªvÕ, ÔUvKv-KwoÕ, ÔUvKv-cqmvÕ, G `i me jvb Lv U, wkš me RvqMvq GKiKg bv k ãi GB eûz K ZvB g b wb Z eva nb K_vUv wvkgz ejv n jv wkbv, mbwub `Levi GUv fvlvi mxgve Zvi bq, Zvi wfbœzvib cwipvqk Zv K A ^xkvi K i Kvb GKK k ãi AwaKvicÖwZôv Ki Z M jb eis weåvwšíi AvksKv ewk Av iv wkqz k ãi ejv ZI GgbwU NU Z cv i GUvI RvbvB, welqwu Ggb, hv Z Kvb mywbw` ó I mywbwðz wm vší Avgvi Avq Ëi evb i Av `Š Zv m e Kx bv, G cökœi g b Rv M Rxeb MwZkxj, Ges cöwzwu gyn~z 2

6 fwel Zi gylv c x mlv b m vebvivwk GKvwaK, Ges cö Z KwUi b vq `vwe K i Zvi Kj v Yi wbr ^ MwZgyL c~e -wba vwiz KZ e -AKZ e i ZvwjKv wb q ïiy Ki j, Ges wek v mi `ym ipbv K i mlv b e m gykwkj Avmv bi gš Rc Ki j g bi kvwší wbwe Nœ n Z cv i, wkš mgvavb-m~î wkqzb Avgvi Kv Q aiv `q bv Avwg eo Rvi Avgvi fvebv jv GLv b mevi mvg b g j ai Z cvwi n Z cv i, G jv g jv-lvcqvov Kg Kzkj byiæj gwzb ev cövá gvrvd&di Avng` wbðq G Z Lywk n Zb bv wkš GQvov Ab fv e wkqz fvev ev Kiv Avgvi mv a Kz jvq bv ZvB e j ÎywU-wePÿ wzi R b gv PvB bv h _vwpz kbv³ K i Zv `i mgywpz mvrv Avcbviv wb ` k Ki eb, GBwUB Kvg Kvb mvov bv RvM j eys Z n e, MvUv Av qvrbb e _ G Z wpšív G Mvq bv Kv RI MwZ Av m bv Avgiv Rvwb UvKv-cqmv wb q e vs Ki Kvievi A_ bxwz Z ey cwip qi cicib Avgv `i klv n q hvq, UvKv hv K i, UvKv ZvB-B Ges GB Kivi ZvwjKvq cö_ gb Av Q, Zv wewbg qi gva g GB gva g nevi Kvi Y Zv cy -ivwki cöwzwui g~ j i mwvk cwigvck UvKvq gvb w i nq e jb ci úi m úk nxb wewfbœ `ª e i GKB Kvj-we `y Z Abvqvm wewbgq ˆbe w³k wbiew QbœZvq m e nq GQvov fwel Zi `bv-cvibvi wnmve UvKv Z wj L ivlv P j ZviB cwic~ik wn m e, UvKv Rwg q Zv Z ez gvb I fwel Zi cöz vwkz KbvKvUvq h Kvw LZ g~j -mâq m e, Zvi aviyv GKUv M o w` Z cv i wb R m Kvb g~j -m wó K i bv wkš ez gv b I fwel Z me Drcvw`Z g~ j i cwigvc m K i mgv R GKR bi m ½ A b i IB g~j -wewbg qñ mwâz, A_ev, AwR ZÑ GKUv mym ^ mvgäm m Av b ejv hvq, gvby li mgvr-mf Zvi G mgvb eqmx g~j -wewbgq, A_ev, g~j -mâq N U UvKvq `v gi wn m e gvbyl ZviB m~ Î AZx Zi m ½ hy³ _ K Kv R-K g bzzb g~j -ms hvr b A_ev Ae vnz bzzb-bzzb g~ j i e env i iß _ K fwel Zi c _ cv evovq AvcvZ` ó UvKvi GB f~wgkvq Kvb RwUjZv bb, G K A b i c_ K i `q Zviv me wgwj q gvby li cvi úwik m ú K -ms hv M Drcv`b, e Ub I fvm-dc fvm mpj iv L Aek G me vs k memg q me vz K, Ggb `vwe Ah_v_ Av_ -mvgvwrk ev ÍeZv, Zvi cwi ek I cö vcu, GÕm ei Ici Zv A bklvwb wbf i K i hlv b Lvgvi-A_ bxwzi AvbycvwZK iyz A bk ewk, AwaKvsk K lk-cwievi ^q i, mlv b UvKvi cöpjb Zzjbvq Kg Avgv `i GB evsjv ` kb câvk eqi Av M kzkiv mëi fv Mi Ici A_ bwzk wµqvkg wqj gỳ ªv-e env ii evb i AvR Ae vuv wvk 3

7 wecixz gvby li Rxebhvc b kzkiv cupvëi fv Mi gz Kg KvÐ gỳ ªv-wbf i Ges IB gỳ ªvi e env i e vckzv, MfxiZv I ˆewPÎ µgea gvb Z e h Kvb mg qb nv Z UvKv _vkv, A_ev UvKv e env ii AwaKvi nv Z _vkv GKUv eo mnvq ab-hk h i Zv mgv_ K Ges GLv b UvKvi IB Kvh vewji ^Zù~Z ^qswµqv I avivevwnk Zvjwgj Zv K Qvwc qi MvUv mgvr K w wzkxj iv L hy -wemön I ˆ`e`y h vm bv n j Zvi Ici wbwð ší wbf i Kiv hz Av MB eis ewk wkš GB mvgäm Aek vex bq RbmsL v, cövk wzk m ú`, Drcv`b KŠkj I Drcv`b-Kg KvÐ hw` Aweivg GK _vk Zv, Z e UvKvI Zvi mkj Kv R AweKj I AwePj gwngvq GKB ikg _vk Zv ev Í e Zgb K`vwPr N U wewbgq-gva g, GB ^Ztwm evz v Qvov Avi wkqzb UvKvi w i bq cy ivwki UvKvq g~j gv b ni di niqv gv b wecixz w`k _ K UvKvi wb Ri g~j gv bb cwiez b NUv fwel r jb ` bi wnmve Zvn j wbwðzfv e w i _v K bv hw`i KvM R-Kj g I e envwik wµqvk g Zvi Ic ib wbf i Kiv Qvov MwZ bb UvKvq welq-avk qi g~j gvb Avgiv NvlYv Kwi; wkš wb RB m Aw wzkxj n q c o 3 Zv K Avi AKg K fvev hvq bv Kg -m úv` b Zvi f~wgkv Kej ga c` jvcx _v K bv wb RB m cöejfv e mkg K n q c o Kbv- epvi evrv i m wb RI GKUv cy, evanq me P q iæz c~y cy n q `uvovq KviY, Zvi Ici KZ Z, Ges Zvi g~j gvb, Ab h Kvb µq hvm welq nv Z cvevi gzv eûjvs k wba viy K i evrvi hz Qovq, mgvr hz Zv K gvb K i, UvKvi iæz I ZZ ev o ^qs GUv MwZi evnb, Ges AMÖMwZi P v jä fv jv-g ` wbf i K i Kxfv e mgvr Zvi gvkvwejv K i, Zvi Ici Aek fvj-g ` Kvb wbi c ev ÍeZv bq vb I Kv j Pjgvb-eZ gvb-gvbe-gvbexi mg ÍUvi wz-mëv-fwel r Zv Z wg k _v K UvKv h Kej wewbgq-gva g _v Kbv, wb RI GKUv cy n q `uvovq, Ges GKBm ½ IB cy -g~ j w`k wb ` k K i evrv ii Kviev ii, GBLv bb cövmw½k n q I V e vsk-e e vi wµqvkjvc G h Kej AvaywbK Drcv`b e e v ZB cöfve d j, Zv bq, gvnj Avg ji Avgiv ` LwQ, GK PwUqv A_ jmœxkvix cöwzôvb jv Kxfv e wbqš Y K i UvKvi cöpjb, Kxfv e Zvi cöfve c o ivr Kv li Ic ii 4 e emv-evwyr I gzvi ivrbxwz `yóp µ Rwo q c o Zvi dj nq mỳ ~icömvix hw`i evrv ii nvjpvj ZLb mvaviy gvby li ˆ`bw `b Rxe bi mvgvb fmœvsk gvî mivmwi úk K i, Ges IB Rxe bi Q K Zvi AuvPo Zgb c o bv mgv Ri IciZ j cvjve`j Aek N U P j Gw` K AvR Ki ev ÍeZvq hvmv hvm A bk ewk wbweo 4

8 Qv- cvlv-mv Z-cuv P bb gvbe-gvbexi Rxe bi e vsk-e e vi bvbvb D ` vm, Ges mb m~ Î UvKvi ZrciZv I g~j gvb cöz ev c iv kö gi Pvwn`v I RvMv b QvU-eo bvbv ikg XD Zz j Aweivg cöfve we Ívi K i P j h nzz mewkqzi g~ j cöz vkvi wnmve-wbkvk, ZvB cwiyvg AwbwðZ Zey mlv b D Ïk i hšw³k wfwë we epbvq biqv P j IB we epbvq e w³mz jvf- jvkmv bi ZvwM `i m ½ mvwe K Kg cöev ni m ve wpîwui gv_vq ivlv Riæwi KviY, kl wepv i e vsk-e e vq mdjzvi ev wedjzvi cwiyvg-dj mvgwók Avgv `i GB evsjv ` k cök Í gỳ ªvi kzkiv cövq Avwk fvm e vsk-fy mävz 5 avi `Iqv- biqvb e vs Ki Kvievi UvKv cy nq mb myev ` RbM Yi mâq e vsk Rgv i L Zv `i mỳ `q Avevi IB mâ qi UvKv evowz my ` LvwU q jvf K i GB Zvi e emv, Ges GBfv e wewnz gỳ ªv Qvwc q mgv R UvKvi we Ívi e emv fvj P j hw` mâq I F Yi Pvwn`v, `yb-b ZwR _v K Zvi gv b Avq-cÖe w nvi Rviv jv n Z n e, wewb qvm Pvwn`vI Av iv ewk nv i evo Z n e wewb qvm evo j Kg -wb qvm ev o MY-gvby li Avq ev o, A_ev Zvi bzzb m wó nq A_ bxwz mpj _v K G Mvq gvslv b _ K e vsk GB MvUv cöwµqv K mgwš^z K i GUv m e nq ZLbB, hlb e vs Ki Ges e vsk-rvzxq cöwzôvbmg~ ni Ici gvby li Av v _v K 6 mâq Zv `i Lvqv hv ebv, my `i UvKv Zviv h_vixwz cv e, wewb qvm wvk wvk NU e, Ges mlv b KD RvwjqvwZ Ki e bv, GB wek vm A yyœ _vkvi Ic ib wbf i K i e vsk e e vi Kvh KvwiZv, Kj vykizv I MwZkxjZv cök Zc Zv MvUv A_ bxwzi ^v i j Y jvb wpwb q w` Z cv i ev Í e Zv `qi Ges GBLv bb Av m MvUv mgv Ri cö vc U Zvi Av cw K hšw³kzv, MÖnY hvm Zv I Kvh KvwiZvi cökœ KviY h Kvb mg q h Kvb Ae vq wm vší-we `y A_ev we `y-mgwó GKK-Ae v Zz j ai ji m ve cq `- Î AmsL we `yi mgvnvi mlv b Kvb&Uv DËg, GUv Kxfv e hvpvb Kwi? Kv ji gvîv hvm Ki j cökœ Av iv eûw` K-eûgy L hvq mevi wepv i AMÖvwaKvi GK _v K bv d j RwUjZv ev o AwbðqZvq Av cw K DËivq bi K_vB hzuv m e fvev hvq Ges mlv bi vb I Kv ji cöz qivwk memgq Awfbœ _vk e, GgbwU Avkv Kiv AbywPZ úóz UvKvB hlv b cy, Ges UvKvq-UvKvi- hvmd j hlv b Kviev i mdjzv ev wedjzvi cwipq, mlv b KejB MvwYwZK wnmv e jvf- jvkmvb K gyl we epbvi welq aiv A hšw³k bq wkš jv fi m ½ m úk SuywKi, SuywKi m ½ UvKv nvzqvov Ki Z mg qi h Kovi, Zvi Zv UvKv Rgv ivlv, Avi FY `Iqv, `y Uv ZB SuywK 5

9 ewk n j my `i nvii ewk UvKvi e env ii Kbv- epvq ZvB Zvi Zvi j i ZviZg, A_ vr wewnz gỳ ªvq Zv nv Z cvevi wbðqzvq mg qi cwigv c Zdvr Zvi `v g Kg- ewk NUvq wbðqzv hz Kg, `vg ev mỳ ZZ ewk e vs Ki Kviev i wbu jvf aiv c o UvKvi Kviev i gvu jb ` b mỳ w` q Avi mỳ wb q Kx cwigvy DØ Ë Zvi nv Z _v K, ZvB w` q A_P GB UvKvi wkqzb Zvi wb Ri bq A b i mâq Rgv i L mbwub m evowz jv fi Avkvq LvUvq SuywKUv m bq Avi mewkqz wvk-vvk Pj j SuywK bevi cwiyv g h jvf, muv Zvi cövc G Z Ab vq wkqz bb e vs Ki ag vag, ev e vswks Gw_K&m& G K K `ªxq wba vik e j gvb K i Avi `Iqv F Yi UvKv hw` mgv R Drcv`bkxjLv Z Lv U, mbm ½ KvR-K g i I RbM Yi ivrmv ii we Ívi N U, Z e Zv Z MvUv mgv RiB DcKvi ev o Aek Avgiv a i wbb, UvKvi e env i cuywr m wó n e, cuywri wewb qvm kö gi Kg Î evov e, KvR Drcv` b iƒcvšíwiz n e, Drcv`b fv M, mâ q I cybiyrcv`b Kg Kv Ð cöe w Avb e e vcviuv wkš mij ilvq N U bv SuywK I cöz vkvi gvb KL bvb w i A ¼ wb ` k Kiv hvq bv Ges A_ bxwzi cö_g cv VB Rvbv hvq, wnmvegvwdk e vs Ki m ú `i Íi-web v m Zvi Zvij I DcvR b gzvi wfz i GKUv wecixz-gylx m úk memgq KvR K i P j d j cöz vwkz jvf nv Z Avm Z cv i, bv-i cv i, Avevi ev Í e jv fi A¼ cöz vkv K Qvwo qi h Z cv i G jv gv_vq i LB e vs Ki FY-wewb qvm GBwUB Zvi Kvievi ïay GB ` wó KvY _ K G Z Ab vq wkqz bb wkš Ab vq gvïj MvYvi h mg~n m vebv _v K, GUv A ^xkvi Kiv hvq bv GB gvïj Mv Y MvUv `k A_ vr ` ki Avcvgi RbMY AZ wak jv fi Avkvq ewk SuywK wb q mvgjv Z bv cvi j e vsk MÖvn Ki Pvwn`v guv Z e _ n Z cv i GKUv _ K Avi GKUv Zv Z UvKvi evrv i, Ges cwiyv g cuywri evrv i hw` am bv g, Z e MvUv A_ bwzk e e vib gyl-_ye o covi Avk¼v m ve cwiyvg Zvi fqven G e vcv i mzk bv _vkvuvb GLv b Aciva GKKfv e, A_ev wgwjzfv e Zvi `vq G m c o e vsk I Abyiƒc FY`vb cöwzôvbmg~ ni Ici Zv K cöwznz Kivi Rb e vsk-e e vq Ici _ K wbp ch ší evrv ii cöwzwu Kg Kv Û mzk _vkv cöwzôvbmg~ ni GK mve wyk `vwqz Ges e vsk-e e v ej Z GLv b ïay mikvwiñ Aby gvw`z e vswks cöwzôvb jv KB evsv bv n Q bv, hviv UvKv AvgvbZ wb q MÖvnK `i ivzvivwz eo jvk Kivi ^cœ `wl q e emv duv `, Zv `i KvÐ-KviLvbvI gv_vq ivlv n Q Z e G kyayb cwiyvgev`x (Kb&wmK y qbwmqvj) bq; KviY cwiyvg wbwðz bq cöwzwu wm v šíi cq b AmsL D Ïk I AmsL wµqv Zv `i Kvh -KviY-m ú K i wgwjz 6

10 iƒ ci GKK Pnviv Luy R cviqv cövq Am eb AZGe G me wkqz g b i L wbqgbxwzi QK GKUv hw` Lvov Kwi, Z e IB QKB KZ e K wbwðz K i eu a w` Z cv i Kv RI mywbw` ó k Ljv Av m Avi wkqz fvevi cö qvrb K i bv KZ e m~îb h _ó (wwa UvjwRK vj) 7 wkš v bi e vckzvq I Kv ji AeviYxq-AcÖwZnZ we Ív i K g i MwZgyL KZ e i wkjxf~z wb ` kbv K cvk KvwU q h Z cv i Ges h Z cvivuvb Rxe bi I ^v i j Y Kv RB Gfv ei Kvb mgvav bi cövgvy aviyv cöwzôv Kiv hvq bv hw`-wkš i e ËB (nvb cv _wuk vjñkwðkbvj) NyicvK L Z nq GKwU ÔnuvÕ AmsL ÔbvÕ-Gi Rb w` Z cv i e vsk-e e vi fv jv-g `i we epbvq G jv Av iv cövmw½k GB h e vs Ki Kviev i, jv fi cq b QvUvÑAvgvbZKvix I wewb qvmkvix Df qibñ GUv cö Z Ki wb Ri-wb Ri n ji Zvi cöwzwµqv h Qovq mgv Ri meikg Kv R, Ges IB Kv RiI Av Q Kvh -KviY-m úk -m ^ Ü eû NUbvq-eûiK gi mâviy, Zv Z GK RvqMvq ivk nv Zi gy Vvq a i me wkqzi `vq gv_vq biqv gvbylx mv a i evb i g b nq Avevi Kv_vI Kvb `vq bb, GUvI GK `vwqz nxb evz v A bk mgq wb R `i ARv šíb Avgiv GB `vq e q eovb G _ K wb Ívi bb Kv ji Dby b ev Íe ^qs R vjvq- cvovq-d ë-cv ë m K i, fv R Zv Z b vq-ab vqi bvbv RvqMvq bvbvfv e fvj cvëvq wbqg-bxwzi h_v_ ZvI Kvb AåvšÍZv `vwe Ki Z cv i bv Av cw K ev Í e IB `vwe ^qs g~wz gvb AmsMwZ Gw_K&m ev mybxwzi KZ e -ZvwjKv ZvB cö nwjkvb _ K hvq Zv e vsk-gi Kviev i jvf- jvkmv bi we epbv ZI Ges Zvi wcq b mgvr-ms v i, wek vm-awek vm-avpvi-avpiy h cöz qwmw NUvq, Zv-I `y f v Mi exr cuv Z, exr Qovq, hw`i mgvr-weåvwšíi AvbyK~j Zv Z A yyœb _v K jvf- jvkmv b Drcvw`Kv kw³i m úk -web v mi MwZ-cÖK wz QvovI cvc-cy Y i AjxK KíbvI Xz K c o G Z Kv R-K g Ab_ B ïay Xz K c o bv, A kl webwói Zv KviY nq wek v mi `ym b vq-ab v qi hšw³k cöevn K cöwznz K i L óc~e cövq wzbk eqi Av M KŠwUj ipbv K ib ivwóªk A_ -e e vi cö_g AvKiMÖš ÔA_ kv Õ 8 Zuvi wz³ gšíe wf vq KL bvb j xjvf N U bv IB mg qi cö vc U Gi Zvrch n jv, hlv b cöhyw³ Z wfzi _ K Kvb cwiez b bb, Drcv` b cömvi N U Kej K wlkv R, Ges m ó g~ j i Av cw K e w N U evwy R, mlv b j xi evm evwy R B, A a K Zvi K wlkv R Avi ZviI A a K ivr mevq, wkš wf v m ú`-m wói Kvb KviY nq bv Bw½ZUv GLv b úó ey -wefvrb cö_vq eªv²yivb GKgvÎ 7

11 cikögrxex úó K i ej j wf vbœ fvrx Zv K gnë w` Z kv PP vq AwaKv ii `vnvb w` q Zv `i nvrvi ikg KŠkj `e-eªv² Yi gwngv-kxz b AK vší _vkv GB AcP qi fr mbv cvb Dcwbl `I 9 Z e h nzz Drcv`b-e e vq Kvb cwiez b Av m bvñ cvvvb ev gvnj Avg ji bv, ZvB ag xq cwipq hvi hgb nvk bv Kb, ey -wefvrb cö_v I Zvi Abyl½x, cikögrxexi Drcv`b-e U b Askfv M m vbrbk f~wgkv A yyœb _ K hvq `e-wø R fw³ I Zv `i AbyK~ j ˆelg nqz ZLb A b Ki Kv Q wqj cyy -jvf-i-gvbm-z wßi Dcvq mvgvwrk g~j gv bi m~pk KI Zv IB cö vc U wbwðzfv e Ea Mvgx K i Qvc c o Zvi UvKv-cqmvi evrv ii Drcv`bkxj wb œe Y i Rbmgỳ qi Kv Q cövwzôvwbkfv e UvKv avi w` j hlv b my `i nvi wqj kzkiv cuvp, D Pe Y i Abyrcv`K f`ªr bi KvQ _ K Zv PvIqv n Zv kzkiv `yb-nv i hyw³uv evanq GBiKg: Drcv` b jv fi Avkv _v K my `i P q Av iv ewk cimvqv `i m my hvm bb Zv `i _vkvuvb eo K_v mgv Ri w wzkxjzvi R b ; cikv ji fvebvq Avi mevb K wbwðší Kivi R b wkš mgvr-kj vy G Z GZUzKz ev obv fwel r K eis Zv wec`-mskzj K i BwZnvm mb-ikgb `Lvq we `ygvî KiyYv K i bv hw`i cyy jvfx gvby li mg_ b Zv cvq ZLb wfbœzi cöw Z Abyiƒc Kv Ð Avgv `i ` k GLbI cq b _v K cðvrgylx Kv qwg- ^v _ i K~U KŠkj gzvi ivrbxwz Z Zvi cöfve Kg bq Ges Zv Awk v-kzwk v wbi c AvVv iv kzk _ K AvR ch ší evsjvq mgvr-i cvší ii w` K ` wó w` j mewkqz aiv bv co ji welqwui MwZ-cÖK wzi Avfvm GKUv cviqv hvq ZLbI Bs ir `i AwaKvi cöwzwôz nqwb eo-eo ivrv-rwg`vi hviv ZvivB, wb Ri wb Ri GjvKvq m e me v beve-ev`kv `i ermivwšík cvibv wgwu q w` jb Zuviv Lywk gzvi cvkv Ljvq bv Rov j, A_ev, cvwicvwk K NUbv-Rv j eva bv n j Zuv `i Kv iv ivrf~wg Z Da Zb gzvi bvk Mjvevi Kvb KviY mpivpi Pv L c o bv GB ivrcyiyliv B QvgZ ` evëi-eª ²vËi f~-m úwë wewj q Qb wewj q Qb cwiw wz Abyhvqx Ab vb Dcvmbvj qi R b I AwaKvskB wb i Ki w` Z n ji bvg-gvî 10 c i evsjv-wenvi-dwol vi `Iqvwb GK PwUqv B -BwÛqv Kv úvwbi nv Z Avmvi ci m~h v Í AvB b ev `k-kvjv e `ve Íi KovKwo Z Rwg`vwi Qv i-lv i M Q, Z e eªv²y ev frbvj qi f~-m úwëi Ici Zgb Kvb nvz c owb A bk KwirKg v D Peskxq Rwg`vi B -BwÛqv Kv úvwbi mv _ e emv ZI UvKv LvwU q DØ Ë mâq K ib Z wpi vqx e `ve Í Pvjy n j Zuviv KD KD nv Z-Avmv KuvPv UvKvq Rwg K bb mv úª`vwqk ` wó KvY _ K welqwu cwipvwjz n q Q, GgbwU ejv hvq bv 8

12 cövk-e wuk Avg ji Rwgi gvwjkvbvi mv úª`vwqk wb ekb wfbœ-ikg wqj bv Z e wcivwg Wi gv_vq beve-ev`kvi Ae vb GKiKg wbwðz wqj Zvic ii gzvi hv`ye Ë hvuiv cö ekvwakvi c Zb, Zuv `i mv úª`vwqk cwipq mvaviyz Kvb mg qb cöavb n q I Vwb ivqz `i Kv Q Rwgi cövwß hvm ZvI Zgb Kvb mgm v n q `Lv `qwb KviY, K wlkv R RbmsL vi Abycv Z Pvl hvm Rwgi cwigvy h _ób wqj mvwe K we epbvq IB mg qi mgvr-ev ÍeZvq ˆelwqK ` wó KvY _ K ˆbwZK gvb`û h cwikwízfv e D c v Kiv n qwqj, GK_v ZvB AåvšÍfv e `vwe Kiv ek KwVb n q c o Z e ˆel g i I mvgvwrk Ab v qi wel Xz K c o GB c _B D Pe Y i A bk Rwg`v iib mvgvwrk gh v`v ervq ivl Z nvj-jvoj úk Kiv eviy Zuviv wbf i K ib RvZ`vi `i Ici RvZ`vi `i mivmwi hvmv hvm ivqz `i m ½ Rwgi AwaKvi Zv `i bq nq Zviv em v-pvlx, bqz LvRbv- `qv cörv g~j m wó K i ZvivB wkš g~ j i jf vsk ewkifvm P j hvq Abyrcv`K Rwg`vi `i I Zv `i cövwzôvwbk Kg KZ v `i c K U mvgvwrk b vq bxwz Kvh Z Ab vq KB cököq `q ` wó-weå g mv úª`vwqkzv `Lv `q Ae RKwUf Kv-wi jwuf n q G Z me P q ewk gvi Lvq mn R-AvµvšÍ me P q-`ye j, nvo-fvov- L U RxweKvi A š^ly K i hviv, ZvivB Rwg`vwi cö_vii D Q` nq Aek wkš fz³ fvmx wfbœ m úª`v qi Mixe Pvlx-w`bgRy iiv IB cö_vi Kvb mnvqk kw³ wqj bv Amv úª`vwqk PZbvq Zv `i m ½ wb qb Rwg`vwi i `i WvK `Iqv hz Zv nqwb b vq-bxwzi wølwðz n q Q nv Z hv G m Q, Zv Z Kj vy wbwðz nqwb Drcvw`Kv kw³i wekvk N Uwb eâbvb ïay e o Q A_P Gi g~ j _ K M Q `e-wø R-ag cöwzôv b, m hgbb nvk, KvÐÁvbnxb-cðvrgyLx AvbyM Z i aviv D ËwRZ Kiv hvq Zv K mvgvwrk b v qi hyw³-kvvv gv ipbv K ib Ges Zv h G Kev i Ag~jK _v K, Zv-I bq b vq-ab v qi ï wepvi evanq bvmv ji evb ib _ K hvq mvgvwrk I A_ bwzk gzvi cyäxfe bi cöwµqv Zv K Av iv Nvjv U K i Zv j e vsk-e e vq UvKvi PjvPj IB cöwµqvi GKUv mnr nvwzqv i cwiyz nq, hw`i GB PjvPj GKKfv e Avcbv _ K Kvb wbqg-bxwzi jsnb NUvq bv GUv AvR Ki GB evsjv ` ki cökufv e ev Íe Abyrcv` Ki n q, wek v mi bv g A_ev Zv `i cö_vi AbyKi Y wrwmi Zvjv hvq e vsk-e e vi Zv Z mvq w` Z, A_ev Zvi m ½ mg SvZv Ki Z eva nq RbM Yi cq `ivwk Z Zvi g~j Mfx i 9

13 DwbkÕk mvzpwj k Avgv `i cöz vkv R MwQj, wecyj K wlrxex gvbyl AvZ kw³ Z, Ges, AvZ -AwaKv i ejxqvb n q Dbœq bi c _ GwM q hv e, ivóªxq cöwzôvbmg~n Zv `i köxe w Z mnvqk n e cövwzôvwbkfv e e vsk-e e v eis Dj& Uv Zv `i mâq K, wbqg g bb, cwðg f~l Ð vbvšíwiz K i P j, UvKvi AwZ-g~j vqb cwðgl Ð wkívq b cuywrcy Avg`vwb Z mnvq nq, wkš Avgiv Avgv `i K wlcy ißvbx _ K b vh g~j c Z ewâz nb GLv bi e vs Ki hvmv hvm Avgv `i VKvq, hw`i A_ bxwzi ZË -KvVv gvq ZviI b vqmsmz hšw³kzv g j G ` ki gvby li ^cœf½ NU Z `wi nq bv Z e cðvrgylx a vb-aviyvi weiwznxb cöpviyv Zv `i weåvšíi K i P j GKvË i evsjv ` ki Af ỳ qi c ii Zv Z Q` c owb GB Øvw ØK ev ÍeZvq b vq-ab vqi Zvj Mvj cvwk q hvq KviY, wewfbœrb wewfbœ ` wó KvY _ K wepvi Ki Z cv i Aek kl wepv i MYgvby li L q c i euvpvi, I Av iv fv jvfv e euvpvi my hvm hw` m wó nq, Ges Zv Ae vnz _v K, Zvn j mbwub b v qi c AwfhvÎv e j MY Kiv hvq HwZn -jvwjz wpivqz w iwe `yi wcqzuvb GLv b Kvg bq, hw`i n Z cv i Zv A b Ki Kv Q g bvni mvgvwrk, I, wek vm-zvwoz A bk Af vm I Kg KvÐ wecyj AcP qi KviY n Z cv i cuywri eûrvwzk we Ív ii cö ivpbvq DËi Dcwb ewkk I DËi-AvaywbK a vb-aviyv Zv K cököqi `q KviY, Zv Z iv óªi `ye jzv ev o, I, gy³c` cyuwri GKvwacZ Qovq evrvii Zvi AbyMZ n q c o wkš gvbyl Zvi Kivi Ges nevi AwaKvi Zzjbvg~jKfv e ewk- ewk nviv Z e m G Z b vq wech Í n Z cv i, wkš Kv_vI Kv_vI my hvmmüvbx DU Kv bvmwikpµ Zv ZB DrK l i hvmm~î `L Z cvb GUv AvgivI nv o nv o Ui cvb `wk-we `wk cöfveej qi KZ viv cqb _ K KjKvwV bv o Zv `i AwfmwÜ Avgv `i fv jv-g `i wepv i Xz K c o wkš Avgiv ewkifvmb Zv Ui cvb bv Ávbcvcx `i K_v Aek Avjv`v e vsk-e e v wewb qvm Gi AvIZvi evb i _v K bv RvZxq I AvšÍR vwzk ms hv Mi Kvi Y Ggb A bk FY`vb Kg m~px Aby gv`b cvq, Ggb A bk Kg wb qvm DrmvwnZ nq, hv cök Zc cöz ev c iv fv e evsjv ` ki ivóªxq Av` k i ˆbwZK wfwë KB cökœwe K i e vcviuv ïayb e emvq jvf- jvkmv bi wnmve-wbkv k aiv c o bv gzv-we Ív ii QjvKjvq bvbv m~ Î bvbv D ` v M Zv Xz K c o Qovq gmr Kbv- epv ZI Kv R jv M Dchy³ `v gi Avkvq A b K h nv-wc Z k K ib, GI A ^xkvi Kiv hvq bv n-h-e-i-j Ae v GKUv hw` ˆZwi nq, Z e Zv GB A ^ Q f½uyi ev Íe cvuvz b cv ivlvib cwiyvg mykzgvi iv qi Ômv`v K e jwqm jvj, jvj K 10

14 e jwqm Kv jvõ, ZviI cö`k bx Pv L c o w`b-ivz B jkuªwbk gva gi my hvm wb Z gywl q _v Kb ^v_ v š^lx e ÍevMx kiv Avjv`v-Avjv`vfv e mybxwz-`yb xwzi cöpwjz gvckvwv Z d j G `i A bwzk ejvi my hvm nqz Zgb _v Kbv wkš gvby li RxebhvÎvq Qvc dj Z b vq-ab v qi wepv i G `i wk Aby gv`b Kiv hvq? Kvb- Kvb e vsk ev e vsk-rvzxq cöwzôvb Gm e ïayb wk ga? bv wk ZvivI DrmyK-D ` vmx cvkv L jvqvo? Avgiv Ni- cvov Miy Kv RB K_vUv gv_vq bv-g m cv i bv d Zn P ` RMr kv wq jb AvVv iv-kz K fviz-wel vz e vskvi ^qs gvnj ev`kv 1723 L óv ã Zuv K ÔRMr kvõ Dcvwa `b, Ges Zv eskvbyµwgk _vk e e j digvb Rvwi K ib 11 wzwb evovwj wq jb bv wkš gywk `vev ` Zuvi cöavb Kvh vjq vcb K ib (cjvwki hy i cöavb Kzkxje cövq mevb wq jb AevOvwj, evovwj ivrv-ivriv `i Kv iv Kv iv f~wgkv wqj wbzvší cvk P ii evovwj Av e M GK_vUv Avgiv cövqkb fz j hvb) cjvwki hy i `yó Pµv ší RMr kv gnzve P `i f~wgkv Kx wqj Ges Zvi cwiyvg Kx n qwqj, Zv ïay GLv b g b Kwi q w` Z PvB AvR Ki cwiewz Z Ae vq Kvb RMr kv bb; wkš Avgv `i `vwi`ª KB g~jab K i Awfbe gnvrwb e emv duv`vq AvšÍR vwzk jwmœkvik `i g`z& Lye Mvcb _v K bv Zvi mvd j i Abb mvaviy fveg~wz -GKUv MvUv we k ˆZwi nq ZviB Abymi Y Avgv `i Av_ -mvgvwrk e e v K X j mvwr q Zvi KZ Z wb R `i nv Z ivlvi Z_vKw_Z DËi-AvaywbK cöqvm Lye fv jvfv eb Pv L c o ivrvi Mv q Kvb cvlvk _vk ev bv-_vk, Pviw`K _ K ˆ`eevYx n Z _v K Zuvi ek me P q my `i Zuvi QK Kj vy-a g i wekv ki cök ó Dcvq ev Í ei b vsuv Q j hv-b ejyk bv Kb, we` v-w`m&mr-abya i `i GKUv e vû-cvwu evrbv evrv Z Kmyi K ib bv wkš GUv wk fv jv? A_ bxwzi b vq, mgv Ri b vq, MYgvby li, we kl K i `wi`ªzi gvby li Kj vy I gvbmgyw³ Z ivwš^z Kivi G wk Av`k c_? bv wk gvnj `iev i digvb cviqv B -BwÛqv Kv úvwbi gz evb ii ^v_ evnx P µi nv Z wb R `i fwel r mu c w` q WzMWzwM evwr q DÃe wë LuvRv? mkv ji RMr kv Kvb Avw_ K Awbqg K ib wb gỳ ªvi cöpjb evwo q evrv i Kbv- epvq MwZ G b ÒAvKv jói nvz _ K `k K i v K iwq jb wkš Zv ZB wk Zvui eskai gnzve P ` RMr k Vi cjvwk Kv Ði KjsK gvpb nq? bev ei Avw_ K Pvwn`v guv Z Kvb Kmyi K ib wb hw`i AvR MvUv we k i Kg cöev n cuywr I cöhyw³i PgKcÖ` RUvRv j mybxwz-`ybx wzi mxgv ilv Kv_vq Kxfv e Uvwb, Zv wbwðz K i ejv evanq gykwkjb 11

15 wkš Zvic ii UvKvi evrv i, we kl K i e vsk-e e vq, wbqg Kvbyb K Vvifv e g b Pjvi Kvb wekí bb Zv Z k sljv, Revew`wnZv I ^ QZvi iæz GLb Av Mi P qi ewk; Ges Zv µgea gvb Drcv` b, e U b I fv³vi AvPi Y A _ i e env i cöhyw³mz iƒcvšíi, AwfbeZ, `ªæZZv I we Ívi hfv e mgv Ri me Í i gvby li Rxebhvc bi Pnviv cvj U w` q Q, Ges Av iv w` Q, Zv Z wewa-weav bi cö qv M Uvb-Uvb D ËRbvi fvimvg ervq ivlv AwZ Avewk K n q c o Q IB fvimvg I MwZkxj Kv RB Zvj gjv Z c iwq e j nvz-cv wu q e m _vkvi Dcvq bb A_ bwzk Kg KvÐ hb cömvigvb wek eªþv ÐiB Zzjbxq ms iy Kv_vI wbq gi GZUzKy wepz wz NU jb MvUv Av qvrb ûogyo K i f O covi Avk¼v Avevi wbqg fvovi cö jvfbi cöpzi Bs iwr Z hv K e j Ôgi vj n vrvw Õ, c ` c ` Zvi m vebv cö Z K g b Ki Z cv i, Avwg GKUz myweav wbb, Avi KD bv Rvb j MvUv e e vq Zv mgy `ª Mv ú` Zyj, Kv_vI wkqy Avm e-hv e bv, A_P Zvi gvu Pvc n Z cv i wecyj MvUv A_ -e e v KB Zv ZQbQ K i w` Z cv i e vswks-lv Z Ôgi vj n vrvw Õ GK mve ÿwyk gv_ve _vi KviY 12 GLv b hvm nq AviI GKUv welq: Av v I ` Zvi mgš^q e vs Ki ag B n jv c ii a b Kvievi wewb qv M c cvwzz NUv ^vfvwek N UI AvZ xq- ^Rb-eÜz-evÜe ewk my hvm cvq wewfbœ ` k Gfv e eo-eo e emvqx cöwzôvb I IB cöwzôvbmg~ ni cvi úwik ms hvm M o I V cöfvekvjx MvôxPµ Gfv eb `vbv euv a evrvi-wbqš Yi gzv hw` Zv `i nv Z P j hvq Z e AevK nevi wkqz bb N UI GiKg mvaviy gvbyl Zv `i nv Z wrw n q c o cy I kö gi evrvi `y UvB Zv `i wbqš Y P j hvq PU&Rjw` AwZwi³ gybvdv Zviv Dïj K i wb Z _v K `vg Zviv B QvgZ evovq fv³vi DØ Ë-Dc hvm I kö gi Av cw K grywi µgvmz n«vm cvq Drcv`b ` Zv d j m e vëg we `y Z cšuqvq bv GKUv ARynvZ e vsk Aek B Lvov Ki Z cv i hv `i Ici Zvi Av v ewk, ZvivB FY eè b AMÖvwaKvi cvq GUv A bwzk bq KviY A b i UvKvi I Zvi e w i Avkvi wbivcëv w` Z bv cvi j e vs Ki cövwzôvwbk Aw ÍZ B wecbœ n q c o Kvb SuywK KZUv biqv hvq, muv Zv K fve ZB nq wkš cwiyv g ˆelg cököq cvq Zv K b vqm½z ejv P j bv Ges GB ˆelg e vsk- mev KI mskzwpz K i we kl myweav fvmx Pµ Zvi `Lj bq KZ Z K i IB KZ Z ervq ivl Z cöwzø Øx wewb qvmkvix `i cö ek VKvq d j Drcv`b e w Z e vnvz N U Ges Drcv` bi gvb c o hvq GUv ïay hyw³i K_v bq ev Í ei N U GiKg e vsk, wewb qvmkvix I Drcv`bKvixi Aïf 12

16 AuvZvZ A_ bwzk Kg KvÐ K cö kœi gy L V j `q hgb, Avgiv `wl, Avgv `i ` kb M nvqb I Avevmb D ` v M, `wl cvbkvwi evrv i Aïf ZrciZvq e vsk GLv b Zvi `vq Gov Z cv i bv A_P Zvi Kviev ii cq b _v K cvi úwik Av vi Avk vm Ges GB Avk v mi cq b _v K Zv `i cö Z Ki DU Kv jv fi nvzqvwb wkš Av vi Ab gvîvi GKUv Av Q muv, Rbmgwói mvwe K DcKv i Zvi KvieviI h wkqz hvm K i, Zvi GB RvqMvq hw` e w³-we k li ev Mvôx-we k li w` KB Kej e vs Ki mev Suy K _v K, Z e AvcvZ` wó Z ` Zvi gvckvwv Z DZ& i M ji mvgvwrk `vwq Z i wepv i Zv NvUwZi GgbwK wzi KviY n q `Lv `Iqv wewpî bq Avgv `i cvwk Ívwb Rvgvbvq cökufv e ZgbwU N UwQj c ii h GB cöeyzvi m ½ jo Z n Q bv, Zv bq wewfbœ wecixzgylx ZvwM `i m ½ e vsk-e emv KI evsvcov Ki Z nq UvKvi Zvij I e w i cöz vkvi, Ges Zvi ev Íevq bi wnmve-wbkv ki e vcviuv- Zv Av QB GB e w³ I mgwói Av cw K DcKvi-AcKv ii welqwui D c v Kiv P j bv c~y cöwz hvwmzvg~jk evrv i Avcbv _ K Zvi mgvavb wg j hvq, GB wek vm wb q AvZ Zzwó Z fvmv Kvb Kv Ri K_v bq ev Í e Zv AaivB _ K hvq cwiyv g gvi Lvq mvgvwrk b vq-wepvi m ú~y wecixz wpî GKUv cvb Avgiv mgvrzvwš K A_ bxwzi ZË -KvVv gvq 13 e w³-d ` vm K g`z& `evi Kvb my hvmb mlv b bb Kej mvgvwrkfv e wba vwiz Drcv`b Kvh µ g wewfbœ cöwzôv bi jb ` bi I Zvi cöwzköywzi e vcviuv Zvi gva g N U e w³i Kvb D j L hvm wewb qvm bb fwel Zi Aby gvw`z fvm-pvwn`v c~i Y eo Rvi Zvi Rgv bv UvKv m e vs K ivl Z cv i mgvr-a_ bxwz K Zv cöfvwez K i bv j, mvgvwrk b vq cöwzôv, hlv b A_ -we Ë AwaKv i elg -I-Zvi e U b c cvwzz, ev, Zvi m vebv, Kg Î gvby l gvby l e eav bi Kvb Am½Z my hvm m wó Ki Z bv cv i c~e wba vwiz Av`k e e v me Rb gvb GK Kvg we `y Z w i _vk j GB mgvavbm~î AMÖvn Kiv KwVb wkš ev Íe Zv Z mvq `q bv RbmsL vi Pnviv cöwzgyn~ Z e`jv Q Zv `i cq `-AcQ `i PnvivI GK _vk Qbv Ici _ K GLv b Kvb wm vší Pvwc q w` j eu P _vkvi gšwjk Pvwn`v c~i Yi ci Zv Z MY-gvby li AvMÖ ni cöwzdjb h A bk mg qb N U bv, Zvi kvkven cwipqi Avgiv c qwq cwikwíz Drcv`b cöwµqvq mâq Av M _ K wvk Kiv mb Abyhvqx c Y i `vg wba viy muv w i nq mvsmvwbk wm v ší a i biqv nq, msmvb mevi K_v fv e KvD K ewâz Ki Z Pvq bv evrv ii KjKvwV b o KD Ab vq jv fi my hvm b e, NuvU cvwk q K wîg `y úövc Zvi m wó Ki e, GUvI m 13

17 n Z `qbv bxwz wn m e Aek B mvay wkš cökœ I V cy -ZvwjKvi Av cw K g~j wvk Kiv wb q mevi g bvmz AwfcÖvq cwigv ci `vwqz wb Z nq bxwz-wba vik `i muv wk KLbI m e? RvMvb wvk K i evrv i eu U `Iqv, Avi, Avkv Kiv, mewkqz Lv c Lv c wgj e Lye KgB Ggb N U e w³mz D ` v M mvgvj `evi my hvm bb Kv iv G Kvi Y e vsk-fy bevi cö qvrbi ZvB AevšÍe cöhyw³-iƒcvšíi I cöe w `y UvB K `ªxq wm v šíi cwiyvg, SuywK wkš Gov bv hvq bv Zv A bk I Awbw` ó wkš KD Zv GKKfv e bq bv GB ÔGKKÕ we kl e w³i ev GKvwaK e w³i wgwjz RvU, `yb-b n Z cv i bxudj `uvovq GB, e vsk evrvi K PvOv Kivq Kvb f~wgkv iv Lbv am Avbv ZI KjKvwV bvovi my hvm Zvi _v Kbv Ae eüz m ú `i fvûvi hw` h _ó _v K, Z e GUv Kvb mgm v nqbv Dcv`vbmg~ ni cwikwíz mye envi NwU q µgea gvb Drcv` bi cöz vwkz QweI dzwu q Zvjv hvq wkš bzzb cöhyw³, mâq, cuywr I Drcv` bi SuywK wb Z M jb mgm v `Lv `q mlv b weizv A_ bxwz K MÖvm Kivi AvksKv ^vaxb e vsk e e vq wbqg-kvby bi i vkep g b wewb qv Mi my hvm mlv b cöe w i c_ Ly j w` Z mnvq n Z cv i ev Í e AwaKvsk Î ZgbwUB NU Z `Lv hvq hw`i mgvrzvwš K A_ bxwz Z mvg -fvebvq iæz Av ivc h D PZi b vq cöwzôvi AvMÖ nib hšw³k dmj, GK_v LvwiR K i w` Z cvwibv Zvn j UvKv K cy K i jv fi e emvq UvKvi PjvP j hvmvb `Iqv `v li wkqz bq Ges GUv GKZidvI bq SuywKi RvqMvUv ixwzgz fvevq A_P SuywK wb Z bv cvi j UvKv wb q Kvb e emvb evrv ii AwbðqZvq `uvovq bv cuywr m wói my hvmi ˆZwi nqbv e vsk FY GLv b eo f~wgkv iv L Avevi UvKv gvi hvevi AvksKvUvI mb ms M _ K hvq cwiw wz hw` Ggb nq, avi wb q ev avi w` q e vsk Zvi K_v ivl Z e _ n jv, Ges cwiyv g MvUv evrvi Aw i n q co jv, Z e wzi AvksKv Avi ïay e w³mz _v K bv Zv MvUv A_ bwzk e e v Z Qovq Ges Zv ixwzgz Ab vq `vqx GLv b gvby lib jvmvgnxb jvf GB jv fi wbqš Y, e vsk e e vq myb xwzi PP vq cöv_wgkzv cvq Zv me vs k msmz I Aek cvjbxq Av MB e jwq, e vs K UvKvi Zvij -I-Zvi e w i m vebvi h m úk, Zv ci úi wecixzgylx `yb-gi wfz i mvgäm ervq ivlv e vsk-e emv q g~j K_v Z e GLv b SuvKUv hw` ïay UvKv _ K UvKv evbvevi Ic ib c o, Z e e w³mz Kvb Ab vq ev fzjîywu bv n ji UvKvi wewb qv M cvi úwik Av vi I cuywr Kv_vq me vwak jvfrbk, Zv `Lvi cöeyzv UvKv K Av iv UvKvi w` K V j mvgvwrk ˆel g Zv m wó K i, A_ev Zvi AbycvZ evovq G K b vq ejv P j bv hw`i A_ bxwz K mpj ivlvq I 14

18 we kl we kl Î ` Zv m wó Z G K D c vi Kiv hvq bv GB Dfq-msK Ui gy L c o e vsk-e e v wb q Avgv `i fve Z nq GUv we kl iyz cvq, hlv b `vwi `ªi ms M jovbuvi GKUv mvgvwrk `vwqz cvkvcvwk gzvi I my hvm-myweavi K `ªxfeb GB jovb K K i AviI Zxeª Ggb wk wkw Z bvmwik-mgv RI Zvi welwµqv Qovq GQvov e vsk-gi cöpwjz wewagvjvi duvk Mwj qi N U Pj Z cv i- Ges ev Í e N UI A bk Abvm wó h D Ï k F Yi Aby gv`b cviqv, Zvi GKUv Lvjm mvg b i L we kl cöfve-cöwzcwë LvwU q F Yi UvKv AwaKZi jvfrbk Lv Z cöevwnz K i MvUv A_ bwzk e e v K emvgvj K i `evi cö jvfb, I, my hvm c jb Zvi Ac Póv e vsk-kg Kv Ð GK mve wyk gv_ve _vi KviY mvgvwrk-ivr bwzk ÿgzv-pµ I `wk-we `wk Kv qwg ^v_ cököq w` j, Zv Avq Ëi evb ii P j h Z cv i A_ bxwzi MvUv KvVv gv Z Zvi cöfve covi AvksKv AíwKQz gvby li nv Z m ú `i K `ªxfeb Zvi Awbevh cwiywz Zv Z mvgvwrk b vq I w wzkxj AMÖMwZ fxlyfv e wech Í n j AevK nevi wkqz bb Gi m ½ hw` hvm nq Ljvwc F Yi Kvievi I Aïf dukvevwri AvuZvZ, Z e e vsk-e e v ^qs GK fqven wech qi nvwzqvi n q `uvovq G e vcv i Avgv `i h, Kvb AwfÁZv bb Zv bq eis Zv Avgv `i K fxz-mš Í K i iv L Rb& idjm&-gi ÔG w_ qvwi Ad Rvw mõ 14 K Avgiv GB cöw Z we epbvq Avb Z cvwi Zuvi Kv Q me gvby li mgvb AwaKvi GKwU mgv R b vq wepv ii cö_g AjsNbxq kz Ges GBwUi ev Íevq bi cö qvr bb wzwb Ry o `b ˆel g i kz : (1) gav I hvm Zvi wfwë Z, Ges (2) cö qvr bi wfwë Z, hgb, AbMÖmi gvby li R b, `wi`ªzi gvby li R b, we kl myweav wøzxqwu K wzwb e jb ÔwWdv iý wcöwýcj&õ cök Zc, G Z weivrgvb mvgvwrk I A_ bwzk ˆel g h Ab vq Zv KB mycwikwíz D ` v M ms kvab Ki Z PvIqv n q Q mevi R b mgvb G bq wkš mgv R IB mgzvi b vqñav wik A _ mgzv bqñcöwzôvb Gi j e vsk RvZxqKiY bxwz K GB ` wó KvY _ K wepvi Kiv hvq evrvi hlv b Amv g i Dci `uvwo q, mlv b A_ -we Ëi ^vfvwek MwZ A_ -we Ëi w` KB Zvi cöwzdjb N U e vs Ki wewb qv MI FY c Z M ji Avw_ K m gzv `ikvi Zv bb j my `-Avm j UvKv diz cvevi Av vi RvqMvUv `ye j _ K hvq d j weëevbivb FY cvq, FY LvUvq Ges MY gvby li cö qvr bi w` K bq, gybvdvi w` KB bri _v K cö_g Zv ZI Kg m Rb N U wkš Zv Suy K c o mb me cy Drcv` b, hv `i Kbvi Avw_ K gzv cöz vwkz fv³v `i Av Q A_ vr Kbvi gz UvKv hv `i Av Q, Zv `i 15

19 K_v f eb Drcv`b evrv ii Ôˆelg Õ wyzk nv i evo Z _v K mz K_v, c~y -cöwz hvwmzv evrv i _vk j, GgbwU N U bv wkš c~y -cöwz hvwmzv GKUv gixwpkv Zvi gvqvq Avgiv fy j _vwk evrvi wkš A g `i `~ i V j `~ i V j IB evrv ii m ½ Rwo q _vkv e vsk-e e vi Zvi wbqg-kvby b hw` Kvb AmsMwZ bv _v K Ges UvKv UvKvi KvR hw` Aev a K i P j, Zvic ii cwiw wz mvgvj w` Z e vsk-rvzxqki Yi gz P~ovšÍ e e vi KL bv KL bv e Q wb Z nq Z e ivóªxq D ` v M ÔiDj&m&-Gi ˆelg -bxwzõ Kvh Ki Kivi wbðqzvi mlv b Riæix ïay me gvby li mgvb MYZvwš K AwaKv ii bvgzv cvv bq, mb m ½ cö qvrb ivóªxq Av_ -mvgvwrk cöwzôvb mg~ ni ` Zv, Revew`wnZv I j wel q m PZbZv h KvbwU Z NvUwZ A _ i AcPq K cökªq `q `ybx wzi gv_v Pvov `evi my hvm cvq MYZvwš K e e vq e vsk-rvzxqki Yi g~j D Ïk B Zv Z wech Í n q c o Ô el g Õi GB bxwz, Ges mb m ½ MvUv mgv Ri mvwe K DÌv bi hšw³k wfwë, wkš Zv Z webó nq bv, ev Í ei b vqi Zv K D c v Ki Z cv i bv evsjv ` ki Afÿ ` qi ci me evwywr K e vsk-rvzxqki Yi bxwz Avgiv MÖnY K iwqjvg, Kvw LZ dj Avkvbyi~c g jwb e MZ I PZbvMZ h AeKvVv gv cö qvrb, Zv h _ó wqj bv Af vm jvwjz avivq my hvm myweavq jvfevb hviv, e w³mz ^v_ wmw i my hvm-müv b Zrci hviv, Zv `ii Amn hvwmzv wqj Ab vqi GB me c _ Xy K c owqj Ljvwc F Yi Kz-ms wz wkko Mvovi my hvm cvq Zv _ K gyw³ GLbI g jwb kl ch ší e-mikvix e vsk KI `irv Ly j w` Z nq Zv hgb A _ i I A_ bwzk Kg Kv Ûi cªpj b mvejxjzv I ` Zv evovevi Rb, ZgbB Av_ mvgvwrk gzvq cwiez gvb mgxkiy ivwk K cökwgz Kivi Rb mgvr Zvi m ½ Av cvl K i Q muv hw` mvgvwrk ^xk wzi cöz cöwzdjb n q _v K Z e ejvi wkqy bb wkš b vq ïay ez gv bb w i _v K bv Zvi fwel r kvlv-cökvlv wb qi Zv K fve Z nq GBLv bb Av m evsjv `k e vs Ki gỳ ªv e e vcbvi MZvbyMwZK c _ _ KI Av iv Zv K cömvwiz I Kv_vI Kv_vI Zvr wyk wecixzgylx Kivi cöqv mi cövmw½k we epbvi K_v Rb ivdj&m&-gi ˆelg -bxwz K G gvb K i Ges Gi mvwe K j A ší v`q, mvgvwrk DaŸ Zb I D Øvab Avgiv Rvb Z cvwi, Ô... evsjv `k e vsk Zvi wewae `vwqz cvj bi cvkvcvwk ` ki `vwi`ª wbim bi R b e vswks myweavi evb i _vkv ` ki wekvj Rb Mvôx K Avw_ K mevi AvIZvq wb q Avmvi KŠkj ev Íevqb K i P j Q dvbbvwýqvj BbK zkb Kvh µg K emevb Kivi R b K wl, 16

20 GmGgB ( j GÛ wgwwqvg G UvicÖvBR) mn Drcv`bgyLx A_ bwzk Kg KvÛ I cwi ekevüe LvZ jv Z ch vß I ` k gvb F Yi hvmvb wbwðz K i Q evsjv `k e vs Ki cybta_ vqb Kg m~wpi cwiwai we Í Z Kiv n q Q D cw Z em vpvlx `i R b cö_gev ii gz 500 KvwU UvKvi GKwU D vebxg~jk cybta_ vqb Kg m~wp bqv n q Q ` ki RbmsL vi cªvq A a KB bvix niqvq A_ bxwzi g~j mªv Z bvix `i AskMÖnY evov bv I Zv `i D ` v³v niqvi Acvi m vebv K Kv R jvwm q Ômy hv Mi evzvqbõ Ly j w` Z K wl I GmGgB Lv Z ^í my ` bvix `i K cövwzôvwbk FY myweav wbwðz Kiv n q Q ` ki MÖvgxY Rbc `i mvaviy gvby li Kv Q e vswks mev cušqv Z e vsk jvi MÖvgxY kvlv Lvjvi Ici Rvi `qv n Q...ejv P j... AšÍf yw³g~jk cöe w i GK kw³kvjx wfwë ˆZix Kiv m e n q QÕ 15 GB bxwzgvjv K e vsk e e vi cöpwjz j -web vm I Kg Kjvi m ½ wvk wvk gjv bv hvq bv jv fi m vebvi mv _ SzuwKi h GKgywL m úk Ges SzuwKi ivk U b a i jvf K me vwak Kiv K cöv_wgkzv w` q h cöz I c iv Znwej mvrv bvi D ` vm Zvi m ½ G mivmwi Lvc Lv ebv, Ggb aviyvb cöej A_P jv fi wnmveuvb e vsk-e e vi Kvh KvwiZvq I MwZkxjZvq g~j PvwjKv-kw³ Kv_vI Kvb ^-we iva wk Z e `Lv `q? e vs Ki b vq I mgv Ri `vwe wk G K A b i m ½ msmwz nvivq? G cö kœi gy LvgywL nevi Av M GUvI Aek g b ivlv cö qvrb, e vski GKUv mvgvwrk cöwzôvb gvwjkvbv hgb nvk, e w³mz jvf hvi hz nvk, Zvi Kvievi hw` mgv R A_ bwzk Kg Kv Û Kvb mvov bv RvMvq, hw` Zvi ˆewP Î I we Ív i Kvb ni di bv N U, Z e Zvi mdjzvi I wedjzvi w wzc Îi g~j vqb _ K, Zv h _ó m šívlrbk n ji, Zvi `vwqz cvjb cy ivcywi h_vh_ n q Q, GgbwU wbwðz K i ejv mnr n e bv e vs Ki b vq G K iyz bv w` j ZviI bwzk öjb N U e j gvb Z nq GUv wvk e w³i jvf hw` ev o Ges Av iv jv fi Avkv hw` mvg b _v K, Z e m Av iv SuywK bevi K_v fv e, Kviev i ewk ewk UvKv Xv j Zv Z evrvi ZwR nq e vsk _ K F Yi Pvwn`v ev o DcKvi wkš cöz -c iv Ab `i wfz ii Qovq Avgv `i cvkvk wk í hgb, eû g qi KvR Rv U, mgvri Zvi m ½ Zvj wgjv Z eva nq wk í e w³mz jvf I Av iv jv fi cöz vkv wbpzzjv ZI Kg ms v bi my hvm m wó K i G RvZxq D ` v M e vsk-e emvi Drmvn hvmvq AvuZvZ GKUv Zix nq, mb AvuZvZ _ K, kªyx ej ev bv, MvwôPµ AvKvi c Z _v K hw`i ev Íe cwiw wz Z Zvi Avewk KZvI g b wb Z nq 17

21 wkš Zv Z jf vs ki cyäxfeb NU Z _v K evrv ii cy -mieivn µq gzvi cq b Qv U Zvi e Ub Avi mylg _v K bv Amg cöwz hvwmzv hlb A bk K evb i wqu K d j ZLb Zv `i wu K _vkvb KwVb n q c o e vsk e e vi mvaviy wbq g Zviv Avi we epbvq Av m bv hw`i KL bv KL bv zav-wbe wëi R b I Zv `i gnvr bi KvQ _ K UvKv avi Kiv Qvov MZ šíi _v K bv ^í I gvsvwi cyuwri Pvwn`v guvevi cö qvr bi K_v I V Zvi c i Z e Zv `i Kv Q fvm-pvwn`v I cuywr Pvwn`v cövq mgv_ K KviY kª gi Kg gzv m wó bv n j, cuywri e envi AevšÍi n q c o e vs Ki mvaviy bxwzgvjvq Giv Zvi Kg Kv Û we epbvi AvIZvq c o bv Ggb Kvb m ú` G `i bb, hv euvav w` q Giv FY c Z cv i A_P Gi d j FY myweav cövwß Z ïay h bwzevpk ˆel g i m wó nq, Z-B bq, Zv R vwgwzk nv i e o P j abx-mwi ei ZdvZ& cöku _ K cökuzi n Z _v K evrvi m úbœ gvby li Pvwn`vi w` K Suy K c o h nzz Zv `i msl vbycvz µgn«vmgvb, ZvB evrv ii AvqZ bi ms KvPb `Lv `q Zv A_ bwzk cöe w Z weizv Av b e vsk-e e v ZI Zvi Qvc `ywb ix _vkvi K_v bq gvbwek ` wó KvY _ K G ˆbwZKfv e mg_ b Kiv hvq bv evrvi LwÛZ n q covq A_ bwzk avivq AMÖMwZi m vebvi wepv ii G hšw³kzv nvivq GBLv bb Av m AšÍf yw³g~jk Dbœqb KŠk ji cövmw½kzv I Zv Avï ev Íevq b cöv qvwmk cš v-c wz D ve bi cö qvrbxqzv g b nq evsjv `k e vsk Mfxifv e Dcjwä Ki Z c ib Zvi mvwe K gỳ ªvbxwZ Z FY`vb KŠk j gšwjk wkqy ms hvrb Pvjy K i Q Zv ÔÔiDj&m&-Gi ˆelg -bxwz KIÕÕ Kvh Ki i~c w` Z AMÖmi nq Ges G `xn Kvjxb m vebvi wepv i mvwe Kfv e cöe w -AbyK~jI e U KviY, Z Yg~j ch v q Pvwn`vi MwZkxj we Ívi evrvi K m ZR I m cömvwiz K i, K `ª I cöv šíi ms hvm-m~î eûgylx I Aeva nevi my hvm cvq wkš e vsk-gi h g~j PvwjKv kw³, Zvi gỳ ªv-e emv q gybvdv m e v PKiY fvebv, Zvi m ½ wk G msmwz nvivq? F Yi wbivcëvi e vcviuvi wk bgbxq n Z wm q wj q djvi AvksKv `Lv `q bv? evrvi hw` we Í Z nq Ges F Yi gva g `wi`ªzi RbM Yi e q gzv hw` ev o, hw` jvfrbk Kv R UvKv LvwU q Ae v divevi my hvm Zviv K i bq, Z e mỳ -Avm j e vs Ki `vq- `bv kva KivI Zv `i Avq Ëi fz i _vkv m e d j e vs Ki gvu gybvdvq Uvb covi K_v bq Avi mvgvwrk jvf- jvkkv bi K_v we epbv Ki j G Z Av cw K DcKvi Zzjbvq evovib K_v e vsk-rvzxqki Yi GUv wqj Ab Zg j cövwzôvwbk `ye jzv, mvgvwrk Am PZbZv 18

22 I AwfÁZvi Afve Zv Z evav n q `uvovq G Z Zvi hšw³kzv zyœ nq bv Aek e MZ Ae v AbyK~j bv n j G Kv R Av m bv Avgv `i ga cš vi w` K SuyK Z nq F Yi wbivcëvi e vcv i gvb ZB nq, GLv b Z`viwKi e vcviuv evowz iæz cvq G Z FY e Ub-e q cö Z Ki ejv ZI e o hvq, d j my `i nv ii Zvi DaŸ gylx cöfve covi K_v 16 wkš Zvic ii Ab wekí e e vi Zzjbvq e vsk _ K avi wb j, MÖvn Ki Kv Q my hvm-e q hw` Kg nq, Z e FY Pvwn`vi I cwi kv ai AvMÖ n bwzevpk cöfve covi m vebv wb q Lye ewk DwØMœ nevi cª qvrb c o e j g b nq bv F Yi wbivcëvi Zzjbvq n«vm cv e, GUv a i bqv hvq bv gvv-ch v qi AwfÁZv GB Abygvb K mg_ bb K i e vs Ki b vq I mvgvwrk b vq ci úi we ivax Ae v b P j hvq bv, eis G K A b i cwicywó Z mnvq nq Z e ` cwipvjb e e v I cvi úwik `vqe Zv _vkv PvB GUv eû gvby li ms hv M, we kl K i hw` wecixzgylx e w³mz I mvgwók ^v _ i ms hvm NUv Z PvIqv nq, Zvi c~e kz e vs Ki cöpwjz a vb-aviyvi we Ívi N U wkš Zvi gšwjk j _ K Kvb wepz wz N U bv hw`i IB j i msáv K e vckzi cö vc U vcb Ki Z nq bwzkfv e Gi AvZ wšíkzv Kvbµ gb LvwiR Kiv hvq bv Z e ˆbe w³k g~j gvbb GLv b cövavb cvq GUvI Lqvj Kwi mvwe K e vswks Kviev i GB Awfbe ms hvrb GLbI cövwšík ch v qb i q M Q Z e GiB Abymi Y, e vsk bq, GbwRI-I bq, Avevi e vsk-i e U, GbwRI-I e U Ggb nuvmrviyi h _ Q wepiy AvšÍR vwzk cököq c ji RvZxq A_ bxwz Z ^ QZv, Revew`wnZv I mgawakvi bxwzi ^v _ h _vwpz KZ c i wbqš Y Avbv cö qvrb Ges Zv mvgvwrk b vq cöwzôvi j B Avgiv ZvB e j MZvbyMwZK fv jv-g ` ev DwPZ-AbywP Zi aviyv K Lv Uv K i `LwQ bv ïay ej Z PvB, Zvi wpivpwiz Kvb bxwzgvjvi müvb cviqv `y i, v b I Kv j Zv Av cw K Ges A bk mg qb Zv e vs Ki wbr ^ GLwZqvi K AwZµg K i e vsk-rvwjqvwz, e vs Ki UvKv bq-qq K i kqvi-evrv i am BZ vw` Aciv ai wew Qbœ wepvi Aek KZ e wewawb l ai eovrvji h_vh_ niqv evãbxq wkš Gme kz c~iy n ji A bk mgq g~j Acivaxiv aiv- Quvqvi evb i _ K hvq ïay ZvB bq, gzvi cöfve-ej q D¾ j DcMÖ ni gz weivr K i ïay e vsk-e e &vcbv wb q gv_v Nvwg q Zv `i wbqš Y Avbvi c_ Lyu R cviqv hvq bv Kvb ` kb bv Gi m ½ RwoZ gzvi mzz wµqvkxjzv, Zvi AšÍR vj I wewfbœ ms hvm- ilvi m úk -m½g m jv wb q K_v ejv AvcvZZ Avgv `i Avq Ëi evb i GKKfv e K `ªxq e vsk ev mvgwmökfv e e vsk-e e v eo- Rvi mzk cªnivi KvR Ki Z cv i wkš Zvi g~j a i Uvb w` Z cv i bv Zvic ii e vsk Zvi wbr ^ `vq Gwo q h Z cv i bv Zv e w³mz 19

23 I cövwzôvwbk, `yb-b gvv ch v q m irwg b Z_ -msmön Ki Z wm q A bk RvqMvq `Lv hvq, wbiej ^ MÖvgxY FYMÖnxZviv nvrvi UvKv cvevi Kov i nv Z cvq bqk UvKv GgbUvB Kv_vI Kv_vI Pj n q hvq mgq I Pvwn`vi ZvwM ` FY-MÖnxZvi my hvm-e q Av iv ewk Kv RB Zv K idv Ki Z nq G ZB K `ªxq e vs Ki gnr e vck D ` vm wkš Zjv _ K boe o n q hvq Zv cököq cvq Ab vb ÎI Abyiƒc ZrciZv _ K GgbwK wek we` vj qi gz cöwzôv bi bxudj `uvovq GB, K `ªxq e vs Ki e` j hvevi, e` j `evi gšwjk cö Yv`bv ïiy ZB nuvpu Lvq A_ g~ j bv n ji RbM Yi cöz vkvi gvckvwv Z Gi MyiyZ Kg bq GUv a i wb qb Avgiv Kej e vsk-e e v gvby li Kj v Yi Î Kxfv e cömvwiz Ki Z cv i, Kxfv e Zv K Av iv Kg g I DbœqbgyLx Ki Z cv i, Kxfv e AwaKvi ewâz gvby li my hvm I m wókxjzvi m vebv evov Z cv i, G jv wb q wepvi-we epbv Ki Z cvwi Avi GB K_vUzKz gv_vq i L b vqbxwzi avivevwnkzvq c_ I MšÍe wb q Avgvi fvebvuzkz ïay, LvcQvov n ji, Avcbv `i mvg b Zz j awi, Ges GB Zz j ai Z cvivq K Zv_ eva Kwi A Üi nvwz- `Lv e j A b Ki g b n e, Avwg Zv `i Kv Q Ki Rv o gvr bv wf v Kwi UxKv I wb ` wkkvt 1. Ethics in Banking, Essays in Honour of Nurul Matin, Bangladesh Institute of Bank Management, Dhaka H, c Avgiv `wl, wewbgq gva g I g~j cwigvck, UvKvi GB `yb mvaviy f~wgkv Avi mnve v b-mgwe `y Z _v K bv, vb I Kv ji cöfv e UvKvi g~ j i cwiez b N U Ggb wk GKB mg q wewfbœ- gqv `i Kg Kv Û wewfbœ g~j wb ` k Ki Z cv i e vsk-e e v M o IVvi cq b UvKvi AšÍi mëvi GB g~j -wewfbœzv me P q iæz c~y Dcv`vb b vq-ab v qi mij-cv V Kvb GKK gvb, d j, AwbwðZ n q c o 4. N.K Sinha (ed), The History of Bengal ( ), University of Calcutta, 1967, p.19. Av iv `Lyb, irzkvší ivq, cjvkxi lohš I mkv ji mgvr, BwZnvm MÖš gvjv 3, Avb ` cvewjkvm, KjKvZv, 1994, c Bangladesh Bank, Annual Report, , p. 229, Professor Nurul Islam, Ethics in Banking, BIBM, Dhaka, 2011, p

24 7. AgZ mb Zuvi Idea of Justice MÖ š (Allen Lane, London, 2009) G wel q we ÍvwiZ Av jvpbv K i Qb, bvbv cökœ Zy j Qb, Zuvi gz K i mgvavbi mvwr q Qb wez K i AeKvk Aek _ KB hvq; Ges _vkvuvb ^v i j Y 8. R.P Kangle, Kautilya s Arthasastra, Univesity of Bombay, Bombay, Qv `vm Dcwbl`, 1/12/2-5; gyð Kvcwbl`, 1/12/7-8;- `Lyb Dcwblr MÖš vejx cö_g I wøzxq fvm, D Øvab Kvh vjq, GB `vb-a vb wqj AZxe cy Y i KvR ci úivmz b vq fvebvq we kl mg_ b hvm, bv Uv ii ivyx-fevbxi ev ûmwji nvwr gynv ` gnwm bi wbt ^v_ `vb wqj wkse`wší Zzj wkš fwel Zi mgvr-øvw ØKZv K- eûjvs k mvgvwrk Ab vq K-Am PZbfv e Zviv jvjb K i Q 11. gvnj ev`kvn& gn ` kvn& 1723 mv ji GK digv b UvKvi e vcvix d Zn& P ` K ÔRMr kvõ LZve cö`vb K ib Bs ir HwZnvwmK ievu Ag Zuvi m ú K gšíe K ib, The greatest banker in the known world (D wz, mykxj PŠayix, `Merchants, Companies and Rulers, Bengal in the Eighteenth Century, The Journal of the Social History of the Orient, Vol. XXXI, p. 91; Av iv `Lyb, irzkvší ivq, c~ e v³, c. 160) 12. GUv h me mg q e w³mz Avovj Luy R mij myweavi m e v PKiY, ïaygvî Zv bq my hvm-müv b m PZb bóvwgi hvm nq we kl K i Avgv `i mvwn Z Gi cöwzdjb evievi Pv L c o evsjvq ciïiv gi MÇwjKv-q M Ðwiivg evucvwiqv Kvb Aev Íe PwiÎ bq 13. L. Ya. Berri (ed), Planning a Socialist Economy, Vol.1, Progress Publishers, Moscow, John Rawls, A Theory of Justice, Harvard University Press, AvwZDi ingvb, ÔcÖv _bõ, e` j hviqv evsjv `k e vsk, AMÖMwZi Pvi eqi ( ), 2013, c Nurul Islam, Thoughts on Microfinance and All That, Pallikarma Sahayak Foundation,

25 cwiwkó Ethical Considerations in the Business of Banking [A Brief and Stray Account of the Summary of the Original Bengali Version] It is in many cases an elusive proposition to ascertain conclusively what is good, and, what is not, in human conditions at a given place in a particular point of time. For, those human conditions are continuously changing; and an act of piety or of noble intent may in the end lead to dichotomous or thorny issues to cause more harm that good in the society at large. Individual well-beings also give way to multiple options, fraught with uncertainties, not all of them leading to satisfactory outcomes. To give an emphatic verdict is, therefore, almost impossibility. Despite this predicament, or, may be, because of this, we probe very seriously into practical happenings and try to workout or analyse the paths of consequences- hypothetical or actual- to thrive for attaining the best possible options for the present to explore the uncertainties in the future in order that we may move on a track for optimal development, even though that optimality remains a subject of continuous dispute. This has a distinct bearing on the study of banking, which, though a very old practice in its primitive form with a static circular flow of production, causing the charge of interest an act of unethical extortion, has assumed a pivotal character in a developing economy where money itself becomes a commodity which facilitates not only exchange of goods and services, but also the expansion of production activities with the spread and transformation of values from the present into the future through the operations of the market. This entails the creation of expectations which are also absorbed in the functioning of money. It is thus characterized by a multiplicity of interests, each ascribing 22

26 an impact of its own. Even standardized money as a result, does no more remain unique while its face value at a moment of time does not change. Banking activities, by the very nature of their practices, have to take care of these diverse issues to make the ethical questions relating to them all the more intriguing. It is to be understood in this context that there is nothing eternal in the attributes of virtue or piety. They are basically related to the time and place of occurrence and are expected to have a spill over into the future, a possibility which in a changing world remains highly problematic. The legendary Rani Bhavani of Natore, for example, gifted away vast blocks of land in the name of God to the people belonging to the superior caste as an act to comply with spiritual obligation. This was in the eighteenth century, even prior to the rule by the East India Company. Natore had under its jurisdiction nearly one-third of the whole of Bengal. Such acts, irrespective of religious denomination and the groups of beneficieries were widely spread in other parts of the region as well and were considered of great merit and special virtue. But it had an inherent contradiction. The land owners did not till the soil as they were not sanctioned to do so because of their superior caste position or of their aristocratic ruling status in the society. They farmed out their properties to actual cultivators and extracted from then the surplus to live quite comfortably, often luxuriously on that. A cleavage was created in the society; it was even widened with the enactment of the Permanent Settlement in The consequences have not been to the good of the people. Had there been a common cause made by the cultivators to fight exploitation, the situation could have turned for a better social transformation. But the collective consciousness of the people did not respond that way, and remained rooted on the whole in the old values as dictated in the scriptures, 1500 to 2000 years old, with corresponding vested interests, that might have been suitable for societies, emerging from areas of intellectual darkness. Sectarian ideas based on faiths, as a 23

27 consequence, got an opportunity to flourish and led to the tumultous events of the 20th century. The down-trodden and the under-privileged remained the worst sufferers all over this period, even though spectacular achievements took place. This has a bearing on our thoughts here, as we are yet to shun off dead woods or wastes of older rituals and habits that run contrary to, or, sometimes cohabiting with modern knowledge, based on the achievements in science and technology and also on the aspirations for growth, accommodating and benefitting every section of people in the society. If the banking institutions show a bias in favour of old beliefs and work in special categories, then however much they are successful, as we examine the balance sheets of their track-records, they encourage people to remain intellectually and morally stunted and also create incoherence in the society. In the context of the present day demands on our thoughts and actions, this can not be called ethically fair. As we all know, the banks deal in money. The instrument is credit. Deposit accumulation from private beings or social bodies, and, deposit creation through the disbursement of loans from its accumulated account of funds are their basic functions. There is a time-tag attached to each deal. The greater the time-scale, the more is the risk or liability which demands to be compensated accordingly. This is how the rate of interest multiple values for multiple levels in time and quantity enters into the game and keeps it in motion. The difference between what the bank earns on the loans it creates and what it gives on deposits it accumulates is its profit. The object of the bank is to maximise it in the given circumstances. So long as it remains transparent and consistent with the laws, as enshrined on the basis of the will of the people, that is reflected in a democratic choice, there is nothing wrong in it. In addition and this is of critical importance- by way of credit creation, it creates money, which helps expand the operation of the market in the matter of buying and selling of goods and services 24

28 which contribute to production and consumption, and also to saving and subsequent capability to invest in the process. This remains at the heart of the operations of a modern economy, and should not be said to hurt any-body s conscience. Interest payments, one way or the other, are prices of risks involved. As a practice, they should not be treated as unfair. But if a bank, or, a pseudo-bank, like a micro-credit organization, even if of high international repute, takes advantage of market inelasticities as also of existing institutional rigidities, and play on the interest rates to earn supernormal profit at an exorbitant rate, which may attract foreign investors as well to join in, it may not be said to be appropriate or ethical, despite its success creating waves all over the world. Jagat Seth House in the eighteenth century was, on record, recognized as the biggest banker on earth, but it can not absolve them of the mischief, they committed in their conspiratorial role in the battle of Plassey in Their power and influence was the result of their success as a banker. Banking ethics thus transcends the boundary of market operations for profit only. Even as recent as during the period of Pakistan rule, the banking operations, though on the surface impeccable, were instrumental in draining out the surplus the then East Pakistan peasants earned through their exports and using it to build up the industrial base in West Pakistan. The banking and industrial houses collaborated and joined in the power clique of that state. This can not be called ethically fair, although it was found to comply with all the provisions of the laws then in operation in the land. It could also be defended on grounds of a kind of text-book prescriptions. However, for banks, to optimize under the prompting of two opposing motivations, liquidity and profitability, is a necessary objective for functioning in a market which is open to future expectations. The actual outcomes, as it happens with any venture under risk and uncertainty, may be different from predictions, but the market conditions demand to be transparent and subject to the 25