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Transcription

1 EDUCATION BRAC Research Report October 2008 cªv_wgk ii MwYZ wel q kªyxwfwëk hvm Zvi cöwzdjb: eª vk cöyxz cvv eb, wk K mnvwqkv I wklb DcKiY ch v jvpbv bvub P `ª `Ë widvz Avd ivr kl gv: i ûj Avgxb BRAC Centre, 75 Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh Tel: , (PABX), Fax: research@brac.net Web:

2 cöv_wgk ii MwYZ wel q kªyxwfwëk hvm Zvi cöwzdjb: eª vk cöyxz cvv eb, wk K mnvwqkv I wklb DcKiY ch v jvpbv bvub P `ª `Ë widvz Avd ivr kl gv: i ûj Avgxb A ±vei 2008 M elyv I g~j vqb wefvm eª vk m Uvi, 75 gnvlvjx XvKv 1212, evsjv `k B- gbj: research@brac.net, Uwj dvb: , d v : , For more details about the report please contact: notan.cd@brac.net, rifat.a@brac.net

3 welqe K ZÁZv ^xkvi 4 Abstract 5 mvi ms c 5 f~wgkv 6 cövwš K hvm Zv I kªyxwfwëk hvm Zv 7 MwYZ welq I G wel qi cövwš K I AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv 8 M elyvi cuf~wg 8 M elyvi D Ïk 10 Z_ I DcvË we k ly c wz 10 djvdj 11 cö_g kªyx 12 AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zvi web vm 12 eb q AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zvi ch v jvpbv 12 wøzxq kªyx 18 AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zvi web vm 18 eb q AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zvi ch v jvpbv 19 Z Zxq kªyx 26 AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zvi web vm 27 eb q AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zvi ch v jvpbv 27 PZz_ kªyx 35 AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zvi web vm 35 eb q AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zvi ch v jvpbv 36 câg kªyx 46 Av jvpbv, mycvwik I Dcmsnvi 46 2

4 mnvqk MÖš cäx 50 cwiwkó 51 cwiwkó 1: GbwmwUwe cöyxz 53wU cövwš K hvm Zv 51 cwiwkó 2: cwigvwr Z 50wU cövwš K hvm Zv 52 cwiwkó 3: GbwmwUwe cöyxz MwYZ wel qi 37wU cövwš K hvm Zv 53 cwiwkó 4: eª v Ki MwYZ wkwl eb Gi kªyxwfwëk welqm~wp 54 cwiwkó 5: eª vk cöyxz MwYZ eb, wk K mnvwqkv I wklb DcKi Y kªyxwfwëk AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zvi cöwzdj bi ZvwjKv 56 mviyxi ZvwjKv mviyx-1: eª v Ki kªyxwfwëk welqm~wpi ZvwjKv 11 wp Îi ZvwjKv wpî-1: cö_g kªyxi AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv web vm 12 wpî-2: wøzxq kªyxi AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv web vm 18 wpî-3: Z Zxq kªyxi AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv web vm 27 wpî-4: PZz_ kªyxi AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv web vm 35 3

5 K ZÁZv ^xkvi eª vk Avwd«Kv Kg m~wpi Dc-wbe vnx cwipvjk W. Bgivb gwzb Zuvi kz e Zvi gv SI Avgv `i G M elyvi Kv R bvbv w`kwb ` kbv w` q Qb mrb Avgiv Zv K K ZÁZv RvbvB M elyvi bvbv ch v q wewfbœ ai bi w`kwb ` kbv, Aby cöiyv I g~j evb Dc `k w` q M elyvwu mypvi fv e m úbœ Ki Z mn hvwmzvi Rb M elyv mgš^qkvix mgxi iäb bv_ K we klfv e ab ev` Rvbvw Q g~j cvûywjwc m úv`bv I ms kva bi Î we klfv e mn hvwmzv Kivq AvjZvgvm cvkv K ab ev` Ávcb KiwQ GQvov hviv G M elyv KvRwU mypvi iƒ c m úv` b we klfv e Ae`vb i L Qb Zv `i KI Avš wik ab ev` Rvbvw Q 4

6 Abstract This study aimed to unfold the reflection of class-wise attainable competencies in Mathematics textbooks, teachers guides and supplementary learning materials which were developed by BRAC. These textbooks, teachers guide and learning materials were reviewed for this study. In addition, the study was examined the consistency of instructions and the way of teaching approach would be in textbooks, teachers guides as well as supplimentary learning aids respectively. Moreover, language, graphics and illustration, error in spelling and printing, exercise and activities, group works and some other physical aspects like book size, paper, font, color, etc, were analysed. However, absences of some competencies were found in BRAC books which were covered supplementary materials. The study also exposed that there was lack of consistency and coherence in the case of reflected competencies. However, good reflection of some competencies was observed in some classes. The study recommended more attention required of reflecting the competencies in textbooks and gave comprehensive instruction in teachers guide which could help students to achieve competencies at the end of primary cycle. mvi ms c G M elyvq eª vk KZ K cökvwkz cöv_wgk kªyxi MwYZ cvv cy K, wk K mnvwqkvq I wklb mnvqk DcKiY Øviv kªyxwfwëk AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv Kxfv e ev KZUzKz cöwzdwjz n q Q Zv evsvi Póv Kiv n q Q G Rb cöwzwu kªyxi cvv eb, wk K mnvwqkv I mnvqk wk v DcKiY jv ch v jvpbv K i cöwzdjb Kxfv e, KZUzKz n q Q Zv evsvi mv _ mv _ eb q wb ` kbv I fvlvmz m½wz, bkkv I wp Îi h_v_ Zv, A i I is, cvv I Abykxjbxi h_v_ Zv, eb qi AvK wzi ˆewkómg~n hgb c ôv, AvKvi cöf wzi `Lv n q Q M elyvq eb q wkqz AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zvi Kvb cvv bb, h jv wk vi mnvqk DcKiY Øviv cöwzdwjz n q Q Avevi wkqz AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zvi h_vh_ cöwzdjb eb q cviqv M Q Z e wkqz Î hvm Zvi P qi ewk welqe eb qi cvvmg~ n Dc vwcz n q Q G M elyvq AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv K we kl i Z w` q ciez x Z cvv cȳ K ipbv Kivi mv _ mv _ wk K mnvwqkv ZI hv Z K i hvm Zvi cvv _v K Zvi Rb mycvwik Kiv n q Q 5

7 f~wgkv gvbe Rxe b wk vi vb me v MÖ wk v Øviv e w³ I mgvr Df qib Kj vy mvwaz nq (jwzd 2007) e w³mz Dbœq bi mv _ mv _ mvgvwrk, Avw_ K Ges ˆelwqK Dbœq bi wk vi f~wgkv Ab ^xkvh wk vg bvweávbx `i g Z, wkïi mnrvz cöeyzv I ˆewk ó i mylg I cwic~y wekvk KivB n Q wk vi j G j ev evq bi wbwg Ë, we k i wewfbœ v b AbywôZ wek m j b wk vi i Z Abyaveb K i bvbv KŠkj I bxwz MÖnY Kiv n q Q Gme m j bi cöavb j wqj mevi Rb cöv_wgk wk v wbwðzki Yi Rb wewfbœ ai bi cwikíbv MªnY Kiv GiB Ask wn m e 1990 mv j _vbj v Ûi RgwZ qb (Jomtien) G AbywôZ wek wk v m jb _ K 2000 mv ji g a c w_exi me ` k Ômevi Rb Õ wk v wbwðz Kivi Rb AvnŸvb Rvbv bv nq G AvnŸv b mvov w` q 1990 mv j evsjv `k mikvi Ômevi Rb Õ cöv_wgk wk v eva Zvg~jK Kivi D Ï k GKwU AvBb cöyqb K i Ges ciez x Z 1992 mv j Avjv`v cöv_wgk I MYwk v gš Yvjq MVb K i mikvwifv e A ezwbk cöv_wgk wk v e e v Pvjy Kiv nq AwaKš, MÖvgxY GjvKvq g q `i covïbv Aóg kªyx ch š A ezwbk NvlYv Kiv nq 6+ _ K 10 eq mi mkj Q j g q K cöv_wgk we` vj q covïbv Kiv bv D Ï k mikvi Ômevi Rb wk võ bv g RvZxq Kg cwikíbv MÖnY K i mk ji Rb wk v wbwðz Ki Z wemz `yõ`kk a i mikvwi, emikvwi I e w³ D ` M wkqz bzzb c` c MÖnY Kiv nq (bv_ 2001) MZ K qk `kk a i mikvwifv e e vck cwikíbv M nxz I ev evq bi mv _ mv _ we k i me P q eo GbwRI wn m e eª vki Dc-AvbyôvwbK wk v Kvh µg K we wz K i Q (bv_ 2000) G Kg cwikíbvi Ask wn m e mve Rbxb wk v cöpj b `wi`ª Rb Mvôxi wkï, wk kvi-wk kvix I eq jvk `i DcvbyôvwbK wk vi gva g wbi izv `~ixki Yi cö Póv biqv nq G DcvbyôvwbK wk v cöv_wgk i wk vi nvi evov Z Ges AvbyôvwbK wk vi m ú~ik I cwic~ik wn m e GKwU eo f~wgkv cvjb K i me i cöv_wgk wk v ev evq bi Rb nv Z biqv gnvcwikíbvi Aš fy ³ bvbv Kg KvÊmg~n Pj Z _vk ji cöwzk~j cwiw wzi Kvi Y 2000 mv ji g a eva Zvg~jK cöv_wgk wk vi g~jj cušqv bv m e nq wb evsjv `kmn c w_exi AwaKvsk `kb we` vjqmgb Dc hvmx mkj wkï K wk v `Iqvi j AR b Ki Z cv i wb dj ^iƒc, 2000 mv j cybivq Ômevi Rb wk võ wbwðz Kivi Rb m bmv ji ivravbx WvKv i AbywôZ wek wk v dviv g 2015 mv ji g a cöv_wgk wk v wbwðzki Yi D Ï k wewfbœ ai bi Kvh Ki c` c MÖnY Kiv nq G m j b wk vi YMZ gvb e w i cvkvcvwk AviI QqwU j K ( hgb: mv izv, MvwYwZK ` Zv I Rxeb` Zv hvpvb Kiv) i Z mnkv i Aš fy ³ Kiv nq we k Ávb-weÁv bi RMr cöwzwbqzb cwiewz Z nq Avi ZvB mg qi wewfbœ Pvwn`v K g b wb q Áv bi RM Z P j ms hvrb, we qvrb Ges cwigvr b GQvov, we k i ÁvbfvÊv ii g Zv wk vmswk ó Dcv`vb jv mg qi mv _ cwiez bkxj we kl K i weáv bi `ª Z DbœwZ, bzzb Áv bi D e Ges wbz bzzb cöhyw³i D ve b wk vcöwµqv cöwzwbqzb MwZkxj n Q wk vi DbœwZ mva bi Rb G MwZkxjZvi m ½ Zvj gjv bvuv Ri wi ZvQvov, wk vµg KI mg qi m ½ cwigvr b, cwiea b, g~j vqb Ges bevqb Ki Z nq Z`ycwi, GKwU wbw` ó ch v qi wk vmöny k l wk v_ x Kx Kx ÁvbvR b Ki e Ges G AR bi gva g e vwók I mgwókfv e Kx Kx Ki Z m g n e, m jvi i Z i mv _ wba viy Kiv cö qvrb mrb, 1992 mv j hvm Zv wfwëk wk vµg cöyqb Kiv nq ez gv b G wk vµg Abyhvqx cöyxz cvb-cvvb mvgmöx e eüz n q Avm Q cövwš K I kªyxwfwëk hvm Zv wk v gš Yvj qi Aaxb RvZxq wk vµg I cvv cȳ K evw ev GbwmwUwe (National Curriculum and Textbook Board-NCTB) cöv_wgk wk vi j Ges G msµvš wewfbœ bxwz wba viy K i _v K GbwmwUwe _ K wba vwiz cöv_wgk wk vi g~j j n Q evsjv ` ki wkïi ˆ`wnK, gvbwmk, mvgvwrk, Ava vwz K, ˆbwZK, gvbwek I bv `wbk wekvk mvab Kiv Ges Zv `i DbœZ Rxe bi ^cœ `k b DØy Kiv G D Ï k cöpwjz wk vµg K AviI kw³kvjx Ki Z cöv_wgk wk vq cwigvwr Z gvu 22wU j I D Ïk K wek`fv e mywb w`ó Kiv n q Q wk vµ gi i Z K Abyaveb K i GUv K wk v cöwµqvi Ôü`wcÊÕ e j wpwýz Kiv nq (Kvjvg 2000) Kbbv wk vµ gb wk v_ xi jlvcov, we` vj qi Kvh µg, wk v DcKiY, wk Y-wkLb cöyvjx cöf wz PvwjZ K i ciez x mg q 1988 mv j me cö_g 53wU cövwš K hvm Zv wba viy Kiv nq (we vwiz cwiwkó-1) D³ cövwš K hvm Zv jv K eävwgb e y gi gzev` Abyhvqx wzbwu Wv gbb ev Î fvm Kiv hvqñávbg~jk, 6

8 wek vm-g bvfveg~jk I ` Zv-Af vmg~jk Gi g a 13wU cövwš K hvm Zv Ávbg~jK, 6wU wek vm-g bvfveg~jk Ges 13wU ` Zv-Af vmg~jk evwk jv GKvwaK Wv gb bi mgwó (bv_ 2001) ciez x Z 2000 mv j cövwš K hvm Zv jv K cwigvr b K i 50wU Kiv nq, hw`i G jv Z g~j 53wU hvm Zv jv wewfbœfv e mwbœ ewkz i q Q (we vwiz cwiwkó-2) wk v_ xiv cuvp eqi gqv`x wk ve l i cöv_wgk wk v m úbœ Kivi ci G cövwš K hvm Zv jv AR b Ki Z m g n e e j Avkv Kiv hvq G 50wU cövwš K hvm Zv K AviI we k lyc~e K cöwzwu wel qi Pvwn`v Abymv i we vwizfv e welqwfwëk cövwš K hvm Zv wba viy Kiv nq welq Kw `ªK cövwš K hvm Zv jv K wfwë K i wel qi Pvwn`v gvwdk kªyx I welqwfwëk AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zvq fvm Kiv nq AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv jv kªyx Abyhvqx wbw` ók Z I úó mkj wk v_ x cöwzwu kªyx cvk Kivi ci me welq _ K Kx Kx welqe m ú K wkl e, Rvb e Ges m Abyhvqx KvR I cö qvm Ki Z cvi e, m jv AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zvq wbw` ó Kiv i q Q cöv_wgk ii wk vµg-kvvv gvi AvIZvfy³ gvu 12wU wel qi Rb kªyx I welqwfwëk AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv wba viy Kiv Av Q G hvm ZvMy jv K AveZ b K ib ez gv b evsjv ` ki cöv_wgk wk v i cwipvwjz n Q Ges cövwš K hvm Zv jv K K `ª K i wk vµg I wk vm úwk Z DcKiY, cvv cȳ K BZ vw` cöyqb Kiv n q Q GLv b D j L h, cöv_wgk wk v ii Rb cövwš K hvm Zv jv cöyxz n q Q 1988 mv j, wkš GB cövwš K hvm Zv Abymv i iwpz cvv cy K mikvwi I emikvwi wk vcöwzôvb jv Z Pvjy nq 1992 mvj _ K MwYZ welq Ges G wel qi cövwš K I AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv cöv_wgk wk v i wkïi gvbwmk Dbœq bi Rb me P q iƒz c~y mgq Ges Zvi mvgvwrkxkiy cöwµqvwui H mgq _ KB Rviv jvfv e ïi nq wk v MÖn Yi G cöwµqvwu gvz fvlvi gva g ïi nq Gi gva g wkï Lye mn R welqe i m ½ hvmv hvm vcb Ki Z cv i GQvov, gvz fvlvq wk vmön Yi gva g wkï wewfbœ welqe i m ½ cwiwpz Ges G fvlvq Zvi cökvk` ZvI evo Z _v K G Kvi Y, evsjv ` ki wkï `i evsjv fvlv klvi cöwz i Z v ivc Kiv nq GQvov AviI wkqz welq hgb: mgmvgwqk weávbwfwëk cöhyw³, Bs iwr fvlv klv, mvgvwrk cö vcu, ag xq welqvejx m ú K aviyv `Iqvi Rb weávb, Bs iwr, mgvr weávb, ag welqmg~n cöv_wgk wk v i ms hvrb Kiv n q Q wkï K MvwYwZK a vb-aviyv `Iqvi, hšw³k wpš v I mgm v mgvav bi hvm Zv AR b mnvqzv Kivi Rb cöv_wgk wk v i Ab vb wel qi cvkvcvwk MwYZ welq K i Z `Iqv nq cvup eqi gqv`x cöv_wgk wk v k l wkïiv h hvm Zv jv AR b Ki Z cv i e j Avkv Kiv hvq m jv K ejv nq cöv_wgk wk vi cövwš K hvm Zv GbwmwUwe KZ K cöyxz 50wU cövwš K hvm Zvi bqwu MwYZ wel qi cövwš K hvm Zv ciez x mg q cöv_wgk i ïaygvî MwY Zi Rb 37wU cövwš K hvm Zv wk v_ xi Rb wba vwiz n q Q (we vwiz cwiwkó-3) G cövwš K hvm Zvmg~n K kªyx Abyhvqx welqwfwëkfv e ^í cwim i wbw` ó Kiv n q Q hwu AR b Dc hvmx bv g cwiwpz wk v_ x KvbI cvv _ K h hvm Zv AR b Ki e, ZvB n jv AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv GbwmwUweÕi cöv_wgk ii cvv eb jv G AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv K wfwë K i iwpz n q Q Aciw` K, eª v Ki ÔMwYZ wkwlõ ebwu g~jz cövwš K hvm Zv jv K wfwë K ib iwpz n q Q Z e eª v Ki eb kªyx Abyhvqx AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv jv K wfbœfv e web K i iwpz n q Q D`vniY ^iƒc: cövwš K hvm Zv 1 h Kvb msl K e MYbv Ki Z cviv cö_g kªyx Z AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv 1.2 Abyhvqx wk v_ x 1 _ K 50 ch š ev e DcKiY MYbv Ki Z cvi e G Î eª v Ki cö_g kªyxi eb q 1 _ K 100 ch š msl v ev e DcKiY I msl v cözx Ki mvnv h aviyv `Iqv n q Q M elyvi cuf~wg wk v_ xi wklb h_vh_ n q Q Kx bv ev KZUzKz n q Q Zv hvpvb Ki Z kªyxk gšwlk ev wjwlz cvv g~j vqb, cökœcî e envi K i cix v biqv cöf wzi mv _ mv _ wbf i hvm (Reliable) I myhyw³c~y (Valid) Afx v DcKiY e envi Kiv h Z cv i wk v_ xi Ávb I ` Zv cwigv ci G cö Póvq Afx vi Rb cökœcî ˆZwi I evqvb Kivi cöwµqvwu AwaK g bv hvm `vwe K i evsjv ` ki cöv_wgk ii wk v_ xi gšwjk wk vi i cwigv ci Rb eª vk BDwb m di mnvqzvq GKwU cwigvck ˆZwi K i hv Assessment of Basic Competencies ev ABC bv g cwiwpz (bv_ 2000) ciez x Z GWy Kkb IqvP M elyvq 2000 mv j 7

9 cöv_wgk wk v mgvßk Z wkï `i wba vwiz wklb dj KvMR- cwýj wbf i Afx v-dckiy e envi K i hvpvb Kiv nq eª v Ki M elyv I g~j vqb wefvm cöwz eqib GWy Kkb IqvP KZ K e eüz Afx v DcKiY w` q eª vk cöv_wgk we` vjq _ K câg kªyx mgvß Kiv wk v_ x `i g~j vqb K i _v K Afx v DcKiY e envi K i cövß djvdj n Z wk v_ x `i cvi`wk Zvi GKwU mvaviy wpî cviqv hvq cövß djvdj n Z aviyv cviqv hvq h, mikvwi we` vj qi Zzjbvq eª vk we` vj qi wk v_ xiv Zzjbvg~jK fvj djvdj K i Q Ab w` K 2.2 kzvsk eª vk cöv_wgk we` vj qi wk v_ xiv 27wU cövwš K hvm Zvi me jv AR b Ki Z c i Q, hlv b mikvwi we` vj qi Î GB nvi 0.9 kzvsk (bv_ 2006) wkqz wel q, hgb Bs iwr I mvaviy weáv b, eª vk we` vj qi g qiv Zv `i we` vj q Q j `i Zzjbvq fvj K i Q (bv_ 2007) eª vk Avw`evmx wkïivi D j L hvm nv i cövwš K hvm Zv AR b K i Q (bv_ 2008) h nzz Afx v DcKi Y cöwzwu cövwš K hvm Zvi Rb me vwak `yb _ K wzbwu cökœ ivlv n q Q, m nzz G ^í-msl K cö kœi gva g wk v_ x `i AR b hvm Zvi cvi`wk Zv Mfxifv e we k ly Kiv KwVb GQvov, GwU Øviv KejgvÎ câg kªyx mgvßkvix wk v_ x `i g~j vqb Kiv nq Ges me wel qi hvm ZvwfwËK cökœ w` q Afx vwu biqv nq e j Kvb GKwU wel q hvm Zv mg~ ni KZUzKy AR b Ki Z c i Q m m ú K mwvk Rvbv m e bq hme wk v_ xiv wbe vwpz 27wU hvm Zvi me jv AR b Ki Z cv i bv, Zv `i c~e ez x kªyxi Kvb Kvb hvm Zvi NvUwZ i q h Z cv i I D³ Afx v n Z G NvUwZi i m ú K Rvbv hvq bv myzivs, G welq jv we vwizfv e Rvbvi Rb bzzb M elyvi cö qvrb G cwi cöw Z welqwfwëk cö_g kªyx _ K câg kªyx ch š kªyxwfwëk AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv jv K K `ª K i GKwU bzzb Afx v cökœcî ˆZwi Kiv nq we kl K i MwYZ wel q G Afx vcî ˆZwi Ki Z wm q GbwmwUweÕi cvv cȳ Ki mv _ mv _ eª vk eb, wk K mnvwqkvi mv _ mv _ wklb DcKiY jvi ch v jvpbv Kiv n q Q G `yõai bi eb I wklb DcKiYmg~n ch v jvpbv Ki Z wm q h AwfÁZv AwR Z n q Q mwui Av jv K GbwmwUwe Ges eª vk eb, wk K mnvwqkv I wklb DcKiY jv Z hvm Zvi cöwzdjb Kxfv e n q Q mwui Av jv K cöwz e`b ˆZwi Kiv n q Q G M elyv cöwz e`bwu Z ïaygvî eª vk wk vµ g (cvv cȳ K, wk v mnvwqkv I wklb mnvqk DcKiY) AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zvi cöwzdj bi ^iƒc Zz j aiv n q Q M elyvi D Ïk GB M elyvi D Ïk n Q, cöv_wgk i MwYZ wel qi Rb wba vwiz kªyxwfwëk hvm Zv jv eª vk _ K cökvwkz MwY Zi cvv cȳ K, wk K mnvwqkv Ges mnvqk DcKiY mvnv h K ZvUzKz cöwzdwjz n q Q, Zv we k ly Kiv Z_ I DcvË we k l Yi c wz cöv_wgk ii wk v_ xiv cövwš K hvm Zv jv AR b Ki Z m g n Q wkbv Zv Rvbvi D Ï k eª v Ki M elyv I g~j vqb wefvm cöwzwbqzb M elyv K i _v K hvm Zv jv AwR Z n q Q wkbv Zv wepvi Kivi gvckvwv wn m e wkqz Afx v DcKiY e eüz nq cöwzwu hvm Zv K K `ª K ib GB Afx v DcKiY jv ˆZwi Kiv nq Afx v-dckiy jv ˆZwi Kivi Rb cvv cy K Ges wk K mnvwqkv we k ly Kiv n q Q we k ly cöwµqv PjvKvjxb mg q h AwfÁZv n q Q Zvi Av jv K G M elyvwu Kiv n q Q ez gvb cvv µ gi Rb eª vk _ K cökvwkz cö_g _ K PZz_ kªyx ch š cvv cȳ K. wk K mnvwqkv I mnvqk DcKiY jv ch v jvpbv Kiv n q Q GLv b D j L h, wk v cö`v b mnvqk DcKiY wn m e ek wkqz wklb DcKiY (Learning Materials) eª vk z j e eüz n q _v K m jv n jv: msl vi KvW I PvU, bvgzvi PvU, KvwV, j, Pvù v, K v jûvi, Nwo (KvM Ri), wdzv, evulviv, wewp, Zj gvcwb wkw K mnwqkvq Kvb DcKiY Kvb cv V e eüz n e Ges Kxfv e e eüz n e mm úwk Z wb `kbv D j L Kiv n q Q G M elyvq WKz g U-we k ly c wzi mvnv h Kvb& Kvb& kªyxwfwëk welq Dc hvmx hvm Zv eb jv Z cöwzdwjz n q Q Ges Kvb&wU Kvb&wU nq wb, Zv ch v jvpbv Kiv n q Q GKB mv _, wk K-mnvwqKv Z Kx Kx wb ` kbv i q Q, m jvi ch v jvpbv Kiv n q Q AwaKš, wewfbœ& mnvqk DcKiY jv kªyxk wkiƒ c e envi Kivi wb ` kbv `Iqv n q Q, m jvi we k ly Kiv n q Q hvm Zv jv KZUzKz cöwzdwjz n q Q Zv PviwU fv M wef³ K i `Lv n q Q; fvm jv n jv Ôh_vh_ cöwzdjbõ, ÔAvswkK cöwzdjbõ, ÔcÖwZdjb nqwbõ Ges Ô ewk n q QÕ eª vk eb, wk K mnvwqkv I mnvqk DcKiY jvi gva g hme AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zvi Aš fy ³ welqe Kgc GKwU D`vniY, Abykxjbxi Ges wb ` kbv Øviv we k ly ev PP v Kivi my hvm i q Q Zv h_vh_ cöwzdwjz n q Q 8

10 e j a i biqv n q Q cybe vi, hme AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zvi we vi D`vniY I Abykxjbx Z m ú~y iƒ c nq wb A_ vr wkqz Ask eb q ev wklb DcKi Y Abycw Z, mme hvm Zv jv AvswkK cöwzdwjz n q Q e j a i biqv n q Q G Î D j L h, wkqz hvm Zvi mvnv h wk v_x `i MwY Zi e envwik w`kwui aviyv `Iqv n q Q D³ hvm Zv jv wk v DcKi Yi mvnvh e ZxZ cy ivcywi e vl v Kiv m eci bq G hvm Zv jv eb q AvswkK cöwzdwjz n q Q e j a i biqv n q Q D`vniY ^iƒc AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv ˆ`bw `b Rxe b ev e DcKiY bvovpvov Ki e Ges msl v MYbvi aviyv jvf Ki e-g hvm ZvwUi cö_g Ask eb q cöwzdwjz Kiv m eci bq GQvov, hme hvm Zv jv eb, wk K mnvwqkv I mnvqk DcKiY jvi gva g G Kev ib cöwzdwjz nq wb, Zv cöwzdwjz nq wb e j we ewpz n q Q Z`ycwi, hvm Zvi Aš M Z welqe i P q eb q ewk we vi n q _vk j ewk cöwzdwjz n q Q e j a i biqv n q Q djvdj eª vk wk v Kg m~wp _ K cökvwkz eª vk we` vj qi cö_g _ K PZz_ kªyxi wk v_ x `i wba vwiz cvv cȳ K n Q 4wU, hvi wk ivbvg ÔMwYZ wkwlõ eb jv wmwi Ri gva g cökvwkz n q Q eª vk we` vj qi câg kªyxi wk v_ x `i Rb GbwmwUwe _ K cökvwkz câg kªyxi cvv cȳ KwU wba vwiz eª v Ki Pvi kªyxi eb ÔMwYZ wkwlõ wk ivbv g ÔcÖ_g fvmõ, ÔwØZxq fvmõ, ÔZ Zxq fvmõ, ÔPZz_ fvmõ bvg `Iqv n q Q GKR bi wb ` kbvq wzb Rb m úv` Ki hš_ m ^š^ q eª v Ki PviwU kªyxi eb ipbv Kiv n q Q eª v Ki cö_g, wøzxq, Z Zxq, PZz_ kªyxi eb q c ôv msl v h_vµ g 96, 116, 116 I 146wU eª vk eb ipbvi Î ewk iz `Iqv n q Q cybiv jvpbv ev c~e cv Vi Av jvpbv K bzzb Kvb wel qi Dci cvv ïi i c~ e H wel qi Dci Kvb cvv `Iqv n j Zv Av jvpbv Kivi ci bzzb wel q cvv`vb cöwµqv ïi Kivi wb ` k wk K mnvwqkvq `Iqv Av Q GLv b D j L Kiv cö qvrb h, GbwmwUweÕi KZ K wba vwiz cövwš K hvm Zvmg~n cöwzwu kªyx Z 14wU, 18wU, 20wU, 27wU, 25wU Ges AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv 31wU, 43wU, 55wU, 68wU, 61wU h_vµ g cö_g, wøzxq, Z Zxq, PZz_ I câg kªyx Z mwbœ ewkz n q Q cöv_wgk ii wk vµ g MwYZ wel qi AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv mywbw` ó Kiv n q Q gvu 258wU eª vk Zvi wbr ^ ÔMwYZ wkwlõ eb qi Rb GbwmwUweÕi kªyx ci úivq Avek Kxq wklbµg K AbymiY bv K i wb R `i g Zv Ô kªyxwfwëk welqm~wpõ wba viy K i Q G Î cövwš K hvm Zv K aviyv (concepts) wn m e Avi AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv K Dcv`vb (components) e j fvm Kiv n q Q (we vwiz cwiwkó 4) wb P eª v Ki MwYZ wkwl eb q kªyx Kw `ªK h msl K aviyv Ges Dcv`vb wba viy Kiv n q Q Zv `Iqv n jv: mviyx-1 eª v Ki kªyxwfwëk welqm~wpi ZvwjKv aib cö_g kªyx wøzxq kªyx Z Zxq kªyx PZz_ kªyx câg kªyx aviyv (concepts) Dcv`vb (components) eª v Ki kªyxwfwëk welqm~wp web Ki Y `Lv hvq aviyv (concepts) I Dcv`vb (component) jv kªyx Abyhvqx msl v e w cv Q eª v Ki welqm~wp kªyxwfwëk aviyv I Dcv`vb jv mypviƒfv e mw¾z Av Q cö_g kªyx MwYZ wel q 37wU cövwš K hvm Zvi g a 14wUi cöviw K aviyv K wewfbœ fv e wef³ K i 31wU AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv cö_g kªyxi Rb wba viy Kiv n q Q eª v Ki cö_g kªyxi ÔMwYZ wkwlõ eb q mvz Aa v q welqe jv K kªyxwfwëk welqm~wp Abymv i web Kiv n q Q eb q MvwYwZK ` Zvi cvup cökv ii aviyv (concept) Ges 12 cökv ii welqe (component) cöwzdwjz n q Q hv H kªyxi Rb wba vwiz 31wU AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv K AvswkK ev m ú~y fv e cöwzdwjz K i Q welq jv n jv msl vi aviyv (wjl Z cviv, 9

11 Rvo-we Rvo wby q, K_vq jlv, QvU-eo wby q, QvU-eo Abyµ gi aviyv, µgevpk msl v, vbxq gvb), hvmwe qvm, gỳ ªv cwiwpwz, Zzjbv I cwigvc Ges R vwgwzk AvKv ii aviyv AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zvi web vm cö_g kªyx Z 31wU AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv jv eb q D`vniY, Abykxjbx Avi wk K mnvwqkv Ges wklb DcKi Y KZUzKz cöwzdwjz n q Q Zv we epbv K i hvm Zv jv K PviwU fv M wef³ K i `Lv n q Q gvu 31wU AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zvi 13wU eª vk eb q D`vniY, Abykxjbx I DcKi Yi gva g h_vh_ cöwzdwjz n q Q (wpî-1) AvswkK cöwzdj bi Î QqwU hvm Zv eª vk eb qi Aš fy ³ wqj GQvov, eb q GKwUgvÎ hvm Zvi cöwzdjb cviqv hvq wb Z e, we v ii P q ewk cöwzdj bi Î Aš Z 11wU hvm Zv eb q cviqv wm q Q (we vwiz cwiwkó 5) wpî-1: cö_g kªyxi AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zvi web vm eb q AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zvi ch v jvpbv cövwš K hvm Zv - 1. h Kvb msl K e MYbv 6 h_vh_ AvswkK nq wb ewk n q Q Ki Z cviv AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv ˆ`bw `b Rxe b ev e DcKiY bvovpvov Ki e Ges msl v MYbvi aviyv jvf Ki e AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv _ K 50 ch š ev e DcKiY MYbv Ki Z cvi e AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv e Rvovq Rvovq mvrv Z cvi e AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv _ K 50 ch š ev e DcKiY ` ki evwûj K i MYbv Ki Z cvi e MwYZ wel qi cö_g cövwš K hvm ZvwU Z e i MYbvi aviyv `Iqv n q Q eª vk _ K cökvwkz cö_g kªyxi ÔMwYZ wkwlõ eb q AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv 1.1-G m úwk Z Kvb D`vniY ev Abykxjbx bb, Z e wk K mnvwqkvq ev W wewfbœ ev e DcKi Yi Qwe Gu K Ges kªyx Z wkqz DcKi Yi e envi K i msl v MYbvi aviyv `evi wb ` kbv `Iqv Av Q hvm ZvwUi c ii Ask MYbvi aviyv eª vk cökvwkz eb q wewfbœ DcKi Yi Qwe w` q aviyv `Iqv n q Q KvwV, cwýj, cvzv, eb DcKiY w` q MYbvi aviyv `Iqv nq eª vk cöyxz eb q ev e DcKiY MYbv Kivi mv _ mv _ msl v cözxk jlvi Abykxjb Kivi Rb wb ` k `Iqv n q Q GbwmwUweÕi wklbµg Abymv i cö_g kªyx Z 1 _ K 50 ch š MYbv Ki Z cvivi hvm Zvi D j L _vk ji eª v Ki eb Z cö_g kªyx Z kªyxwfwëk welqm~wp Abyhvqx eb q 1 _ K 100 ch š msl vi aviyv ev e DcKiY I msl v cözx Ki mvnv h `Iqv n q Q AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv 1.3 eª vk eb q hvm ZvwU me kl Aa v q Dc vwcz n q Q AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv 1.4-Gi cöwzdjb eb q Qwei gva g D`vniY I Abykxjbx Z h_vh_fv e `Iqv n q Q eª vk cöyxz eb q wk v_ xiv h_vixwz 100 ch š ev e DcKiY ` ki evwû ji mvnv h MYbv Ki Z wkl Q eª v Ki wk K mnvwqkvq KvwV e envi K i wk v_ x `i ` ki evwûj K i MYbv Ki Z klv bvi wb ` k `Iqv Av Q eª v Ki wk K wb ` wkkvq ev e DcKiY I wp Îi gva g msl v MYbv Kivi cvv wk K K cwipvjbv Ki Z ejv n q Q cövwš K hvm Zv - 2. KvwU ch msl v MYbv Ki Z cviv AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv _ K 50 ch š msl v MYbv Ki Z cvi e AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv _ K 50 ch š e i `jmz aviyv K msl v Øviv cökvk Ki Z cvi e AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv _ K 50 ch š msl v ` ki mvnv h MYbv Ki Z cvi e ( hgb, 14 n e 1 `k 4 BZ vw`) cö_g kªyx Z AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv 1.1 G hz msl K e MYbv Kivi hvm Zv AR b Kivi K_v ejv n q Q, mfv eb ZZ msl v ch š MYbv Ki Z cvi e e j (AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv 2.1 G) aviyv Kiv n q Q eb q 1 _ K 100 ch š msl v MYbv Kivi cvv ivlv n q Q G cövwš K hvm Zvi wøzxq AR b Dc hvmx hvm ZvwU K wfwë K i cv Vi we wz 100 ch š ivlv n q Q DcKiY iƒ c KvW Avi PvU I e envi Kiv nq AR b Dc hvmx 1 10

12 hvm Zv 2.3 Gi cöwzdjb wp Îi gva g `Iqv n q Q wk K wb ` wkkvq Kx fv e cvvwu cwipjbv Ki Z n e Zv ewy Z n q Q cövwš K hvm Zv _ K 9 ch š msl v cözxk jv wpb Z cviv AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv _ K 9 ch š msl v cözxk jv wpb Z cvi e Ges G `i cö Z KwU K Zv `i bvg Abyhvqx kbv³ Ki Z cvi e AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv k~ b i aviyv jvf Ki e G cövwš K hvm ZvwU ïaygvî cö_g kªyxi Rb wbe vpb Kiv n q Q cö_g AR b Dc hvmx hvm ZvwU Z 1 _ K 9 ch š msl v cözxk jv wpb Z cvi e Ges G `i cö Z KwU K Zv `i bvg Abyhvqx kbv³ Ki Z cvivi welqwu eª v Ki eb q Qwe ` L msl v c o jlvi Abykxjbx Kivi gva g cöwzdwjz n q Q eª v Ki eb Z wk v_ xi k~ b i aviyv `evi Rb GKwU Abykxjbx i q Q, wkš `kwfwëk msl vgvjvq Gi Ae vb mȳ úó bq wk K mnvwqkvq k~ b i aviyv `evi Rb cö_ g ev e DcKiY e envi K i I c i ev W Qwe G uk evsv bvi wb ` k `Iqv n q Q cövwš K hvm Zv - 4. KvwU ch š msl v co Z cviv AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv _ K 50 ch š msl v co Z cvi e eª v Ki eb q msl v MYbv, cözxk Pbv, msl v cov I jlvi cvv jv ch vqµ g GKB D`vniY I Abykxjbxi gva g Dc vwcz n q Q eª v Ki eb Z 1 _ K 100 ch š msl v covi cöwµqvi cö_ g MYbvi aviyv `evi c ii As k cöwzdwjz n q Q wk K mnvwqkvq wk v_ x `i msl vi MYbv, cözxk Pbv, msl v cov I jlvi cvv jv ch vqµ g wp Îi mvnv h evsv bvi wb ` k `Iqv n q Q Ges PvU I KvW DcKiY e env ii wb ` k Av Q cövwš K hvm Zv - 5. KvwU ch š msl v wjl Z cviv AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv _ K 50 ch š msl v A ¼ wjl Z cvi e AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv _ K 20 ch š msl v K_vq wjl Z cvi e eb q 1 _ K 100 ch š msl v As K jlvi Rb cvv i q Q ciez x AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv 5.2-G 1 _ K 20 ch š K_vq wjl Z cvi e, G Î eª vk eb q h _ó D`vniY I Abykxjbx i q Q cöv_wgk ii evsjv wel qi hvm Zvq cö_g kªyx Z 1 _ K 50 ch š msl v K_vq jlvi hvm Zv AR bi wb ` kbv `Iqv n q Q eª v Ki wk K mnvwqkvq msl vi cvkvcvwk wk v_ x K As K wjlv bvi wb ` k `Iqv n q Q cövwš K hvm Zv - 8. KvwU ch š msl vi Zzjbv Ki Z I gv bi µgvbymv i mvrv Z cviv AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv Kg ewk ej Z cvi e AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv _ K 20 ch š msl v jvi g a h Kvb `ybwu msl v Zzjbv K i eo QvU ej Z cvi e AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv _ K 50 ch š msl v jvi g a Rvo we Rvo msl v jv kbv³ Ki Z cvi e AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv _ K 20 ch š msl vi Abyµ gi aviyv jvf Ki e Ges eo _ K QvU I QvU _ K eo Abyµ g msl v jv mvrv Z cvi e eª vk eb q Kg- ewki aviyv Qwei gva g `Iqv n q Q AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv 8.2-Gi cöwzdjb cö_ g Qwe Ges c i msl v e env ii gva g `Iqv n q Q G Î Aek 1 _ K 100 ch š msl v jvi g a Zzjbvi aviyvwu cöwzdwjz n q Q Z e, eb q Rvo I we Rv oi aviyv hvm-we qvm I bvgzv cv Vi ci G m Q eb q 20 ch š msl v D`vni Yi gva g ey bv Kiv n q Q Abykxjbx Z Aek 1 _ K 100 ch š msl v jvi g a Kvb&wU Rvo Ges Kvb&wU we Rvo Zv wby q Ki Z ejv n q Q eª vk eb q Abyµ gi aviyv 1 _ K 100 ch š msl v Øviv `Iqv n q Q wk K mnvwqkvq wk K `i KiYxq wel q ejv n q Q, wk K cö_ g Dcw Z wk v_x `i Rvovq Rvovq mvrv eb, c i ev W wewfbœ wpî Gu K Rvo bv we Rvo Zv wba viy K i `Lv eb c i e MYbv K i Zv msl vq wj L Rvo ev we Rvo msl vi aviyv wk v_x K w` Z n e cövwš K hvm Zv - 9. wek ch š µgevpk msl v co Z, wjl Z I e envi Ki Z cviv 11

13 AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv g _ K 10g ch š µgevpk msl v jv co Z, wjl Z I e envi Ki Z cvi e eª vk eb q 1g _ K 5g µgevpk msl v ch š aviyv `Iqv Av Q, c i GKwU gvî Abykxjbx w` q µgevpk msl v cov I wjlvi cªwµqviwu Zz j aiv n q Q eª v Ki wøzxq kªyxi eb q 1g _ K 10g ch š µgevpk msl vi aviyv `Iqv n q Q wk K mnvwqkvq GB cvvwu ev W Qwe Gu K wk v_ x `i cvkvcvwk Abykxjb Kiv Z wb ` kbv `Iqv i q Q cövwš K hvm Zv `yb ev Z ZvwaK msl vi hvm Ki Z cviv (nv Z i L I bv i L) AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv Ab~aŸ 10wU K i DcKiY GKÎ K i hv Mi aviyv jvf Ki e Ges Gi _ K hvm Kivi wbqg wkl e AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv nv Z bv i L `ybwu msl v hvm Ki Z cvi e ( hvmdj Ab~aŸ 50) AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv k~b hvm Ki Z cvi e AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv msl v wewbgq K i hvm Ki Z cvi e cö_g kªyxi Rb wba vwiz eª vk eb q h nzy 100 ch š msl vi aviyv `Iqv n q Q, mrb hvmdj Ab~aŸ 99 ch š n Z cv i k~b hvm Ki Z cvi e G hvm ZvwU eª vk cöyxz eb q D`vniY I Abykxjbxi gva g cöwzdwjz n q Q msl v wewbgq K i hv Mi aviyvwu Dc vc bi Rb cvv cȳ Ki mv _ mv _ wk K mnvwqkvq wkq~ wb ` k i q Q GQvov, eb q hv Mi aviyv `evi cvkvcvwk hv Mi bvgzv I gy L gy L hv Mi KŠk ji aviyv `Iqv n q Q hwu cövwš K hvm Zvq Abycw Z wk K mnvwqkvq cö_ g wk v_ x `i hv Mi aviyvwu Mí e j D`vniY w` q eyws q `Iqvi wb ` k `Iqv n q Q c i ev W KvwVi Qwe Gu K hv Mi aviyv `evi wb ` k `Iqv n q Q cövwš K hvm Zv GKwU msl v n Z Av ikwu msl v we qvm Ki Z cviv (nv Z bv i L I i L) AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv ch š DcKiY c _K K i ev ev` w` q we qv Mi aviyv jvf Ki e Ges we qvm Kivi wbqg wkl e AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv Ab~aŸ 50 ch š GKwU msl v _ K Avi GKwU msl v we qvm Ki Z cvi e (nv Z bv i L) AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv k~b we qvm Ki Z cvi e eª vk eb qi cö_g kªyx Z DcKi Yi mvnv h we qv Mi aviyvi cvv Dc vwcz n q Q ciez x AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv A_ vr GKwU msl v _ K Av ikwu msl v we qv Mi aviyv eb qi mv _ mv _ KvwV e envi Kivi wb ` k mnvwqkvq `Iqv Av Q 100 ch š msl vi aviyv `evi Kvi Y we qvmdj Ab~aŸ 99 ch š n Z cv i k~b we qvm Ki Z cvivi hvm ZvwU eª vk eb q cöwzdwjz n q Q eª vk Gi PZz_ kªyxi eb qi G hvm Zvi cöwzdjb cviqv M Q eb q we qv Mi aviyv `evi cvkvcvwk we qv Mi bvgzv I gy L gy L we qv Mi KŠk ji aviyv `Iqv n q Q, hwu cövwš K hvm Zvq Abycw Z wk K mnvwqkvq cö_ g wk v_ x `i we qv Mi aviyvwu Mí e j D`vniY w` q eyws q `evi wb ` k `Iqv n q Q c i DcKi Yi (KvwV) gva g we qv Mi aviyv `evi K_v ejv n q Q cövwš K hvm Zv hvm I we qvm cöwµqv e envi K i mgm vi mgvavb Ki Z cviv AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv hvm I we qvm cöwµqv e envi K i mnr mgm vi mgvavb Ki Z cvi e (Ab~aŸ 50 ch š msl v e envi Ki e Ges djvdj n e Ab~aŸ 50) AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv 12.1-G D j L Kiv n q Q hvm I we qvm cöwµqv e envi K i mnr mgm vi mgvavb Ki Z n e eb q hvm ev we qvm cöwµqv c _K c _K e envi K i mgm v mgvav bi D`vniY I Abykxjbx i q Q eb q cö_ g GK wmwir Qwe (5wU) w` q hvm Ges we qv Mi aviyv cöwzwôz Kivi ci Abykxjbx Z ( ewki fvmb mwpî) ek wkqy A¼ Ki Z `Iqv n q Q wk K mnvwqkvq mgm vi mgvav bi Rb M íi g Zv K i cov bvi wb ` k `Iqv Av Q cövwš K hvm Zv evsjv `kx gỳ ªv I UvKv wpb Z Ges ˆ`bw `b jb ` b e envi Ki Z cviv AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv evsjv `kx gỳ ªv Ges 50 UvKv ch š cöpwjz KvM Ri bvu wpb Z cvi e 12

14 eª vk cöyxz eb q 1, 5 I 10 cqmvi gỳ ªv m ú K Kvb aviyv `Iqv nq wb hw`i AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zvq D j L Av Q ÔcÖPwjZÕ gỳ ªv I KvM Ri bvu m ú K aviyv jvf Ki e Aek ez gvb cö vc U 1, 5 I 10 cqmvi gỳ ªvi cöpjb `Lv hvqbv, mrb nq Zv eª vk eb q mwu Dc vwcz nq wb eb q 100 UvKvi KvM Ri bvu m ú K aviyv `Iqv n q Q hv G kªyxi Rb wba vwiz bq `yb UvKvi gỳ ªv evrv i cöpwjz _vk ji eb q Zvi D j L bb UvKvi Qwe jv cöpwjz UvKvi is G Qvcv bv n j cvvwu wk v _xi AviI ewk g bv hvm AvKl Y Ki e e j aviyv Kiv hvq eª v Ki wk K mnvwqkvq wk K K G cvvwu cov bvi Rb kªyx Z wkqy UvKv I cöpwjz gỳ ªv G b wk v_x `i UvKv I gỳ ªv Pbv bvi wb ` kbv `Iqv n q Q cövwš K hvm Zv ˆ`N, IRb, AvqZb I f~wg cwigv ci wewfbœ GKK Rvbv I e envi Ki Z cviv AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv `~iz, IRb, AvKvi I D PZv Gm ei Zzjbv K i- AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv (K) `~ i-kv Q, (L) fvwi-nvjkv, (M) gvuv-wpkb, (N) eo- QvU I (O) j ^v- LvU ej Z cvi e eª v Ki eb q `ywu e i AvKv ii Zzjbv K i fvwi-nvjkvi Avi gvuv-wpkb aviyv `Iqv Qvov Ab jvi Zzjbvi cöwzdjb N U Q Z e eo- QvU Zzjbv Kivi Î eb q GKB ai bi wpî Øviv welqwu ewy Z n q Q (c ôv: 14) wk K mnvwqkvq ïay eo- QvU, j ^v-lv Uv welqe jv cov bvi Rb wb ` kbv Av Q cövwš K hvm Zv mgq cwigv ci GKK Rvbv Ges w`bcwäkv Pbv I e envi Ki Z cviv AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv mßv ni w`b jvi bvg ej Z cvi e AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv w` bi wewfbœ As ki bvg ej e Ges ˆ`bw `b Rxe b e envi Ki Z cvi e mßv ni w`b jvi bvg µgvbymv i ej Z wkl e wkbv AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zvq Zvi D j L bb G kªyx Z mßv ni w`b jvi bvg klv bvi Rb KvbI cvv ev Abykxjbx bb, Z e kªyx Z e eüz K v jûv ii gva g wk v_ x D³ hvm ZvwU AR b Ki Z m g n e GQvov, Z Zxq kªyxi eb q K v jûv ii aviyv `evi cvvwui g a mßv ni w`bmy jvi bvg ewy Z n q Q ciez x AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv 29.2-Gi cöwzdjb eª vk eb q cviqv hvq wb cövwš K hvm Zv cwi e ki wewfbœ e i R vwgwzk AvK wz wpb Z cviv I bvgkiy Ki Z cviv AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv cwi e ki wewfbœ e i AvKvi ( MvjvKvi, wzb KvbvKvi, Pvi KvbvKvi BZ vw`) wpb e I ej Z cvi e eª vk Gi cª_g kªyxi eb q R vwgwzk wewfbœ AvKvi ( Z Kvbv, PŠK, Mvj I Zviv) m ú K aviyv `evi Rb GKwU D`vniY I `yõai bi Abykxjbx (AvKvi Pbvi I AvuK Z cvivi Rb ) i q Q wpî jvi ga Kvi duvkv v bi cwigvy Kg _vkvq wk v_ xi Abykxj bi Rb vb n«vm c q Q Abykxjbx Z MvjvKvi Ges wzb KvbvKvi AvK wzi wpî bv w` q ïay Pvi KvbvKvi (ev Zvi ewk) AvuK Z `qv n q Q wk K mnvwqkvq cö_ g KvwVi mvnv h wewfbœ AvK wz (e Ë Qvov) m úk aviyv I we `y _ K Kxfv e wewfbœ AvK wzi wpî AvKu Z n e Zv Abykxjb Kivi ci g~j cv V hvevi wb ` k `Iqv n q Q GLb ch v jvpbvq Aš f ~³ eª v Ki ÔMwYZ wkwl-cö_g fvmõ I wk K mnvwqkvi mvwe K welqvw`i m ú K Av jvkcvz Kiv n e eª vk eb q e eüz Qwe jvi úózv i q Q Z e AvK wz, is I cöwz c ôvq m ev P KZwU Qwe _vk j c ôvwu Nb mwbœ ewkz n e bv-g welq jvi cöwz AviI ` wó `Iqv cö qvrb eb q h nzz A¼ K i DËi jlvi e e v i q Q, m nzz eb qi AvKvi Ggb niqv DwPZ hv Z cöwzwu A ¼i Rb ch vß cwigv Y vb _v K eb q A bk RvqMvq msl v ev A ¼i DËi jlvi Rb Ni K i `Iqv i q Q, huv c ôv jv K QvU K i Q eb q jlv I Qwei is Gi Î bxj, jvj, I meyr e envi Kiv n q Q 13

15 wøzxq kªyx eª vk KZ K cökvwkz cvv cȳ K jvi avivevwnk Kvh µ g wøzxq kªyx Z wba vwiz eb n Q ÔMwYZ wkwl-wøzxq fvmõ gvu 37wU cövwš K hvm Zvi g a wklbµg Abyhvqx wøzxq kªyxi Rb wba vwiz n q Q cövwš K hvm Zv I AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv g a 5wU cövwš K hvm Zv GQvov 15wU AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv wøzxq kªyx Z bzzb eª v Ki ÔMwYZ wkwlõ eb q mvz Aa v q welqe jv K kªyxwfwëk welqm~wp Abymv i web Kiv n q Q kz Ki aviyv, wzb msl vi hvm I we qvm, R vwgwz, Y, bvgzv, fvm, fmœvsk, cwigvc Ges nvrv ii aviyv bzzb klv bv n q Q eª v Ki Ôwk K mnvwqkvõ eb q ejv n q Q h Kvb welqe ïi Kivi c~ e wk v_ x welqe wu `Lvi I ejvi ci wb R wb R A_ev RywU Z ev W, U ev KvM R wj L PP v K i eb qi Aa vq ïi Ki e AZtci cöwzw` bi cvv wk K Hw` bb g~j vqb Ki eb Avi cöwz Aa vq k l LvZvq g~j vqb K i iwr v i Zv msi Y K i ivlvi wb ` kbv `Iqv Av Q AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zvi web vm wøzxq kªyx Z gvu AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv 43wU G AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv jvi g a 17wU eª vk eb q D`vniY Ges Abykxjbxi gva g h_vh_ cöwzdwjz n q Q (wpî-2) GQvov AvswkK cöwzdj bi Î 4wU hvm Zv eª vk eb qi Aš fy ³ Acic, 10wU hvm Zvi cöwzdjb eb q cviqv hvq wb Z e, hvm Zvi P q welqe i ewk cöwzdjb Aš Z 12wU hvm Zvi Î eb q cwijw Z n q Q (we vwiz cwiwkó 5) wpî-2: wøzxq kªyxi AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zvi web vm eb q AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zvi ch v jvpbv cövwš K hvm Zv - 1. h Kvb msl K e MYbv Ki Z cviv AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv _ K 100 ch š ev e DcKiY MYbv Ki Z cvi e 17 AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv _ K ch š ev e DcKiY ` ki evwûj K i MYbv Ki Z cvi e 4 eª v Ki wøzxq kªyxi eb q 101 _ K 9999 h_vh_ AvswkK nq wb ewk n q Q ch š msl vi aviyv cöwzdwjz nevi Kvi Y AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv 1.1 K wfwë K i KvbI cvv ivlv nq wb GLv b D jl h, eª v Ki cöyxz cö_g kªyxi eb q 100 ch š ev e DcKiY MYbv Kivi Rb D`vniY I Abykxjbx i q Q AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv 1.2 Abymv i KvbI cvv eb q cviqv hvq wb wk K mnvwqkvq G hvm Zv m úwk Z KvbI wb ` kbv bb, Z e cö_g kªyxi wk K mnvwqkvq G AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zvi wkqz wb ` kbv D j L i q Q cövwš K hvm Zv - 2. KvwU ch msl v MYbv Ki Z cviv AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv _ K 100 ch š msl v MYbv Ki Z cvi e AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv _ K 100 ch š e i `jmz aviyv K msl v Øviv cökvk Ki Z cvi e AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv _ K 100 ch š msl v `k Ki mvnv h MYbv Ki Z cvi e ( hgb, 55 n e 5 `k 5) AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv `yb `yb, wzb wzb, Pvi Pvi, cuvp cuvp I `k `k K i msl v MYbv Ki Z cvi e 101 _ K 9999 ch š msl v m ú K eb q Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q Z e eb qi ïi Z cybiv jvpbvq cö_g kªyx Z mgvßk Z 1 _ K 100 ch š msl v jv jlvi Abykxjb `Iqv Av Q wk v_ x `i wøzxq AR b Dc hvmx hvm ZvwU A_ vr e i `jmz aviyv `evi Rb eb q ekwkqy mwpî D`vniY Dc vcb Kiv n q Q e i G `jmz aviyv K ciez x Z Y I fvm A ¼ e envi Kiv n q Q AR b Dc hvmx 2.3 I 2.4 Gi cöwzdjb eb q cviqv hvq wb wk K mnvwqkvq ïaygvî ` ji aviyv wkfv e w` Z n e Zvi wb ` k `Iqv 12 14

16 Av Q wk v_ x `i wb q `j MVb K i ` ji ev e aviyv cö_ g `evi ci ev W Qwe Gu K evsv bvi wb ` k `Iqv n q Q cövwš K hvm Zv - 4. KvwU ch š msl v co Z cviv AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv _ K 100 ch š msl v co Z cvi e eª vk cöyxz cö_g kªyxi eb Ges wk K mnvwqkvq 100 ch š msl v co Z cviv msµvš cvv i q Q Gimv _, msl v KvW Ges PvU e eüz n q Q Z e, wøzxq kªyx Z msl v co Z cviv msµvš KvbI cvv ivlv nq wb cövwš K hvm Zv - 5. KvwU ch š msl v wjl Z cviv AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv _ K 100 ch š msl v A ¼ wjl Z cvi e AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv _ K 100 ch š msl v K_vq wjl Z cvi e 101 _ K 9999 ch š msl v A ¼ jlvi mv _ mv _ 20 _ K 100 ch š K_vq jlv welqe wui Dc vwcz n q Q wk K mnvwqkvq wk v_ x `i K Ôevsjv hy³v iõ klv bv kl Kivi ci msl v K_vq co Z I wjl Z wklv bvi wb ` k `Iqv n q Q Z e D j L h, eª vk eb q bq GKK wewkó msl v jv Z ÔEÕ Gi j ÔDÕ e eüz n q Q hgb ÔEbwÎkÕ, ÔEbPwj kõ, ÔEbcÂvkÕ, ÔEblvUÕ, ÔEbmËiÕ, ÔEbAvwkÕ, ÔEbbeŸBÕ msl v jv K eª vk eb q jlv n q Q h_vµ g ÔDbwÎkÕ, ÔDbPwj kõ, ÔDbcÂvkÕ, ÔDblvUÕ, ÔDbmËiÕ, ÔDbAvwkÕ, Ges ÔDbbeŸBÕ cövwš K hvm Zv - 7. KvwU ch š msl vq e eüz A ¼i vbxq gvb wby q Ki Z cviv AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv msl vi vbxq gvb (GKK, `kk I kzk) m ú K aviyv jvf Ki e AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv ch š msl vq e eüz A ¼i vbxq gvb wby q Ki Z cvi e GKwU msl v K wewfbœ GK K (GKK, kzk, nvrvi BZ vw`) f ½ jlvi cöwµqv eª vk eb q klv bv n ji kzk _ K nvrvi ch š msl vi aviyv `evi Kvi Y eª v Ki wk v_ xiv Zzjbvg~jK ewk Rvb e e j aviyv Kiv hvq GQvov ÔkZK I nvrv ii aviyvõi cv V e vl v Ki Z wm q vbxq gvb m ú K e vl v bv K i Kvb msl vi kzk, `kk I GK Ki N i Kx n e, Zv Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q wk K mnvwqkvq Kvb msl vi kzk, `kk I GK Ki Kvb& N i Kvb& msl v em e, Zv av c av c Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q cövwš K hvm Zv - 8. KvwU ch š msl vi Zzjbv Ki Z I gv bi µgvbymv i mvrv Z cviv AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv _ K 100 ch š msl v jvi g a h Kvb `ybwu msl v Zzjbv K i eo QvU ej Z cvi e AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv _ K 100 ch š msl v jvi g a Rvo we Rvo msl v kbv³ Ki Z cvi e AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv _ K 100 ch š msl vi Abyµg eys e Ges eo _ K QvU I QvU _ K eo Abyµ g msl v jv K mvrv Z cvi e eª v Ki wk v_ xiv cö_g kªyx ZB 100 ch š msl vi eo _ K QvU I QvU _ K eo Abyµ g mvrv bvi aviyv c q Q ciez x kªyx Z nvrvi ch š msl vi aviyv cöwzdwjz nevi Kvi Y msl vi Zzjbvi aviyv, Rvo we Rvo kbv³kiy Ges eo _ K QvU I QvU _ K eo Abyµ g mvrv bvi msµvš cv V 9999 ch š msl v e envi n q Q GQvov, 101 _ K 999 msl vi g a Rvo we Rvo wby q Kivi Rb wbw` ó cvv Av Q GQvov, 101 _ K 9999 msl v jvi Abyµ gi aviyv `Iqvi Rb ch vß D`vniY I Abykxjbx Av Q wk K mnvwqkvq gy L gy L wk v_ x K `ywu msl vi g a Zzjbv I Rvo-we Rvo msl v m ú K aviyv `Iqvi K_v ejv n q Q eo _ K QvU I QvU _ K eo Abyµ gi aviyv `Iqvi Rb wk v_ x K KZ jv msl v K Abyµ g mvrv bvi wb ` k `Iqv Av Q cövwš K hvm Zv - 9. wek ch š µgevpk msl v co Z, wjl Z I e envi Ki Z cviv AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv g _ K 20Zg ch š µgevpk msl v jv co Z, wjl Z I e envi Ki Z cvi e 1g _ K 10g ch š µgevpk msl v jv K wfwë K i eª v Ki eb q cvv Av Q wkš AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zvq 20Zg ch š msl v D j L _vk ji eb q Zvi cöwzdjb bb ZvB eª v Ki wk v_ xiv wøzxq kªyx mgvß K i GB 15

17 cövwš K hvm ZvwU cy ivcywi AR b Ki Z cvi Q bv cö_g kªyxi cvv jv cybiv jvpbv K i `k ch š µgevpk msl v c o m jv ciez x Z wjlvi wb ` k wk K mnvwqkv Z `Iqv Av Q cövwš K hvm Zv `yb ev Z ZvwaK msl vi hvm Ki Z cviv (nv Z bv i L I i L) AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv DcKiY e envi K i hvm Ki Z cvi e ( hvmdj n e Ab~aŸ 100) AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv nv Z bv i L I i L `yb A¼ wewkó msl v hvm Ki Z cvi e ( hvmdj n e Ab~aŸ 100) DcKiY e envi K i hvm Ki Z cviv msµvš cvv wøzxq kªyxi eª vk eb q bb Z e, cö_g kªyxi wk K mnvwqkv Z hv Mi aviyv `evi c~ e KvwV e envi K i wk v_ xi Rb cvvwu evamg Kivi Póv Kiv n q Q GbwmwUwe cöyxz cövwš K hvm Zv wfwëk Avek Kxq wklbµ g wøzxq kªyxi Rb wba vwiz `yõa¼ wewkó msl vi hvm Ki Z cvivi wb ` kbv _vk ji eª v Ki wbr ^ ˆZwiK Z kªyxwfwëk welqm~px Z nv Z i L I bv i L Ab~aŸ wzb A ¼i msl vi mv _ wzb A ¼i msl vi hvm ( hvmdj Ab~aŸ 999) Ki Z cvivi hvm Zv AR b Kivi K_v D j L i q Q G Î, G cövwš K hvm ZvwU AR b Ki Z eª v Ki wøzxq wk v_ xiv wkqzuv AMÖmi Av Q e j a i biqv hvq wk K mnvwqkv Z nv Z bv i L I ciez x Z nv Z i L wzb A¼wewkó msl vi mv _ wzb A¼wewkó msl vi hvm wk K ev W GKK, `kk I kz K mvwr q wj L wk v_ x `i eysv bvi ci Zv `i K ciezx Z wb R wb R Kivi wb ` kbv `Iqv Av Q cövwš K hvm Zv GKwU msl v n Z Av ikwu msl v we qvm Ki Z cviv (nv Z bv i L I i L) AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv DcKiY e envi K i we qvm Ki Z cvi e AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv nv Z bv i L I i L `yb A ¼i wewkó msl v _ K Ab~aŸ `yb A ¼i msl vi we qvm Ki Z cvi e c~e ezx cövwš K hvm Zv 10-G DcKiY e envi K i hv Mi aviyv msµvš h Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q, G cövwš K hvm Zvq A_ vr DcKiY wfwëk we qv Mi ÎI GKB e vl v cö hvr cö_g kªyxi wk K mnvwqkv Z AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv 10.1-Gi g Zv G hvm ZvwUi DcKiY e envi K i we qvm Ki Z cvivi wb ` kbv `Iqv Av Q GLv b D j L h, eª vk eb q Ab~aŸ wzb A ¼i msl v _ K wzb A ¼i QvU msl vi we qvm D`vniY I Abykxjbx Z cöwzdwjz n q Q hw`i AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zvq `yõa ¼i msl v _ K `yõa ¼i msl v we qvm Kiv bvi wb ` k i q Q hv Mi aviyvi g Zv GKB ikgfv e we qv Mi aviyv `Iqvi Rb wk K mnvwqkv Z wb ` kbv Av Q cövwš K hvm Zv hvm I we qvm cöwµqv e envi K i mgm vi mgvavb Ki Z cviv AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv hvm I we qvm cöwµqv e envi K i wewfbœ mgm vi mgvavb Ki Z cvi e (Ab~aŸ 100 ch š msl v e envi Ki e Ges djvdj n e Ab~aŸ 100) eª v Ki kªyxwfwëk welqm~wp Z hvm I we qv Mi mnr mgm v mgvav b KZ A¼wewkó msl v _vk e wb ` kbv bb Z e hvm-we qvm Ki Z cvivi A ¼ wzb A ¼i msl vi mv _ wzb A ¼i msl vi e envi `Lv hvq GQvov eb q wzb A¼ wewkó msl vi mgm vi A¼ `Iqv Av Q eª vk eb q hvm-we qv Mi mgm vi wkqz A¼ Avjv`v Avjv`v cv V Avevi wkqz A¼ GKB cv V `Iqv Av Q wk K `i cöwz wb ` k `Iqv Av Q, hvmwe qv Mi mgm v mgvav bi Î cöv_wgk ch v q wk K ev e Rxeb K `ªxK wkqz D`vniY w` q hvm-we qv Mi aviyv w` eb AZtci eb qi h cvv `Iqv Av Q Zv wk v_ x K wk K wb R wb R Ki Z ej eb, cö qvrb ev a wk K wk v_ x K mgm v mgvav b mvnvh Ki eb cövwš K hvm Zv GKwU msl v K Avi GKwU msl v Øviv Y Ki Z cviv ( Y Ab~aŸ 4 A¼ wewkó msl v Ges YK Ab~aŸ 3 A¼ wewkó msl v) AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv DcKiY e envi K i Yi aviyv jvf Ki e Ges Gi _ K Yi wbqg wkl e AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv _ K 10 ch š Yi bvgzv wkl e Ges Y As K e envi Ki Z cvi e ( Ydj n e Ab~aŸ 100) AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv nv Z bv i L Ab~aŸ 2 A ¼i msl v K GK A ¼i msl v Øviv Y Ki Z cvi e ( Ydj n e Ab~aŸ 100) 16

18 AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv k~b Øviv Kvb msl v K Y Ki Z ev k~b K Kvb msl v Øviv Y Ki Z cvi e AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv msl v wewbgq K i MyY Ki Z cvi e eª v Ki welqm~wp Abyhvqx 2 _ K 10 ch š Yi bvgzv hvm Zv AR b Kivi wb ` kbv eb q Av Q G AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zvi c ii A¼ Y A ¼ Yi bvgzv Kxfv e e envi Ki e G Î eª vk eb q Y bvgzvi e envi D`vniY I Abykxjbxi gva g cöwzdwjz n q Q ciez x AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv 13.3 I 13.4 Gi cöwzdjb eª vk cöyxz eb q cviqv wm q Q Z e, wewbgq K i Yi aviyv eª vk eb q Dc vcb Kiv nq wb, ZvB eª v K wk v_ xiv GB hvm ZvwU AR b Ki Z cvi Q bv DcKiY e envi K i Yi aviyv `Iqvi cvkvcvwk wk K mnvwqkv Z 2 _ K 10-Gi bvgzvi aviyv `Iqvi wb ` k `Iqv Av Q Yi aviyv `Iqvi Rb cö_ g KvwV w` q, AZtci ev W W K G b Ges ciez x Z PvU `wl q bvgzv wklv bvi cöwµqv ey bv Kiv n q Q GQvov, k~b Øviv Kvb msl v K Y Kivi hvm ZvwU wklv bvi wb ` kbv `Iqv Av Q cövwš K hvm Zv GKwU msl v K Avi GKwU msl v Øviv fvm Ki Z cviv (fvr Ab~aŸ 5 A¼ wewkó Ges fvrk Ab~aŸ 3 A¼ wewkó msl v n e) AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv DcKiY e envi K i fv Mi aviyv jvf Ki e Ges Gi _ K fv Mi wbqg wkl e AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv Yi bvgzv e envi K i fvm Ki Z cvi e (fvr n e Ab~aŸ `yb A¼ wewkó msl v Ges fvrk n e k~b ev ` GK A¼ wewkó msl v) D j wlz cövwš K hvm ZvwUi Aš fy ³ AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv `ywu eª vk cöyxz eb q h_v_ cöwzdwjz n q Q bvgzv e envi K i fv Mi A¼ Kivi wb ` kbv eb q mȳ úó D j L Kiv n q Q wk K mnvwqkv Z h_vh_fv e wb ` kbv `Iqv Av Q cövwš K hvm Zv hvm, we qvm, Y I fvm cöwµqv e envi K i Ab~aŸ wzb i wewkó mnr mgm v mgvavb Ki Z cviv (Kvh µ gi h Kvb ch v q 4 A¼ wewkó msl vi P q eo msl v e eüz n e bv) AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv Y msµvš mnr mgm vi mgvavb Ki Z cvi e AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv fvm msµvš mnr mgm vi mgvavb Ki Z cvi e AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv hvm, we qvm, Y/ fvm cöwµqv e envi K i Ab~aŸ wzb i wewkó mnr mgm v mgvavb Ki Z cvi e G cövwš K hvm Zvi cö_g `ywui Rb eª vk eb q ch vß cwigvy D`vniY i q Q wkš, me kl hvm Zvi Rb Kvb D`vniY ev Abykxjbx cviqv hvq wb Z e, hvm I we qvm cöwµqvi h Kvb GKwU Ges Y I fvm cöwµqvi h Kvb GKwU e envi K i `yõavc wewkó mnr mgm v msµvš cvv eª vk cöyxz eb q Dc vwcz n q Q Y I fvm msµvš mgm vi mgvav b wzb av c Kiv bv K_v D j L Kiv n q Q wk K mnvwqkvq cö_g av c wk K gy L gy L QvU QvU A¼ Kwi q wøzxq av c ev W gy L gy L Kiv A¼ jv Kiv eb Ges m e vcwi Kvb mgm v w` q wk v_ x K mgvavb Ki Z ej eb cövwš K hvm Zv evsjv `kx gỳ ªv I UvKv wpb Z Ges ˆ`bw `b jb ` b e envi Ki Z cviv AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv UvKv ch š evsjv `kx KvM Ri bvu wpb Z Ges ˆ`bw `b jb ` b gỳ ªv I bvu e envi Ki Z cvi e eª v Ki cö_g kªyxi eb q evsjv `kx gỳ ªv I UvKv Pbvi hvm ZvwU cöwzdwjz n q Q wøzxq kªyx Z eª vk wk v_ xiv UvKv-cqmvi hvm-we qvm I mgm vi mgvavb wkl Z cvi Q wk K mnvwqkv Z ejv n q Q wk v_ x K wk K cö_ g `ywu bvu `wl q Kx, Kx bvu Av Q Zv Rvb Z PvB eb Ges bvu jv GKÎ Ki j KZ nq mwui wr Ám Ki eb ciez x Z wk K gỳ ªvi mgm vi A¼ ax i ax i c o kvbv eb Ges wk v_ xiv Zv ï b U A¼ jv Ki e cövwš K hvm Zv mvaviy fmœvs ki aviyv jvf Kiv Ges wewfbœ cökv ii fmœvsk Pbv I e envi Ki Z cviv (ni Ab~aŸ 2 A ¼i msl v) 17

19 AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv Kvb e K mgvb `yb fv M fvm Ki Z Ges cö Z K Ask K c~y e wui A a K 1 ev e j wpb Z cvi e 2 AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv Kvb wrwbm K mgvb Pvi fv M fvm Ki Z cvi e Ges cö Z K Ask K c~y 1 e wui Pvi fv Mi GK fvm ev e j wpb e AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv I GB `ybwu fmœvsk co Z, wjl Z I Zzjbv Ki Z cvi e 2 4 eb q `yb ai bi fmœvs ki mv _ AviI wzbwu fmœvsk 3 1, 3 2, 4 2 I 4 3 m ú K I aviyv `Iqv n q Q Z e, AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv 22.3 Gi Î ïaygvî fmœvsk covi hvm ZvwUi cöwzdjb n q Q, evkx Ask ciez x Z Z Zxq kªyx Z Dc vwcz n q Q fmœvs ki aviyv `Iqvi Rb wk K GKwU KvMR K `yõfv M fvm K i `Lv eb ciez x Z ev W Qwe Gu K fmœvs ki aviyv `Iqvi wb ` kbv wk K mnvwqkv Z Av Q cövwš K hvm Zv `N, IRb, AvqZb I f~wg cwigv ci wewfbœ GKK Rvbv I e envi Ki Z cviv AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv ˆ`N cwigv ci GKK wn m e mw UwgUvi I wguvi Rvb e Ges j I wdzv wpb e AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv IRb cwigv ci GKK wn m e MÖvg Rvb e Ges evulviv wpb e AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv Zij c`v _ i cwigv ci GKK wjuvi Rvb e Ges wjuvi gvcwb wpb e ˆ`N, IRb Ges Zij c`v _ i cwigv ci GKK Rvbvi Rb cvv cȳ K cvv wbw` ó Kiv n ji DcKiY e envi K i G jv cwigvc Kivi KŠkj kªyx Z nv Z-Kj g klv bvi Ges wk v_ xi wbku G hvm Zvi Dc hvmxzv AwaK MªnY hvm Kivi D Ï k ek wkqy wk v DcKiY e eüz n q Q eª vk cöyxz wøzxq kªyxi eb q IRb I Zij c`v_ cwigvc msµvš Kvb cvv bb, GwU Z Zxq kªyxi eª vk eb q Av Q Z e, ˆ`N cwigv ci aviyv `evi Rb GKwU cvv i q Q mlv b ˆ`N cwigv ci wzbwu GKK mw UwgUvi, wguvi I wk jvwguvi m ú K aviyv `Iqv n q Q Ges wguvi ji gva g ˆ`N cwigv ci c wzwu e vl v Kiv n q Q GQvov mw UwgUvi, wguvi I wk jvwguv ii ga Kvi m úk I iƒcvš i eb q cöwzdwjz n q Q wk K mnvwqkv Z ˆ`N cwigvc Kxfv e wk v_ x K wk K e vl v Ki eb m m ú K ejv n q Q cövwš K hvm Zv mgq cwigv ci GKK Rvbv Ges w`bcwäkv Pbv I e envi Ki Z cviv AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv µgvbymv i mßv ni w`b jvi bvg wkl e Ges ˆ`bw `b Rxe b e envi Ki Z cvi e AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv µgvbymv i evsjv I Bs iwr gv mi bvg jv wkl e Ges ˆ`bw `b Rxe b e envi Ki Z cvi e AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv mgq cwigv ci GKK wn m e m KÛ, wgwbu I N Uv Rvb e AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv m K Ûi mv _ wgwb Ui, wgwb Ui mv _ N Uvi, N Uvi mv _ w` bi, w` bi mv _ mßv ni I gv mi Ges gv mi mv _ eq ii m úk wkl e Ges ˆ`bw `b Rxe b e envi Ki Z cvi e mßv ni mvz w`b, evsjv I Bs iwr evi gv mi bvg m ú K eª vk eb qi kªyxwfwëk welqm~px Z wb ` k bb, Z e kªyx Z K v jûv ii gva g wk v_ x `i mßv ni mvz w` bi bvg Ges Bs iwr evi gv mi bvg klv bvi PP v Kiv bv nq Z e eª v Ki wøzxq kªyxi eb q Nwo ` L mgq ej Z cvivi wb ` kbv `Iqv Av Q hv GbwmwUweÕi Z Zxq kªyxi Avek Kxq wklbµ g D j L Av Q GQvov mg qi cwigvc mg qi wewfbœ GKKvejxi gva g ( m KÛ, wgwbu, N Uv, w`b, gvm I eqi) Dc vwcz n q Q 29.4-Gi Rb h_vh_ cvv eb q Av Q wk K mnvwqkv Z Nwoi D`vniY w` q mgq Pbvi welqwu Ges mg qi GKKvejxi g a m úk Zz j aiv n q Q cövwš K hvm Zv cwi e ki wewfbœ e i R vwgwzk AvK wz wpb Z cviv I bvgkiy Ki Z cviv 18

20 AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv wewfbœ AvKv ii Nbe i ( hgb NbK, MvjK, gvpk, ejb BZ vw`i) mv _ cwiwpz n e Ges AvK wz Abymv i G jv K c _K c _Kfv e mvrv Z cvi e AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv wewfbœ AvK wzi e i mv _ cwiwpz n e Ges PZzfy R, em Î, wîfyr, e Ë GB R vwgwzk AvK wz jv kbv³ Ki Z cvi e eb q AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv 33.1 Gi cöwzdjb bb, GwUi Rb Z Zxq kªyxi eb qi 110 c ôvq cvv ivlv n q Q AR b Dc hvmx hvm ZvwU 33.2 AvswkK cöwzdjb eª v Ki kªyxwfwëk welqm~px I eb q cviqv M Q wzbwu R vwgwzk AvK wz (PZyfy R, wîfyr, e Ë) cvv cy K _vk ji em Î wb q Kvb Av jvpbv bb kªyx Z R vwgwzk AvK wzi welqe Dc vcb m ú K ejv n q Q wk K K cö_ g KvwV I Pzwo e envi K i wîfyr, PZzf yr I e Ë m ú K cöv_wgk aviyv w` Z n e Ges ciez x Z Zv `i AvK wz jv AuvK Z Abykxjb Kiv eb GLb ch v jvpbvq Aš ³ y³ eª v Ki ÔMwYZ wkwl-wøzxq fvmõ I wk K mnvwqkvi mvwe K welqvw`i m ú K Av jvpbv Kiv n e eª v Ki cvv cȳ KwUi A i I Qwe jvj, Mvp bxj I meyr Kvwj K i wk K mnvwqkvi ebwu Kv jv Kvwj e envi K i Qvcv bv n q Q cvv cy K jlvi Abykxjbx Z ch vß cwigvy Lvwj RvqMv `Iqv n q Q cȳ K ch v jvpbvq eb q cvv Dc hvmx Qwe I wpî jv wk v_ xi Kv Q Lye wpëvkl K iƒ c Dc vcb Kiv n q Q e j g b nq wb Qwe jv K wk v_ x `i Kv Q AviI AvKl Yxq iƒ c Zz j aiv h Z cv i wkqy Qwei cybive wë n q Q hgb: gvbk, gvgevwz, g Wj, cwýj, wzb Av½y ji Qwe, Lvg BZ vw` wkqz wkqz Qwe LyeB QvU K i Zz j aiv n q Q hgb: gvbk (c ôv: 29, 43, 74), gvgevwz (c ôv: 29, 43), LvU (c ôv: 74) GQvov 26 c ôvq Dc ii me Wv bi QwewU A úó eb qi wewfbœ As k wkqz Qwe e envi Kiv n q Q hv H As ki cvv I Abykxjbxi mv _ AmvgÄm c~y hgb: 38 c ôvq m~ h v` qi Qwe, 39 c ôvq cvwli Qwe, 44 I 49 c ôvq QvU ev Pvi Qwe, 46 c ôvq KvbvgvwQ Ljvi ` k, 47 c ôvq evb ii Qwe, 48 c ôvq QvMj K cvzv LvIqv bvi ` k, 50 c ôvq `ywu g qi dzj Kzov bvi Qwe, 52 c ôvq Pv evmv b Kg iz `yb bvixi Qwe, 53 c ôvq `ywu Q ji Nywo Dov bvi Qwe GQvov 60, 61, 64, 65, 67, 78, 79, 81, 84, 85, 86, 106, 107, 109 c ôvi Qwe jv cv Vi mv _ mvgäm ivl Z cv i wb wk K mnvwqkv Z wk K Kvb& cvv Kx Dcv q wk v_ xi Kv Q Dc vcb Ki e m jvi ey bv `Iqv n q Q cö qvr b g~j cvv cy Ki c ôvi Qwe wk K mnvwqkv Z Dc vcb Kiv n q Q Z Zxq kªyx Z Zxq kªyx Z G m cövwš K hvm Zvq wzbwu bzzb Dcv`vb hy³ n q Q Dcv`vb wzbwu n Q MvwYwZK cözx Ki e envi, mvaviy fmœvs ki hvm, we qvm, Y, fvm (ni Ab~aŸ 2 A ¼i msl v) Ges mgzjxq R vwgwzk AvK wzi (wîfyr, PZfy R, e Ë) kªyx web vm I bvgkiy eª v Ki Z Zxq kªyxi ÔMwYZ wkwlõ eb q mvz Aa v q 76wU welqe K kªyxwfwëk welqm~px Abymv i web Kiv n q Q eb q ms hvwrz bzzb welq jvi g a GB kªyxi Rb wba vwiz bq Ggb wzbwu hvm Zv Dc vwcz n q Q hvm Zv wzbwu n jv: `kwgk fmœvs ki hvm-we qvm, HwKK wbqg Ges cvwievwik wnmve-wbkvk m ú K aviyv GQvov eb q wkqy Abykxjb wk v_ x `i c~e Ávb hvpvb Kivi Rb `Iqv Av Q wk K wb ` wkkvi ïi Z Gme Abykxjb Kxfv e m úv`b Ki Z n e m msµvš wb ` kbv `Iqv Av Q eª v Ki Z Zxq kªyxi wk K mnvwqkvq myôfv e kªyx cwipvjbvi Rb GKwU cvv wefvrb ZvwjKv ms hvwrz n q Q GwU g~jz cv Vi ˆewkó, cov bvi c wz I KŠkj, wklb Kg KvÊ Ges mg qi w`k jv we epbv K i cö Z Kiv n q Q wk K K GwU AbymiY K i kªyx cwipvjbv Kivi wb ` k `Iqv n q Q 10 wpî-3: Z Zxq kªyxi AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zvi web vm h_vh_ AvswkK nq wb ewk n q Q 19

21 AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zvi web vm gvu AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zvi câvk fv Mi wkqz ewk eb q h_vh_ cöwzdwjz n q Q (wpî-3) GQvov AvswkK cöwzdj bi Î AvUwU hvm Zv eª vk eb qi Aš fy ³ wqj c vš i, eª vk cöyxz eb q gvu 10wU hvm Zvi cöwzdjb eb qi KvbI cvv ev Abykxjbx Z cviqv hvq wb Z e, ewk cöwzdj bi welqwu 9wU hvm Zv eª vk eb q cwijw Z n q Q (we vwiz cwiwkó 5) eb q AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zvi ch v jvpbv cövwš K hvm Zv - 1. h Kvb msl K e MYbv Ki Z cviv AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv ch š ev e DcKiY MYbv Ki Z cvi e AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv `k I k Zi evwûj K i ev e DcKiY MYbv Ki Z cvi e (10,000 ch š ) eª v Ki wøzxq kªyxi eb q wk v_ x `i 9,999 ch š msl vi aviyv jvf Kivi Rb cvv i q Q eª vk _ K cökvwkz Z Zxq kªyxi eb q 10,000 _ K 9,99,999 ch š msl vi aviyv wp Îi mvnv h ey bv Kiv n q Q AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv 1.2 m úwk Z cvvwui wp Îi mvnv h ewy Z n q Q cövwš K hvm Zv - 2. KvwU ch š msl v MYbv Ki Z cviv AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv _ K 10,000 ch š e i `jmz aviyv K msl v Øviv cökvk Ki Z cvi e AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv _ K 10,000 ch š msl v `k, kz Ges nvrv ii mvnv h cökvk Ki Z cvi e ( hgb, 55 n e 5 `k 5, 555 n e 5 kz 5 `k 5, 5555 n e 5 nvrvi 5 kz 5 `k 5) AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv `k-`k, kz-kz, nvrvi-nvrvi K i msl v MYbv Ki Z cvi e eª v Ki wøzxq kªyxi eb q 9,999 ch š msl vi aviyv AeZviYv Kivi Rb h _ó D`vniY I Abykxjbx i q Q, wkš Z Zxq kªyxi eb q G msµvš Kvb cvv bb eª v Ki wøzxq kªyxi eb q AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv 2.2 Gi aviyv 2.1 AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zvi mv _ mv _B `Iqv n q Q c i ek wkqy Abykxjbxi gva g wk v_ x K msl v f ½ jlv klv bvi cöwµqvq hvm ZvwU Dc vwcz n q Q eª v Ki welqm~wp Z D j L bb e j AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv 2.3 Gi cöwzdjb eb q cviqv hvq wb, Z e Gmsµvš cvv wøzxq kªyxi eb I wk K mnvwqkvq Av Q cövwš K hvm Zv - 4. KvwU ch š msl v co Z cviv AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv _ K 10,000 ch š msl v co Z cvi e eª v Ki Z Zxq kªyxi eb q G AR b Dc hvmx hvm ZvwU cöwzdwjz Kivi Rb mivmwi KvbI cvv bb Z e, h nzz GB kªyx Z Ahy Zi aviyv cöwzdwjz n q Q Ges cybiv jvpbvqi G msµvš Abykxjbx i q Q, wk v_ x G welqwu AvqË Ki Z cvi e e j aviyv Kiv hvq cövwš K hvm Zv - 5. KvwU ch š msl v wjl Z cviv AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv _ K 10,000 ch š msl v A ¼ wjl Z cvi e AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv _ K 10,000 ch š msl v K_vq wjl Z cvi e GB hvm ZvwUi cöwzdjb eb q cybiv jvpbvq I msl vq Kgvi e envi msµvš cv V cviqv wm q Q wk K wb ` wkkvq wk v_ x Kgv Kxfv e e envi Ki e Zv klv bvi c wz ey bv Kiv n q Q Z e GB kªyxi eb q Ahy Zi aviyv cöwzdwjz niqvi Kvi Y nvrvi ch š msl v cov I jlvi cöw µqvwu me ik gi cv Vi g a cviqv M Q cövwš K hvm Zv - 7. KvwU ch š msl vq e eüz A ¼i vbxq gvb wby q Ki Z cviv AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv `k nvrvi ch š msl vq e eüz A ¼i vbxq gvb (GKK, `kk, kzk, mnmª, AhyZ) m ú K aviyv jvf Ki e AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv `k nvrvi ch š msl vq e eüz wewfbœ A ¼i vbxq gvb wby q Ki Z cvi e eª v Ki eb q 9,999 ch š msl vi aviyv c~ e i kªyx Z cöwzdwjz niqvq, G kªyx Z wbhyz ch š msl vi aviyv `Iqv n q Q Z e, h_vixwz eª v Ki Z Zxq kªyxi eb q c~e cv Vi cybive wë nevi Kvi Y Ahy Zi aviyvi 20