Aa vq-10: mwgkûv±i I B jkuªwb

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Phyllis Small
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1 cökœ1 wb Pi DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki : wpî-1 a vq-10: mwgkûv±i I jkuªwb wpî-2 M DÏxc Ki wpî 1 nj NOR M Ui wpî NOR MU GKwU hšwmk MU hvi gva g gšwjk MU jv K ev Íevqb Kiv hvq hgb- NOR MU Øviv NOT, ND Ges OR MU jv ev Íevqb Kiv m e [ kicyi mikvwi gwnjv K jr] NOR MU Øviv NOT MU ev Íevqb : K. mve Rbxb MU Kv K e j? 1 + = L. X-OR M Ui Uª _ Uwej, cözxk I jwrk wpî uvk 2 NOT MU M. wpî-1 Øviv gšwjk MU jv ev Íevqb Ki 3 N. DÏxcK n Z NND MU cözxk I Uª _ Uwej we køly Ki 4 NOR MU Øviv ND MU ev Íevqb : 1 bs cö kœi DËi K h MU w` q gšwjk MU jv ev Íevqb Kiv hvq Zv K mve Rbxb MU e j L X-OR M Ui Uª _ Uwej, cözxk I jwrk wpî uvkv n jv + = X-OR M Ui mz K mviwy X = + = NOR MU Øviv OR MU ev Íevqb : +. + = + Y = + Y = cözxk + wpî : OR MU jwrk wpî N DÏxc Ki wpî-2 nj NND MU NND MU nj GKwU hšwmk MU hv ND Ges NOT MU Øviv MwVZ NND M U `y ev Zvi wak bcyu Ges GKwU gvî vducyu _v K, h

2 a vq-10: mwgkûv±i I jkuªwb Kv bv GKwU bcyu wg_ v n j NND M Ui vducyu mz nq Ges me jv bcyu mz n j vducyu wg_ v nq wb œ 2wU bcy Ui ÿ Î NND M Ui cözxk I mz K mviwy `Iqv nj: X =. wpî: NND MU `Lv hv Q h, bcy Ui ÿ Î hw` GKwU bcyu wg_ v nq Z e vducyu mz n e vevi ïay me jv bcyu mz n j vducyu wg_ v n e mz K mviwy : X cökœ2 wmwjk bi pn Rsk bi Rb m ylx Suv Ki ÿ Î wefe cv_ K 0.8V Gi Rb Zwor cöevn 20m Ges wegylx Suv Ki ÿ Î wefe cv_ K 10V Gi Rb Zwor cöevn 20 [g`b gvnb K jr, wm ju] K. cvwbi ˆÎawe `y Kx? Z e `y qi wak bcyu wewkó NND MUI n Z cv i G ÿ Î NND M Ui cözxk n e; X C wpî: NND MU L. Kv bv evwzi Mv q 220V-60W jlv _vk j Kx eysv hvq? 2 M. m ylx Suv Ki ÿ Î MZxq iva KZ? 3 N. m ylx SuvK cÿv wegylx Suv K MZxq iva ewk n e Dw³wUi mz Zv hvpv Ki 4 2 bs cö kœi DËi K h wbw` ó ZvcgvÎv I Pv c cvwb wzb e v Z _ vr cvwb, eid I Rjxq ev úiƒ c e vb K i Zv cvwbi ˆÎawe `y L Kv bv evwzi Mv h 220V60W jlv _vk j evsv hvq evwzwui ÿgzv 60W Ges evwzwu 220 fvë wefe cv_ K mshy³ Ki j GwU me P q fv jv R j e wzbwu bcy Ui ÿ Î mz K mviwy wb œiƒc: C X M `Iqv v Q, p n Rvsk bi m ylx Suv Ki ÿ Î wefe cv_ K, V = 0.8V Ges Zwor cöevn, I = 20m = ei Ki Z n e, MZxq iva, R =? vgiv Rvwb, MZxq iva, R = V I 0.8 ev, R = R = 40 (ns.)

3 a vq-10: mwgkûv±i I jkuªwb N ÒMÓ sk n Z m ylx Suv Ki ÿ Î MZxq iva, R = 40 GLb, wegylx Suv Ki ÿ Î, wefe cv_ K, V 1 = 10V Ges Zwor cöevn, I 1 = 20 = vgiv Rvwb, L vgiv Rvwb, p-â j nvj Ges n-â j gy³ jkuªb v Q mvgwmökfv e Zwor wbi cÿ n ji p-â ji nvj c~y Kivi Rb jkuªb MÖn Yi Ges n-â ji jkuªb Z v Mi cöeyzv i q Q Zv p I n-uvc a cwievnx mshy³ K i pn Rvskb ˆZwi Kiv n j n-âj _ K gy³ jkuªb p-â ji w` K avwez nq p I n-â ji ms hvm ji KvQvKvwQ s k jkuª bi v`vb cö`vb ewk nq d j G sk PvR MÖ Í nq wkš G s k Kv bv gy³ jkuªb ev nvj _v K bv Gfv e gy³ jkuªb I nvjnxb wbt kwlz Íi m wó nq M `Iqv v Q, MZxq iva, R 1 = V1 I 1 10 ev, R 1 = R 1 = 500 myzivs MvwYwZK we køl Yi gva g `Lv hv Q h wegylx Suv Ki ÿ Î pn Rvsk b MZxq iva ewk n e msmövnk cöevn, I c = 18m wbtmvik cöevn, = 20m cöevn jvf, =? vgiv Rvwb, = I C + I cökœ3 I IC = 18m ev, I = I C ev, I = 20m 18m RL input signal Ri IE = 20m output signal I = 2m cöevn jvf, = IC I = 18m 2m = 9 (ns.) N [ev `ievb K v Ub g U cvewjk zj I K jr] K. Rbvi wefe Kx? 1 L. Wv qv W wbt kwlz Íi Kxfv e m wó nq-e vl v Ki 2 M. DÏxc Ki ez bx byhvqx cöevn jvf KZ? 3 N. DÏxc Ki wpîwu Kxfv e weea K wn m e gv µv dv b KvR K i- e vl v Ki 4 3 bs cö kœi DËi K p-n Rvskb Wv qv W cðvrgylx evqvm µgk evov Z _vk j h we kl fv ë R Zwor cöevn nvvr Lye ewk e w cvq Zv K Rbvi wefe e j wp Î GKwU mvaviy wbtmvik weea Ki ez bx `Lv bv n q Q wbtmvik-cxv Rsk b GKwU `ye j ším vgx ms KZ cö`vb Kiv nq Ges msmövnk ez bx Z mshy³ iva R L _ K ewnm vgx ms KZ MÖnY Kiv nq fv jv weea b ev vgwcøwd Kkb cviqvi Rb ším vgx ez bx K me `v m ylx evqvm Kiv nq Ges Zv Kivi Rb ším vgx ez bx Z ším vgx ms K Zi wzwi³ GKwU ww.wm. fv ër V cö qvm Ki Z nq hv K evqvm fv ër e j

4 a vq-10: mwgkûv±i I jkuªwb m ylx SuvK `Iqvq ším vgx ez bx Z iva Lye Kg nq wbtmvikmsmövnk ez bx _ vr ewnm vgx ez bx Z V cc e vuvwii gva g wegylx SuvK cö`vb Kiv nq wbtmvik cxv Rsk b cöhy³ ms K Zi abvz K a P µi mgq Rsk bi m yl SuvK e w cvq d j wak cwigvy jkuªb wbtmvik _ K cxv-gi ga w` q msmövn K cöevwnz nq Ges msmövnk cöevn e w cvq G e o hviqv msmövnk cöevn (I c) fvi iva R L-G wak cwigvy wefe czb m wó K i _ vr ewnm vgx Z wak fv ër cviqv hvq ms K Zi FYvZ K a P µi Rb wbtmvik-cxv Rsk bi m ylx SuvK n«vm cvq d j msmövnk cöevni K g hvq msmövnk cöevn K g hviqvq ewnm vgx fv ëri n«vm cvq Z e Zv ším vgx _ K ewk nq Gfv e UªvbwR i Kvb `ye j ms KZ K vgwcødv ev weewa Z K i nq, G e vi MvwYwZK cökvk 1 Gfv e evbvwi msl v K e envi K i Lye mn R Kw úduv ii wewfbœ e v K cökvk Kiv hvq Zv, wnmve iÿvi ÿ Î Kw úduv i evbvwi msl v c wz e envi Kiv nq M (8D) 16 = D 16 0 = (141) 10 = ( ) 2 (123.46) 8 = = ( ) 10 cökœ4 GKRb wnmveiÿk wewfbœ ai bi c wz m ú K wzwb aviyv iv Lb wzwb wnmve wjl Z wm q Ggb GKwU msl v c wz e envi Ki jb h Zvi wnmve m ú K b K wkqy eysj bv Gfv e wzwb wnmve ivlvi we kl ÿ Î MvcbxqZv iÿv K ib wzwb Kv bv mgq Wwmgvj c wzi 77 bv j L 8D wjl jb [wm k ix Mvj m K jr, XvKv] K. msl v c wz Kx? 1 L. Kw úduvi wnmve iÿvi ÿ Î Kvb msl v c wz e envi K i Ges Kb? = = = = = 1.0 M. DÏxc K D jøwlz (8D) 16 msl vi mv _ (123.46) 8 msl vwu hvm K i hvmdj K evbvwi Z cökvk Ki 3 N. X-OR MU Kxfv e cviqv hvq? G `i jwrk ms KZ (mvs KwZK wpý) uvk 4 4 b ^i cö kœi DËi K wbw` ó K qkwu gšwjk ¼ e envi K i QvU eo mkj cökvi msl v K Dc vcb Ges G `i mkj cökvi MvwYwZK I hšw³k Kvh µg m úv`b Kivi c wz Z msl v c wz e j L Kw úduvi wnmve iÿvi ÿ Î evbvwi msl v c wz e envi K i KviY Kw úduvi ¼i mgvavb wøwgk c wz Z K i GQvovI evbvwi msl v Øviv Zwor Dcw wz I bycw wz cökvk Kiv hvq Kw úduv i Zwor bycw Z _vk j m e v K OFF, LOW, FLSE, NO Z vw` ejv nq; ZLb H e vi MvwYwZK cözxk n Q Ô0Õ Zwor Dcw Z _vk j ON, HIGH, TRUE, YES Z vw` ejv 0 1 (123.46) 8 = ( ) 10 (8D) 16 + (123.46) 8 = ( ) 2 = ( ) 2 + ( ) 2 = ( ) 2 (ns.) N Exclusive-OR (X-OR) MU Ggb GK ai bi MU hv Gi bcy U we Rvo msl v v Q wkbv wpwýz K i X-OR M Ui bcy U we Rvo msl K 1 n j vducyu 1 nq `ywu we Ui e v Zzjbv Kivi Rb G MU e envi Kiv nq X-OR M Ui eywjqvb mgxkiy n jv-

5 a vq-10: mwgkûv±i I jkuªwb X =, GLv b, Øviv X-OR wµqv evsv bv n q Q = + wb P XOR MU Gi ez bx wpî Ges mz K mviwy `Lv bv n jv : X = + X = mvgvb cwievnx nq ZvcgvÎv e w i mv _ mv _ GKwU wbw` ó ZvcgvÎv ch ší cwienb e v Û jkuªb msl v e w cvq Zv ZvcgvÎv e w Z a cwievnxi cwievwnzv e w cvq Ges iva n«vm cvq M `Iqv v Q, GLb, 1g UªvbwR i wbtmvik cöevn, = 1.1m cöevn weea K YK, = 0.96 awi, msmövnk cöevn wcv = I C ei Ki Z n e, cxvcöevn, I =? cökœ5 1.1 m 1g UªvbwR i = m 2q UªvbwR i 1.3 m vgiv Rvwb, weea K YK, = IC vevi, vgiv Rvwb, ev, I C = I C = m = I C + I [W. gvneyeyi ingvb gvjøv K jr, XvKv] K. UªvbwR i Kv K e j? 1 L. ZvcgvÎv e w i mv _ a cwievnxi cwievnkz e w cvq Kb? 2 M. DÏxc K D jøwlz 1g UªvbwR ii em cöevn KZ? 3 N. Kvb UªvbwR i cöevn weea bi Rb ewk Dc hvmx n e- MvwYwZKfv e we køly Ki? 4 5 b ^i cö kœi DËi K wzb cövšíwewkó h ÿz`ª a -cwievnx h š ewngy Lx cöevn, fv ër Ges ÿgzv šígy Lx cöevn Øviv wbqwš Z nq Zv K UªvbwR i e j L a cwievnx Z hvrb e vû c~y Ges cwienb e v Û Kv bv j±ªb _v K bv, wkš hvrb e vû I cwienb e v Ûi g a kw³ e eavb Lye Kg _v K mvaviy ZvcgvÎvq hvrb e v Ûi wkqy jkuªb hvrbx eüb f ½ cwienb e v Û P j hvq d j Giv N `Iqv v Q, vgiv Rvwb, ev, I = I C ev, I = I = 0.044m (ns.) 2q UªvbwR ii wbtmvik cöevn, = 1.5m 2q UªvbwR ii msmövnk cöevn, I C = 1.3m awi, 2q UªvbwR ii weea K YK = = IC ev, = = 0.87

6 a vq-10: mwgkûv±i I jkuªwb cö`ë DcvË we køl Yi gva g `Lv hv Q 2q UªvbwR ii cöevn weea K YK 0.87 hvnv 1g UªvbwR ii weea K YK 0.96 cÿv Kg myzivs cöevn weea bi Rb 1g UªvbwR iwu ewk Dc hvmx n e ei Ki Z n e, cöevn jvf, =? vgiv Rvwb, = I C + I cökœ6 n p n UªvbwR i K cö_ g mvaviy wbtmvik web v m ms hvm w` q wbtmik cöevn 1.8m cxv cöevn 0.1m cviqv Mj c i mvaviy f wg web v m ms hvm w` q wbtmvik cöevn Ges msmövnk cöevn Pvi Y Kiv n jv [cywjk jvb zj GÛ K jr, Kzwóqv] K. Wvwcs wk? 1 L. m yl evqv m we`ÿ r cöevn ev o Kb? 2 M. DÏxcK bymv i mvaviy wbtmvik web v m cöevn jvf wby q Ki 3 N. DÏxc Ki UªvbwR ii mvaviy f wg web v mi ÿ Î cöevn weea K Y Ki gvb cwiez b n e wkbv MvwYwZKfv e we køly Ki 4 6 b ^i cö kœi DËi K Zwor cwievwnzv e w i D Ï k PZz h vrx a cwievnxi g a cä hvrx ev wî hvrx c`v _ i cigvyy gkv bvi cöwµqv K Wvwcs e j L p-âj K GKwU e vuvwii abvz K cöv šíi mv _ Ges n- Âj K H e vuvixi FYvZ K cöv šíi mv _ hy³ Ki j Zwor cöevwnz n e Gi KviY n jv, e vuvixi abvz K cövší p Â ji nvj jv K wekl Y K i ms hv Mi w` K Ges FYvZ K cövší n Â ji jkuªb jv K wekl Y K i ms hv Mi w` K cvvv e G Z wefe cövpx ii c~iæz K g hvq d j, n-âj n Z jkuªb p-â j Ges p-âj n Z nvj n-â j cÿvk Z mn R cöevwnz nq G ÿ Î, ww cøkb GjvKvi cö K g hvq hzÿy ch ší ZworPvjK ej _vk e ZZÿY ch ší ez bx Z Zwor cöevn Pvjy _vk e ^vfvwekfv e e vuvwi Z hz ewk Zwor PvjK ej _vk e cöevngvîv ZZ ewk n e M `Iqv v Q, mvaviy wbtmvik web v mi, wbtmvik cöevn, = 1.8m cxv cöevn, I = 0.1m awi, msmövnk cöevn = I C GLb, cöevn jvf, ev, I C = I ev, I C = I C = 1.7 m = IC I ev, = 1.7m 0.1m = 17 (ns.) N GLb, web vm cwiez b K i, f wg web v mi ÿ Î, vgiv Rvwb, bzzb wbtmvik cöevn, = 4 1.8m = 7.2 m bzzb cxv cöevn, I = 4.1m =.4m awi, bzzb msmövnk cöevn = I C ei Ki Z n e cöevn jvf, =? = I C + I ev, I C = I ev, I C = I C = 6.8 m web vm cwiez bi c~ e, cöevn weea b Y Ki gvb, = I C = [ÔMÕ sk n Z]

7 a vq-10: mwgkûv±i I jkuªwb = 0.94 wbtmvik cöevn, = 25 m web vm cwiez bi ci, cöevn weea b Y Ki gvb, = I C = vgiv Rvwb, msmövnk cöevn, I C = 20 m ei Ki Z n e, f wg cöevn, I =? = I C + I = 0.94 Dc iv³ MvwYwZK we køl Yi gva g `Lv hv Q h mvaviy f wg web v mi ÿ Î cöevn weea b Y Ki gvb 0.94 hv wkbv mvaviy wbtmvik web v mi mgvb myzivs mvaviy f wg web v mi ÿ Î cöevn weea b Y Ki gv bi Kv bv cwiez b n e bv cökœ7 ivmv mvaviy f wg npn ez bx e envi K i GKwU wuwf ˆZwi Kij, hvi bcyu cöevn 25 m Ges vducyu cöevn 20m wuwfwu 12 volt wwwm Z Pjvi K_v _vk ji m Zvi evwoi 220 volt Gwm Z wuwfwu K mshy³ Kivq wuwfwu Pj Z vi Kij [j²xcyi mikvwi K jr] K. m ylx SuvK Kv K e j? 1 L. wbqwš Z wbdwk qvi wewµqvq wzwi³ kw³i cö qvrb nq bv Kb? 2 N `Iqv v Q, ev, I = I C ev, I = I = 5m (ns.) bcyu fv ër 220V Gwm ivmvi wuwf 12V DC Z P j myzivs, ivmv K GKwU cwvdb UªvÝdigvi e envi Ki Z n e 12V C cvevi Rb Ges ciez x Z Zv K GKwU c~y Zi½x GKgyLxKviK e envi Ki Z n e c~y Zi½ GK gylxkvik ˆZwi Kivi Rb Zv K `ywu Wv qvw e envi Ki Z n e ez bxwu wb œiƒc n e 220V 12V O + D2 D1 C Q RL P I t M. ez bxi f wg cöevn wby q Ki 3 N. h `yõwu Kvh µg bymiy Kivq ivmvi c ÿ evwo Z wuwf Pvjv bv m e n q Q Zv ez bx Gu K we køly Ki 4 7 b ^i cö kœi DËi K Zwor Dr mi abvz K I FYvZ K cövší K h_vµ g Rvsk bi P I n Â ji mv _ hy³ Kiv n j Rsk bi wefe cövpxi n«vm cvq Ges cöevn mnr nq e j G ai bi ms hvm K m ylx SuvK e j L wbqwš Z wbdwk qvi wewµqvq wzwi³ kw³i cö qvrb nq bv KviY GwU Ggb GKwU wbdwk q wefvrb cöwµqv hv GKevi ïiæ n j Zv ^Ztù Z fv e Pj Z _v K _ vr Zv K Pvjvevi R b b Kvb wzwi³ kw³i cö qvrb nqbv M `Iqv v Q, Gwm ším vgxi cö_g abvz K a P µi Rb cövší abvz K Ges cövší FYvZ K nq, d j Wv qvw D 1 m ylx SuvK cövß niqvq Gi ga w` q Zwor cöevwnz nq wkš D 2 Wv qvw wegylx SuvK cövß niqvq Gi ga w` q Zwor cöevwnz n Z cv i bv G ÿ Î OD 1PO c _ Zwor cöevwnz nq ším vgxi wøzxq a P µi Rb cövší FYvZ K Ges cövší abvz K nq d j Wv qvw D 2 m ylx SuvK cövß niqvq Gi ga w` q Zwor cöevwnz nq wkš D 1 wegylx SuvK cövß niqvq Gi ga w` q Kvb Zwor cöevwnz nq bv G ÿ Î OD 2PO c _ Zwor cöevwnz nq Dfq ÿ Î fvi R L-Gi ga w` q GK w` K Zwor cöevwnz nq _ vr fi R L-Gi ga w` q GKgyLx Zwor (D.C) cöevwnz nq cökœ8 I

8 a vq-10: mwgkûv±i I jkuªwb wpî n Z = I + I C = I + I C ev, I = I C wkš cöevn jvf, [kixqzcyi mikvwi K jr] K. UªvbwR vi Kv K e j? 1 L. npn I pnp UªvbwR ii g a KvbwU ewk e envi Dc hvmx? 2 M. DÏxcK n Z I Gi g a m úk vcb K i `LvI h, = 1. 3 N. DÏxcKwU Z I C, I I Gi g a Kvi gvb me P q Kg? MvwYwZKfv e we køly Ki hlv b = b ^i cö kœi DËi K wzb cövšíwewkó h ÿz`ª a -cwievnx h š ewngyl x cöevn, fv ër Ges ÿgzv šígy Lx cöevn Øviv wbqwš Z nq Zv K UªvbwR i e j L pnp Ges npn UªvbwR ii g a npn wak e envi Dc hvmx npn UªvbwR i G PvR evnk n Q jkuªb d j PNP Gi PvR evnk nvj Gi Zzjbvq GwU wak `ªæZ mvov cö`vb K i GRb npn UªvbwR i wak e envi Dc hvmx M DÏxc Ki ez bx Z mkj cöevn `wl q wb P uvkv n jv : 50 = IC I I C ev, = I C = = I C 1 IC céevn weeaæk àyk = IC N `Iqv v Q, vgiv Rvwb, = ( `Lv bv n jv) 1 = 10 = 1 1 V + 2V 4k R I IE IC RC Ve + 6V ev, 10 = 1 ev, = ev, + 10 = 10 ev, 11 =10 = 10 11

9 awi, I = I o GLb, a vq-10: mwgkûv±i I jkuªwb wpî wpî-2 vevi, myzivs, Ges = IC I ev, I C = I I C = 10I o = IC ev, = 10Io ev, 10 = 11 10I o = 11I o I C = 10I o = 11I o I = I o I o < 10I o < 11I o I < I C < myzivs, MvwYwZK we køly byhvqx, I Gigvb me P q Kg hv DÏxc K cö`ë I C Gi 1 10 sk Ges IE Gi 1 11 sk cökœ9 [weqvg g Wj zj GÛ K jr, e ov] K. KvqvK Kx? 1 L. pn Rvskb Wv qv Wvi ww cøkb jqvi PvR wbi cÿ Kb? 2 M. DÏxc Ki ez bxwu (wpî-1) h jwrk M Ui mgzzj Zvi wpî I mz K mviwy `vi 3 N. DÏxc K `Iqv mz K mviwyi jwrk M Ui vducy U GKU NOT MU hy³ Ki j Kvb jwrk MU ˆZwi n e wkbv wp Îi Ges mz K mviwyi mvnv h e vlv Ki 4 9 b ^i cö kœi DËi K KvqvK n jv c`v _ i gšwjk KYv I gšwjk cö qvrbxq Dcv`vb hv Øviv c`v_ MwVZ L GKwU p-uvc I GKwU n-uvc a -cwievnx K we kl e e vax b mshy³ Ki j ms hvm c ô K p-n Rvskb e j p-n Rvsk bi h cv k p-uvc Âj mlv b msl v iæ evnk nvj Ges h cv k n-uvc Âj mlv b jkuª bi vwak bk ewk hlb p-uvc Âj Ges p-uvc Âj hy³ nq ZLb n-â ji jkuªb jv p-â ji nvj Øviv vk ó n q e vcb wµqvi gva g Rvsk bi w` K Qy U hvq GKfv e p-â ji nvj jv n-â ji jkuªb Øviv vk ó n q e vc bi gva g ms hvm ji w` K Qy U hvq p-n Rvskb j jkuªb I nvj cigvyy wgwjz n q wbi cÿ n q hvq G Kvi Y p-n Rvskb Wv qv Wi ww cøkb jqvi mvgwmökfv e Zwor wbi cÿ M DÏxc Ki ez bxwu OR M Ui mgzzj, KviY wp Îi mgvšíivj myp ez bxi h Kv bv GKwU myp ÔbÕ Ki j evwzwu R j e OR M Ui wpî wb œiƒc : P Q R X = +

10 a vq-10: mwgkûv±i I jkuªwb OR M Ui mz K mviwy : wb Pi XOR MU Gi ez bx wpî Ges mz K mviwy `Lv bv n jv : X = P Q R = PQ wpî : NND M Ui mgzzj mvwk U X = PQ N DÏxc K `Iqv mz K mviwywu n jv ND M Ui mz K mviwy KviY ND M Ui mkj bcyu Ô1Õ n j KejgvÎ vducyu Ô1Õ n e b _vq vducyu '0' n e hv DÏxc Ki mz K mviwy Z i q Q NND M Ui mz K mviwy wb œiƒc : P Q R = PQ X = R = PQ ND M Ui wpî wb œiƒc P R = PQ Q ND M Ui vducy U GKU NOT hy³ Ki j NND MU cviqv hvq NND M Ui wpî wb P `Lv bv n jv : P X = PQ mz K mviwy n Z `Lv hvq h, NND M Ui mkj buzu '1' n j KejgvÎ vducyu '0' n e b _vq vducyu '1' n e hv ND M Ui m ú~y wecixz vm j ND M Ui vducy U Inverter wn m e NOT MU hy³ Kivq GgbwU n q Q myzivs, Dc iv³ wpî I mz K mviwy we køly byhvqx DÏxc K `Iqv mz K mviwyi jwrk M Ui vducy Ui mv _ GKwU NOT MU hy³ Kivq NND MU Drcbœ n e Q wpî : NND M Ui cözxk

- 1 - (1) (2) B 0.80 g /cm 3. C 1.33 g /cm 3. D 2.0 g /cm 3 (3)

- 1 - (1) (2) B 0.80 g /cm 3. C 1.33 g /cm 3. D 2.0 g /cm 3 (3) - 1 - (1) An astronaut has a mass of 80 kg on Earth. He can jump 10 cm high off the surface of the Earth. When he is on the Moon he can jump higher than this. This is because, on the Moon, (c w_ex Z GKRb