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14 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ I Avgv `i evsjv `k 9 M. B-cP v mev : ez gv b ` ki mkj Rwgi ik W i Abywjwc AbjvB b msmön Kiv hvq GwU K ejv nq B-cP v c~ e mswkøó `ß ii Kg xmy eo eo ikw eb _ K Z_ mg~n c~e wba vwiz Q K c~iy K i Av e`bkvix K mieivn Ki Zb GRb Av e`bkvix K hgb mivmwi Dcw Z n Z n Zv Zgwb mswkøó `ß ii Kg xivi MZvbyMwZK c wz Z cp v ˆZwi Ki Zb ez gv b GwU B- mevi AvIZvq Avmv Z Av e`bkvix `k-we ` ki h Kv bv vb _ KB wbw` ó wd Rgv w` q cp v msmön Ki Z cv ib N. B- ^v mev : wewfbœ mikvwi ^v K `Ö Kg iz wpwkrmkiv GLb gvevbj dv b ^v civgk w` q _v Kb GRb ` ki mkj mikvwi nvmcvzv j GKwU K i gvevbj dvb `Iqv n q Q ` ki h Kv bv bvmwik Gfv e h Kv bv wpwkrm Ki civgk c Z cv ib GQvov ` ki K qkwu nvmcvzv j Uwj gwwwmb mev Pvjy n q Q Gi gva g ivmx nvmcvzv j bv G mi we klá wpwkrm Ki mev I civgk cv Qb O. iji qi B-wU KwUs I gvevbj wu KwUs : evsjv `k iji qi K qkwu AvšÍtbMi Uª bi wu KU GLb gvevbj dv bi µq Kiv hvq Avevi AbjvB bi wu KU msmö ni e e v i q Q d j, wb Ri myweavg Zv mg q ij k b bv wm qi wbw` ó MšÍ e i wu KU msmön m e n Q gvevbj dvb ev AbjvB b wu KU msmön Kiv n j Uªb Qvovi Aí mgq c~ e hvîx K k b h Z nq Ges gvevbj dvb ev AbjvB b cövß Mvcb b ^i cö`k b K i mlv b wba vwiz KvD Uvi _ K hvîvi wu KU msmön K i wb Z nq B-Kgvm I evsjv `k GKwU ` ki wekvk I Kg ms v bi Î evwy R i Kv bv wekí bb wwwruvj cöhyw³i wekvk, B Uvi b Ui D e I wekvk Ges KvM Ri gy`ªvi evb ii B jkuªwbk wewbgq cö_v Pvjy niqvi d j evwy R ii GKwU we kl cwiez b n q Q GLb B jkuªwbk gva gi evwyr Kiv hvq, hvi cöpwjz bvg B-Kgvm ev B-evwYR h Kv bv cy ev mev evwy R i K qkwu kz _v K cö_gz we µzvi Kv Q cy _vkv wøzxqz µzv KZ K Zvi wewbgq g~j cwi kva Kiv Gi cöavb c wz n jv we µzvi m ½ µzvi mivmwi hvmv hvm wkš B Uvi b Ui hy M GKRb we µzv Zvi c Y i Qwe, wfwwi w` q B Uvi b UB Zvi Ô `vkvbõwu Ly j em Z cv ib GRb Zvi cöwzôv bi GKwU I qemvbu Pvjy Ki Z nq µzv AbjvB b Zvi cq `i cy wu cq ` K ib Ges g~j cwi kva K ib ` k ez gv b wewfbœ WweU ev µwwu Kv W i gva g GB g~j cwi kv ai my hvm i q Q GQvov gvevbj e vswks qi gva gi g~j cwi kva Kiv hvq Z ZxqZ g~j cövwßi ci we µzv Zvi cy wu µzvi wvkvbvq wb R A_ev cy mieivnkvix cöwzôv bi (Kzwiqvi mvwf m) gva g cvwv q `b gvevbj ev KvW QvovI B-Kgv m Av iv GKwU wej cwi kva c wz i q Q GwU K ejv nq cövwßi ci cwi kva ev K vk Ab Wwjfvwi (COD) GB c wz Z µzv we µzvi I qemvb U e m cq `i cy wui AW vi `b we µzv ZLb cy wu µzvi Kv Q cvwv q `b µzv cy c q wej cwi kva K ib

15 10 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ mvj _ K evsjv ` ki Av Í Av Í B- Kgv m i cömvi n Q ez gv b eb _ K ïiy K i Rvgv, Kvco, Lvevi, kšwlb mvgmöx BZ vw` B-Kgv m i gva g epv Kbv n Q cöpwjz evwy R i g Zv B-Kgv m I `yb ai bi cöwzôvb j Kiv hvq GK ai bi cöwzôvb Kej wb R `i cy weµq K i _v K Avevi wkqy wkqy cöwzôvb Ab A bk cöwzôv bi cy weµq K i Zvgiv B Zvg a I qemvbu, wuwf ev cî-cwîkvq Gai bi A bk I qemvb Ui weávcb ` L d jq evsjv ` ki Kg Î AvBwmwU we k i Ab vb ` ki g Zv evsjv ` ki GLb Kg Î AvBwmwUi eûgylx cöfve I e envi j Kiv hv Q GB cöfve I cwimi µgvmz e o P j Q Kg Î AvBwmwUi `yb ai bi cöfve jÿ Kiv hvq cö_gz cöpwjz Kg Î jv Z AvBwmwUi cö qv Mi d j Kg ` Zvi e w Ges evrvi m úömviy, Ab w` K AvBwmwU wb RB bzzb bzzb Kg Î m wó K i Q cöpwjz Kg Î Ges cyivzb e emv-evwy R AvBwmwU e env ii d j Kg x `i ` Zv, Revew`wnZv Ges ^ QZv e o Q Ab w` K Gi d j mevi gvbi DbœZ n q Q ez gv b ` ki AwaKvsk PvKwii Î AvBwmwU e env ii mvaviy ` Zv GKwU cöv_wgk hvm Zv wn m e aiv nq e vsk, wegv _ K ïiy K i eûrvwzk Kv úvwb, mikvwi `ß i KvR Kivi Rb IqvW cö mmi _ K Dc vcbv mduiq vi, B Uvi bu eªvdwrs _ K B- gbj, bvbvb ai bi we kølyx mduiq vi BZ vw` Z ` n Z nq cvkvcvwk wewfbœ we klvwqz mduiq vi ( hgb e vswks mduiq vi) e env ii cvi`wk Zv AR b Ki Z nq Ab w` K AvBwmwU wb RB GKwU eo AvKv ii Kg evrvi m wó K i Q nvw Iq vi, mduiq vi _ K ïiy K i I qemvbu wbg vy, i Yv e Y BZ vw` GLb bzzb ` Kg x `i Rb GKwU weivu Kg Î Kej ` k bq, AvBwmwU Z ` Kg xiv ` ki evb i Kv bv cöwzôv b A_ev ^Zš fv e KvR Ki Z cv i GB Kv Ri GKwU eo Ask ` k e mb m úbœ Kiv hvq AvDU mvwm s K i GLb A b KB evsjv ` ki Rb g~j evb ˆe `wkk gy`ªv AR b Ki Q mvgvwrk hvmv hvm I AvBwmwU gvbyl mgvre Rxe mgv R Pjv div I wekv ki Rb gvby l gvby l hvmv hv Mi cö qvrb Z e GLb AvBwmwU Z mvgvwrk hvmv hvm ej Z buiqv K i gva g gvby l gvby l wg_w Œqv KB evsvq Gi A_ n jv Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ e envi K i gvbyl hvmv hvm I fve cökv ki Rb hv wkqy m wó, wewbgq wksev Av`vb-cÖ`vb K i ZvB mvgvwrk hvmv hvm Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³i wekv ki d j ez gv b GB hvmv hvm n q c o Q mnr, mvkªqx Ges A bk ÿ Î wbivc` B Uvi b Ui e envi, B- gbj, gvevbj dvb I g mwrs wm g, eøwms Ges mvgvwrk hvmv hvm cø vudg mg~n e envi K i ez gv b AvBwmwUwfwËK mvgvwrk hvmv hvm A bkvs k mnr B Uvi b U M o D V Q A bk cø vudg, hv mvgvwrk hvmv hvm gva g wn m e cwiwpz Gi g a me P q RbwcÖq `ybwu gva g n jvñ dmeyk I UzBUvi

16 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ I Avgv `i evsjv `k 11 dmeyk ( : dmeyk mvgvwrk hvmv hvm e e vi GKwU I qemvbu 2004 mv ji 4Vv deªyqvwi gvk RyKvievM Zvi Ab eüy `i m ½ wb q GwU Pvjy K ib webvg~ j h KD dmey Ki m`m n Z cv i e envikvixmy eüy ms hvrb, evz v cöiy Ges Zv `i e w³mz Z_ vewj cökvk, Av`vb-cÖ`vb I nvjbvmv` Ki Z cv ib GQvov G Z AwWI I wfwwi cökvk Kiv hvq dmey K h Kv bv cöwzôvb Zv `i wbr ^ cr hgb Lyj Z cv i, Zgwb mggbv eüyiv wg j Pvjy Ki Z cv i Kv bv Mªyc Gi wi cvu gvp Abyhvqx we k facebook e envikvixi msl v 1415 wgwjqb UzBUvi ( : UyBUviI GKwU mvgvwrk hvmv hvm e e v Z e dmey Ki m ½ Gi GKwU gšwjk cv_ K i q Q GwU Z e envikvix `i m e v P 140 Character-Gi g a Zv `i g bvfve cökvk I Av`vb-cÖ`vb Ki Z nq GRb GwU K gvb µveøwms qi GKwU I qemvbui ejv hvq 140 A ii GB evz v K ejv nq UyBU (tweet) UyBUv ii m`m `i UyBU evz v jv Zv `i cövdvbj cvzvq `Lv hvq UyBUv ii m`m iv Ab m`m `i UyBU covi Rb m m`m K AbymiY ev follow Ki Z cv ib Kv bv m`m K hviv AbymiY K i Zv `i K ejv nq follower ev Abymvix we bv`b I AvBwmwU Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³i Dbœq bi mv _ we bv` bi RM Z GKUv bzzb w`k D b vwpz n q Q GwU N U Q `ybfv eñ cö_gz we bv`bwu Kxfv e gvbyl MÖnY Ki e mb cöwµqvwu Z GKUv gšwjk cwiez b n q Q wøzxqz we bv` bi wfbœ wfbœ gva g jv Z GKUv YMZ cwiez b n q Q `Lv hvk we bv`b MÖn Yi cöwµqvq cwiez bwu Kxfv e N U Q GKUv mgq wqj hlb we bv` bi Rb gvbyyl K N ii evb i h Z n Zv wm bgv `L Z n j wm bgv n j h Z n Zv, Ljv `L Z n j Ljvi gv V h Z n Zv, Mvb ïb Z n j Mv bi Rjmvq h Z n Zv GLb Gai bi we bv` bi R b gvby li Avi Ni _ K ei n Z nq bv cö_ g iwwi, Zvici Uwjwfkb G m Q Zvici G m Q Kw úduvi GKmgq Kw úduvi mshy³ n q Q B Uvi b Ui mv _ Avgiv Avwe vi K iwq GKRb gvbyl Pvi `Iqv ji fz i Ave _ KB c w_exi cövq me ai bi we bv`b Dc fvm Ki Z cv i cö_g hlb Kw úduvi Avwe vi n qwqj ZLb Zvi g~j KvR wqj KgwcDU ev wnmve Kiv, ïay eo eo cöwzôvb ev mikvi GKUv Kw úduv ii gvwjk n Z cviz cöhyw³i DbœwZi mv _ mv _ Kw úduvi mnrjf n q G m Q Ges GKmgq gvbyl Zvi wb Ri e w³mz Kv Ri R b Kw úduvi e envi Ki Z ïiy K i Q Kw úduvi hlb kw³kvjx n q Q ZLb GwU ïay jlv jwl ev wnmve-wbkv ki R b e eüz bv n q ax i ax i we bv` bi R b e eüz n Z ïiy K i Q GLb mvaviy gvbyl Kw úduvi K m ez me P q ewk e envi K i we bv` bi R b Mvb, Pjw PÎ, Av jvkwpî mewkqzb GLb Kw úduvi w` q Kiv hvq Z_ cöhyw³i Kvi Y we bv`b MÖn Yi cöwµqvwu Z hikg cwiez b G m Q wvk mikg cwiez b G m Q we bv` bi welq jv Z m½xz K wwwruvj iƒc `Iqvq GLb Avgiv Kw úduv i Mvb ïb Z cvwi wvk GKBfv e Avgiv wfwwi ev Pjw PÎ `L Z cvwi wmww ig wksev wwwfww ei

17 12 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ niqvi ci mlv b wekvj cwigv Yi Z_ ivlv m eci n q Q wm bgv n j bv wm q N i e m Kw úduvi wksev Uwjwfk b wwwfww _ K Pjw PÎ `Lv GLb LyeB mvaviy GKUv welq dvbevi AcwUK buiqvk emv bvi ci `ªyZMwZi B Uvi bu mnrjf n Z ïiy K i Q Kv RB GLb GKRb K Avi Mvb kvbvi R b wksev Pjw PÎ `Lvi R b AwWI wmww ev wwwfwwi Dci wbf i Ki Z nq bv B Uvi bu e envi K i mivmwi Mvb ev Pjw PÎ Dc fvm Kiv m e n Q ïay ZvB bq iwwi ev Uwjwfkb P v bj jv GLb B Uvi bu e envi K i kvbv I `Lv hvq Ges m jv A bk mg qb ikw Kiv _v K e j KvD KB Avi Kv bv wkqzi R b wbw` ó mgq A c v Ki Z nq bv, hlb hwu `Lvi B Q K i ZLbB muv `L Z cv i Z_ cöhyw³ DbœZ nevi ci bzyb wkqz we bv` bi Rb n q Q hwu Av M Dc fvm Kiv m e wqj bv, Zvi GKwU n Q Kw úduvi Mg mviv c w_ex ZB GLb Kw úduvi M gi wekvj wkí ˆZwi n q Q Ges bvbv ai bi Kw úduvi M gi Rb n q Q Kw úduvi M gi e vck RbwcÖqZv ` LB Avgiv Av `vr Ki Z cvwi GwU we bv` bi AZ ší mdj GKwU gva g Gi mvd j i cöavb GKwU KviY n Q GwU QvU wkky _ K cövß eq GKRb gvbyl mevb KB Zvi wb Ri iywp gvwdk Avb ` w` Z cv i GKRb Av ik R bi mv _ Kw úduvi Mg Lj Z cv i, Kw úduv ii mv _ Lj Z cv i Ggb wk buiqvk e envi K i evb ii Kv iv mv _I Lj Z cv i mwz K_v ej Z wk, A bk ÎB GB we bv`b Dc fv Mi ZxeªZv GZ ewk n Z cv i h, mwu GK ai bi Avmw³i Rb w` Z cv i Ges m Kvi Y Kw úduvi Mg Dc fvm Kivi e vcv i mviv c w_ex ZB mevb K mzk _vkvi K_v ejv n Q Z_ cöhyw³ we bv`b m wói e vcv ii GK ai bi eo f wgkv i L Q A vwb gkb ev KvU zb ˆZwi Kiv GK mgq A bk KwVb GKUv welq wqj Z_ cöhyw³ Ges kw³kvjx Kw úduv ii Kvi Y GLb GwU A bk mnr n q M Q ïay ZvB bq m wókxj gvby li m RbkxjZvi Kvi Y m ú~y bzzb GK ai bi e vcvi NU Z ïiy K i Q mwz Kv ii Awf bzv Awf bîx QvovB MÖvwd wbf i Pjw P Îi wwwruvj Awf bzv-awf bîxi Rb n Z ïiy K i Q wel vz e emvmdj Pjw P Î KvíwbK cövyx WvB bvmi wksev wfbœ RM Zi cövyx ˆZwi Kivi R b kw³kvjx Kw úduvi e envi Kiv GLb AZ ší mvaviy GKwU welq GK K_vq Avgiv ej Z cvwi, Z_ cöhyw³i Kvi Y ïay h bzzb bzyb we bv` bi Rb wb Q Zv bq, mb we bv`b jv GLb G Kev i mvaviy gvby li Kv QI cuš Q hv Q me P q eo K_v GwU gvî ïiy, fwel Z AvBwmwU wbf i we bv`b Kvb ch v q hv e mwu Kíbv KivI Am e! wwwruvj evsjv `k ez gvb mikvi cö_gev ii g Zv 2021 mv ji g a wwwruvj evsjv `k M o Zvjvi GKwU cwikíbv MÖnY K i GKUv i³ qx hy i fzi w` q 1971 mv j Avgiv Avgv `i ^vaxbzv AR b K iwq, 2021 mv j Zvi Aa kzvãx c~y n e Ges m Kvi Y GB mg qi fz i Avgv `i wcöq gvz f~wg K GKwU we kl RvqMvq biqvi GKwU ^cœ Avgv `i mevb K úk K iwqj ZvB wwwruvj evsjv `k K_vwU ïay GKwU K_v n q _v Kwb GUv K ev Í e iƒc `Iqvi R b GB ` ki mikvi Ges mvaviy gvbyl mevb GKwU eo D ` vm wb q Q

18 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ I Avgv `i evsjv `k 13 cö_ gb Avgv `i Rvbv `ikvi GbvjM I wwwruvj K_vwU w` q Avgiv Kx evsvb cwiez bkxj (wew Qbœ) WvUv K hlb ms K Zi gva g cökvk Kiv nq ZLb Zv K GbvjM ms KZ e j D`vniY ^iƒc Avgv `i ˆ`bw `b ZvcgvÎvi K_v aiv hvk, w` bi wewfbœ mgq wewfbœ ai bi ZvcgvÎv Abyf Z nq GB Abyf Z ZvcgvÎv K hlb ms KZiƒ c K. GbvjM cökvk Kwi ZLb Zv K GbvjM ms KZ ewj GbvjM ms K Zi mvnv h Avgiv wbfz j Ges m~² Z_ cvbbv, cövß gv bi ZviZg _v K GB GbvjM ms KZ K wbw` ó c wz Z `ybwu Ae vi gva g cökvk Kiv nq, L. wwwruvj GB Ae v jv K A ¼i (Digit) gva g cökvk Kivi d j GbvjM ms K Zi Zzjbvq AviI wbfz j Ges m~² _ K m~²zi Z_ cviqv hvq Digit Gi gva g ms KZ cökv ki Rb e eüz GB ai bi ms KZ K wwwruvj ms KZ ejv nq hgb: ai, KuvUvhy³ Nwo GbvjM ms KZ cö`k b K i, c vší i KuvUvwenxb Nwo wwwruvj ms KZ cö`k b K i Z e wwwruvj evsjv `k K_vwU ïay GKwU ÔKw úduvi cö Z `kõ wn m e e envi Kiv nqwb GwU Av iv A bk e vck wwwruvj evsjv `k ej Z Avm j Z_ I hvmvhvm cöhyw³ e envi K i M o Zvjv AvaywbK evsjv `k evsv bv nq me ai bi cöhyw³ e envi K i GB ` ki wk v, ^v, Kg ms vb Ges `vwi`ª gvp bi A½xKvi ev Íevqb n Q wwwruvj evsjv ` ki j GB j cušqv bvi R b Avgv `i cyivzb gvbwmkzvi cwiez b K i BwZevPK ev ÍeZv Ges D vebx wpšív Kiv Lye Riywi wwwruvj evsjv ` ki cq bi g~j K_vwU n Q ` ki gvby li R b MYZš, gvbevwakvi, ^ QZv, `vqe Zv Ges mywepvi wbwðz Kiv Ges m jvi R b cöhyw³i m e v P e envi Kiv Zvi P~ovšÍ j n Q mkj köwyi me ai bi gvby li Rxe bi gvb Dbœqb wwwruvj evsjv `k iƒck íi ev Íevq bi R b mikvi PviwU mywbw` ó welq K iyz w` q Q; m jv n QÑ gvbem ú` Dbœqb, RbM Yi m ú ³Zv, wmwfj mvwf m Ges ˆ`bw `b Rxe b Z_ cöhyw³i e envi c w_exi Ab A bk ` ki Zzjbvq evsjv `k Z_ cöhyw³i cömv ii KvRwU ïiy K i Q `wi Z ZvB Ab A bk ` ki Zzjbvq evsjv `k h _ó wcwq q Av Q AZx Z Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³i iyz h_vh_fv e Dcjwä bv Ki ji ez gv b GwU AZ ší iyz cv Q mve gwib K ve ji mv _ hy³ niqvq Avgv `i ` k GLb `ªyZ MwZi B Uvi bu ms hvm cö`vb m e n Q cöhyw³ cömv ii GKwU my `i w`k i q Q, Kv bv `k ev RvwZi GKwU wbw` ó cöhyw³ Z wcwq q _vk j me mg qb Zv `i wcwq q _vk Z nq bv eo eo jvd w` q (Leap Frog) Ab `i a i djv hvq ZvB evsjv `k Zvi me kw³ w` q mvg b GwM q Ab ` ki mgvb nevi Póv Ki Q mikv ii AvMÖ ni Kvi Y ` k Z_ cöhyw³i AeKvVv gv M o DV Z ïiy K i Q mviv ` k dvbevi AcwUK jvbb ewm q cöz ší AÂj ch ší B Uvi bu mev `Iqvi D ` vm biqv n q Q gvî GK- `o `kk Av MI G ` k Uwj dv bi msl v wqj bmy GLb wbwø avq ejv hvq GB ` ki cö Z KwU

19 14 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ cövßeq gvby li nv Zi bvmv j dvb i q Q BDwbqb ch v q Bbdi gkb mvwf m m Uvi Lvjv n q Q, cöz ší GjvKvq cv Awdm jv K B- m Uv i iƒcvšíwiz K i gvevbj gvwb AW v ii my hvm K i `Iqv n q Q BDwbqb Bbdi gkb m Uv ii mv _ mv _ www ª± Bbdi gkb mj Ges b vkbvj Bbdi gkb mj ` ki AeKvVv gv Z GKUv eo ms hvrb gvevbj Uwj dvb w` q fwz cix vi iwr ªkb, cvewjk cix vi djvdj Rvbv wksev Uª bi wu KU Kbvi g Zv KvR jv wbqwgzfv e Kiv n Q zj-k j R Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³i cvv ms hvrb Kiv n q QÑ GB ebwu Zvi cögvy ` ki K jr-wek we` vj q Kw úduvi mv qý cov bv n Q ` ki ZiyY cörb wewfbœ mduiq vi Kv úvwb Z hvm `Iqvi cvkvcvwk wb Riv Kv úvwb M o Zzj Q Ges wekvj msl K ZiyY-ZiyYx e w³mz ch v q AvDU mvwm s K i ` ki A_ bxwz K greyz Ki Q Z_ cöhyw³i GB mvdj ï b KD hb g b bv K i Avgiv B Zvg a Avgv `i j cuš Q MwQÑ GwU gv UI mwz bq GB c _ Avgv `i Av iv `xn c_ AwZµg Ki Z n e h nzz Avgv `i ` ki ewki fvm gvbylb MÖv g _v K ZvB wwwruvj evsjv `k M o Zvjvi cö_g avc n Q GB MÖvgxY gvbyl K Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ mevi AvIZvq wb q Avmv mrb GL bv wekvj AeKvVv gv M o Zzj Z n e Z_ cöhyw³i cy iv myweav c Z n j G ÿ Î ` Rbkw³i cö qvrb zj K jr wek we` vj q jlvcovi gvb evov Z n e, Av iv ewk msl K wk v_x K Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ Z ` K i M o Zzj Z n e B-Mfb vý Gi gva g mkj Kv R ^ QZv wbwðz Ki Z n e bzyb cörb K Zv `i D vebx gzv Kv R jvmv Z Drmvnx Ki Z n e wek we` vjq Ges Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ wk íi g a mgš^q Ki Z n e Zvn jb Avgiv cök Z wwwruvj evsjv `k M o Zzj Z cvie `jmz KvR wwwruvj evsjv `k M o Zzj Z KiYxq wb q GKwU cv vi wwrvbb Ki

20 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ I Avgv `i evsjv `k 15 Abykxjbx 1. jûb weávb Rv`yNi hvwš Kfv e MYbv Ki Z mÿg BwÄb KZ mv j ˆZwi K i? K L M N Kvb Avwe vi Ki Avwe v ii d j AvR Ki c w_ex Z N i e mb Awd mi KvR Kiv m e n Q? K. Pvj m e v er L. A vwv jvf jm M. Rgm K vk g v I qj N. RM`xk P `ª emy 3. dmey Ki wbg vzv K? K. w f Rem L. wej MUm M. gvk RyKvievM N. wug evb vm wj 4. mikvwi Kv R Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ e env ii d jñ i. ^ímg q mikvwi mev cviqv hv e ii. mikvwi mevi gvb DbœZ n e iii. QzwUi w` bi A bk mikvwi mev cviqv hv e wb Pi KvbwU mwvk? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii wb Pi Aby Q`wU c o 5 I 6 b ^i cö kœi DËi `vi: mygb m UgvwU b eov Z h q Amy n q M j dv b m XvKvq GKRb wpwkrm Ki mv _ hvmv hvm K i wzwb mygb K `ªyZ nvmcvzv j h Z e jb c i nvmcvzv ji Wv³vi XvKvi we klá Wv³v ii civgk MÖnY K i myg bi wpwkrmvi e e v Ki jb 5. vbxq Wv³vi h c wz Z we klá Wv³v ii civgk MÖnY Ki Z cv ib Zv n jvi. Uwj gwwwmb mev ii. B- ^v mev iii. B- Kgvm mev wb Pi KvbwU mwvk? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii 6. myg bi wpwkrmvq Kvb cöhyw³wui f~wgkv cöavb? K. AvBwmwU L. Uwjwfkb M. iveu N. Kw úduvi 7. KzwoMÖv gi išgvwi Dc Rjvi hv`yi Pi MÖv gi wgjb MÖv g e mb D Pwkÿv MÖnY Ki Z Pvq Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ Kxfv e Zv K mvnvh Ki Z cv i? 8. evsjv ` ki ekvi mgm v `~i Ki Z Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ Kx Kx m vebv m wó K i Q? ey bv Ki

21 16 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ wøzxq Aa vq Kw úduvi I Kw úduvi e envikvixi wbivcëv G Aa vq k l Avgiv- Kw úduvi iÿyv eÿ Y mduiq v ii iyz e vl v Ki Z cvie; Software uninstall Ges Software delete -Gi cv_ K Ki Z cvie; Kw úduvi, Z_ -DcvË I Software -Gi wbivcëvq cvmiqvw I Gw U fvbivm e env ii iyz e vl v Ki Z cvie; mvaviy I mvgvwrk mvbumg~ ni g a cv_ K wbiƒcy Ki Z cvie; AwZgvÎvq B Uvi bu e env ii djvdj we køly Ki Z cvie; AwZgvÎvq Mgm& Ljvi bwzevpk w`k jv e vl v Ki Z cvie; mduiq vi cvb iwmi welqwu ey bv Ki Z cvie; KwcivBU AvB bi iyz e vl v Ki Z cvie; B Uvi b U Z _ i Aeva cöev ni mv _ mv _ wbivcëvi cö qvrbxqzv e vl v Ki Z cvie; Kw úduv ii Uªvej ky wus-gi iyz e vl v Ki Z cvie; h_vh_ cöwµqv Aej ^b K i wbw` ó Software install/uninstall Ki Z cvie; Unique cvmiqvw ˆZwi Ki Z cvie; Ges Kw úduv ii mvaviy mgm vi Uªvej ky U Ki Z cvie

22 Kw úduvi I Kw úduvi e envikvixi wbivcëv 17 Kw úduvi iÿyv eÿ Y mduiq v ii iyz NUbv 1 : ivqbv K j R fwz niqvi ci evevi Kv Q evqbv a iwqj GKwU j vcuc wk b `evi Rb evev cö_g mvgwq Ki dj fv jv niqvq ivqbv K GKwU Kvi AvB dvbf cö mmihy³ GKwU j vcuc wk b w` jb j vcuc c q Ges Gi MwZ ` L ivqbv gy» m wkqzw` bi g a B A bk mduiq vi Bb j K i djj wkš ivqbv jÿ Kij Zvi j vcucwu Av Í Av Í aximwzi n q hv Q GK eq ii gv_vq G m ivqbv `Lj Zvi j vcucwu GZUvB axi n q M Q h, KvR Ki Z wm q ivqbv gnv wei³ wkqzw`b ci m evev K Av ikwu j vcuc wk b `Iqvi Rb Ave`vi Kij NUbv 2 : AsKb Zvi Kw úduv i B Uvi bu Kv bkkb wb q Q GLb m cövqb B Uvi b U wewfbœ I qe mvb U cö ek K i G Z Zvi jlvcovi A bk DcKvi n Q jlvcov QvovI m eüz `i B- gbj Kiv, Mvb kvbv I Qwe `Lvi Kv RI B Uvi bu e envi K i B`vbxs m `L Q Kw úduviwu Kv bv KviY QvovB gv S g a wi vu n q hv Q GQvovI gv S gv S AsK bi B Qv QvovB wewfbœ I qe mvb U Xz K hv Q GKw`b BDGmwe cv U cbwªvbf cö ek Kiv j m AevK n q `Lj Zvi me dvbj ku KvU n q M Q g~j dvbj jv Kv_vI `Lv hv Q bv Dc ii NUbv `y Uv _ K Zvgiv Kx eys j? Zvgv `i A b Ki AwfÁZvi mv _ wg j hv Q? Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ m ú K GZw` b Zvgv `i A bk wkqzb Rvbv n q M Q Zvgiv wbðqb ey S MQ Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³i ÿ Î cö mmi I mduiq vi wbf i hš B n jv g~j hš bzzb GKwU Kw úduvi Zv W Uc, j vcuc ev U ve ju hvb nvk bv Kb `L e Lye fv jv ev `ªyZMwZ Z KvR Ki Q wkš wkqzw`b e envi Kivi c i `L e GwU µgk aximwzi n q hv Q A_ vr cyi bv n j hš wu Kgb hb axi n q hvq A bk mgq GKwU KgvÛ w` q A bkÿy A cÿv Ki Z nq gv S gv S cwiw wz Ggb `uvovq h, ivmvwš^z n q Av ikwu bzzb Kw úduvi wk b dj Z B Qv K i! G Ae v _ K gyw³ cviqvi Dcvq Zvn j Kx? GLv bb i q Q Kw úduvi iÿyv eÿ Yi iyz wb Pi köwy Z Zvgiv iÿyv eÿy m ú K wkqzuv R bq ewkifvm gvby lib AvBwmwU hš cvwz ev Ab Kv bv hš cvwz iÿyv eÿ Yi KvRwU Ki Z fv jv jv M bv wkš ZviciI G KvRwU AZ ší iyz c~y Zzwg hw` Zvgvi AvBwmwU hš ev Kw úduviwu mpj I c~y gvîvq Kvh ÿg ivl Z PvI Z e Aek B GwUi iÿyv eÿy Ki Z n e GKv Ri Rb Zvgvi hš cvwz we klá niqvi cö qvrb bvb Avm j Avgiv GLv b AvBwmwU hš cvwzi ÿ Î mduiq vi wfwëk iÿyv eÿ Yi K_v ejwq Zvgvi AvBwmwU hš wu Z hw` gvb KªvmdU Kv úvwbi DB ÛvR Acv iwus wm g e envi K i (we k i ewkifvm Kw úduv i DB ÛvR Acv iwus wm g e eüz nq) _v K Z e Acv iwus wm g memgq nvjbvmv` ev Avc WU Ki Z n e B Uvi b U mshy³ _vk j G Avc WU jv mvaviyz ^qswµqfv e n q _v K Ab vb Acv iwus wm gi cövq GKB ai bi myweav w` q _v K ZvQvov Zvgv K Aek B gv S gv S iwrw ª wk bavc mduiq vi e envi Ki Z n e Kw úduvi K mpj I MwZkxj ivlvi Rb hw` iwrw ª wk bavc e envi bv Ki Zvgvi Kw úduvi ev AvBwmwU hš wu wvkfv e KvR Ki e bv Ges Zvgvi Rb A bk mgq weiw³i KviY n e

23 18 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ GQvovI cö Z Kevi Kw úduvi e envi Kivi mgq ekwkqz U úvivwi dvbj ˆZwi nq A bkw`b G dvbj jv bv gy Q w` j nvw ww i A bkuv RvqMv `Lj K i iv L Ges Kw úduv ii MwZ K axi K i `q m Rb Avgv `i mevib DwPZ mduiq v ii mvnvh wb q U úvivwi dvbj jv gy Q `Iqv G Z nvw ww i ek LvwbKUv RvqMv Lvwj n e Avevi Kw úduv ii KvR Kivi MwZI e o hv e A bk B`vbxs B Uvi bu e envi Kiv Qvov AvBwmwU h š i e envi Kíbv Kiv hvq bv B Uvi bu e envi Ki j Zvgvi B Uvi bu eªvdrv ii K vk g gvwi Z A bk KzwKR I U úvivwi dvbj Rgv nq G Z AvBwmwU hš wu µgvš^ q axi n q hvq cöwzw`b m e bv n ji wkqzw`b ci ci K vk g gvwi cwi vi Kiv GKvšÍ cö qvrb G KvRwU Ki Z mduiq vi Zvgv K mvnvh Ki e Gw UfvBivm, Gw U úvbiq vi I Gw U g vjiq vi Qvov ez gv b AvBwmwU wwfvbm e envi Kiv gvivz K SuzwKc~Y Gai bi md&uiq vi GKwU iyz c~y iÿyv eÿy Kvh µg hvi gva g AvBwmwU hš e envikvixmy Zv `i h š fvbivmmn g vjiq vi ev úvbiq v ii AvµgY _ K iÿv cvb cvkvcvwk wbwe Nœ Zv `i hš ev hš My jv e envi Ki Z cv ib me P q grvi e vcvi, GLb A bk Gw UfvBivm Ges Gw U g vjiq vi ev Gw U úvbiq vi webvg~ j B Uvi bu _ K WvDb jvw K i e envi Kiv hvq GgbwK G mduiq vi jv B Uvi b Ui gva g nvjbvmv`i (update) Kiv hvq nvjbvmv` Gw UfvBivm Qvov AvBwmwU hš e envi Kiv AZ ší SzuwKc~Y Kw úduv ii KvR Kivi MwZ ervq ivlvi Rb cövq me e envikvix ww wk bavc I ww wwd«vm g Uvi e envi K i _v K G cövmªvg jv mvaviyz Acv iwus wm gi mv _ hy³ _v K G mduiq vi `y Uv nvw ww i RvqMv Lvwj K i Ges dvbj jv Ggbfv e mvrvq hv Z Kw úduvi MwZ ervq i L KvR Ki Z cv i mduiq vi Bb jkb I AvbBb jkb Avgiv mevb Rvwb AvBwmwU hš jv mduiq v ii gva g cwipvwjz nq G mduiq vi jv Kw úduvi ev Ab vb h š Bb j Ki Z nq Avgiv hlb Kv bv AvBwmwU hš wkwb ZLb we µzv mvaviyz Avgv `i wrávmv K i Avgv `i Kvb Kvb mduiq vi cö qvrb AZtci Acv iwus mduiq vimn Ab vb cö qvrbxq mduiq vi jv we klá w` q Bb j K i we µzv hš wu Avgv `i Kv Q n ÍvšÍi K i Gfv e Avgiv wb R `i cö qvrbg Zv AvBwmwU hš Z_v Kw úduvi, U ve ju, vu dvb BZ vw` e envi Ki Z cvwi Acv iwus wm g mduiq vi Bb j Kivi cöwµqv GKUz RwUj Ges Gi Rb wkqz we kl `ÿzvi cö qvrb nq G KvRwU wb q Avgiv ciez x kªwy Z Av jvpbv Kie Acv iwus wm g mduiq vi QvovI AvBwmwU hš e envi Ki Z Avgv `i wewfbœ ai bi mduiq vi cö qvrb nq G mduiq vi jv e envikvixi hš wu e env ii D Ï k i wfwë Z Bb j Ki Z nq

24 Kw úduvi I Kw úduvi e envikvixi wbivcëv 19 Kv bv mduiq vi Bb j Kivi c~ e wb Pi welq jv jÿ ivlv cö qvrb: h mduiq vi Bb j Kiv n e Zv Zvgvi h š i nvw Iq vi mv cvu K i wkbv; read me dvbjwu Z Riywi wkqz Kv Ri K_v jlv Av Q wkbv c o wb Z n e; Bb jk bi mgq Ab mkj KvR eü Av Q wkbv (eü bv _vk j A bk mgq bzzb mduiq vi Bb j Ki Z Sv gjv nq); Gw UfvBivm mduiq vi eü Av Q wkbv; Ges Acv iwus wm gi GWwgwb ªU ii AbygwZ Av Q wkbv (we kl Kv bv hš Qvov cövq me h š ib G Aby gv`b `Iqv _v K welqwu m ú K Avgiv ciezx köwy Z we ÍvwiZ Rvbe) Acv iwus wm g mduiq vi Qvov Ab vb mduiq vi Bb j Kivi cöwµqv A bkuvb Acv iwus wm gi Ici wbf i K i Z e G cöwµqv A bkuv GKB ai bi Kv bv mduiq vi Bb j Ki Z n j cö_ gb Avgv `i mduiq viwui mdu ev wwwruvj Kwc cö qvrb n e G mdu KwcwU wmww, wwwfww, cbwªvbf ev B Uvi bu _ K cviqv h Z cv i ewkifvm ÿ Î mduiq vi jvi mv _ Auto run bv g GKwU cövmövg mshy³ Ae vq _v K Zvgv `i Kw úduv i wmww, wwwfww ev cbwªvbf cö ek Kiv j Auto run cövmövgwu mpj n q hvq Ges mduiq viwu setup Kivi AbygwZ Pvq AbygwZ cö`vb Kivi ci ciez x avc jv AbymiY Ki jb mduiq viwu Zvgvi h š Bb j n q hv e mvaviyz hš wu restart Ki jb Bb jk Z cövmövgwu e envi Kiv ïiy Kiv hvq GKwU mduiq vi Bb j Kivi avc jv `Lv bv n jv : cö_ g mduiq v ii muavc dvb j Wvej wk K Ki Z n e hgb, wb Pi wpî-1 GKwU muavc dvbj GUv Z Wvej wk K Ki j Bb jkb ïiy n e

25 20 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ Dc ii avc jv cövq me ai bi mduiq vi Bb ji ÿ Î cö hvr KvR cöwµqv AbymiY K i wkÿk wb ` wkz GKwU mduiq vi Bb j Ki mduiq vi AvbBb jkb Bb j Ki Z wk L dj j! GLb g b Ki Bb j Kiv Kv bv GKwU mduiq vi e envi Kivi Avi cö qvrb bb Zvn j Avgiv Kx Kie? ewkifvm e envikvix mduiq viwu Zvi h š B i L `q wkš

26 Kw úduvi I Kw úduvi e envikvixi wbivcëv 21 G Z nvw ww i A bkuv RvqMv bó nq Avevi A bk mgq AvBwmwU hš wu cwipvjbv Ki Z Sv gjv m wó K i ZvB eyw gv bi KvR n jv AcÖ qvrbxq mduiq vi AvbBb j K i djv GLb cökœ n jv AvbBb j Kxfv e Kie? G KvRwU Ki ZI Acv iwus wm g mduiq vi Avgv `i mvnvh K i _v K cövq me Acv iwus wm gi Kv Ri aib GKB Z e GÛª qw PvwjZ hš we kl K i nv Zi Av½y ji úk Øviv cwipvwjz A_ vr UvPw Œbhy³ vu dvb jv _ K mduiq vi AvbBb j Kiv LyeB mnr mwusm _ K A vwcø Kkb wm j± K i wbw` ó mduiq viwu Z UvP Ki j c`v q GKwU gby Avm e mlv b AvbBb j jlv RvqMvq UvP Kivi ci mduiq viwu AvbBb j n q hv e gvb µvmdu DB ÛvR-Gi Acv iwus wm g hv wkbv we k i ewkifvm gvbyl Zv `i AvBwmwU h š Z_v Kw úduv i e envi K i _v K, mme hš n Z mduiq vi AvbBb j Ki Z n j wb Pi avc jv AbymiY Ki Z n e cö_ g vu evub _ K K Uªvj c v b j h Z n e AZtci Wvej wk K K i ÔA vw Ai wigyfõ A_ev ÔAvbBb j cövmövgõ -G XzK Z n e KvR cöwµqv AbymiY K i wkÿk wb ` wkz GKwU mduiq vi AvbBb j Ki Gici h cövmövgwu AvbBb j Ki Z PvI mwu Luy R wk K K i AvbBb j wk K Ki jb dvbjwu AvbBb j n Z ïiy Ki e dvbj eo n j AvbBb j n Z GKUz ewk mgq jvm Z cv i AvbBb j Kivi ci mvaviyz Kw úduvi wi vu Ki Z nq Z e Kv bv mduiq vi AvbBb j Kivi mgq wbwðz n q Zv Ki Z n e Ab _vq fzjµ g Ggb mduiq vi AvbBb j n Z cv i, hvi Kvi Y Zvgvi hš wu Z cybivq mduiq viwu Bb j Kiv Qvov Pvjv bv m e bvi n Z cv i ZvB G ÿ Î Avgv `i mzk _vk Z n e

27 22 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ mduiq vi wwwju Avgiv Rvwb wwwju A_ gy Q djv g~jz mduiq vi AvbBb j Kivi gva g Avgiv Avgv `i AvBwmwU hš n Z Bb j Kiv h Kv bv mduiq vi gy Q dj Z cvwi wbðqb cökœ RvM Q Zvn j wwwju w` q Kx Kie? Kw úduvi ev Ab h Kv bv AvBwmwU h š Kv bv mduiq vi GKevi Bb j Ki j AvbBb ji gva g Zv m ú~y gy Q djv hvq bv Avevi wbqg bv g b ïay mduiq viwu wwwju K i w` j mduiq viwu gy Q Zv hvqb bv eis Av iv mgm v ˆZwi K i AvbBb j Ki j mduiq viwui wkqz Ask Acv iwus wm gi iwrw ª dvb j _ K hvq wbqg AbymiY K i wwwju Ki j h Kv bv mduiq vi m ú~y fv e gy Q djv m e wb P wbqgwu `Lv bv n jv G KvRwU Ki ZI Avgv `i mzk _vk Z n e wwwju Ki Z hv Ki Z n e : cö_ g c~ e i wbq g mduiq viwu AvbBb j Ki Z n e c i wb Pi avc jv AbymiY Ki Z n e 1 1. cö_ g Kx ev W i + r GKmv _ P c Run Command Pvjy Ki Z n e Zvici regedit wj L ok evub wk K Ki Z n e 2. dvbj gby Z cö ek Ki Z n e 3. Export -G wk K Ki Z n e 2 3

28 Kw úduvi I Kw úduvi e envikvixi wbivcëv Acv iwus mduiq vi h WªvB f i q Q A_v r C wm j± Ki Z n e 4 5. bvg w` q dvbjwu mf Ki Z n e GwU LyeB Riywi Kv bv fzj n j hv Z wm g wvk Kiv hvq 5 6. AZtci Edit -G cö ek Ki Z n e Find -G h Z n e

29 24 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ 8. h mduiq viwu wwwju Ki Z PvB Zvi bvg LyuR Z n e, hgb GLv b AUDIALS 9. Find Next -G wk K Ki Z n e Gfv e wm j± Ki Z n e 11. Gevi Wvb evub wk K K i Delete -G wk K K i Ki Z n e me k l Kx ev W i F3 P c iwrw ªi me RvqMv _ K H bv gi dvbj jv gy Q w` Z n e Gfv eb m ú~y n e cy iv mduiq vi wwwju Kivi cöwµqv `jmz KvR AvbBb j Ges wwwj Ui g a cv_ K wba viy K i Dc vcb Ki wb Ri Kw úduv ii wbivcëv Ñ Kw úduvi fvbivm I Gw UfvBivm Kw úduvi fvbivm wel q Avgiv A bk wkqzb B Zvg a R b d jwq Zey Avgv `i AvBwmwU h š i wbivcëvi K_vwU gv_vq i L G wel q AviI Rvbv cö qvrb cövyx ` n fvbivm Avµg Yi g ZvB G fvbivm jv Avgv `i AvBwmwU h š i ÿwz K i _v K VIRUS k ãi c~y iƒc n jv Vital Information Resources Under Siege hvi A_ `vuovq iyz c~y Z_ mg~n `L j biqv ev ÿwz mvab Kiv 1980 mv j G bvgkiy K i Qb cöl vz M elk ÔUniversity of New Haven -Gi Aa vck d«w Kv nb (Fred Cohen) fvbivm n jv GK ai bi mduiq vi hv Z_ I DcvË K AvµgY K i Ges hvi wb Ri msl v e w i ÿgzv i q Q fvbivm Kw úduv i cö ek Ki j mvaviyz msl v e w n Z _v K I wewfbœ Z_ -DcvË K AvµgY K i Ges GK ch v q MvUv Kw úduvi ev AvBwmwU hš K msµwgz K i APj K i `q hgb- eyu fvbivm ww i eyu m±i K AvµgY K i AwZ cwiwpz wkqz fvbivm n jv vb (Stone), wf qbv (Vienna), wmavbgbp (CIH), dvìvi (Folder), Trojan Horse BZ vw`

30 Kw úduvi I Kw úduvi e envikvixi wbivcëv 25 Kv bvfv e Kw úduvi ev AvBwmwU hš fvbiv m msµwgz n j Zv µ g µ g we Ívi N U wmww, cbwªvbf wksev Ab h Kv bvfv e fvbivmhy³ GKwU dvbj fvbivmgy³ Kw úduvi ev Kv bv AvBwmwU h š Pvjv j dvb ji msµwgz fvbivm Kw úduvi ev hš wui g gvwi Z Ae vb bq KvR kl K i dvbj eü Ki ji msµwgz fvbivmwu g gvwi Z i qb hvq d j fvbivmgy³ Kw úduvi ev AvBwmwU hš fvbiv m AvµvšÍ n q c o GKB Ae v N U Kv bv fvbivm msµwgz cövmövg ev mduiq vi Pvjv ji Gfv e g gvwi Z vb `LjKvix fvbivm ciez x Z Ab vb cövmövg Ges dvbj KI AvµgY K i Kv bv Kv bv fvbivm ZvrÿwYKfv e mkj cövmövg I dvbj K MÖvm K i, Avevi Kv bv Kv bv fvbivm ïay bzzb cövmövg I dvbj KB AvµvšÍ K i dvbj I cövmövgmg~n MÖvm Ki Z Ki Z fvbivm Zvi B Qvg Zv Kw úduv ii Af ší i mvwe K ÿwz mvab ïiy K i Gfv e GKwU fvbivmgy³ Kw úduvi ax i ax i fvbiv m msµwgz nq Ges D³ msµwgz Kw úduv i e eüz wmww, nvw ww, B Uvi bu BZ vw`i gva g fvbivmwu Ab vb Kw úduv i Qwo q c o Kw úduvi ev AvBwmwU hš fvbivm AvµvšÍ niqvi j Ymg~n: cövmövg I dvbj Open Ki Z ^vfvwek mg qi P q ewk mgq jvm Q g gvwi Kg `Lv Q d j MwZ K g M Q Kw úduvi Pvjy Ae vq Pjgvb Kv Ri mv _ mswkøó bq Ggb wkqz AcÖZ vwkz evz v cö`wk Z n Q bzzb cövmövg Bb ji ÿ Î ewk mgq jvm Q Pjgvb Kv Ri dvbj jv ewk RvqMv `Lj Ki Q hš Pvjy Kivi mgq Pvjy n Z n Z eü ev kvu WvDb n q hv Q wksev KvR Ki Z Ki Z nvvr eü n q hv Q ev wi vu n Q dvìv i we` gvb dvbj jvi bvg cwiez b n q M Q BZ vw` fvbivm mvaviyz hv hv ÿwz Ki Z cv i : Kw úduv i msiwÿz Kv bv dvbj gy Q w` Z cv i WUv wek Z ev Corrupt K i w` Z cv i Kw úduv i KvR Kivi mgq AvPgKv AevwÃZ evz v cö`k b Ki Z cv i Kw úduvi gwbu ii wwm cø K wek Z ev Corrupt K i w` Z cv i wm gi KvR K aximwz m úbœ K i w` Z cv i G Ae v _ K gyw³ c Z Avgiv Kx Ki Z cvwi? GLv bb Gw UfvBiv mi K_v G m hvq ewkifvm ÿ Î Gw UfvBivm Avgv `i K G Ae v _ K gyw³ w` Z cv i Kw úduvi ev AvBwmwU h š i fvbiv mi cöwz lak n jv Gw UfvBivm wm g fvbivm Øviv AvµvšÍ n j GwU wbg~ j Ki Z nq fvbiv mi msµgy _ K iÿv Ki Z Gw UfvBivm BDwUwjwU e envi Kiv nq GB BDwUwjwU jv cö_ g AvµvšÍ Kw úduv i fvbiv mi wp ýi mv _ cwiwpz fvbiv mi wpý jvi wgjkiy K i AZtci

31 26 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ Gw UfvBivm mduiq viwu Zvi c~e Ávb e envi K i msµwgz Ae vb _ K Avmj cövmövg K wvk K i GKwU fv jv Gw UfvBivm mvaviyfv e cövq me ai bi fvbivm wbg~ j Ki Z cv i bzzb fvbivm Avwe Z niqvi mv _ mv _ Gw UfvBivm Update Ki j Gi kw³ I Kvh ÿgzv cöwzwbqz DbœZ nq d j bzzb bzzb fvbivm aÿsm Ki Z cv i ez gv b A bk Gw UfvBivm i q Q h jv fvbivm wpwýz K i, wbg ~j K i Ges cöwznz K i AvRKvj cövq cö Z K Acv iwus wm g mduiq v ii mv _ mshy³ Ae vq Gw UfvBivm mduiq vi `Iqv _v K GQvovI GLbKvi Gw UfvBivm jv fvbivm AvµgY Kivi c~ e B Zv aÿsm K i A_ev e envikvix K mzk K i d j G jv c~ e i Gw UfvBiv mi Zzjbvq A bk ewk Kvh Ki GLv b GKwU K_v Aek B Avgv `i g b ivl Z n e h Gw UfvBivm mduiq vi memgq nvjbvmv` (Update) ivl Z n e fvbiv mi nvz _ K iÿv cviqvi Rb AvRKvj webvg~ j B Uvi bu _ K Gw UfvBivm md&uiq vi WvDb jvw Ges Bb j K i AvBwmwU hš cvwzi wbivcëv A bkvsk wbwðz Kiv hvq D jøl hvm wkqz Gw UfvBivm cövmöv gi bvg n jv- GwfwR Gw UfvBivm md&uiq vi (WvDb jvw I qemvbu Gwfiv Gw UfvBivm md&uiq vi (WvDb jvw I qemvbu Gfv Gw UfvBivm md&uiq vi (WvDb jvw I qemvbu Kw úduvi ev Avgv `i AvBwmwU hš jv K fvbivmgy³ i L e envi Ki Z Avgiv wb Pi c wz jv AbymiY Ki Z cvwi 1. Ab h š e eüz wmww, cbwªvbf, g gvwi KvW BZ vw` wb Ri h š e env ii c~ e fvbivm gy³ K i bqv (Gw U fvbivm Øviv vb K i biqv) 2. Ab Kw úduvi _ K KwcK Z md&uiq vi wb Ri Kw úduv i e env ii Av M md&uiq viwu K fvbivm gy³ Kiv; 3. Ab h š i Kv bv dvbj wb Ri h š e env ii c~ e dvbjwu K fvbivm gy³ Kiv; 4. B Uvi bu _ K Kv bv md&uiq vi wb Ri Kw úduv i WvDb jvw K i Bb j Kivi mg q mzk _vkv KviY, WvDb jvwk Z md&uiq v i fvbivm _vk j Zv _ K Zvgvi Kw úduviwui fvbivm AvµvšÍ n Z cv i 5. Ab vb Kw úduv i ev h š e eüz md&uiq vi Kwc K i e envi bv Kiv 6. Kw úduv i fvbivm cö ek Ki j kzk Zvg~jK evz v cö`k b Kivi Rb Gw UfvBivm md&uiq viwu K nvjbvmv` K i ivlv cö qvrb; 7. cöwzw` bi e eüz Z_ ev dvbjmg~n Avjv`v Kv bv ww ev cbwªvb f e vkavc ivlv, Z e G ÿ Î ww ev cbwªvbfwu Aek B fvbivm gy³ n Z n e; 8. B- gbj Av`vb-cÖ`v b mzk Zv Aej ^b Kiv hgb : m `nrbk mvm _ K AvMZ B- gbj open bv Kiv Ki ji fvbivmgy³ K i Zv Lvjv DwPZ 9. Mg dvbj e env ii Av M Aek B fvbivm PK Ki Z n e

32 Kw úduvi I Kw úduvi e envikvixi wbivcëv 27 cvmiqvw cwiev ii mevb evwoi evb i eov Z M j mvaviyz Avgiv evwoi `irvq Zvjv jvwm q hvb Kb? evwoi wbivcëv wbwðz Kivi Rb, ZvB bv GLb GKUz wpšív Ki, Zvjv wrwbmuv Avm j Kx? h KD h Kv bv Pvwe w` q Zvgvi evwoi ZvjvwU Lyj Z cv i bv KviY c w_exi cö Z KwU Zvjvi Rb wfbœ wfbœ Pvwe i q Q GK Zvjvi Pvwe w` q Ab GKwU Zvjv Lvjv hvq bv Gfv e Avgiv Zvjv w` q Avgv `i evwomn Ab vb wrwb mi wbivcëv wbwðz Kwi GLb Aek b ^i `Iqv GK ai bi Zvjv `Lv hvq, hlv b b ^i wgwj q ZvjvwU Lyj Z nq G ÿ Î b ^iwu Pvwei KvR K i wkš wwwruvj cöhyw³i G hy M Av iv A bk wkqzi wbivcëv wb q Avgv `i wpšív Ki Z nq Zvgiv wbðqb ey S d jq wk mi K_v ejwq wvk a iq, Avgiv Avgv `i Z_ I Dcv Ëi wbivcëvi K_v ejwq AvBwmwUi G hy M Avgv `i iyz c~y Z_, DcvË I mduiq vi wbivcëvq GK ai bi Zvjv w` Z nq G Zvjvi bvg cvmiqvw Zvgiv A b K wbðqb B Zvg a cvmiqvw ˆZwi I e envi K i d jq Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³i e envi GLb melv b Avgv `i `ki Gi e wzµg bq Gi cömvi hz evo Q wbivcëvi cökœwu ZZ iyz c~y n q DV Q Avgv `i e w³mz mkj Z_ hgb e vsk GKvD U, AvqK ii wnmve, PvKwii wewfbœ Z_ BZ vw` QvovI bvbv Z_ -DcvË GLb wwwruvj e e vi AvIZvq Avm Q GQvovI Avgv `i AvBwmwU hš cvwz hgb Kw úduvi, j vcuc, U ve ju wksev gvevbj dvb jv mduiq vi Øviv cwipvwjz nq Avgiv hlb B Uvi bu e envi Kwi ZLb c w_exi h Kv bv cöv šíi Kw úduvi ev AvBwmwU h š i mv _ hvm hvm Ki Z cvwi Zgwb Ab h KD Avgv `i h š i mv _ hvmv hvm Ki Z cv i Z_ Av`vb-cÖ`vb Ki Z cv i Gi gva g Avgv `i e w³mz Mvcbxq Z_ I A b i Kv Q P j h Z cv i wksev KD Avgv `i h š i mduiq v ii ÿwz Ki Z cv i G Ae v _ K iÿv c Z Avgv `i wbivcëv cö qvrb Gme Z_ I Avgv `i h š i mduiq vimg~n iÿv Ki Z cvmiqv W i Kv bv wekí bb cvmiqvw `Iqv _vk j h KD B Qv Ki jb Avgv `i Z_ wb Z cvi e bv ev ÿwz Ki Z cvi e bv Z e GLv b GKwU K_v Aek B R b ivl Z n e hw` KD eyw LvwU q Avgiv h cvmiqvw w` qwqjvg Zv a i dj Z cv i Zvn j m Avgv `i mkj Z_ wb q wb Z cvi e Z_ bó Ki Z PvB j bó Ki Z cvi e A bkuv Wzwcø KU Pvwe evwb q Zvjv Ly j djvi g Zv ZvB cvmiqvw ˆZwi Ki Z Avgv `i A bk `ÿ n Z n e Ab KD aviyv Ki Z cv i Ggb mnr cvmiqvw hgb ˆZwi Kiv hv e bv Avevi wb RB fz j h Z cvwi Ggb cvmiqvw ˆZwi Kiv hv e bv ewkifvm gvbyl ev ev abcdef G ai bi cvmiqvw ˆZwi K i d j cvmiqvw R b hviqv ev a i djv mnr nq hw`i A bk e envikvix Abb ev unique cvmiqvw ˆZwi Kiv K Sv gjvi KvR g b K i Z_ -Dcv Ëi w`kwu we epbvq wb j unique ev gšwjk cvmiqvw ˆZwi Kiv AZ ší iyz c~y mvfv i, Kw úduvi ev h Kv bv AvBwmwU h š iwÿz Z_ I Dcv Ëi wbivcëv weav bi mv _ mv _

33 28 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ MvcbxqZv ervq ivlvi KvRwUI cvmiqvw K i _v K Zvgvi cvmiqvw hw` unique bv nq Z e: 1. `ye j cvmiqv W i Kvi Y fvbivm mn RB AvµgY Ki Z cv i 2. n vkvi `i mn RB n vk Kivi my hvm K i w` Z cv i G Z Zvgvi e vs K ivlv UvKv QvovI iyz c~y Z_ A b i nv Z P j h Z cv i 3. Zvgvi mnr cvmiqv W i Kvi Y AvBwmwU h š iwÿz Z_ bó Kivi my hvm ˆZwi n Z cv i Kxfv e gšwjk cvmiqvw ˆZwi Kiv hvq? GwU GKwU m Rbkxj KvR Zvgvi m RbkxjZvB Zvgvi Z_ ev mduiq v ii wbivcëv I MvcbxqZv iÿv Ki Z cv i Z e G ÿ Î wkqz wbqg g b Pj j KvRwU Ki Z Avgv `i A bk myweav n e unique cvmiqvw ˆZwii mgq Avgv `i jÿ ivl Z n e: wb Ri ev cwiev ii Kv iv bvg ev e w³mz Kv bv Z_ mivmwi e envi bv Kiv hw`i cvmiqvw wu g b ivlvi ÿ Î GwU Avgv `i mvnvh K i _v K; msl v, wpý I kã e env ii ÿ Î QvU nv Zi Aÿi I eo nv Zi Aÿi wgwk q w` j fv jv nq G Z cvmiqvw wu m ú K A b i aviyv Kiv A bk KwVb n q hv e; cvmiqvw wu hb Aek B GKUz eo AvKv ii nq; cvmiqvw g b ivlvi Rb AvBwmwU hš ev Wvqwi ev Ab Kv_vI cvmiqvw ev Gi Askwe kl wj L bv ivlv; cvmiqvw g b ivlvi Rb wb Ri cq `i GKwU ms KZ e envi Kiv GwU n Z cv i wcöq KweZv, Mí, jlk, ˆeÁvwbK Avwe vi ev Kv bv HwZnvwmK NUbv G KvR jvi mv _ hw` m RbkxjZv hvm nq Z e cvmiqvw wu n q DV Z cv i unique cvmiqvw Avgv `i cvmiqvw jv n Z cv i Ggb- MoriTeChaHina_AmiSunDarVhubanE (cövy-iex `ªbv_ VvKzi) AmAr_AchE_wateR (ûgvq~b Avn g`) 2BornoT2B_tHatisThe? (To be or not to be, that is the question- From Shakespeare) 4Score&7yrsAGO (Four score and seven years ago- From the Gettysburg Address) Z e cvmiqvw Aek B g b ivlvi gz niqv DwPZ cövqk cvmiqvw cwiez b KivI GKwU Riywi KvR Gi gva g Avgiv Avgv `i Z_ I mduiq v ii wbivcëv I MvcbxqZv iÿv Ki Z mÿg ne I q e wbivc` _vkv KvR cö Z K GKwU K i cvmiqvw ˆZwi K i Dc vcb Ki Avgv `i ˆ`bw `b Rxe b Z_ cöhyw³i e envi cöwzwbqz e ob P j Q e w³mzfv e gvevbj, Kw cduv ii e envi hgb e o Q, Zgwb B Uvi bu ev AbjvB bi e envii µgvmz e o P j Q

34 Kw úduvi I Kw úduvi e envikvixi wbivcëv 29 hlbb Kv bv Kw cduvi ev gvevbj wwfvbm ( dvb, c vw, U ve BZ vw`) AbjvB b hy³ _v K ZLbB Gi wbivcëv SzuwK ˆZwi nq mzk Zv Ges we kl e e v MÖnY K i GB SzuwK Kgv bv hvq GKRb AbjvBb e envikvix bvbvb Kvi Y wewfbœ ai bi I qemvbu e envi K ib GLv b K qkwu we kl we kl Î I q e wbivc` _vkvi welqwu Av jvpbv Kiv n jv K. mvaviy mvbu : e envikvix `i A b KB Bqvû, nu gbj ev wr gb ji g Zv mvaviy Ges webvg~ j i B- gbj mev e envi K i _v Kb G jvi cöwzwu mvb U GKvD U n vk niqvi m vebv G Kev i Dwo q `Iqv hvq bv n vk n j Avgv `i A bk cö qvrbxq gbj nvwi q h Z cv i Avevi H GKvD U e envi K i cözviyv ev Abyiƒc KvR n Z cv i hvi `vq-`vwqz e envikvixi Ici ez vq Gme Î wb œv³ mvaviy mzk Zv jv g b Pjv `ikvi mnr cvmiqvw e envi bv Kiv - A b KB Zv `i B- gbj GKvD Ui cvmiqvw wnmv e wb Ri bvg, Kx ev W i mnr web vm ( hgb qwerty ev asdfg ev ) e envi K i GwU gv UB msmz bq KviY B- gb ji ÿ Î B- gbj GKvD U-B e envikvixi bvg, hv cövq mevb Rv b h Kvi Y cvmiqvw wu hw` mnr nq Zvn j h KD gvî K qkev ii Póv ZB GKvD UwU n vk Ki Z cvi e GRb GKwU RwUj web vm e envi Kiv DwPZ cvmiqvw wnmv e Ges G Z A i, msl v we kl wpý (!@#& BZ vw`) e envi Kiv DwPZ wbqwgz cvmiqvw cwiez b Kiv : wkqzw`b ci ci B- gb ji cvmiqvw cwiez b Kiv cö qvrb hme Î wøgylx fwiwd Kk bi e e v i q Q m jv e envi Kiv hgb, gvevbj dv bi gva g wr gbj A vkvd UwUi wbivcëv AviI kw³kvjx Kiv hvq G Rb wr gb ji 2 Step Verificaton AckbwU e envi Ki Z n e cövdvbj _ K A vkvd U mwus q h Z n e 2-step verification GLv b GwWU Ack b wk K Ki Z n e gvevb ji b ^iwu w` Z n e Ges mû KvW evu b wk K Ki Z n e wr gbj _ K gvevb j GKwU wmwkdwiwu KvW cvvv bv n e mwu w` q fwidvb Ack b wk K Ki Z n e Gici 2-step verificationwu Ab Ki Z n e GLb KD GB A vkvd U AbwaKvi cö ek Ki Z PvB j Zv K gvevbj KvWwU c Z n e Ges e envi Ki Z n e h nzz KvWwU GKevi gvî e envi Kiv hv e myzivs KD Av Mi KvWwU Rvb Z cvi ji A vkvd UwU _vk e wbivc` GKBfv e Bqvû! gb ji Abyiƒc e e v MÖnY Kiv hvq mvbevi K v d ev A b KB e envi K i Ggb Kv bv Kw cduvi _ K B- gbj e envi Ki j, e envi k l Aek B A vkvd U _ K jm-avdu Ki Z n e GQvov mvaviy I qemvbu e env ii ÎI wkqz evowz mzk Zv g b Pj j wbivc` _vkv hvq A bk I qemvb U we kl ai bi cövmövg Bb j Kiv _v K I qe eªvdrv i KzwKR Pvjy _vk j Gme mduiq vi e envikvixi Kw cduvi I eªvdrv ii wewfbœ Z_ Ab Î cvwv q `q Gme I qemvbu

35 30 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ e env ii mgq mzk _vkv cö qvrb Kv bv Kv bv I qemvbu e envikvix `i KvQ _ K wewfbœ e w³mz Z_ Pvq we kl cö qvrb bv _vk j GB mkj Z_ `Iqvi cö qvrb bvb L. mvgvwrk mvbu : ez gv b A b K mvgvwrk hvmv hvm mvb U wb Ri e w³mz Z_ i L `b e w³mz QweI A b K kqvi K i _v K d j dmeyk A vkvd Ui cvmiqvw KD R b dj j Zv Z e w³mz Z _ i wbivcëv wewnœz n Z cv i G Î B- gbj mvb U h mkj wbivcëvi K_v D jøl Kiv n q Q Zvi g Zv Abyiƒc e e v MÖnY Kiv Riywi GQvov mvgvwrk hvmv hv Mi mvbu e env ii mgq wb œv³ mzk Zv g b Pjv cö qvrb : KvD K ÔeÜyÕ evbv bvi Av M Zvi m c K wbwðz niqv, ev Íe Rxe b h Zvgvi eüy niqvi hvm bq, Zv K eüy bv Kiv AcwiwPZ KvD K eüy evbv bvi mgq Zvi cwipq m c K mg Kfv e wbwðz niqv, GRb Zvi cövdvbj `Lv, cvi cwik eüy `i g a KD Zvgvi cwiwpz wk-bv mme welq ` L wbwðz niqv cö qvrb LyeB e w³mz Qwe dmey K cökvk Kiv _ K weiz _vkv gvevb j dmeyk/b- gbj e envi Kivi ci cöwzevib jmavdu Kiv zj, mvbevi K v d Z B Uvi bu e envi Kivi ci mvbb AvDU Kiv eüyi ev cwiwpz Kv iv Kw cduvi e env ii mgq mzk _vkv Kv bv AcwiwPZ e w³i KvQ _ K Kv bv dmeyk Gwcø Kkb e env ii Aby iva G j, wbwðz bv n q Zv Z wk K bv Kiv M. eq mvc hvmx mvbu : I q e A bk mvbu i q Q hv Kej cövßeq `i Rb GB mkj mvb U eq mvc hvmx bvbvb welq _v K hv Zvgv `i Rb Dchy³ bq G ai bi I qemvbu e env ii d j wbivcëv wewnœz Z_v h š i ^vfvwek Kvh µg e vnz n Z cv i wbivcëv wbwðz Kivi j I qemvb U ` k gvb AbvKvw LZ wpî ev weávc b wk K Kiv _ K weiz _vk Z n e Zvgv `i Z_ cöhyw³i wekv ki mv _ mv _ ˆbwZK Dbœq b m Pó n Z n e Kw úduvi I B Uvi bu e env i Avmw³ Avmw³ e j GKUv fxwzki kã Av Q Ges mevb wbðqb Gi mv _ cwiwpz mvaviyz Avmw³ kãuv e eüz nq gv` Ki mv _ Kv bv GKRb e w³ gv` K Avm³ n q M j Zvi RxebUv Kgbfv e bó n q hvq Ges mlvb _ K ei n q Avmv KZ KwVb Avgiv mevb muv Rvwb wkš Z_ cöhyw³i cvv eb q Kw úduvi Ges Kw úduvi e env ii g Zv Ggb PgrKvi GKUv wel qi mv _ Avmw³i g Zv fqski GKUv bwzevpk kã Kgb K i Ry o `Iqv n jv mwu wb q Zvgv `i KD KD wbðqb AevK n qq Zvgv `i fzi

36 Kw úduvi I Kw úduvi e envikvixi wbivcëv 31 hv `i Kw úduvi Av Q, Zv `i KD KD wbðqb B Zvg a Kw úduvi Mg Lj Z Lj Z gv S gv S evovevwo K i d jq, Ljv eü K i hlb Ab GKUv Riywi KvR Kiv `ikvi ZL bv Ljv Q o DV Z cviq bv, GiKg AwfÁZv wbðqb Kv iv Kv iv n q Q hv `i Kw úduv i B Uvi b Ui hvmv hvm Av Q Zv `i Kv iv Kv iv nq Zv dmeyk A vkvd U Av Q Ges mb dmey K Zzwg m ez wb Ri m ú K Kv bv Z_ w` q Aaxi AvMÖ n A c v K iq KLb mlv b KD jvbk ` e dmey K Zvgvi eüz evo j Zzwg nq Zv Avb ` c qq Ges wvk Kw úduvi M gi g ZvB dmeyk bv g mvgvwrk buiqv K Zvgvi hzuykz mgq `Iqv DwPZ Zvgv `i KD KD wbðqb Zvi _ K A bk ewk mgq w` qq GUv nq Zv Lye A ^vfvwek bq h Zzwg hw` dmey K GZ mgq bv w` Z Zvn j Zvgvi cix vi dj Av ikuz fv jv n Zv Zzwg Av iv K qkuv PgrKvi eb co Z cvi Z gv V Av iv GKUz ewk Lj Z cvi Z fvb- evb, evev-gv K Av ikuz ewk mgq w` Z cvi Z Zvgv `i A b K Kw úduvi Mg wksev dmey Ki g Zv Kv bv GKUv mvgvwrk buiqv K cö qvr bi P q A bk ewk mgq e q Ki G Z mwz Kv ii Rxe bi LvwbKUv n ji wz KiQ hviv GgbwU KiQ Zviv wbðqb GLb Kw úduvi Ges B Uvi bu bv g BwZevPK kãwui mv _ Avmw³ bv gi bwzevpk kãuv Ry o `Iqvi KviY eys Z c iq! Avmw³ ej Z evsv bv nq hlb KD Rv b KvRwU Kiv wvk n Q bv ZviciI mb KvRwU bv K i _vk Z cv i bv gv` Ki R b GwU hgb n Z cv i wvk mikg Kw úduvi Ges B Uvi b Ui ÿ ÎI mwu n Z cv i gv`k hgb Rxe bi Rb wzki, evovevwo Kiv n j Kw úduvi wksev B Uvi bui m ikg wzi KviY n Z cv i Kw úduvi M g Avmw³ Kw úduvi M g Avmw³Uv cövq mg qb ïiy nq ˆkke _ K Ges ewki fvm mgqb muv N U AwffveK `i AÁZvi Kvi Y Kw úduvi GKUv Tool Ges GUv w` q bvbv ai bi KvR Kiv h Z cv i GB cöhyw³ m ú K GZ my `i my `i K_v ejv n q Q h A bk mgqb AwffveKiv a i bb GUv w` q hv wkqz Kiv nq muvb eyws fv jv, ZvB hlb Zviv ` Lb Zv `i mšív biv `xn mgq Kw úduv ii mvg b e m Av Q Zviv eys Z cv ib bv Zvi gv S mzk niqvi e vcvi i q Q Kw úduvi Mg GK ai bi we bv`b Ges GB we bv` bi bvbv ikg gvîv i q Q hviv mwu Lj Q Zviv muv K wbqk we bv`b wn m e wb q gvîvi fz i e envi Ki j mwu h Kv bv my we bv` bi g ZvB n Z cv i wkš cövq mgqb mwu N U bv `Lv M Q GKwU QvU wkï _ K c~y eq gvbyl ch ší mevb Kw úduvi M g Avm³ n q h Z cv i Kvwiqvq GKRb gvbyl Uvbv câvk NÈv Kw úduvi Mg L j g Zz i Kv j X j c owqj, Px bi GK ` úwz Kw úduvi Mg Ljvi A_ RvMvo Ki Z Zv `i wkï mšívb K weµq K i w` qwqj GB D`vniY jv Avgv `i g b Kwi q `q Kw úduvi M g Avm³ n q hviqv gv UI wewpî wkqz bq Ges GKUz mzk bv _vk j GKRb Lye mn RB Avm³ n q h Z cv i

37 32 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ Kw úduvi wksev Kw úduvi M g Avmw³i welquv h nzz bzzb, ZvB mmy jv wb q M elyv GL bv Lye ewk nqwb wkš fwel Z cy iv welqwu wb q M elkiv Av iv wbwðzfv e w`k-wb ` kbv w` Z cvi eb GLbB M elyvq `Lv M Q Kv bv GKUv Kw úduvi M g Zxeªfv e Avm³ GKRb gvby li gw Í we kl D ËRK ivmvqwbk `ª e i Avwef ve nq ïay ZvB bq hviv mßv n AšÍZ Qq w`b Uvbv `k NÈv K i Kw úduvi e envi K i Zv `i gw Í i MV bi GK ai bi cwiez b n q hvq Kv RB Kw úduvi Mg PgrKvi GKUv we bv`b n Z cv iñ wkš G Z Avm³ niqv Lye mnr Ges Zvi cwiywz gv UI fv jv bq, muv mevb K g b ivl Z n e mvgvwrk buiqv K Avmw³ gvbyl mvgvwrk cövyx Ges gvby li wb R `i fzi memg qb GKai bi mvgvwrk hvmv hvm wqjñ wkš B`vbxs mvgvwrk hvmv hv Mi K_v ejv n j mwu gvbe mf Zvi mb wpišíb mvgvwrk hvmv hvm ev mvgvwrk buiqv K i K_v bv eyws q B Uvi bu-wbf i m ú~y wfbœ GK ai bi buiqv K i K_v evsv bv nq dmeyk, UzBUvi, Bb vmövg, MjcøvmÑ G ai bi A bk mvgvwrk hvmv hvm mvbu i q Q h jv Z gvbyl wb R `i cwiwpz `i mv _ hvmv hvm ivl Z cv i GK mgq GB mvbu jv wqj Kg eqmx ZiyY-ZiyYx `i R b, GLb me eqmx gvbylb mwu e envi K i ïay h G K A b i mv _ hvmv hv Mi R b GwU e envi K i Zv bq, GKUv we kl Av`k ev gzev` K cöwzwôz Kivi R b I GwU e envi Kiv nq h D Ï k GwU ïiy n qwqj hw` GwU mb D Ï k i gv S mxgve _vkz Zvn j GwU Kv bv mgm vi Rb w`z bv, wkš `yfv M RbK n ji mwz mvgvwrk hvmv hvm mvb U Avmw³ ax i ax i mviv c w_exi R b B GKUv eo mgm v n q `uvwo q h Z ïiy Ki Q g bvweávbxiv GUv wb q M elyv ïiy K i Qb Ges GLb GwU gvuvgywufv e wbwðz ejv hvq GB mvbu jvi mvdj wbf i K i, m jv KZ ` Zvi mv _ e envikvix `i Avm³ Ki Z cv i cy iv Kg c wzi gv SB h welqwu i q Q mwu n Q KZ ewkevi Ges KZ ewk mgq GKRb K GB mvbu jv Z U b Avbv hvq Ges Zv `i K w` q Kv bv GKUv wkqz Kiv bv hvq h hz ewkevi GB mvbu e envi Ki e mb mvbuwu ZZ ewk mdj wn m e we ewpz n e Ges Aek B mwu ZZ ewk UvKv DcvR b Ki e Kv RB KD hw` AZ ší mzk bv _v K Zvn j Zvi GB mvbu jv Z cy ivcywi Avm³ n q hvevi Lye eo GKUv Avk¼v i q Q g bvweávbxiv GB mvbu jv we køly K i Av iv GKwU KŠZ n jvïxck welq Avwe vi K i Qb me gvby li fz ib wb R K cökvk Kivi GKUv e vcvi i q Q wksev wb R K wb q gy» _vkvi GK ai bi my&ß AvKv v _v K, muv K g bvweáv bi fvlvq Narcissism e jñ mvgvwrk hvmv hv Mi mvbu jv Z gvby li GB myß evmbv K RvMÖZ K i `q mevi fzib ZLb wb R K RbwcÖq K i Zvjvi GK ai bi cöwz hvwmzv ïiy nq R b nvk bv R b nvk e envikvixiv wb Ri m ú K AZ ší Zz Q LyuwUbvwU Z_ mevi mvg b Dc vcb Ki Z _v K, KD mwu `L j m Lywk nq, KD cq ` Ki j Av iv ewk Lywk nq cy iv cöwµqvwu A bkuv gv` Ki g Zv KvR K i Ges GKRb e envikvix NÈvi ci N Uv GB hvmv hv Mi gva g Zv `i mgq AcPq Ki Z _v K mvgvwrk hvmv hv Mi GB AvKvkPz ^x RbwcÖqZvi Kvi Y mviv c w_ex Z A bk mg qi AcPq n Q

38 Kw úduvi I Kw úduvi e envikvixi wbivcëv 33 Avmw³ _ K gy³ _vkvi Dcvq Avgiv B Zvg a R bwq gv` Ki b vq Kw úduvi Mg ev mvgvwrk hvmv hvm mvb UI Avmw³ n Z cv i ZvB gv` K Avmw³i R b hv hv mwz, Kw úduvi Mg ev mvgvwrk hvmv hv Mi mvb U Avmw³i R b I m jv mwz ZvB Avgiv ej Z cvwi GKevi Avm³ n q hvevi ci mlvb _ K gy³ niqvi Póv Kiv _ K KL bvb Avm³ bv niqv A bk ewk eyw gv bi KvR hviv GB Avmw³i e vcviwu Rv b bv Zv `i c Avm³ n q hvevi GKUv Avk¼v _v K wkš Zvgiv hviv GB jlv jv coq, Zviv wbðqb mzk _vk e hb mn RB Avm³ bv n q hvi Kw úduvi Mg GK ai bi we bv`b, Kv RB hviv Kw úduvi Mg Lj e Zv `i K Rvb Z n e Ab h Kv bv we bv` bi R b huv mwz Kw úduvi Mg Ljvi ejv ZI muv mwz Kw úduvi GK ai bi cöhyw³ ZvB A b KB Kw úduvi e envi K i Kiv h Kv bv KvR KB cöhyw³i GK ai bi e envi e j g b K i, muv gv UI mwz bq Kw úduvi Mg L j gv UI Kw úduvi cöhyw³ m ú K fv jv Ávb nq bv, Ljvi Avb `Uv nq Kv RB KL bvb Kw úduvi Mg Ljvi Kvi Y wb Ri ˆ`bw `b Ab vb Kv R hb e vnvz bv N U mwu m ú K wbwðz n Z n e Avkv Kiv hv Q Zvgiv KL bv Kw úduvi M g Avm³ n e bv, wvk mikg Zvgv `i Pvicv k hviv Av Q Zv `i KI Kw úduvi M g Avm³ n Z ` e bv hviv Kw úduvi M g Avm³ n q hvq, Zv `i wkqz mywbw` ó j Y _v K hgb Zv `i gv_vq mve wyk ïay mb MgUvi fvebvb Ljv K i, hlbb Zviv mb MgwU Lj Z e m Zv `i fz i GK ai bi A ^vfvwek D ËRbv fi K i, Zv `i ˆ`bw `b Rxe bi KvRK g e vnvz NU Z _v K jlvcovq Ag bv hvmx n q I V Rvi K i Zv `i K GB Ljv _ K weiz ivlv n j Zv `i kvixwik A ^w Í n Z _v K me P q huv f qi K_v, A bk Kó K i GB Avmw³ _ K gy³ niqv M ji nvvr K i Kv bv GKUv Kvi Y Avevi mb Avmw³ wd i Avm Z cv i hviv Kv bv Kvi Y Kw úduvi M g Avm³ n q hvq Zviv hw` GB Avmw³ _ K gy³ n Z Pvq Zvn j mevi Av M wb Ri Kv Q ^xkvi K i wb Z n e h Zv `i Avmw³ R b Q Zvici Zv K Rxe bi iyz c~y welq Kx Kx Zvi GKUv ZvwjKv Ki Z n e mb ZvwjKvq Kw úduvi M gi RvqMvUzKy Kv_vq mwu wb R K evsv Z n e Zvi Rxe bi mgm v jvii GKUv ZvwjKv Ki Z n e mb ZvwjKvi mgm v jvi Kv bv Kv bvwu Kw úduvi M gi Kvi Y n q Q muvi wb R K evsv Z n e Zvici Rxe bi iyz c~y KvR jlvcov, nvgiqvk, gv V Ljvayjv, Extra Curricular Activities, cwiev ii mv _ mgq KvUv bv, ^ Qv mevg~jk Kv R mewkqzi R b mgq fvm K i ivl Z n e mb me wkqz Kivi ci hw` Kv bv mgq cviqv hvq ïay Zvn jb Kw úduvi Mg Lj e e j wvk K i wb Z n e ax i ax i Kw úduvi M g mgq Kwg q G b wb R K Ab vb m Rbkxj Kv R e Í ivl Z n e hviv mvgvwrk hvmv hvm mvb U Avm³ n q M Q Zv `i ejv ZI Avmw³ _ K gy³ niqvi R b GKBfv e AMÖmi n Z n e cö_ g wb R K evsv Z n e GB ai bi mvb U AwZwi³ mgq `Iqv

39 34 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ Avm j GK ai bi Avmw³ cö Z Kevi hlb mvgvwrk hvmv hvm mvb U wkqz GKUv `L Z B Qv Ki e ZLb wb R K wr Ám Ki Z n e mwz wk Zvi cö qvrb Av Q? hw` cö qvrb bv _v K Zvn j wb R K wbe Ë Ki Z n e cö Z Kevi hvmv hvm mvb U XzK j mlv b KZUzKz mgq `Iqv n q Q muv Kv_vI wj L ivl Z n e w` b KZ NÈv mgq `Iqv nq, mßv n KZ NÈv, gv m KZ NÈv muv wnmve K i mb mgquv Z mwz Kv ii Kv bv KvR Ki j KZUzKz KvR Kiv hz muv wb R K evsv Z n e mvgvwrk hvmv hvm mvb U Avmw³ Kgv Z n j mlvb _ K hvmv hv Mi cö qvrb bb Ggb gvbyl `i KvUQvU K i msl v Kwg q Avb Z n e Ab me KvR kl niqvi ci mgq _vk jb GB mvb U XvKv hv eñ GwU wb R K evsv Z n e cix v wksev Ab Kv bv iyz c~y B f U-Gi mv _ mvgvwrk hvmv hvm mvbu Deactivate K i djvi Af vm Ki Z n e Gfv e ax i ax i wb R K Af Í K i Avmw³UzKz Kgv Z Kgv Z GK mgq c~y fv e gy³ n Z n e g b ivl Z n e Rxe bi cöwzwu gyn~z g~j evb mb gyn~z jv mwz Kvi Kv R e q bv K i Kv bv GKwU Avmw³i cq b e q Kiv Lye eo Aciva! cvb iwm jlk, wkíxmn m Rbkxj Kg x `i Zv `i wb R `i m ókg K msi Y Kivi AwaKvi `Iqv KwcivBU AvB bi j mvaviyfv e, GKwU gyw`ªz cy Í Ki KwcivBU f½ K i mwu cybgy `ªY Kiv h _ó Sv gjvc~y Ges e qeûj wkš Kw úduv ii ejvq h Kv bv wkqzi ÔKwcÕ ev ÔAweKj cöwzwjwcõ ˆZwi Kiv LyeB mnr KvR GRb GgbwK we klá niqvii cö qvrb c o bv G Kvi Y Kw úduvi mduiq vi, Kw úduv i Kiv m Rbkxj Kg hgb Qwe, Gwb gkb BZ vw`i ejvq KwcivBU msi Y Kivi Rb evowz e e v wb Z nq hlbb Giƒc KwcivBU AvB bi AvIZvq Kv bv KwcivBU nvìv ii AwaKvi zyœ nq ZLbB KwcivBU wewnœz n q Q e j a i biqv hvq GB ai bi NUbv K mvaviyfv e cvb iwm ev mduiq vi cvb iwm bv g AwfwnZ Kiv nq KwcivBU AvB bi AvIZvq mswkøó D ` v³v, wbg vzv ev cövmövgvi Zv `i Kw úduvi mduiq v ii gav ^Z msi Y Ki Z cv ib d j, Zv `i AbygwZ e ZxZ IB mduiq v ii cöwzwjwc Kiv ev mwui cwigvr bv K i bzzb wkqy m wó Kiv AvB bi ` wó Z A ea n q hvq d j, Kwc ev bzzb m wói AvBbMZ wfwë Avi _v K bv Kw úduvi mduiq v ii cvb iwm mvrv n ji wek e vcx cvb iwmi cö Kvc Lye ewk GK_v ejv hvq bv eo eo mduiq vi Kv úvwb jv Zv `i gav ^Z msi Y I wek e vcx cvb iwm bri`vwi Kivi Rb wer bm mduiq vi Gjv qý (BSA) bv g GKwU ms v ˆZwi K i Q ms vwui 2011 mv ji cöwz e` b ejv n q QÑcv m vbvj Kw úduvi e envikvix `i cöwz 10 R bi g a 7 RbB cvb iwmgy³ h nzz mduiq vi cvb iwm LyeB mnr, ZvB Gi wnmve KivUv KwVbB e U evsjv ` ki mduiq vi cvb iwm wbwl KwcivBU AvB bi cö qvrbxqzv KwcivBU AvBb m Rbkxj K g i mªóv K wbw` ó mgq ch ší Zvi m ók g i Ici ÔgvwjKvbvÕ ev ^Z vwakvi `q d j, Kv bv m ók g i evwywr K g~j _vk j mwu Zvi mªóvb cvb, Ab iv bb h nzy cö Z K gvby li eu P _vkvi Rb A_ cö qvrb, m nzy Kwe, mvwnwz K, Pjw PÎ wbg vzv, mduiq vi

40 Kw úduvi I Kw úduvi e envikvixi wbivcëv 35 wbg vzv, I qemvbu wwrvbbkvix mevib UvKvi cö qvrb Zviv Zv `i m Rbkxj Kg m wói Rb cwikªg, gav Ges KL bv KL bv A_ I wewb qvm K ib Kv RB, m ókg wewµ ev wewbg qi gva g Zvu K Zvi wewb qv Mi mydj Zyj Z `Iqv DwPZ e j g b K ib A b KB KwcivBU AvB bi AvIZvq cövß AvBbMZ AwaKvi Zv `i mb myweavb `q hw` Kv bv wkíx ev cövmövgvi `L Z cvb h, Zvi `xn w` bi kªg I gavi dmj Ab iv Kv bviƒc ^xk wz ev wewbgq g~j (cö hvr Î) Qvov Dc fvm ev e envi Ki Q Zvn j wzwb wbiyrmvwnz n q c ob KwcivBU AvB bi Kvh KvwiZv m Rbkxj Kg x `i GB wbiyrmvwnz niqv _ K i v K i Z_ AwaKvi I wbivcëv Z _ i Aeva cöevn Ges RbM Yi Z_ AwaKvi wbwðzki Yi j ÿ we k i wewfbœ ` k Z_ AwaKvi (Right to Information) AvBb cöyxz I ev ÍevwqZ n Q MYcÖRvZš x evsjv ` ki msweav b wpšív, we ek I evk- ^vaxbzv I Z_ cövwßi AwaKvi bvmwikm Yi Ab Zg gšwjk AwaKvi wnmv e ^xk Z h nzz RbMY cörvz š i mkj gzvi gvwjk I RbM Yi gzvq bi Rb Z_ AwaKvi wbwðz Kivi Rb 2009 mv j evsjv ` k ÒZ_ AwaKvi AvBb 2009Ó bv g GKwU AvBb Pvjy n q Q GB AvB bi AvIZvq KZ c i wbku n Z cö Z K bvmwi Ki Z_ jv fi AwaKvi i q Q Ges Kv bv bvmwi Ki Aby iv ai cöw Z mswkøó KZ c Zv K Z_ mieivn Ki Z eva _v Kb GB AvB bi gva g RbM Yi Z_ AwaKvi wbwðz Kiv n j mikvwi, ^vqëkvwmz I mswewae ms v Ges mikvwi I we `wk A_ vq b m ó ev cwipvwjz emikvwi ms vi ^ QZv I Revew`wnZv e w, `yb xwz nªvm I mykvmb cöwzwôz n e GB AvB b RbM Yi Z_ AwaKvi wbwðz Kivi cvkvcvwk ms vmg~n K Z_ msi Y Kivi wb ` kbv `Iqv n q Q d j RbM Yi h Kv bv wel q Z_ cövwß mnr n q Q GB AvB bi d j A b Ki c iv óªi A bk iyz c~y Z_ Rvbvi GKwU my hvm m wó n q Q e j g b Kiv nq wkš cök Zc h mkj Z _ i MvcbxqZvi m ½ iv óªi wbivcëvi welqwu RwoZ, m mkj Î Z_ AwaKvi AvB bi AvIZvq Z_ cökvk K eva Zvg~jK ivlv nqwb hgb aiv hvk cix vi cökœcî cix vi Av MB cökœcî cökv ki Rb Kv bv ms v K GB AvB bi AvIZvq eva Kiv n j Zv m c~y cix v c wz K cökœwe Ki e, hv Kvw ÿz bq G Kvi Y cix vi cökœc Îi wbivcëv Z_ AwaKvi AvBb msi Y K i GKBfv e Kv bv cöwzôv bi wkqz wkqz KŠkjMZ, KvwiMwi ev ˆeÁvwbK Z_ cökvwkz n j cöwzôvbwu evwywr Kfv e wzmö Í n Z cv i Giƒc Î m mkj Z_ Mvcb ivlvuv GB AvB bi j Nb bq me P q iyz c~y n jv hw` Kv bv Z_ cökvk Kiv n j ` ki wbivcëv, ALÊZv I mve fšg Z i cöwz ûgwk m wó nq, Zvn j Zv G AvB bi AvIZvq cökvk hvm bq GB mkj Î AvB bi 7g avivq wb œv³ 20wU welq K GB AvB bi AvIZvgy³ ivlv n q Q- GB AvB bi Ab vb weavbvewj Z hvnv wkqzb _vkzk bv Kb, Kv bv KZ c Kv bv bvmwik K wb œwjwlz Z_ mg~n cö`vb Kwi Z eva _vwk e bv, h_v- (K) Kv bv Z_ cökv ki d j evsjv ` ki wbivcëv, ALÊZv I mve fšg Z i cöwz ûgwk nb Z cv i GBiƒc Z_ ;

41 36 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ (L) ciivóªbxwzi Kv bv welq hvnvi Øviv we `wk iv óªi A_ev AvšÍR vwzk Kv bv ms v ev AvÂwjK Kv bv RvU ev msmv bi mwnz we` gvb m ck zyœ nb Z cv i GBiƒc Z_ ; (M) Kv bv we `wk mikv ii wbku nb Z cövß Kv bv Mvcbxq Z_ ; (N) Kv bv Z_ cökv ki d j Kv bv Z Zxq c i eyw e wëk m ú `i AwaKvi wzmö Í nb Z cv i GBiƒc evwywr K ev e emvwqk AšÍwb wnz MvcbxqZv welqk, KwcivBU ev eyw e wëk m c` (Intellectual Property Right) m cwk Z Z_ ; (O) Kv bv Z_ cökv ki d j Kv bv we kl e w³ ev ms v K jvfevb ev wzmö ÍKwi Z cv i GBiƒc wb œv³ Z_, h_vt (A) AvqKi, ïé, f vu I AveMvwi AvBb, ev RU ev Kinvi cwiez b msµvší Kv bv AvMvg Z_ ; (Av)gy`ªvi wewbgq I my `i nvi cwiez brwbz Kv bv AvMvg Z_ ; (B) e vskmn Avw_ K cöwzôvbmg~ ni cwipvjbv I Z`viwK msµvší Kv bv AvMvg Z_ ; (P) Kv bv Z_ cökv ki d j cöpwjz AvB bi cö qvm evavmö Í nb Z cv i ev Aciva e w cvb Z cv i GBiƒc Z_ ; (Q) Kv bv Z_ cökv ki d j RbM Yi wbivcëv wewnœz nb Z cv i ev wepvivaxb gvgjvi myôz wepvi Kvh e vnz nb Z cv i GBiƒc Z_ ; (R) Kv bv Z_ cökv ki d j Kv bv e w³i e w³mz Rxe bi MvcbxqZv zyœ nb Z cv i GBiƒc Z_ ; (S) Kv bv Z_ cökv ki d j Kv bv e w³i Rxeb ev kvixwik wbivcëv wec`vcbœ nb Z cv i GBiƒc Z_ ; (T)AvBb cö qvmkvix ms vi mnvqzvi Rb Kv bv e w³ KZ K Mvc b cö`ë Kv bv Z_ ; (U) Av`vj Z wepvivaxb Kv bv welq Ges hvnv cökv k Av`vjZ ev UªvBeybv ji wb laváv iwnqv Q A_ev hvnvi cökvk Av`vjZ Aegvbbvi kvwgj GBiƒc Z_ ; (V) Z`šÍvaxb Kv bv welq hvnvi cökvk Z`šÍ Kv R wenœ NUvB Z cv i GBiƒc Z_ ; (W) Kv bv Aciv ai Z`šÍ cöwµqv Ges Acivaxi MÖdZvi I kvw Í K cöfvwez Kwi Z cv i GBiƒc Z_ ; (X) AvBb Abymv i Kej GKwU wbw` ó mg qi Rb cökv ki eva evakzv iwnqv Q GBiƒc Z_ ; (Y) KŠkjMZ I evwywr K Kvi Y Mvcb ivlv evãbxq GBiƒc KvwiMwi ev ˆeÁvwbK M elyvjä Kv bv Z_ ; (Z) Kv bv µq Kvh µg m c~y nbevi c~ e ev D³ wel q wm vší MÖn Yi c~ e mswkøó µq ev Dnvi Kvh µg msµvší Kv bv Z_ ; (_) RvZxq msm `i we kl AwaKvi nvwbi KviY nb Z cv i GBiƒc Z_ ; (`) Kv bv e w³i AvBb Øviv msiw Z Mvcbxq Z_ ;

42 Kw úduvi I Kw úduvi e envikvixi wbivcëv 37 (a) cix vi cökœcî ev cix vq cö`ë b ^i m cwk Z AvMvg Z_ ; (b) gwš cwil` ev, Îg Z, Dc `óv cwil `i ˆeV K Dc vcbxq mvi-ms cmn Avbylw½K `wjjvw` Ges D³iƒc ˆeV Ki Av jvpbv I wm vší msµvší Kv bv Z_ t Z e kz _v K h, gwš cwil` ev, Îg Z, Dc `óv cwil` KZ K Kv bv wm vší M nxz nbevi ci Abyiƒc wm v šíi KviY Ges h mkj wel qi Dci wfwë Kwiqv wm všíwu M nxz nbqv Q Dnv cökvk Kiv hvb e Av iv kz _v K h, GB avivi Aaxb Z_ cö`vb wmz ivwlevi Î mswkøó KZ c K Z_ Kwgk bi c~e vby gv`b MÖnY Kwi Z nb e Kv RB `Lv hvq h, Z_ AwaKvi AvBb RbM Yi Z_ cvevi c_ Db y³ I mnr Ki ji hme Î ivóª, cöwzôvb ev e w³i wbivcëv wewnœz n Z cv i, mme Î Z _ i wbivcëv msi Y K i mvaviy UªvejïwUs B jkuªwbk hš e envi Ki e A_P KL bv mwu wem o hvqwb ev e env ii ÿ Î mgm v ˆZwi K iwb Ggb AwfÁZvi gvbyl c w_ex Z weij wkqz wkqz mgm v LyeB mvaviy Avevi wkqz mgm v RwUj mvaviy mgm v jv A bk mgq e envikvixivb wvk K i dj Z cv i RwUj mgm vi ÿ Î AwfÁ KviI gva g wvk Kiv Z nq Kw úduvi ev AvBwmwU hš jvi Gi e wzµg bq Zvgiv hviv B jkuªwbk hš e envi Ki Zviv wbðqb jÿ K iq cö Z KwU h š i mv _ GKwU K i g vbyqvj ev e envi wb ` wkkv _v K G wb ` wkkvi GKwU ˆewkó n jv Gi klw` K GK ev `ywu c ôv _v K hvi wk ivbvg n jv UªvejïwUs UªvejïwUs As k mvaviy mgm vi cök wz I Gi mgvavb `Iqv _v K UªvejïwUs n Q mgm vi Drm ev DrcwË j wby qi cöwµqv mvaviyz wkqz cökœ Dc vcb Kiv nq Ges cvkvcvwk mgvavb `Iqv _v K e envikvix Zvi mgm vi cök wz Abyhvqx mgvavb Abymi Yi gva g ewkifvm ÿ Î mgm vwu mgvavb Ki Z cv i g~jz UªvejïwUs n Q Ggb wkqz hv, GKwU wbw` ó mxgvi g a _ K Ki Z nq Ab h Kv bv B jkuªwbk h š i Zzjbvq Kw úduvi ev AvBwmwU h š i UªvejïwUs GKUz ewkb cö qvrb nq Gi GKwU m ve KviY n Z cv i G hš jv Avgiv A bk ewk mgq a i e envi Kwi! ZvB AvBwmwUi e envikvix `i Aek B mvaviy UªvejïwUs m ú K aviyv _vk Z n e mvaviyz nvw Iq vi m úwk Z mgm vi ÿ Î UªvejïwUs K_vwU e eüz n q _v K wb P wkqz UªvejïwUs wb q Av jvpbv Kiv n jv

43 38 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ µwgk mgm v mvaviy mgvavb 1. wm g Pvjy n Q bv 2. wm g mwvkfv e Pj Q wkšíy gwbu i wkqz `Lv hv Q bv 1. gbb cviqvi K ve ji ms hvmwu loose ev wx j wkbv `L Z n e 2. gbb ev W cviqvi Avm Q wkbv `L Z n e 3. gbb ev W hw` cviqvi bv Av m cviqvi mvcøvb BDwbU cwiez b Ki Z n e 4. vbxq Kv bv mvwf m m Uv i wb q AwfÁ KvD K `L Z n e 1. wm gwu eü Ki Ges gbb wm g _ K cviqvi K vejwu Ly j dj Z n e (mzk Zvi Rb ) 2. g gvwi øu _ K mkj i vg (RAM) mwi q dj 3. GKwU B irvi (Rubber) w` q i vg-gi Kv b±i jv K N l cwi vi Ki Z n e 4. k³ eªvk w` q me jv i vg øu K cwi vi Ki Z n e 5. i vg Bb j bv K i Kw úduviwu Pvjy Ki Ges Kv bv beep mvdû nq wkbv Lqvj Ki Z n e 6. hw` beep mvdû ïb Z cvi Z e Kw úduvi eü K i i vg Bb j K i Kw úduviwu Pvjy Ki Z n e 7. hw` Kv bv beep mvdû nq Z e eys Z n e i vgwu mgm vhy³ 8. GeviI Display bv Avm j bzzb i vg jvmv Z n e 9. i vg K cöwz vcb K i Avevi PK Ki AwaKvsk ÿ Î Display bv niqvi KviY i vg-gi mgm v kl ch ší mgvavb bv n j vbxq Kv bv mvwf m m Uv i wb q AwfÁ KvD K `Lv Z n e 3. wm g AZ ší Mig n q hvq Ges A ^vfvwekfv e nvvr eü n q hvq 1. Kwms wu Lvj 2. gv`vi evw _ K mzk Zvi mv _ CPU Z_v cö mmi d vbwu miv Z n e wkš cö mmi miv bv hv e bv 3. nq Zv `L e fz i ev heat sink-g cöpzi ay jvevwj R g Av Q, hv evqy PjvPj K evavmö Ki Q d j CPU VvÛv n Z cvi Q bv 4. Heat sink Ges d vbwu K fv jvfv e cwi vi K i cybivq Bb j Ki Gevi Kwe buwu eü K i Kw úduviwu Pvjy Ki Z n e 5. mgvavb bv n j vbxq Kv bv mvwf m m Uv i wb q AwfÁ KvD K `Lv Z n e

44 Kw úduvi I Kw úduvi e envikvixi wbivcëv 39 µwgk mgm v mvaviy mgvavb 4. Kv bviƒc DËß 1. mzk Zvi mv _ gv`vi evw wu fv jv K i ` L bvi wjkhy³ ev ÎywUc~Y K vcvwmwui Dci _ K Ly j Avm Q Giƒc Pv L c o wkbv Lqvj Ki G ÿ Î K vcvwmui K fv jv K i jvwm q wb jb mgm vi mgvavb cviqv hv e niqv QvovB Kw úduviwu K qk wgwbu cici shutdown n q hv Q 2. Lye mzk Zvi mv _ Pvjy Ae vq Kw úduviwu Lqvj Ki Kv bv IC ev K úvb v U AwZwi³ Zvc Drcv`b Ki Q wkbv Z e mveavb, evw Uv hb shorted bv n q hvq hw` Zgb nq Z e givg Zi Rb Zvgvi wbku mvwf m m Uv i hviqv Qvov Dcvq bb 5. DB ÛvR ivb Kivi mgq AvU K ev n vs/hang n q hvq 6. cviqvi Ab Ki j Display Avmvi ci Kw úduvi Hang n q hvq 1. Avc MÖW Gw UfvBivm Pvwj q nvw ww Kv bv cökvi fvbivm Av Q wkbv PK K i wk b K i wb Z n e 2. nvw ww _ K iyz c~y WvUv Ab Î e vkavc wb q nvw ww i ÒCÓ WªvBf dig vu K i bzzb K i DB ÛvR Bb j Ki Z n e KvRwU mvwf m m Uv i wb q AwfÁ KvD K w` q Kiv bv fv jv 1. cö_g avc : Kw úduv ii cviqvi Ad Ki Ges Kwms qi GKcv k Ly j nvw ww, wmwwig wksev wwwfww-gi mv _ mshy³ WvUv K vej Ges cviqvi K vejmg~n mveav b Ly j dj Ges G jv ch vqµ g ^ ^ v b h_vh_fv e ms hvm w` q cybivq Kw úduvi Pvjy K i `L hw` mgm v _ K hvq Zvn jñ 2. wøzxq avc : gv`vi evw _ K RAM, Processor, Power supply connection cö Z KwU Avjv`vfv e cixÿv K i `L Z n e Kv bv cökvi ÎywU wksev K vej Kv bkk bi ms hvm j jyr Av Q wkbv? GiciI hw` GKB mgm v _v K Zvn jñ 3. Z Zxq avc : Ab GKwU fv jv Kw úduvi _ K cö mmi i vg, nw ww Ges Ab vb Avbymw½K hš cvwz GB gv`vi ev W e envi K i cix v K i `L Z n e gv`vi evw wu wvk Av Q wkbv hw` wvk bv _v K Zvn j gv`vi evw e`wj q dj Z n e KvRwU mvwf m m Uv i wb q AwfÁ KvD K w` q Kiv Z n e bvu : A bk mgq Kwms qi wcq b gv`vi evw wui Kx evw Ges gvdm cv U i ms hvm jyr _vk ji G ai bi mgm v `Lv w` Z cv i m ÿ Î h_vh_fv e ms hvm w` Z n e

45 40 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ µwgk mgm v mvaviy mgvavb Kw úduvi Nb Nb n vs K i ev wieyu/wi vu n q hvq Kw úduv ii guvj As k úk ev nvz jvm j kk& K i Kw úduv ii ZvwiL Ges mgq wvk _v K bv A_ev ev qv mi Kv bv Ackb cwiez b Ki j Zv mf nq bv Boot Disk failure or Hard disk not found g mr `Lvq 1. Kw úduv ii wmwcbdi Dci mshy³ Kzwjs d vbwu bv Nyi j wksev chv ß VvÛv Ki Z bv cvi j G ai bi mgm v n Z cv i m ÿ Î Kw úduv ii cviqvi Ad K i Kwms Ly j Kzwjs d vbwu K fv jvfv e PK K i cö qvr b bzzb Kzwjs d vb vcb K i bvi GQvovI Kw úduvi PjvKvjxb Zvgvi wmwcbdi wcq b Kwms-Gi d vbwu Ny i wkbv ZvI PK Ki Z n e 2. Kw úduv i fvbivm _vk ji G ai bi mgm v n Z cv i ZvB Avc MÖW Gw UfvBivm Øviv Kw úduv ii nvw ww WªvB fi cöwzwu WªvBf wk b K i wb Z n e GQvov A bk mgq bzzb md&uiq vi ev cövmövg jvw Kivi Kvi YI GwU n Z cv i m ÿ Î cövmövgwu AvbBb j K i `Lv h Z cv i 1. Kw úduv ii Mv q Z_v guvj As k úk Ki j hw` kk& K i Zvn j eys Z n e Kw úduviwu Avw_ s Kiv bb m ÿ Î GKRb cvi`k x B jkwuªwkqvb Øviv h_vh_fv e Avw_ s Kwi q wb Z n e 1. gv`vi ev W mshy³ CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor) Gi e vuvwiwu Kvh ÿgzv nviv j GwU N U G Î GKwU bzzb Abyiƒc e vuvwi gv`vi ev W jvwm q w` Z n e 1. Kw úduv ii cviqvi eü K i Kwms Ly j gv`vi evw Ges nvw ww WªvB fi mv _ mshy³ WUv K vej Ges cviqvi mvcøvb BDwbU _ K nvw ww mshy³ cviqvi K vejwui ms hvm j Kv bv jyr Av Q wkbv Zv cöz ÿ K i mwvkfv e Kv b± Ki Z n e 2. nvw ww i wcq bi Rv úvi mwus WvqvMÖvg AbymiY K i WªvBfwUi Rv úvi mwus wvk Av Q wkbv Zv ` L mwvkfv e Rv úvi mwus Ki Z cv i 3. Kw úduvi Pvwj q ev qv m cö ek K i nvw ww WªvBfwU K ev qv mi Ackb _ K A Uv wksev g vbyqvwj ww U± K i wkbv Zv `L hw` mgm v mgvavb bv nq Zvn j Ab GKwU fv jv Kw úduv i Zvgvi nvw ww wu K jvwm q `L nvw ww wu KvR K i wkbv? hw` KvR bv K i Zvn j wbwð ší Ab GKwU nvw ww µq K i Kw úduv ii mv _ jvwm q cö qvrbxq cövmövg Bb j K i dj KvRwU Aek B AwfÁ KvD K w` q Kiv Z n e

46 Kw úduvi I Kw úduvi e envikvixi wbivcëv 41 µwgk mgm v mvaviy mgvavb Out of memory or Not enough Memory g mr `Lvq Kx evw KvR Ki Q bv gvdm ww U± K i bv wksev gvdm KvR K i bv gwbu i Kv bv cviqvi bvb 1. mvaviyz Kw úduv ii AwZwi³ cövmövg Bb j Ki Z wm q wksev GKvwaK cövmövg GKmv _ I cb K i KvR Ki Z M j G ai bi g v mr cö`wk Z nq 2. Kw úduv i AwZwi³ cövmövg Bb j Kivi g Zv ch vß g gvwi bv _vk j G ai bi mgm vi m ylxb n Z nq G mgm v `~i Kivi Rb gv`vi ev W AwaK i vg e envi Ki Z n e 1. Kw úduviwu eü K i Kx evw wu cv U i mv _ h_vh_fv e ms hvm Kiv Av Q wkbv m welqwu jÿ Ki Z cv i 2. hw` ms hvm bv _v K wksev jyr _v K Zvn j fv jvfv e ms hvm w` q cybivq Kw úduvi Pvjy K i `L Z n e 3. Gw UfvBivm Øviv fvbivm wk b K i `L Z n e 4. GiciI hw` Kx evw KvR bv K i Zvn j bzzb Kx evw jvwm q wb Z n e 1. Kw úduv ii mv _ gvd mi K vej ms hvm wvk Av Q wkbv `L Ges fv jvfv e jvwm q cybivq cixÿv Ki Z n e 2. cvu cwiez b K i `L Z n e 3. Ab GKwU fv jv gvdm cv U jvwm q `L Z n e 4. ev qv m cö ek K i `L gvdm wwr vej Kiv Av Q wkbv? hw` _v K Gbvej K i w` q mf K i ev qvm _ K ei n q Avm Z n e 5. GiciI hw` mgm v mgvavb bv nq Zvnv j fv jv GKwU gvdm jvwm q bvi mgm v mgvavb n q hv e 1. cviqvi evzvg (ev mybp) Pvjy Av Q wkbv 2. AC cviqvi KW wu gwbu ii cq b Ges cviqvi AvDU j U fv jvfv e mshy³ Av Q wkbv wbwðz n Z n e 15. gwbu ii cviqvi Ab/Pvjy wkš c` vq Kv bv Qwe bvb 1. gwbu ii mv _ mieivnk Z wfwwi K vejwu Kw úduv ii cq b greyzfv e jvmv bv n q Q wkbv wbwðz n Z n e hw` wfwwi K ve ji Aci cövšíwu vqxfv e gwbu ii mv _ hy³ bv _v K, Zvn j GwU K ` pfv e jvwm q w` Z n e 2. eªvbu bm (Brightness) Ges KbUªv (Contrast) wvk K i `L Z n e

47 42 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ µwgk mgm v mvaviy mgvavb 16. wcö Uv i wcö U n Q 1. wcö Uv ii mv _ cviqvi K vejwu mshy³ Av Q wkbv `L Z n e bv 2. wcö Uvi Ab/Pvjy Kiv Av Q wkbv `L Z n e 3. Kw úduv ii mv _ wcö Uv ii WUv K vej mshy³ Av Q wkbv `L Z n e 4. wcö Uv ii wfz i Kv bv cökvi KvMR wksev Ab Kv bv wkqz AvU K Av Q wkbv Zv wcö Uvi Ly j fv jvfv e cixÿv Ki Z n e 5. wcö Uv ii KvwU R Kvwj Av Q wkbv Zv `L A_ev wcö Uvi _ K KvwU RwU Ly j fv jvfv e b o cybivq KvwU RwU K h_vh_ v b vcb K i `L Z n e 6. wcª Uvi Pvjy Kivi mv _ mv _ hw` jvj wksev weøswks njy` evwz R j Z _v K Zvn j wcö Uv ii wi mu evu b Pvc w` Z n e 7. hw` mgm v mgvavb bv nq Zvn j bzzb K i wcö Uv ii mv _ mieivnk Z WªvBfvi md&uiq viwu Bb j Ki Z n e 8. nvw Iq v i AwfÁ Kv bv e w³i mv _ civgk Ki Z n e `jmz KvR Dc iv³ mgm vmg~n QvovI Kw úduv i Avi Kx Kx ai Yi mgm v n Z cv i Zv Av jvpbv K i mgvav bi Dcvq wpwýz Ki

48 Kw úduvi I Kw úduvi e envikvixi wbivcëv 43 Abykxjbx 1. U úvivwi dvbj ewk n j Kx N U? K. Kw úduvi øv n q hvq L. Kw úduv ii MwZ e o hvq M. Gw UfvBivm KvR K i bv N. B Uvi b U cö ek Kiv hvq bv 2. wmww, wwwfww ev cb WªvBf _ K mduiq vi Bb j Ki Z M j Kvb cövmövgwu cö_ g Pvjy nq? K. Setup L. Autorun M. Read me N. Restart 3. KvbwU AvaywbK c w_exi m ú`? K. Z_ L. DcvË M. Kw úduvi N. B Uvi bu 4. mduiq vi Bb j Ki Z n j Aek B `L Z n eñ i. nvw Iq vi mwu K mv cvu K i wkbv ii. Gw UfvBivm mduiq viwu eü Kiv n q Q wkbv iii. GWwgwb ªU ii AbygwZ Av Q wkbv wb Pi KvbwU mwvk? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii wb Pi Aby Q`wUc o5i6b ^i cö kœi DËi `vi BKivg mv ne `L Qb K qkw`b a i Zvi Kw úduvi nvvr eü n q hvq Avevi Pvjy nq AviI jÿ Ki jb Kw úduviwui Kv Ri MwZI K g M Q Zvi g b co jv eüzi cbwªvbf _ K GKwU Mvb Kwc Kivi ci _ K GUv ïiy n q Q 5. Kw úduv ii G Ae vi Rb KvbwU `vqx n Z cv i? K. Acv iwus wm g mduiq vi L. fvbivm mduiq vi M. BDwUwjwU mduiq vi N. Gw UfvBivm mduiq vi 6. Gi d j BKivg mv n ei Kw úduv iñ i. AcÖZ vwkz Kv bv evz v cö`k b Ki Z cv i ii. ivlv dvbj jvi AvKvi e o h Z cv i ii. g gvwi Kg `Lv Z cv i wb Pi KvbwU mwvk? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii 7. Zvgvi GK eüy cövqb Kw úduv i Mgm L j G Z Zvi Kx Kx ÿwz n Z cv i? ey bv Ki 8. ÔKw úduv ii mvaviy Uªvejï wus R b ivlv AZ ší iyz c~y Õ - Dw³wU hyw³mn e vl v Ki

49 Z Zxq Aa vq Avgvi wkÿvq B Uvi bu G Aa vq cvv k l Avgiv- wwwruvj Kb U Ui aviyv e vl v Ki Z cvie; wkÿvi ÿ Î B Uvi b Ui iyz e vl v Ki Z cvie; cvv wel q B Uvi bu e env ii ÿî wpwýz Ki Z cvie; K vwiqvi Dbœq b AvBwmwUi iyz e vl v Ki Z cvie; Ges B Uvi bu e envi K i cvvmswkøó wel qi GKwU cöwz e`b Dc vcb Ki Z cvie

50 Avgvi wk vq B Uvi bu 45 wwwruvj Kb U U Kv bv Kb U U hw` wwwruvj DcvË AvKv i weivr K i, cökvwkz nq wksev cöwiz-m nxz nq Zvn j mwub wwwruvj Kb U U Z e mwu wwwruvj ev GbvjM h Kv bv c wz ZB msiw Z n Z cv i wwwruvj Kb U U Kw úduv ii dvbj AvKv i A_ev wwwruvj c wz Z m cöpvwiz n Z cv i wjwlz Z_, Qwe, kã wksev wfwwi wwwruvj Kb U U n Z cv i wwwruvj Kb U U e env ii d j Z_ Dc vcb I vbvšíi mnrzi nq wwwruvj Kb U U-Gi cökvi f` wwwruvj gva g cökvwkz h Kv bv Z_, Qwe, kã wksev meb wwwruvj Kb U U Kv RB bvbvfv e wwwruvj Kb U U K köwykiy Kiv hvq Z e, wwwruvj Kb U U K cöavb PviwU fv M fvm Kiv hvq UK ev wjwlz Kb U U Qwe kã ev AwWI Ges wfwwi I Gwb gkb UK ev wjwlz Kb U U : wwwruvj gva g GL bv wjwlz Z _ i cwigvyb ewk me ai bi wjwlz Z_ GB avivi Kb U U Gi ga i q Q wbeü, eøm cv, cy ev mevi ZvwjKv I ey bv, c Y i g~j vqb, B-eyK msev`cî, k ZcÎ BZ vw` Qwe : me ai bi Qwe, K v givq Zvjv ev nv Z AvuKv ev Kw úduv i m ó mkj ai bi Qwe GB avivi Kb U U Gi g a i q Q d Uv, nv Z AvuKv Qwe, A¼bKiY, KvUz b, Bb dv-mövwd, Gwb g UW Qwe BZ vw` kã ev AwWI : kã ev AwWI AvKv ii mkj Kb U U GB cökv i AšÍf z³ h Kv bv wel qi AwWI dvbjb AwWI Kb U U-Gi cvkvcvwk B Uvi b U cöpvwiz eªwkv AwWI Kb U Ui AšÍf z³ wfwwi I Gwb gkb : ez gv b gvevbj dv bi wfwwi e e v _vkvq wfwwi Kb U Ui cwigvy evo Q BDwUDe ev GB ai bi wfwwi kqvwis mvb Ui Kvi Y B Uvi b U wfwwi Kb U Ui cwigvy w`b w`b e w cv Q GQvov ez gv b B Uvi b U Kv bv NUbvi wfwwi mivmwi cöpvwiz n q _v K GwU K ejv nq wfwwi w ªwgs Ggb Kb U UI wfwwi Kb U Ui AvIZvfz³ B-eyK B-eyK ev B jku«wbk eyk ev B-eB n jv gyw`ªz eb qi B jku«wbk iƒc h nzy, GwU B jku«wbk gva g cökvwkz nq m Kvi Y G Z kã, A vwb gkb BZ vw`i Ry o `Iqv hvq Aek GLb A bk B- eyk Kej B-eyK AvKv i cökvwkz nq G jvi gyw`ªz iƒc _v K bv d j A b KB GLb Avi B-eyK K gyw`ªz eb qi B jku«wbk ms iy ej Z bvivr G ai bi eb Kej Kw úduvi, vu dvb ev we kl ai bi wiwvi (B-eyK wiwvi) e envi K i cov hvq cöpwjz wiwv ii g a A vgvrb WUK gi (amazon.com) wkûj (kindle) me P q RbwcÖq

51 46 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ B-eyK e env ii myweav B-eyK WvDb jv Wi gva g Zvr wbkfv e Z_ cviqv m e e envwikfv e B-eyK msi bi Rb Kvb jvb eªwi ev K i cö qvrb bb, Kw úduvi ev wiwws wwfvb m B-eyK mn R msi b Kiv hvq B-eyK mn R vbvšíi hvm B-ey K Z_ AbymÜvb mnrzi B-eyK B Uvi b Ui gva g mieivn Kiv nq e j Kvb ai bi wkwcs ev c vwks LiP bb B-eyK mn R weziy I weµq hvm B-eyK gy`ªy hvm e j Pvwn`v Abyhvqx wcö U Kiv m e, d j Avw_ K mvkªq nq wewfbœ cökvi B-eyK ez gv b B-ey Ki wewfbœ cökvi f` `Lv hvq wewfbœ ai bi cökvkbvi Rb wewfbœ ai bi B-eyK i q Q Z e, mvaviyfv e B-eyK K wb gœv³ cvupwu fv M fvm Kiv hvq: gyw`ªz eb qi ûeû cöwzwjwc GB ai bi B-eyK jv g~jz gyw`ªz eb qi gzb n q _v K mpivpi G jv wcwwgd ( cv U ej WKz g U dig vu) dig v U cökvwkz n q _v K m ú~y eb GKm ½ A_ev Aa vq wnmv e cviqv hvq h B-eyK jv Kej AbjvB b Z_v B Uvi b U cov hvq, G jv mpivpi GBPwUGgGj-G cökvwkz nq G jv K eb-gi I qemvbu ejv hvq gyw`ªz eb-gi g Zv wkš wkqzuv evowz myweavmn B-eyK G jv eb-gi Kb U U QvovI cvv Ki wb Ri bvu jlv, k ãi A_ Rvbv BZ vw` myweav _v K G jvi ewkifvmb B-cve (EPUB) dig v U cökvwkz nq Gme B-ey Ki Kv bv Kv bvwu Kej we kl wwfvb m cov hvq hgb wdìm ev AvBeyK wiwv i covi Dc hvmx B-eyK Z e, wdì ev AvBey Ki ÿ Î wbr ^ dig vu i q Q PŠKm B-eyK GB eb jv Z wjwlz Ask QvovI AwWI/wfwWI/Gwb gkb BZ vw` mshy³ _v K GB eb jv K vu B-eyK ejv nq G jvi Kb U U gvwëwgwwqv mg hgb G Z KzBR _v K KzB Ri DËi Kivi e e vi _v K Ges DËi mwvk n q Q wkbv ZvI B-eyK _ KB Rvbv hvq GgbwK Gme B-ey K wîgvwîk QweI hy³ _v K Z e, A bk ÿ Î Gi Drcv`bKvix ev wbgv Zviv G mkj B-eyK Ggb dig v U ˆZwi K ib hv Kej wbw` ó nvw Iq v i P j hgb I cb Kw úduv m i ˆZwi AvBeyK Kej AvBc vw ev g vk Kw úduv i fv jvfv e cov hvq B-ey Ki A vcm G ÿ Î B-eyKwU wb RB GKwU A vcm AvKv i cökvwkz nq A vcm WvDb jvw K i Kw úduvi ev gvevbj dv b cov hvq gyw`ªz eb-gi g Zv B-eyKI KwcivB Ui AvIZvq cökvwkz n q _v K

52 Avgvi wk vq B Uvi bu 47 wk vq B Uvi bu Avgiv B-jvwb s qi welqwu c~ e Av jvpbv K iwq mlv b R bwq iwwi, Uwjwfkb, wmww ig, e w³mz buiqvk, B Uvi bu-bz vw` bvbv ikg gva g e envi K i Kxfv e wk v ev cöwk Y `Iqv hvq G Aa v q Avgiv Avjv`vfv e wk vi e vcv i B Uvi b Ui f~wgkv Av jvpbv Kie, hvi A bk wkqzb B Zvg a Zvgv `i Rvbv n q M Q Zvgiv mevb GLb B Uvi bu kãwui mv _ cwiwpz, A b K B Uvi bu e envi K iq G cöhyw³wu mviv c w_ex Z Lye eo GKwU cwiez b G b Q G cöhyw³wu e envi Kivi R b Avgv `i wkqz AeKvVv gv Ges Avw_ K m QjZv _vk Z nq B Uvi bu e envi Ki Z n j cö_ g GKwU Kw úduvi wksev vu wwfvbm `ikvi B`vbxs gvevbj Uwj dvb cöhyw³ Z A bk DbœwZ n q Q Ges gvby li µqmxgvi fz ib Ô vu dvbõ e j we ewpz Uwj dvb P j G m Q vu dv b B Uvi bu myweav cviqv hvq h nzz G jv Uwj dvb, ZvB Gi w Œb QvU ZvB wk vi R b GwU e envi Kiv GKUz KwVb Z e Avkvi K_vn Q h, j vcuc Ges vu dv bi gvsvgvws GKwU m vebv i q Q hwu U ve ju bv g cwiwpz Ges mwu wk vi Kv R Lyye mn RB e envi Kiv hvq mwz K_v ej Z wk A bk Kv úvwb GB U ve ju K gv_vq i L wk vi Kv R e envi Kiv m e mikg A vwcø Kkb ˆZwi Ki Z ïiy K i Q B Uvi bu e envi Kivi Dc hvmx Kw úduvi, j vcuc, U ve ju wksev vu dvb nv Z P j G jb Avgiv wkš B Uvi bu myweav fvm Ki Z cvwi bv cö qvrb nq B Uvi bu ms hv Mi ` ki me RvqMvq mgvbfv e B Uvi bu ms hvm bb, ZvB mevb mgvbfv e B Uvi b U w úw cvq bv Ges B Uvi b Ui w úw Kg n j mwu e envi Kiv A bk mg qb A_ nxb n q hvq Avevi fv jv w ú Wi B Uvi bu c Z n j h cwigvy UvKv LiP Ki Z nq mwu Avgv `i ` ki mvaviy gvbyy li mvg _ i evb i Kv RB wk vq B Uvi bu e envi Ki Z n j Avgv `i K GB B Uvi bu ms hvmwu A bk mvköqx Li P QvÎ-QvÎx `i nv Z Zy j w` Z n e m e n j webvg~ j B Uvi bu e env ii e e v Ki Z n e hw` GB ` ki mkj QvÎ-QvÎxi j vcuc wksev U ve ju e env ii my hvm _v K Ges `ªyZ MwZi ewk e vû DBW _i (Bandwidth) B Uvi bu e env ii my hvm _v K Zvn jb wkš cy ivuv kl n q hv e bv Gic ii cökœ B Uvi b U Avgv `i ` ki QvÎ-QvÎxiv Kx e envi Ki e? Zv `i Dc hvmx contents Kx i q Q? mwz K_v ej Z wk evsjv fvlvq m jv GL bv mfv e bb m jv mikvwi D ` v M wksev e w³mz ev cövwzôvwbk D ` v M M o DV Z ïiy K i Q Avgiv Lye `ªyZ m jv B Uvi b U c Z ïiy Kie e j Avkv KiwQ G gyn Z wk Yxq A bk welq B Uvi b U cviqv hvq Kv bv QvÎ ev QvÎx cov jlv Ki Z Ki Z Kv bv GKUv welq eys Z bv cvi j m hw` B Uvi b U mwu AbymÜvb K iñ gvuvgywu wbwðzfv e ejv hvq m Zvi DËiwU Kv bv bv Kv bvfv e c q hv e GKRb QvÎ ev QvÎx hw` Kv bv wbw` ó welq wkl Z Pvq wksev Rvb Z Pvq m B Uvi b U Zv Lyu R ei K i wb Z cvi eñ GR b wewfbœ mvp BwÄ bi cvkvcvwk AZ ší ` mvp BwÄbI Avgv `i ` ki Z_ cöhyw³we`my ˆZwi K i Qb Z e G mvp BwÄb jv e envi Kivi Rb Bs iwr fvlvq ` Zv _vkv cö qvrb

53 48 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ MwY Zi AZ ší PgrKvi wkqz mvbu i q Q hlv b MwY Zi h Kv bv cö kœi DËi Luy R cviqv hvq weáv bi cix v-wbix v nv Z-Kj g `Lvi R b I mvbu i q Q Drmvnx gvby liv bvbv wel q MÖyc ˆZwi K i i L Qb, Zv `i Kv Q h Kv bv cökœ `Iqv n j Zviv DËi w` Z cv ib evsjvq wk v `qvi R b I B Uvi b U AZ ší PgrKvi wkqz mvbu i q Q B Uvi b U wk vi GKUv wekvj RMr GL bv Abvwe Z i q M Q hlb Avgiv mwu Avwe vi Ki Z ïiy Kie ZLb m ú~y bzzb GKwU RMr Avgv `i mvg b nvwri n e B Uvi bu I Avgvi cvv welq jv GKRb wk K Avm j GKUv Av jvk wklvi g Zv wzwb AÜKv i Av jv R j `b, mb Av jv Z Pviw`K Av jvwkz nq wkÿv_ xiv mb Av jv Z me wkqz `L Z cvq Ges wb R `i huzkz cö qvrb wksev huzkz wkl Z Pvq muzkz wk L bq Ab fv e ejv hvq c w_exi me köô wk KI Avm j KvD K wkqz klv Z cv ib bvñ Zviv ïay mvnvh K ib, wk v_ x K wb RiB me wkqz wkl Z nq wk vi mv _ B Uvi bu kãwu Ry o w` qi GKwU e vcvi g b Kwi q w` Z n e, KD hb g b bv K i fv jv B Uvi bu ms hvm wksev B Uvi b U Lye fv jv content _vk jb ivzvivwz QvÎQvÎxiv jlvcovq Lye fv jv n q hv e cök Zc QvÎQvÎx `i GB my hvmuv w` q bzzb GKwU RMr D b vpb K i `Iqv n q Q gvî, mb RMr _ K KZUzKz MÖnY Ki e muv cy ivczwi GKRb wk v_ xi e vcvi Zvgiv wbðqb j K iq Zvgv `i cwiwpz Kv bv QvÎ ev QvÎx Kw úduvi Ges B Uvi bu e envi K i kyay Kw úduvi Mg L j wksev mvgvwrk hvmv hvm mvb U mgq bó Ki Q Avevi mb my hvm MÖnY K i Ab KD Kw úduvi cövmövwgs wkl Q Zvgiv Rv bv B Uvi b U Zvgv `i mkj cvv eb jv cviqv hvq eq ii ïiy Z Zvgv `i nv Z cvv eb jv cuš Q hvq Kv bv Kvi Y mb eb hw` KD nvwi q dj, wksev bó n q hvq Zvgiv wkš ZLb B Q Ki j B Uvi bu _ K eb WvDb jvw K i wb Z cvi e Zvgiv ï b Lywk n e evsjv ` ki wk v wb q AvMÖnx gvby liv wg j GB eb jvi md&u Kwc ˆZwi K i m jv Z KÉ w` q eb jv msi Y Ki Z ïiy K i Q hb ` wócöwzewüivi GB eb jv _ K DcK Z n Z cv i RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvv cy ÍK evw _ K Zvgv `i KvR R b me jv eb cökvk Kiv nq Ges webvg~ j Zvgiv Kxfv e wwwruvj Kb U U e envi Zvgv `i nv Z cuš Q `Iqv nq Zvi evb ii K i DcK Z n Z cvi? B Uvi b Ui mnvqzv Zvgv `i jlvcovi Kv R jvm Z cv i GiKg wb q G wel q AbwaK 1000 k ãi g a A bk eb jlv nq (GLv b wkš gv UI MvBW GKwU cöwz e`b ipbv Ki eb qi K_v ejv n Q bvñ m jv KL bvb KvD K wkl Z mvnvh K i bv ) hviv mb eb j Lb Zv `i A b KB G eb jv Zvgv `i e env ii R b B Uvi b U w` q `b evrvi _ K UvKv w` q eb bv wk b h KD G eb jv B Uvi bu _ K mivmwi bvwg q wb Z cv i c w_exi A bk jlkb AvRKvj Zv `i eb jv B Uvi b U mevi R b

54 Avgvi wk vq B Uvi bu 49 Db y³ K i w` Z ïiy K i Qb Zvgiv GKUz LuvR Ki jb Zvgvi cq `i A bk eb G Kev i webvg~ j B Uvi b U c q hv e Z e Zvgv K Aek B mzk _vk Z n e hb Zzwg KwcivBU AvBb f½ K i Kv iv ivlv eb eavbwb fv e bvwg q bv d jv Avgiv mevb Rvwb Avgv `i cvv cy Í K huzkz _v K muzkz Z QvÎQvÎxiv mš ó _v K bv, Zviv Av iv ewk Rvb Z Pvq mr b me zj-k j Ri QvÎQvÎxiv Zv `i m Li welq weávb, MwYZ wksev mvwn Z i K ve ˆZwi K i GK mgq Gai bi K v e ïay kvixwikfv e Dcw Z Q j g qivb Ask wb Z cviz B Uvi bu niqvi Kvi Y welquv GLb cy ivcywi Db y³ n q M Q GLb mviv ` ki GgbwK mviv c w_exi Q j g qiv GB K ve jv Z Ask wb Z cv i Zviv mevb wg j cvvrm Zi welq jv K Ab GKUv ch v q wb q h Z cv i Avgvi fwel r K vwiqvi I AvBwmwU fwel Z AvBwmwUwenxb GKwU w`bi Kíbv Kiv m e bq AvBwmwUi me gylx e env ii Kvi Y Kv bv cöwzôv bi Kg x wn m e hvm `Iqv wksev wb RB GKUv cöwzôvb ˆZwi Dfq Î AvBwmwU K Gwo q hviqv m e n e bv wb Ri K vwiqv ii Î ZvB AvBwmwU Z ` Zv Dbœq bi Rb wb R K h _ó m PZb n Z n e mvaviy Awdm mduiq v ii e envi, B Uvi bu, B- gbj, mvgvwrk hvmv hv Mi gva gmn cövq me wkqy ZB cöv_wgk ` Zv bv _vk j AvMvgx Z Kv_vI PvKwi cviqv KwVb n e Ab w` K cövmövwgs, I qemvbu wewbg vy, Kw úduvi wbivcëv BZ vw` we klvwqz Kv Ri Pvwn`vI wecyj cwigv Y e w cv Q wek e vcx Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ K vwiqvi MV bi GKwU eo ÿî Z_ cöhyw³i cöavb DcKiYwU ejv P j Kw úduvi G Kw úduv i h KZkZ KvR Av Q Zv KíbvZxZ Kw úduvi, B Uvi bu, gvevbj, Kj m Uvi BZ vw` meb Gi AšÍfy ³ Kw úduvi mv qý, Kw úduvi BwÄwbqvwis, Awdm A Uv gkb wm g wwrvbb, AvwU wdwkqvj Bw Uwj RÝ, iv evwuk BwÄwbqvwis, gvevbj KwgDwb Kkb, WUv KwgDwb Kkb Ggb nvrviwu K vwiqv ii bvg ejv hvq we k i wewfbœ ` ki g Zv evsjv ` ki cövmövwgs q m vebvi Øvi w`b w`b D b vwpz n Q cövmövwgs qi Pvwn`v ez gv b A bk ewk mewkqzb GLb Kw úduvivbrw n Q, wewfbœ mduiq vi w` qb G cövmövg ˆZwi Kiv nq vu dv bi wewfbœ A vcm cövmövwgs qi gva gb Kiv cöhyw³ hfv e GwM q hv Q Zv Z GK mgq Awd m e mb N ii wuwf, iwd«rv iui, GqviKwÛkb BZ vw` wbqš Y Kiv hv e gvevbj wwfvb mi gva g gvby li ivm wby q Kiv hv e w`b w`b B jkuªwbk wwfvb mi AvK wz QvU n q Avm Q Ges G `i Kvh ÿgzv e w cv Q GwU AviI e w cv e ivbœv _ K m v UjvBU cwipvjbv ch ší mewkqzb gvby li nv Zi wbqš Yi g a P j Avm e Gi me wkqzb cwipvwjz n e Kw úduvi cövmövwgs qi gva g

55 50 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ ez gv b wd«j vwýs mvb U Avgv `i ` ki fv jv cövmövgviiv ` k e mb Mj, gvb µvmdu, Bb Uj, dmey Ki g Zv wek L vz Kv úvwb jvi KvR Ki Z cvi Qb ZvQvov fv jv cövmövgviiv B Qv Ki j wb RivB mduiqvi dvg Lyj Z cv ib ckv wn m e cövmövwgs qi Avjv`v GKwU iyz Av Q KviY wewfbœ cöwz hvwmzvi gva g wb R K cögvy Kivi A bk my hvm GLv b i q Q ZvB evsjv ` ki wek we` vj q cov kvbv K i mivmwi we k i bvgkiv A bk mduiq vi wbg vzv cöwzôvb hgb gvb µvmdu, Mj, dmeyk Kv úvwb Z KvR Kivi my hvm m wó n q Q cöwzeqib evsjv `k _ K A b KB wb Ri gavkw³ K Kv R jvwm q wb Ri k³ Ae vb K i wb Q GB me wel vz Kv úvwb Z Avi GKwU grvi e vcvi n jv AwaKvsk ÿ ÎB Gme eo Kv úvwb Z Av e`b Kivi cö qvrb nq bv Zviv wb RivB wewfbœ `k _ K fv jv fv jv cövmövgvi K Luy R ei K i bq Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ Z KvR Kivi i q Q AviI myweav G Z Kvb Awd m bv wm qb KvR Kivi my hvm i q Q DbœZ `k jvi fv jv fv jv Kv úvwb Zv `i wb R `i ` ki Kg x `i `y úövc Zvi Kvi Y Avgv `i g Zv Dbœqbkxj ` ki Kg x `i KvR Kivi my hvm `q Avgv `i ` ki Kg xiv wek gv bi ez gv b Avgv `i ` ki cövmövgvimn A bk AvBwmwU Kg x N i e mb BÈvi b Ui gva g KvR Ki Q Av gwikv, KvbvWv, weª U bi g Zv `k jvi eo eo Kv úvwb Z wdªj v Ýi KvR Kivi Rb ˆa h i cö qvrb nq G ÿ Î hvmv hv Mi Rb Bs iwr fvlvq fv jv `ÿzv _vk jb P j GQvovI AvBwmwU Z i q Q Kw úduvi buiqvk G KvR Kivi my hvm hme Kv úvwb wb Riv mvfv i e envi K i Zv `i Kw úduvi buiqvk ˆZwi I iÿyv eÿ Yi Rb `ÿ jv Ki cö qvrb nq ZvB PvKwii evrv i Gi Ae vbi A bk fv jv Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ Z `ÿ jv Ki Pvwn`v w`b w`b e ob P j Q ciezx 2-3 eq ii g a Gi Pvwn`v wø Y n e e j A b KB g b Ki Qb evsjv ` ki B Zvg a ek wkqz mduiq vi Kv úvwb ˆZwi n q Q hviv evsjv ` k ˆZwi wewfbœ mduiq vi, gvevbj A vcm c w_exi Ab vb ` k ißvwb Ki Q GwU Avgv `i Rb Aek B M e i ez gvb ZiyY cör b i A bk wkÿv_x GB ckvi m ½ RwoZ n q co Q fwel Z GB m± i AviI A bk `ÿ Kgx i cö qvrb n e Kv RB K vwiqvi wn m e AvBwmwUi m vebv A bk D¾ j Gme we epbv K i wb Ri AvBwmwU ` Zv evwo q wb Z GLb _ KB m Pó niqv cö qvrb

56 Avgvi wk vq B Uvi bu 51 Abykxjbx 1. I qe mvb U cö ek Kivi Rb Aek B KvbwUi cö qvrb? K. W Uc wcwm L. U ve ju wcwm M. vu dvb N. B Uvi bu ms hvm 2. Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³i cöavb DcKiY KvbwU? K. Kw úduvi L. Uwjwfkb M. B Uvi bu N. vu dvb 3. wwwruvj Kb U U n jvñ i. B-eyK, eøm cv I B wbeü ii. Bb dv MÖvwdKm I G vwb g UW Qwe iii. AwWI I wfwwi w ªwgs wb Pi KvbwU mwvk? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii 1. wb Pi jlvwu c o 4I5bscÖ kœi DËi `vi wiwb I iwbi evev Zv `i Rb GKwU U ve ju wcwm wk b w` jb wiwb beg köwy Z I iwb Øv`k köwy Z c o 4. wiwb I iwbi U ve ju wcwmwui m e vëg e envi n e- K. Mgm Ljvq L. Mvb kvbvq M. wnmve wbkv k N. jlvcovi Kv R 5. wiwb I iwbi Rb U ve ju wcwmuvi m e v P e envi Ki Zi. `ªyZMwZi B Uvi bu ms hvm cö qvrb ii. KgLi P B Uvi bu e env ii my hvm w` Z n e ii. Bs iwr fvlvi `ÿzv evov Z n e wb Pi KvbwU mwvk? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii 6. AvBwmwU wkfv e Avgv `i K vwiqvi MV b mnvqk n Z cv i? e vl v Ki 7. ÔeZ gv b B Uvi b Ui e envi Qvov jlvcov Kiv KwVbÕ- hyw³mn Dc vcb Ki

57 PZz_ Aa vq Avgvi jlv jwl I wnmve G Aa vq k l Avgiv- IqvW cö mm ii iyz c~y ˆewkó e vl v Ki Z cvie; IqvW cö mmi e env ii KŠkj ey bv Ki Z cvie; úªwwk Ui iyz c~y ˆewkó e vl v Ki Z cvie; úªwwk Ui e env ii ÿî jv wpwýz Ki Z cvie; úªwwk Ui e env ii KŠkj ey bv Ki Z cvie; IqvW cö mmi e envi K i m úv`bv Ki Z cvie; Ges úªwwku e envi K i wnmve-wbkvk Ki Z cvie

58 Avgvi jlv jwl I wnmve 53 IqvW cö mm i Avgvi jlvi KvR gvby li g bi fve cökvk Kivi GKUv gva g n jv jlv jwl Kiv Avgv `i cö qvr b Avgv `i K bvbvik gi jlv jwl Ki Z nq n Z cv i muv KweZv, Mí, Dcb vm ev w`bcwä jlv jlv jwl QvovI Avgv `i ˆ`bw `b Rxe b wewfbœ ik gi QvU-eo wnmve Ki Z nq evrv ii wnmve, evmvfvovi wnmve, cixÿvi djvdj cö Z BZ vw` Avgv `i jlv jwl I wnmv ei G KvR jv Kiv GK mgq Kómva wqj wkš Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³i wekv ki d j G KvR jv Kivi Rb GLb Avgv `i nv Zi bvmv j i q Q A bk ai bi mduiq vi Gme mduiq vi K ejv nq Awdm mduiq vi Avgv `i W Uc, j vcuc ev vu dv b G mduiq vi jv e envi Kiv hvq jlv jwli Rb i q Q IqvW cö mmi Avi wnmv ei Rb i q Q úªwwku GbvjvBwmm mduiq vi G jv m ú K Zvgiv c~e ez x köwy jv Z cöv_wgk aviyv c qq G köwy Z Zvgiv G jv m ú K wkqz AMÖmi aviyv cv e Kv bvwkqz jlvi KvR n jv Kíbvi RMr K ev Í e wb q Avmv gvbyl Zvi Kíbv K A b i Kv Q Zz j ai Z gva g wn m e jlvi KvR ïiy K i G BwZnvm Avgiv A b KB Rvwb ez gv b G Kv R Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ e eüz n Q Avi G ÿ Î IqvW cö mwms-gi iyz A bk Uwjwfkb, gvevbj dvb ev Kw úduvi BZ vw` h š Z_ MÖnY I Dc vc bi Rb ewkifvm mgq wjwlz Kv bvwkqzi cö qvrb nq Av M hfv eb Kiv nvk bv Kb GLb G KvRwU Kiv n Q IqvW cö mm ii mvnv h IqvW cö mm i KvR Ki Z wm q Avgiv A bk myweav c q _vwk hgb: wbfz jfv e jlv jwli KvR Kiv hvq Ges fzj n j mv _ mv _ ms kva bi my hvm cviqv m úv`bvi my hvm _vkvq jlvi KvR bv `wbkfv e Dc vcb Kiv hvq bvbvfv e jlv K Dc vcb Kiv hvq hgb, jlvi AvKvi QvU-eo Kiv, iwob Kiv, e AvKv i Dc vcb Kiv BZ vw` cy iv jlv cö_g _ K ïiy bv K i bzzb jlv cö ek Kiv bv, jlv gy Q djv ev jlv K cybwe b vm Kivi my hvm cviqv hvq Qwe, MÖvd, Uwej, PvU BZ vw` ms hvrb K i WKz g U K Av iv AvKl Yxq Kiv hvq WKz g U msiÿy K i Zv h Kv bv mgq e envi Kiv hvq d j GKB KvR evievi Kivi cö qvrb bv nqbv cö qvrb ev a `ikvwi Z_ GK WKz g U n Z Ab WKz g U Kwc Kiv hvq GKB mv _ GKvwaK WKz g U wb q KvR Kiv hvq dvbû-wi cøm KgvÛ e envi K i eo Kv bv WKz g U Aí mg q kã LuvRv hvq Ges cöwz vcb Kiv hvq hlb Kv bv WKz g U evievi e env ii cö qvrb nq ZLb mwu K Ug cøu AvKv i msiÿy K i ivlv hv Z mgq mvköq nq hgb- cöwz mßv n j ve wi cvu cö Z Kivi cö qvrb n j mwu Ug cøu AvKv i msiÿy K i ivl j Zv evievi e envi Kiv hvq eo AvKv ii WKz g U hgb M elyvc Î welqe i mviwy, idv iý, Qwei ZvwjKv, MÖš cwä BZ vw` A bk KvR LyeB ^í mg q m úv`b Kiv hvq

59 54 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ evbvb `Lvi mduiq vi ev új PKvi-Gi mvnv h mn RB evbvb ms kvab Kiv; ^qswµqfv e evbvb ms kva bi e e vi IqvW cö mm i i q Q WKz g U msiÿy K i Zv h Kv bv mgq, hzevi B Qv ZZevi wcö U Kivi myweav i q Q B jkuªwbk hvmv hvm e e vi gva g h Kv bv RvqMvq h Kv bv mgq WKz g U cöiy Kiv hvq KvM Ri bw_ ev dvb ji cwie Z IqvW cö mm i ˆZwi dvbj Lye mn RB msiÿy Kiv hvq dvb ji e e vcbv mnr hv AvaywbK Awdm e e vcbvq Acwinvh GQvovI IqvW cö mwms mdu&iq vi jv Z AviI bvbv myweav i q Q Avgiv G jv e envi Kivi mgq A bk wkqz Rvb Z cvie GZme myweavi Kvi Y cöwzw`b Gi e envikvixi msl v evo Q Zvgiv c~e ez x köwy Z IqvW cö mm i bzzb WKz g U m wó Ges cyiv bv WKz g U Lvjvi KŠkj wk LQ Av iv wk LQ Kxfv e G mkj WKz g U msiÿy Ki Z nq Gevi Avgiv IqvW cö mm ii Av iv wkqz KŠkj wkle wkš GRb Zvgv `i c~ e AwR Z Ávb I `ÿzv Kv R jvmv Z n e Avgiv Rvwb gvb µvmdu Awdm n jv c w_exi me P q RbwcÖq I eûj e eüz mduiq vi GQvovI wewfbœ ai Yi Awdm mduiq vi i q Q hvi h Kvb GKwU Avgiv e envi Ki Z cvwi ez gv b A b KB G jvi me kl ms iy e envi Ki Q Z e h Kvb GKwU ms i Y AwfÁ n j Ab wu e envi Ki Z Kv bv Amyweav nqbv evsjv ` k h nzz gvb µvmdu Awdm mduiq viwu ewk e eüz nq ZvB GLv b Avgiv gvb µvmdu Awdm 2007 Gi gvb µvmdu IqvW Ges gvb µvmdu G j Gi wfwë Z Av jvpbv Kie Awdm evub Ges Gi Ackbmg~n IqvW 2007 Pvjy Kivi c i GKwU DBb Wv Lyj e G DB Ûvi Dc ii evg w` Ki Kvbvq AvBKbwU n jv Awdm evub G evubwu wk K Ki j h Ackb jv cviqv hvq m jv wp Î `Lv bv n jv

60 Avgvi jlv jwl I wnmve 55 G Ackb jvi g a ewk cö qvrbxq jv n jvñ wbd: bzzb WKz g U Lyj Z GUv wk K Ki Z nq I cb: c~ e msiÿy Kiv Kv bv WKz g U Lyj Z GUv wk K Ki Z nq mbf: WKz g U K msiÿy Ki Z GLv b wk K Ki Z nq mbf GR: GKB WKz g U K wfbœ bv g msiÿy Ki Z GLv b wk K Ki Z nq Gi gva g Kv bv WKz g U K AcwiewZ Z i L bzzb bv g msiÿy K i Zvi Dci KvR Kiv hvq KøvR: Lvjv WKz g U eü Kivi Rb GLv b wk K Ki Z nq jlv jwli mvrm¾v : d U vbj wbe vpb Ges Gi mvbr I io wba viy Zvgiv B Zvg a IqvW cö mmi e envi K i jlv jwl Ki Z wk L M Qv G jlv jv K GKUz mvwr q- wq q Dc vcb Ki j Kgb nq? wbðqb Zvgv `i A bk fv jv jvm e IqvW cö mm ii fvlvq G KvRwU K Òdi gwus U UÓ ejv nq d U vbj d U mvbr IqvW cö mm i jlv jwl Kivi Rb wewfbœ vb ji Aÿi i q Q G jv K ejv nq d U jlv jwli mvrm¾vq cö_ gb `L Z nq jlvwu Kvb ai bi d U n e d U wbe vp bi KvRwU Ki Z nq nvg gbyi d U MÖy ci d Ui bv gi WªcÑWvDb e _ K GLv b AmsL d Ui ga _ K Zvgvi cq `g Zv GKUv d U e Q bvi A bk mgq jlvi gvslv b wfbœ vb ji I mvb Ri d U e env ii cö qvrb n Z cv i m ÿ Î Kvw ÿz jlvwu K wbe vpb K i d U MÖy ci d U bv gi WªcÑWvDb e _ K d U wbe vpb K i w` j jlvwu H d U n e d U mvbr wba viy Kivi Rb d U bv gi cv k jlv msl vi WªcÑWvDb e wk K K i CwáZ msl v wbe vpb Ki Z n e Zvgiv Zvgv `i B Qg Zv d Ui io wba viy Ki Z cvi GRb d U MÖy ci AvBK bi WªcÑWvDb e wk K K i d Ui io wbe vpb Ki Z n e nvg U v ei d U MÖy c d U welqk Av iv A bk myweav Av Q Zvgiv m jv e envi K i `L Z cv iv KvR Zvgvi h Kv bv GKwU cvv eb _ K GKwU c vivmövd IqvW cö mm i wj L wewfbœ d U vbj, mvbr I i Oi e envi Ki Ges WKz g UwU GKwU bvg w` q msiÿy Ki

61 56 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ jlv jwli mvrm¾v ey ju, b ^i Ges jvb bi e eavb Avgv `i dj Avg Rvg wjpz KuvVvj bvi Kj Avgv `i b`x 1. cùv 2. gnbv 3. hgybv 4. myigv 5. ˆfie 6. wz Ív Avgiv A bk mgq wewfbœ ik gi ZvwjKv K i _vwk Gme ZvwjKvq avivevwnkzv ivlvi Rb Kv bv wpý, ey ev msl v e envi K i _vwk G jv K IqvW cö mm ii fvlvq ey ju I b ^i ejv nq nvg U v ei c vivmövd MÖy c ey ju I b ^ ii AvBKb KgvÛ cviqv hvq jvb bi e eavb: `ywu jvb bi ga ez x `~iz wba viy Kivi Rb UzjwU e eüz nq KvR ey ju I b ^i e envi K i Zvgvi cq `i K qkrb wµ KU L jvqv oi bvg wjl jlv jwli mvrm¾v: Uwej I wewfbœ Bjvm ªkb WKz g U Kv bv Uwej, Qwe, wk c AvU, wewfbœ AvKvi-AvK wz, PvU U U e, IqvW AvU hvm Ki Z wie bi BbmvU U ve e envi Ki Z nq

62 Avgvi jlv jwl I wnmve 57 Uwej ev mviwy hvm Kiv Uwej ev mviwy hvm Kivi Rb IqvW 2007 Gi wie bi (1) BbmvU U v e wk K K i (2) Uwe j wk K Ki Z n e Zvic i (3) BbmvU Uwej wk K Ki Z n e Gici GKUv WvqvjM e Avm e mlv b Kjvg I iv (mvwi) msl v wvk Ki Z n e KvR 10 R bi ` j fvm n q mk ji bvg, wczvi bvg, eqm, ivj b ^i Uwe j ev mviwy Z Dc vcb Ki Qwe hvm Kiv WKz g U Qwe hvm K i WKz g U K A bk my `ifv e Dc vcb Kiv hvq hgb G eb q Zvgiv jlvi cvkvcvwk A bk Qwe `L Z cv Qv G jv hvm Kivi Rb I Zvgv `i IqvW 2007-Gi wie bi BbmvU U v e wk K Ki Z n e Zvic i Bjv ªkb MÖy c wckpvi AvBK b wk K Ki Z n e Gici GKUv WvqvjM e Avm e mlv b Zvgiv Zvgv `i Qwei RvqMv wba viy K i Qwe wbw` ó K i w` j WKz g U Qwe hy³ n q hv e GQvov Bjv ªkb MÖy c wk cavu, kbc (AvK wz), vu AvU, PvU hvm Kivi myweav i q Q KvR wkÿ Ki mnvqzvq Zvgvi ˆZwi Kiv GKwU WKz g U Qwe hvm Ki IqvW AvU hvm Kiv BbmvU U ve _ K Zvgiv B Q Ki j wewfbœ vb ji jlv hvm Ki Z cvi GRb Zvgv `i BbmvU U v ei U U MÖy c IqvW AvU -G wk K K i Zvgv `i cq `g Zv vbj wbe vpb Ki Z n e Zvici h WvqvjM e Avm e Zv Z d U wvk K i jlv w` j Zv Kvw ÿz vb j cö`k b Ki e

63 58 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ gvwr b wvk Kiv WKz g Ui jlvi gvwr b wvk Ki Z n j wie bi cbr javdu U v e wk K Ki Z n e Zvic i gvwr b AvBK b wk K K i gvwr b wvk K i w` Z n e gvwr b AvBK b wk K Ki j gvwr b wba vi Yi wewfbœ Ackb `Lv e mlvb _ K Zvgv `i cq `g Zv gvwr b wba viy K i w` Z cvi A_ev Kv g gvwr b wk K K i Zvgiv wbr ^ gvwr b e envi Ki Z cv iv KvR 1 Zvgvi we` vj qi bvg IqvW Av U i wewfbœ vb j Dc vcb Ki KvR 2 GKwU WKz g U cö Z K i gvwr b wba viy Ki c vivmöv di jvbb e eavb wba viy Kiv WKz g Ui cö Z KwU jvb bi g a Kx cwigvy e eavb n e Zv wbav iy Ki Z wie bi cbr javdu U v e wk K Ki Z n e GLv b c vivmövd MÖy c úwms- G jvb bi Av M I c i KZ c q U RvqMv _vk e Zv wba viy K i w` Z n e WKz g U UvBc Kivi c ii G KvRwU Kiv hvq m ÿ Î cö_ g WKz g Ui h As ki jvbb e eavb wvk Ki Z n e Zv wbe vpb Ki Z n e Zvici Dc ii ey bv Abyhvqx jvbb e eavb wvk K i w` Z n e KvR Zvgvi evsjv A_ev Bs iwr cvv cy ÍK _ K GKwU Ask UvBc K i Zvi jvbb e eavb wba viy Ki c ôvi b ^i `Iqv WKz g U cö Z Kivi GKUv iyz c~y KvR n jv Gi cöwzwu c ôvq b ^i `Iqv G KvRwU Kivi Rb wie bi BbmvU U v e nwvi I dzuvi MÖy c cbr bv ^vi wk K K i wbw` ó Ackb e Q wb Z n e Zvgiv Zvgv `i cq `g Zv c ôvi Dc i ev wb P c ôvi b ^i hvm Ki Z cvi KvR Zvgvi ˆZwiK Z GKwU WKz g U c ôv b ^i w` q msiÿy Ki

64 Avgvi jlv jwl I wnmve 59 evbvb cix Y I ms kvab IqvW cö mwms mduiq v ii GKwU eo myweav n Q evbvb cixÿy WKz g Ui Kv_vI Kvb evbvb fzj n j Zv cixÿy Ges ms kvab Kiv hvq e vkiyi ï Kiv hvq A bk ÿ Î evbvb cixÿ Yi ÿ Î bzzb kã cövmöv gi Awfav b ms hvrb Kiv hvq evbvb cixÿ Yi mgq fzj kã ei K i m ve wkqz ï kã Dc vcb K i, hv Z e envikvix mwvk kãwu e Q wb Z cv i Gmgq Awfav bi wwdë j PwKs WvqjM e fvlv wba vib K i wb Z nq ZvÕbv n j AvcvZ ï evbvb fzj `Lv Z cv i hgb, hw` Kvb IqvW cö mm ii Awfav b Av gwikvb Bs iwr fvlv wbe vpb Kiv _v K Ges WKz g U Colour kãwu jlv nq, Z e Zv fzj evbvb wnmv e mbv³ n e KviY, Colour evbvbwu weªwuk Bs iwri, Av gwikvb Bs iwr Abymv i GwU n e Color GQvov ˆeÁvwbK bvg, e w³ we kl, msmvb ev RvqMvi bvg BZ vw` K új PKvi fzj wn m e wpwýz K i Gme kã fzj bv ï Zv e envikvix KB wbwðz Ki Z nq úªwwku I Avgvi wnmve-wbkvk úªwwku we køly Zvgiv Aóg köwy Z úªwwku we køly mduiq v ii mv _ cwiwpz n qq Gi ˆewkó jvi K_v g b Av Q Zv? P jv `wl úªwwku we køl Yi ˆewkó jv: úªwwku we køl Yi ˆewkó mg~n wewfbœ ik gi msl v ev AÿiwfwËK DcvË wb q KvR Kiv hvq h Kv bv ai bi wnmv ei Rb myweavrbk Kjvg I mvwi _vkvi Kvi Y DcvË köwykiy mnr m~î e env ii my hvm _vkvq A bk ewk DcvË wb q KvR Kiv hvq wewfbœ dvskb m~îvkv i e envi K i mn R DcvË we køly Kiv hvq AvKl Yxq MÖvd, PvU e envi K i DcvË Dc vcb Kiv hvq

65 60 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ cöwwku e env ii Î : cöwwku n Q GKai bi A vwcø Kkb mduiq vi hv ZvwjKve fv e WvUv web vm, we køly I msi Y e eüz nq wb gœ cöwwk Ui KwZcq e envi D jøl Kiv nj: wk v Î djvdj we køly, Avq-e q wnmv e; ev RU ˆZwi Z; Kg KZ v Kg Pvix `i ezb msµvší wnmv e; GqvijvBÝ wirv f k b; AvqKi wnmve I we køl Y; wbe vp bi fvu MYbvq; L jvqv oi cö`wk Z µxov KŠkj g~j vq b

66 Avgvi jlv jwl I wnmve 61 úªwwku e env ii KŠkj Zvgiv B Zvg a úªwwku e env ii wkqz gšwjk aviyv m ú K wk LQ G eb q Zvgiv AviI wkqz AMÖmi aviyv wkl Z cvi e Y Kiv úªwwk U Y Kivi Rb djvdj m ji g a m~î w` Z nq m~î me mgq Ò=Ó mgvb wpý w` q ïiy nq Y Kivi cöwµqv `yõai bi 1. mvaviyfv e m j m~î wj L G Uvi w` j djvdj ciqv hvq 2. djvdj m j úªwwku dvskb = PRODUCT wj L m ji iä w` q G Uvi w` j dvskb e envi K i Y Kivi myweav n jv GLv b cö qvrb n j A bk ewk msl K m ji Ydj iä w` q m úbœ Kiv hvq wb Pi wp Î wzbwu m ji Y Kivi cöwµqv `Lv bv n jv: KvR GKwU úªwwku dvbj Ly j KvíwbK wkqz Z _ i Y Ki

67 62 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ fvm Kiv úªwwk U fvm Kivi KvRwUI m~î w` q Ki Z nq fvm Kivi ÿ Î A1 mj K B1 mj w` q fvm Kivi Rb djvdj m j = A1/ B1 m~î wjl Z nq G ÿ Î / wpýwu fvm wpý wnmv e e eüz nq KvR m~îwu e envi K i Zvgiv djvdj ei Kivi Póv K i `L kzkiv wby q Kiv 400 UvKvi 15% KZ UvKv? µqg~j 1200 UvKv n j 16% jv f weµqg~j KZ? ev Íe Rxe b Avgiv G ai bi A bk wnmv ei gy LvgywL nb úªwwk Ui gva g mn RB Avgiv G wnmve jv Ki Z cvwi úªwwk Ui gva g cö_g mgm vwu mgvav bi ÿ Î djvdj m j =A3*B3% m~î cö qvm K i mgvavb Kiv hvq m~îwu Kx evw e envi K i djvdj m j wjlvi wbqg n jv cö_ g = wpý w` q 400 wjlv m j wk K Ki Z n e Zvici Kx ev W * Pvc Z n e Zvici 15 wjlv m j wk K Ki Z n e Gici Kx evw _ K % (wkdu Kx P c 5) wj L G Uvi Ki Z n e c q hv e Zvgv `i djvdj wøzxq mgm vwu mgvavb Kivi Rb =A3*B3%+A3 m~î e envi Ki Z n e G m~îwu wjlvi wbqgi Dc ii wbq gi g Zv KvR wkÿ Ki ZË veav b kzkiv msµvší wewfbœ mgm vi mgvavb Ki hgb, wg. PŠayixi gvwmk g~j ezb UvKv wzwb 55% nv i evwofvov fvzv Ges 700 UvKv wpwkrmv fvzv cvb Zuvi gvu ezb n Z 90 UvKv Kj vy Znwej Ges hš_exgv eve` Puv`v cö`vb K ib Zuvi wbu ezb KZ?

68 Avgvi jlv jwl I wnmve 63 Abykxjbx 1. Kv bv WKz g U Ug cøu AvKv i msiÿy Kiv nq Kb? K. bv `wbkzvi Rb L. evievi e env ii Rb M. cybwe b vm Kivi Rb N. Kwc myweavi Rb 2. Kv bv WKz g U cö_gevi msiÿy Ki Z KvbwU e envi Kiv nq? K. wbd L. I cb M. mbf N. mbf GR 3. úªwwku we køly e envi K i - i. jlv jwl Kiv mnr ii. m~î e envi Kiv hvq iii. DcvË web vm Kiv hvq wb Pi KvbwU mwvk? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii wb Pi DÏxcKwU c o 4 I 5 b ^i cö kœi DËi `vi mšwgî k Li e k cök wz wb q cwîkvq jlv jwl K i gv S gv S Zvi jlvi mv _ dzj, cvwl ev b`xi Qwe w` Z nq m ckvmz Rxe b GKRb wnmveiÿy Kg KZ v mlv b Zv K Kg Pvix `i ez bi wnmve ivl Z nq Ges gvwmk cöwz e`b Rgv w` Z nq 4. mšwgî K Zvi k Li Kv R Kvb mduiq vi e envi Ki Z nq? K. IqvW cö mmi L. úªwwku M. MÖvwd N. WvUv er 5. mšwgî K Zvi ckvmz Kv R Ñ i. Ug cøu e envi Ki Z nq ii. m~î e envi Ki Z nq iii. DcvË web vm Ki Z nq wb Pi KvbwU mwvk? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii 6. ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki Z IqvW cö mm i Kvb ai bi mvrm¾v (di gwus) e envi Kiv nq? D`vniYmn ey bv Ki 7. úªwwku we køl Yi 5wU myweav wjl

69 64 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ câg Aa vq gvwëwgwwqv I MÖvwd G Aa vq cvv k l Avgiv- gvwëwgwwqvi aviyv e vl v Ki Z cvie; gvwëwgwwqvi gva gmg~n ey bv Ki Z cvie; gvwëwgwwqvi e env ii ÿîmg~n wpwýz Ki Z cvie; cö R Ukb mduiq v ii aviyv e vl v Ki Z cvie; cö R Ukb mduiq vi e env ii iyz we køly Ki Z cvie; cö R Ukb mduiq vi e env ii KŠkj ey bv Ki Z cvie; MÖvwd -Gi aviyv e vl v Ki Z cvie; MÖvwd mduiq vi e env ii KŠkj ey bv Ki Z cvie; cª R Ukb mduiq vi e envi K i welq mswkøó Slide ˆZwi I Dc vcb Ki Z cvie; Ges MÖvwd mduiq vi e envi K i m Rbkxj wpî A¼b I Dc vcb Ki Z cvie

70 gvwëwgwwqv I MÖvwd 65 gvwëwgwwqvi aviyv Avw`Kvj _ KB gvbyl wb R K cökvk Kivi Rb wewfbœ gva g ev wgwwqv e envi K i Q jlv GKwU cökvk gva g, kã GKwU cökvk gva g Avevi wpîi GKwU cökvk gva g Avgiv hlb A bk jv cökvk gva g K wb q K_v ewj ZLbB gvwëwgwwqv e j Zv K wpwýz K i _vwk mf Zvi weez b I cöhyw³i Kvi Y GB gva g jvi eûwea e envi n q Avm Q we kl K i Avgiv hlb wwwruvj hy M evm KiwQ ZLb Avgv `i cökvk gva gi aib e` j M Q Avgiv GLb Abyfe Kwi h, GbvjM hy Mi wgwwqv jvb wwwruvj hy Mi cöavb cökvk gva g bq eis GbvjM hy Mi cyiv bv wgwwqv G hy M e eüz n ji Gi e env ii gvîv e` j Q GK mg q hme wgwwqv wfbœ wfbœ fv e e eüz n Zv Zv GLb GKmv _ e eüz n Q Avevi mb me wgwwqvq hy³ n q Q wwwruvj h š i cövmövwgs Kivi ÿgzv Avgiv GLb eû wgwwqv K Zvi eûgvwîkzv I cövmövwgs ÿgzvi Rb ejwq B UviA vkwuf gvwëwgwwqv GB `ywu kã GLb e vckfv e cöpwjz GK K_vq gvwëwgwwqv gv b eû gva g B UviA vkwuf gvwëwgwwqv gv b n Q, mb eû gva g hvi mv _ e envikvix hvmv hvm Ki Z cv i gvwëwgwwqv n jv gvby li wewfbœ cökvk gva gi mgš^q Avgiv AšÍZ wzbwu gva g ev wgwwqv e envi K i wb R `i K cökvk Kwi m jv n jv ey, wpî Ges kã (mvdû) GB gva g jvi wewfbœ iƒci i q Q GB wzbwu gva g Zv `i wewfbœ iƒc wb q KL bv Avjv`vfv e, KL bv GKmv _ Avgv `i mvg b Avwef ~Z nq Gme gva gi cökvk K Avgiv KvM Ri cökvkbv, iwwi, Uwjwfkb, wfwwi, wm bgv, wfwwi Mgm, wkÿvg~jk mduiq vi, I qe cr BZ vw` bvbv bv g wpwb Z e Gi me jv KB ev GKvwaK gva g KB Avgiv Avjv`vfv e gvwëwgwwqv ejebv KvM Ri cökvkbv ev iwwi K KD gvwëwgwwqv ej Z PvB eb bv ejv wvki n e bv Uwjwfkb-wfwWI-wm bgv K Avgiv gvwëwgwwqv ej Z cvwi Avevi wfwwi Mgm, wkÿvg~jk mduiq vi ev I qe cr K Avgiv B UviA vkwuf gvwëwgwwqv ej Z cvwi gvwëwgwwqv mpivpi wwwruvj h š i mnvqzvq aviy ev cwipvjbv Kiv hvq GwU mivmwi g  cö`wk Z n Z cv i ev Ab iƒ c mivmwi m úªpvwizi n Z cv i gvwëwgwwqv welqe aviy I cwipvjbv Kivi B jkuªwbk hš KI gvwëwgwwqv bv g wpwýz Kiv n q _v K Kv bv GKwU Kg Kv Ê wzbwu gva g KB GKmv _ e envi Kiv K gvwëwgwwqv e j Dwbk kz Ki kl cöv ší 1895 mv j wm bgv ev PjwPÎ D e nevi ci Zv Z ey (Text), wpî (Graphics), kã (Sound) Ges PjgvbZv (Animation) hy³ niqvq wewfbœ gva gi ci úi msjmœ nevi e vcviwu NU Z _v K hv gvwëwgwwqvi GKwU iƒc AvR Ki w` bi gvwëwgwwqvi c~e cyiyl ej Z ZvB wm bgv K iy Ki Z n e Z e cöhyw³mzfv e wewfbœ gva gi hy³ nevi mb m~pbvkvjwu A bk Av Mi n ji Gm ei mv _ Kw úduv ii hy³ niqv Lye ewk w` bi e vcvi bq

71 66 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ gvwëwgwwqvi gva gmg~n Avgiv mevb Rvwb me P q RbwcÖq wwwruvj hš Kw úduvi MYbv hš ev wnmve-wbkvk Kivi hš wn m eb mgwak cwiwpz n q Avm Q Z_ cöwµqvkiy I hvmv hvm Kw úduv ii Av iv GKwU iyz c~y KvR wqj Gici jlv jwl Kivi Rb GB hš wui e vck e envi ïiy nq wkš GZme KvR Kivi Rb ïiy Z Kw úduv ii GKwU gvî wgwwqv h_v- ey e envi Ki Z n Zv wkš Kvjµ g Kw úduv i wpî Ges kã mgwš^z nq ZvQvov Kw úduv ii i q Q cövmövwgs Kivi ÿgzv e Z Kw úduv ii gvwëwgwwqv gv b n jv ey, wpî I k ãi mgš^ q GKwU B UviA vkwuf AwfÁZv AZx Zi PvB Z GLbKvi gvwëwgwwqvi AwfÁZv A bk mg hš wn m ei gvwëwgwwqvi e envi Kej Kw úduv ib mxgve bq cvkvcvwk Avgv `i nv Zi Kv Qi gvevbj dvb, vu dvb, U ve ju I Ab vb wwwruvj hš GLb gvwëwgwwqv aviy I cwipvjbvi Rb e eüz nq gvwëwgwwqvi cöavb gva gmg~n wb P ey bv Kiv n jvmviv c w_ex Z GLb me cö_g h cöeyzvwu úk Ki Q mwu n Q cöpwjz aviyv I cöpwjz hš cvwz K Kw úduvi w` q jvwfwl³ Kiv U U ev ey wpî I MÖvwd kã (AwWI) gvwëwgwwqv wfwwi Gwb gkb B Uvi A vkwuf Kw údwus 1. ey ev U U: mviv `ywbqv ZB U Ui hvezxq KvR GLb Kw úduv i n q _v K GKmgq UvBcivBUvi w` q Gme KvR Kiv n Zv, GLb Awdm-Av`vjZ _ K ckv`vwi gy`ªy ch ší me ÎB Kw úduvi e envi n Q 2. wpî ev MÖvwd : `ywbqvi me ÎB MÖvwd ˆZwi, m úv`bv BZ vw` hvezxq KvR Kw úduvi e envi K ib Kiv nq Avgv `i ` k MÖvwd wwrvbb, cbw Us, WªBs ev Kgvwk qvj MÖvwd bvgk PviyKjvi h AskwU i q Q Zv Z Kw úduv ii e envi AZ ší mxwgz Z e GKwU e wzµgx GjvKv n Q gy`ªy I cökvkbv gy`ªy cökvkbvq MÖvwd wwrvb bi ÿ Î Kw úduv ii e envi ïiy nq beÿb `k K cö_ g d Uvkc w` q vb Kiv Qwe m úv`bv w` q Gi m~pbv nq µgk wwrvbb Ges MÖvwd Kw úduvi RvqMv K i wb Z _v K

72 gvwëwgwwqv I MÖvwd wfwwi: wfwwi Kvh Z GK ai bi MÖvwd G K Pjgvb MÖvwd ej j fv jv nq wek Ry o wfwwi GKwU mycöwzwôz wgwwqv wuwf, nvg wfwwi, gvwëwgwwqv mduiq vi, I qe BZ vw` mkj ÿ ÎB wfwwii e envi e vck 2.2 Gwb gkb : Gwb gkbi GK ai bi MÖvwd ev wpî, Z e mwu Pjgvb ev w i n Z cv i, GwU wøgvwîk ev wîgvwîk n Z cv i, Avgv `i ` k Gwb gk bi e envii µgk e vck n Q we klz weávcb wp Î Gwb gkb GKwU wcöq welq, Z e Gwb gk b KvR Kivi jv Ki Afve i q Q Avm j Gwb gkb KL bvb Kej GKK wgwwqv wn m e e eüz nq bv Gi mv _ AwWI, wfwwi, U U, MÖvwd BZ vw`i m úk i q Q 3. kã ev AwWI: kã ev AwWI ikw, m úv`bv BZ vw` ÿ Î mviv `ywbqv GLb Kw úduv ii Dci wbf i K i mvdû BwÄwbqvwis-G GbvjM c wz GLb Kvh Z m ú~y APj n q c o Q Kw úduvi w` q DbœZgv bi mvdû ikww s Ki Z cv ib Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ Z gvwëwgwwqvi e envi Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ Z gvwëwgwwqvi e envi w`b w`b e ob Pj Q ez gv b gvwëwgwwqvi e env ii ÿîmg~ ni bvbvb w`k D b vwpz n Q 1. wk vi DcKiY wn m e : wkÿvi DcKiY wn m e ez gv b gvwëwgwwqvi e envi e vck kªwykÿ jv gvwëwgwwqvi e envi n j wkÿv_ x mn R welqwu eys Z cvi e wkÿk wkÿbxq welqwu gvwëwgwwqvi gva g mn R Dc vcb Ki Z cv ib GQvov i q Q gvwëwgwwqvi mduiq vi 1.1 gvwëwgwwqv mduiq vi: evsjv ` k gvwëwgwwqv mduiq vi cö Z niqv Kej ïiy n q Q evsjv `k-71, Aemi, wek Kvl, bvgvr wkÿv, werq wkï wkÿv- Ggb K qkwu wmww Z gvwëwgwwqv cöhyw³ cö qvm Kiv n q Q GLv b cök Z B UviA vkwuwfwu GL bv bb ej jb P j Aek Avkv Kiv n Q GKzk kz K evsjv ` k e vckfv e gvwëwgwwqv mduiq vi ˆZwi n eb 1.2 wwwruvj cökvkbv: Avgv `i cökvkbv GL bv KvMRwbf i Z e GKzk kzk Aek B wwwruvj cökvkbvi kzk n e evsjv ` ki 2. we bv`b : we bv` bi AwaKvsk GjvKvq gvwëwgwwqv Ry o i q Q wm bgv ev bvu Ki ÿ Î gvwëwgwwqvi mvnv h úkvj B d± e envi K i Av iv cövyeší Kiv n Q 3. weávcb : weávc b gvwëwgwwqv e env ii d j AZ ší AvKl bxqfv e Zv Dc vcb Kiv m e n Q m e-am e A bk wkqzb `Lv bv hv Q 4. Mgm : Kw úduvi Mgm ev wfwwi Mg jv Z gvwëwgwwqvi e envi e vck Mgm jv Z gvwëwgwwqv e env ii d j cök Z A _ ev ÍeZv (Reality) Qvqv c Z ïiy K i Q

73 68 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ 5. Gwb gkb: Gwb gkbi GK ai bi MÖvwd ev wpî Z e mwu Pjgvb ev w i n Z cv i GwU wøgvwîk ev wîgvwîk n Z cv i Avgv `i ` k Gwb gk bi e envii µgk e vck n Q we klz weávcb wp Î Gwb gkb GKwU wcöq welq Z e Gwb gk b KvR Kivi jv Ki Afve i q Q Avm j A vwb gkb KL bvb Kej GKK wgwwqv wn m e e eüz nq bv Gi mv _ AwWI, wfwwi, U U, MÖvwd BZ vw`i m úk i q Q whwb U U, MÖvwd, AwWI, wfwwi, Gwb gkb BZ vw` wb q KvR K ib wzwbb gvwëwgwwqv Kb U Um W fjcvi GB KvRwU Kivi Rb G Wvwe d Uvkc _ K w_ªww zwwi g v ev gvqv BZ vw` A bk mduiq vi e envi Kiv nq wewfbœ Kv Ri Rb wewfbœ mduiq vi e eüz nq wkš ez gv bi cöwÿz we epbv K i Avgiv Zv `i KB gvwëwgwwqv cövmövgvi A_ev gvwëwgwwqv A_i ej ev hviv Gme wgwwqv e envi K i GKwU B UviA vkwuf A vwcø Kkb ˆZwi Ki eb e Z Kb U Um W fjc Kiv I B UviA vkwuwfwu hvm Kivi g a wekvj cv_ K i q Q G Wvwe wcöwgqvi ev G Wvwe d Uvkc Ggb mduiq vi, hv w` q GKwU PgrKvi Kb U Um ˆZwi Kiv hvq wkš Avgiv gvwëwgwwqv mduiq vi ˆZwii cövmövg ej ev ww i±i K, hvi mvnv h wcöwgqvi ev d Uvk c ˆZwi Kiv wgwwqv jv K wgwj q GKwU B UviA vkwuf A vwcø Kkb ˆZwi Kiv hvq GLv b B UviA vkwuwfwu m ú K GKwU K_v Rvbv Avgv `i cö Z Ki cö qvrb gvb µvmdu Iqv W GKwU vbj cö qvm Ki j hw` Aÿi jv my `i K i Œj ev d vm K i ev hw` wfwwi dvb j GKwU G d± hvm Kiv nq wksev Gwb gkb Ki j hw` wkqz GKUv cwiez b nq Zv K B UviA vkwuf ejv wvk n e bv d vk, ww i±i ev A_iIq vi-gi g Zv kw³kvjx A_wis mduiq vi w` q ˆZwi e envikvixi mv _ Kw úduv ii wg_w Œqv m e Ggb wkqz KB Avgiv B UviA vkwuwfwu eje AvMvgx w`b jv Z gvwëwgwwqv cövmövgv ii Pvwn`v Ges msl v Kv bvuvb Kg n e bv GKwU welq GLb mkj KB eys Z n e h, wer bm mduiq vi I mvwf mm-gi cvkvcvwk gvwëwgwwqv Kb U Um W fjc Kiv I cövmövwgs Ki Z cviv jv Ki Pvwn`v e vckfv e evo Q cö R Ukb mduiq vi cö R Ukb ˆZwi Kiv ez gvb mgq n Q Z_ wewbgq Ges Z _ i cöevn AevwiZ K i gvbezvi Kj vy wbwðz Kivi hym GLb RvZxq Ges AvšÍR vwzk ch v qi M elk, wkÿvwe`, mgvrkgx Ges ckvrxex `i g a Z_ wewbgq ev Z_ Av`vb-cÖ`v bi cö qvrbxqzv me vwak iyz jvf Ki Q mkj cökvi Z _ i fvêvi mk ji Rb mnrjf Kivi D Ï k cöwzwbqz mfv, mwgbvi- wm úvwrqvg, Kg kvjv BZ vw`i Av qvrb Kiv n Q G Z mswkøó mevb Zuv `i wbr wbr Kv Ri ÿ Î nvjbvmv` Z_ m ú K AewnZ _vkvi my hvm cv Qb

74 5. G ZvwjKv _ K Microsoft Office Power Point KgvÛ wm j± Ki j gvb µvmdu Awdm cviqvi c q U-Gi cö_g møvb Wi c` v Dc vwcz n e G c` vi g~j As kgvwëwgwwqv I MÖvwd 69 mfv, mwgbvi-wm úvwrqvg, Kg kvjv BZ vw` Z Kw úduv ii mvnv h AvKl Yxq Ges Kvh Kifv e Z_ Dc vcb Kivi Rb cöavbz cö R Ukb mduiq vi e envi Kiv nq hgb cviqvi c q U, wckvmv, Bg cöm BZ vw` cviqvi c q U n Q gvb µvmdu Awd mi AšÍf y³ GKwU RbwcÖq mduiq vi ev A vwcø Kkb G mduiq viwu K cö R Ukb mduiq vii ejv nq evsjv ` ki wk K-wk v_ xmn cövq mk ji myweavi Rb gvb µvmdu cviqvi c q U mduiq viwu wb q Av jvpbv Kiv n jv cviqvi c q Ui mvnv h jlv, Qwe, AwWI, wfwwi, MÖvd BZ vw`i mgš^ q AvKl Yxqfv e Z_ vw` Dc vcb Kiv hvq cök Zc ÿ mfv, mwgbvi- wm úvwrqvg, Kg kvjv BZ vw` Z Kvh Kifv e Z_ Dc vcb Kivi Rb cviqvi c q U mduiq viwu Lye mn R Ges PgrKvifv e e envi Kiv hvq G w`k _ K cviqvi c q U mduiq viwui wekí bb ej jb P j GRb B mfv, mwgbviwm úvwrqvg, Kg kvjv BZ vw` Z Z_ Dc vc bi Rb me vwak iyz c q _v K cviqvi c q U dvbj K ejv nq cª R Ukb cö R Uk bi GK GKwU Ask K øvbw (Slide) ejv nq gvb µvmdu IqvW cövmöv g hgb GKwU dvb ji g a A bk c ôv _v K, Zgwb GKwU cª R Uk b GKvwaK øvbw _v K GKvwaK øvbw wewkó GKwU c ôv K n vû AvDUm (Hand outs) ejv nq cwikwízfv e GKwU cviqvi c q U cö R Ukb ˆZwi Kivi Rb Lmov K i wb Z nq GB Lmov K ejv nq Slide Layout cviqvi c q U cövmövg Lvjv Ges møvbw ˆZwi Kiv cviqvi c q U cövmövg Lvjvi Rb Ñ 1. c` vi wb Pi w` K evg Kv Y Start jlv i q Q GwU n Q vu evzvg 2. Start evzv gi Dci gvdm c q Uvi w` q wk K Ki j GKwU gby ev ZvwjKv Avm e 3. G gbyi All Programs Kgv Ûi Dci gvdm c q Uvi vcb Ki j GKwU d vbavdu gby cviqv hv e 4. G d vbavdu gby ZvwjKv _ K Microsoft Office gby Z wk K Ki j cv kb Avi GKwU d vbavdu gby Z gvb µvmdu Awdm- Gi cövmövgmy jvi ZvwjKv cviqv hv e

75 70 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ - e i g a Click to add title Ges Click to add subtitle jlv _vk e jlv `ywui Dci wk K Ki j U U e ` k gvb n e Ges U U e i g a Bbmvm b c q Uvi _vk e Bbmvm b c q Uvi _vkv Ae vq wk ivbvg Ges Dc-wk ivbvg UvBc Kiv hv e wkqz UvBc bv K i e i evb i wk K Ki j Avevi IB `ywu jlv ` k gvb n e - U U e i ew v i wk K K i wm j± Kivi ci wwwju evzv g Pvc w` j jlvmn U U e evwzj n q hv e - Home gbyi wieb _ K U U e AvBKb wm j± K i Bbmvm b c q Uvi c` vi fz i wb q G j c q UviwU U U c q Uv ii iƒc aviy Ki e G Ae vq Dci _ K wb Pi w` K KvYvKzwY U b e ˆZwi Ki Z n e - e i fzi Bbmvm b c q Uvi _vk e - evsjvq UvBc Kivi Rb Kx evw K evsjvq iƒcvšíwiz K i wb Z n e - Uzj evi I wieb _ K d U, d Ui AvKvi-AvK wz, is BZ vw` wm j± K i UvB ci KvR Ki Z n e - myzš^xgg R d U, mvbr 150, io bxj wm j± K i UvBc Kiv n jv ÔAvgv `i `kõ - UvBc Kivi ci U U e wu wm j ±W _vk e wm j ±W U U e i Pvi evû Z PviwU Ges Pvi Kv Y PviwU QvU MvjvKvi duvcv wm jkkb c q U _vk e G me wm jkkb c q U Wª vm K i e i AvKvi QvU-eo Kiv hv e jlv mskzjv bi Rb e wu cvkvcvwk ev Dci-wb P QvU-eo Kiv h Z cv i e i evb i wk K Ki j e i wm jkkb P j hv e - e i h Kv bv evûi h Kv bv v b wk K IWª vm K i e wu c` vi h Kv bv Ae v b mwi q vcb Kiv hv e - møvbw ˆZwii DB Ûvi evg cv k _v ^ bbj wfd q møvb Wi QvU ms iy `Lv hv e cö R Ukb mf ev msiÿy Kiv - dvbj gby _ K Save KgvÛ w` j Save As WvqvjM e Avm e - Save As WvqvjM e i dvbj bg N i dvb ji bvg UvBc Ki Z n e, aiv hvk, My Country. - WvqjM e i OK evzv g wk K Ki Z n e G Z cö R UkbwU My Country bv g msiw Z n q hv e - Amgvß KvR m úbœ Kivi Rb ciezx Z My Country bv gi cö R Ukb dvbjwu Ly j wb Z n e

76 gvwëwgwwqv I MÖvwd 71 bzzb møvbw hvm Kiv GKwU cö R Uk b mvaviyz A bk møvbw _vk Z cv i bzzb møvbw hy³ Kivi Rb - 1. Home gbyi wieb _ K New Slide KgvÛ wm j± Ki j ev Kx ev W i Ctrl evzvg P c i L M evzv g Pvc w` j GKwU bzzb møvbw hy³ n e - bzzb hy³ niqv møvb W Click to add title Ges Click to add text jlv _vk e c~e - ewy Z wbq g jlv `ywu wwwju K i w` Z n e ev evwzj K i w` Z n e evg cv ki _v ^ bbj DB Ûv Z bzzb hy³ niqv møvb Wi QvU ms iy `Lv hv e 2. c~e - ewy Z wbq g GKwU U U e bzzb møvb Wi wk ivbvg UvBc Ki Z n e ÒGKyk _ K GKvËiÓ 3. GKB wbq g wzbwu U U e wfbœ wfbœfv e UvBc Ki Z n e 1952 mv ji 21 G deªyqvwi fvlv Av `vj bi fzi w` q ^vaxbzvi AvKv v úó n q I V 1971 mv ji 26 G gvp Avgv `i ^vaxbzv w`em G w`b _ K gyw³hy ïiy nq 1971 mv ji 16 B ww m ^i Avgv `i werq w`em G w`b gyw³hy werq jv fi fzi w` q Avgv `i ^vaxbzv AwR Z nq - e wzbwu Dci _ K wb Pi w` K cici vcb Ki Z n e mevi Dc i _vk e wk ivbvg wøzxq møvbwwu hy³ Kivi wbq g AviI GKwU møvbw hvm Kiv h Z cv i GwU n e wzb b ^i møvbw wzb b ^i møvbw hvm Kivi Rb - 4. c~e - ewy Z wbq g GKwU U U e bzzb møvb Wi wk ivbvg UvBc Ki Z n e Òab ev`ó - Gfv e A bk jv møvbw hy³ K i cö qvrb Abyhvqx cö R Ukb ˆZwii KvR m úbœ Ki Z n e - cöv_wgkfv e cö R Ukb ˆZwii ci wewfbœ ˆewkó Av ivc K i mgmö Dc vcbv K AvKl Yxq K i Zzj Z nq

77 72 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ cö R Uk b møvbw cö`k b cö R Uk bi Rb `y GKwU møvbw ˆZwi Kivi ci ` L biqv h Z cv i ˆZwi møvbw jv h_vh_ n q Q wk-bv G Rb - - Kx ev W i F5 evzv g Pvc w` j A_ev View gbyi wieb _ K Slide Show wm j± Ki j A_ev vuvm evi-g Slide Show AvBKb wk K Ki j cö R Uk bi cö_g møvbwwu Dc vwcz n e - cö R Uk bi GKwU møvbw _ K ciezx møvb W hviqvi Rb Kx ev W i WvbgyLx Zxi evzv g Pvc w` Z n e c~e ezx møvb W divi Rb evggylx Zxi evzv g Pvc w` Z n e - cö R Uk bi gvsvgvws Kv bv Ae v b _vkv Ae vq IB møvbw _ K ciezx cö`k b ïiy Kivi Rb Kx ev W i wkdu evzvg P c i L F5 evzv g Pvc w` Z n e - møvbw kv DB Ûv _ K m úv`bvi DB Ûv Z wd i hviqvi Rb Kx ev W i Esc evzv g Pvc w` Z n e KvR jv cöz vwkzfv e n Q wk-bv ` L biqvi Rb cö R Ukb ˆZwii h Kv bv ch v q møvbw cö`k b K i wbwðz niqv h Z cv i møvb Wi e vkmövdû cwiez b Kiv Kv bv møvbw ˆZwi Kivi mgq Ges møvbw ˆZwii c ii e vkmövd Ûi is cwiez b Kiv hvq, bzzb K i e vkmövdû ˆZwi Kiv hvq h Kv bv Qwe KI e vkmövdû wn m e e envi Kiv hvq øvb W e vkmövdû hy³ Kivi Rb ev e vkmövdû cwiez b Kivi Rb - 1. h møvb W e vkmövdû e envi Ki Z n e mb møvbwwu Lvjv ivl Z n e ev mwµq ivl Z n e ez gvb cö R Uk b cö_g møvbwwu Lvjv ivlv n jv 2. Design gbyi wie b G Kev i Wvb w` K Background Style Wªc-WvDb evi-g wk K Ki j MÖwW q U Ges mwjw i Oi GKwU c v ju Avm e G c v j Ui h Kv bv is ev MÖwW q Ui Dci gvdm c q Uvi vcb Kiv n j g~j øvb W mb io ev MÖwW q Ui e vkmövdû `Lv hv e e vkmövdû wn m e AviI is, U vi Ges Qwe e envi Kivi Rb - 1. c v j Ui wb Pi w` K Format Background wm j± Ki Z n e G Z Format Background WvqvjM e Avm e 2. Format Background WvqvjM e i Dc ii evg cv k Solid fill iwwi evzv g wk K K i mwµq K i w` Z n e Gici Color Wªc-WvDb Zx i wk K Ki j i Oi c v ju Avm e G i Oi c v ju _ K h i Oi mvqv Pi Dci wk K Kiv n e øvb Wi e vkmövdû wn m e mb is Av ivwcz n e

78 gvwëwgwwqv I MÖvwd Picture or Texure fill iwwi evzv g wk K K i mwµq K i w` j Color -Gi RvqMvq Texure Wªc-WvDb Avm e G Wªc-WvDb Zx i wk K Ki j wewfbœ cökvi U vi cö`wk Z n e Gi fzi _ K h U v ii m m wk K Kiv n e, g~j øvb W mb U vi Av ivwcz n e 4. Picture or Texure fill iwwi evzvg wm j ±W _vkv Ae vq Insert from-gi wb P File evzv g wk K Ki j Insert Picture WvqvjM e Avm e WvqvjM e i h dvìv i Qwe Av Q mb dvìvi Ly j Qwe wbe vpb Ki Z n e 5. WvqjM e i Insert evzv g wk K Ki j WvqvjM e P j hv e Ges IB Qwe øvb Wi e vkmövdû wn m e Av ivwcz n e Av ivwcz e vkmövdû Zz j dj Z Format Background WvqjM e i Solid fill iwwi evzv g wk K K i mwµq K i w` Z n e Gici Color Wªc-WvDb Zx i wk K Ki j i Oi c v ju Avm e G i Oi c v ju _ K mv`v is wm j± Ki Z n e 6. WvqvjM e i Close evzv g wk K Ki Z n e møvb W Qwe hy³ Kiv A bk mgq møvb W Qwe hy³ Kivi cö qvrb n Z cv i møvb W Qwe hy³ Kivi Rb - 1. Insert gbyi wie b Picture AvBK bi Dci wk K Ki j Insert Picture WvqvjM e Avm e 2. Insert Picture WvqvjM e i h dvìv i cö qvrbxq QwewU i q Q, mb dvìvi Lyj Z n e Ges QwewU wm j± K i WvqvjM e i Insert evzv g wk K Ki Z n e wm j± Kiv QwewU øvb W P j Avm e 3. QwewUi wimvbr e wk KIWª vm K i Qwei AvKvi QvU-eo Kiv hv e Ges QwewU Wª vm K i h Ae v b cö qvrb mwi q vcb Kiv hv e møvb W UªvbwRkb hy³ Kiv mvaviyz GKwUi ci GKwU K i møvbw cö`k b Kiv nq A bk mgq GKwU møvbw _ K ciezx møvb W hviqvi mgq B d± e envi Kiv nq GB B d± K ejv nq UªvbwRkb cö R Uk bi h møvbwwu Lvjv i L UªvbwRkb cö qvm Kiv nq mb møvbwwu ZB UªvbwRkb Kvh Ki nq cö_g møvb W UªvbwRkb hy³ Kivi Rb - 1. cö_g møvbwwu Lvjv ivl Z n e

79 74 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ 2. Animations gby Z wk K K i mwµq Ki Z n e Animations gbyi wie b GK mvwi møvbw UªvbwRk bi bgybv cviqv hv e h bgybvi Dc i gvdm c q Uvi vcb Kiv n e, møvb W mb bgybvi UªvbwRkb `Lv hv e AviI bgybv _ K evqvb Kivi Rb bgybv jvi Wvb w` K wzbwu Zxi i q Q gvslv bi Zx i wk K Ki Z _vk j bgybvi bzzb GKwU K i mvwi Avm Z _vk e Dc ii Zx i wk K Ki j Dci _ K wb Pi w` K GKwU mvwi b g Avm e wb Pi Zx i wk K Ki j me jv bgybv GKm ½ `Lv hv e Gfv e UªvbwRk bi bgybv jv ` L biqv hv e cq ` n j bgybvwui Dci wk K Ki Z n e wk K Kiv n j IB UªvbwRkbwU møvb W Av ivwcz n e 3. me jv møvb W GKB UªvbwRkb Av ivc Ki Z n j, cö_g møvb W UªvbwRkb Av ivc Kivi ci bgybvi mvwii Wvb w` K Apply To All evzv g wk K Ki Z n e 4. cöwzwu møvb W wfbœ wfbœ UªvbwRkb cö qvm Ki Z n j GKwU GKwU K i cöwzwu møvb W UªvbwRkb Av ivc Ki Z n e jlvq ^Zš fv e UªvbwRkb cö qvm Kiv GKwU møvb W GKvwaK U U e jlv _vk Z cv i ez gvb cö R Uk bi wøzxq møvb W wzbwu U U e jlv i q Q wzbwu U U e wfbœ wfbœ UªvbwRkb cö qvm Ki j U U e jv wfbœ wfbœ cöwµqvq møvb Wi fz i Avm e U U e UªvbwRkb cö qv Mi Rb - 1. wøzxq møvbwwu Lvjv ivl Z n e 2. cö_g U U e wu wm j± Ki Z n e 3. Animations gby Z wk K K i mwµq Ki Z n e Animations-Gi wb P Custom Animation bv g GKwU KgvÛ hy³ n e Custom Animation-Gi Dci wk K Ki j Custom Animation-Gi GKwU c v ju Avm e 4. Custom Animation c v j Ui Add Effect Wªc-WvDb ZvwjKv _ K Entrance wm j± Ki j Kv g UªvbwRk bi GKwU ZvwjKv Avm e G ZvwjKv _ K- - cö_g U U e i Rb Blinds wm j± Kiv n jv - wøzxq U U e wu wm j± K i Fly in wm j± Kiv n jv - Z Zxq U U e wu wm j± K i Diamond wm j± Kiv n jv - G ZvwjKv _ K More Effects wm j± Ki j UªvbwRk bi AviI GKwU ZvwjKv cviqv hv e G ZvwjKv _ K h Kv bv UªvbwRkb wm j± Ki j GKB ikg KvR n e

80 gvwëwgwwqv I MÖvwd Av ivwcz Kv bv UªvbwRkb ev` `Iqvi Rb wbw` ó U U e wu wm j± K i Remove evzv g wk K Ki Z n e UªvbwRk b kã cö qvm Kiv møvbw UªvbwRk bi m ½ kã hy³ Kivi Rb møvbwwu Lvjv i L Transition Sound Wªc-WvDb ZvwjKv _ K h Kv bv GKwU k ãi bvg wm j± Ki Z n e cö_g møvb Wi Rb Camera wm j± Kiv n jv me jv møvb W GKB kã cö qvm Kivi Rb Apply To All evzv g wk K Ki Z n e wfbœ wfbœ møvb W wfbœ wfbœ kã cö qvm Kivi Rb cöwzwu møvb W wfbœ wfbœ K i GKB wbq g kã cö qvm Ki Z n e møvb W wfwwi hy³ Kiv cö qvrb Abyhvqx h Kv bv møvb W wfwwi hy³ Kiv h Z cv i mvaviyz ïiyi møvb W wfwwi hy³ Kiv nq aiv hvk, ÔAvgv `i `kõ Dc vcbvi ïiyi møvb W GKwU wfwwi hy³ Ki Z n e G Rb - - ÔAvgv `i `kõ Dc vcbvwui cö_g møvbw Lvjv ivl Z n e - Insert gbyi wie b Movie Wªc-WvD b wk K Ki j Movie from file KgvÛ cviqv hv e Movie from file KgvÛ wm j± Ki j Insert Movie WvqvjM e Avm e - Insert Movie WvqvjM e i wfwwi dvìvi _ K GKwU gywf dvbj wm j± Ki Z n e - WvqvjM e i OK evzv g wk K Ki Z n e - GKwU wrávmvm~pk evz v e Avm e "How do you want the movie to start in the slide show?" - evz v e `ywu evzvg _vk e- Automatically Ges When Clicked - cö qvrbxq evzv g wk K Ki j evz v e P j hv e Ges møvb W wfwwi dvbj vwcz n e dvbjwu Wª vm K i h Kv bv v b mwi q vcb Kiv hv e Ges dvb ji wimvbr e Wª vm K i dvbjwui AvKvi QvU-eo Kiv hv e - Kx ev W i F5 evzv g wk K Ki j cö_g møvbwwu cö`wk Z n e - møvb W wfwwi dvb ji _v ^ bbj ` k gvb _vk e - wfwwi dvb ji _v ^ bb j wk K Ki j wfwwiwu Pvjy n q hv e gywf dvbjwu ms hvrb Kivi mgq Automatically wm j± Kiv _vk j møvbw cö`k b ïiy niqvi m ½ m ½B gywfwui Pvjy n q hv e KvR Zvgvi we` vjq wb q GKwU cviqvi c q U cö R Ukb ˆZwi K i Dc vcb Ki

81 76 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ MÖvwd MÖvwd i iyz Kw úduv ii mvnv h Qwe m úv`bv Kivi Rb K v givq Zvjv Qwe, nv Z AuvKv Qwe ev wpîkg, bkkv BZ vw` vb K i Kw úduv i e envi Ki Z nq ez gv b wwwruvj K v givi mvnv h Zvjv Qwe mivmwi Kw úduv i Kwc K i biqv hvq Kw úduv ii mvnv h Qwe m úv`bvi ci G jv wwwruvj gva g Ges KvM R Qvcvi Rb Avgš YcÎ, cv vi, e vbvi, weávcb BZ vw`i m ½ e envi Kiv hvq Kw úduv i Qwe m úv`bvi Rb A bk ikg cövmövg i q Q Gi g a G Wvwe d Uvkc cövmövgwu ez gv b wek e vcx RbwcÖq evsjv `ki Gi e wzµg bq myweav I AwfÁZvi we epbvq ZvB GLv b G Wvwe d Uvkc Ges G Wvwe Gjv UªUi wb q Av jvpbv Kiv n jv Qwe ev Qwei Kv bv As ki J¾ j evov bv-kgv bv, GKvwaK Qwei mgš^ q eb qi cö Q`, cv vi BZ vw` ˆZwi Kiv, Qwei AcÖ qvrbxq Ask K U djv, Qwei `vm ev ÎywU gy Q djv BZ vw` AviI bvbv ikg KvR G Wvwe d Uvkc w` q Kiv hvq d Uvk c KvR Kivi Rb Avgv `i Kw úduv i d Uvkc cövmövg BÝUj Kiv _vk Z n e A_ev Zv BÝUj K i wb Z n e Av M klv Ab vb cövmöv gi g Zv GKB c wz Z d Uvkc cövmövg Lyj Z nq bzzb dvbj ˆZwi K i A_ev Av M ˆZwi Kiv dvbj Ly j KvR ïiy Ki Z nq d Uvkc cövmövg Lvjvi Rb Ñ 1. Start ev Windows Logo Button G Click K i Aj cövmövgm (All Programs) Kgv Ûi Dci gvdm c q Uvi vcb Ki j GKwU d vbavdu gby cviqv hv e 2. G g vby _ K G Wvwe d Uvkc cövmöv gi bv gi Dci wk K Ki j G Wvwe d Uvkc (Adobe Photoshop) cövmövg Ly j hv e d Uvkc cövmöv g bzzb dvbj ˆZwi Kivi Rb - - d Uvkc cövmövg Lvjvi ci File gby _ K New KgvÛ w` j New WvqvjM e cviqv hv e - wbd WvqvjM e i Name N i Untitled-1 jlvwu wm j ±W Ae vq _vk e Kx ev W i e vk úm evzv g Pvc w` q jlvwu gy Q dj Z n e Ges GKwU bvg UvBc Ki Z n e GwUB n e dvb ji bvg aiv hvk, Name N i Practice UvBc Kiv n jv G ch v q dvb ji bvg UvBc K i wb j ciezx Z dvbjwu eü Kivi mgq Avi bzzb K i bvg UvBc Ki Z n e bv Ab _vq, dvbj eü Kivi mgq bvg UvBc Kivi Rb WvqvjM e Avm e - wbd WvqvjM e cök ÍZv ev Width Ges D PZv ev Height N i BwÂi gv c msl v UvBc Ki Z n e hgb- cök ÍZv 7 Bw Ges D PZv 8 Bw UvBc Ki Z n e G `ywu N ii Wvb cv k gv ci GKK wba vi Yi Wªc-WvDb gby i q Q G gbyi wbgœgylx Zx i wk K Ki j gv ci

82 Avgvi jlv jwl I wnmve 77 GKK jv `Lv hv e hgb - Inches, Pixels, Piacas, Points, cm Ges mm. GWªc-WvDb gby _ K cö qvrbxq GKK wm j± Ki Z n e ïiy Z nq Zv wc j _vk Z cv i m ÿ Î ewy Z wbq g BwÂi gvc wba viy Ki Z n e aiv hvk, ez gvb Kv Ri Rb GKK wn m e Inches wba viy K i cök ÍZv N i 7 Bw Ges D PZv N i 8 Bw UvBc Kiv n jv - AvcvZZ irywjdkb 72 wc j AcwiewZ Z ivlv h Z cv i d Uvk c B gr ev Qwe ˆZwi nq wc ji mvnv h wc j n Q GKwU B gr ev Qwei em vkvi ÿz`ªzg GKK Bw cöwz 72 wc j K_vwUi A_ n Q GK Bw Z AvovAvwo Ges Dj ^fv e 72wU wc ji 72wU K i jvbb G Z GK em Bw Z gvu wc ji cwigvy `uvov e 72x72=5184 wc j cöwz em Bw Z ev wbw` ó GK K wc ji cwigvy KB irywjdkb ejv nq wc ji N i 130 UvBc Ki j irywjdkb n e 130x130=16,900 wc j GKwU Qwe eo Ki j wc j jv `Lv hv e G Ae v K ejv nq wc j UW n q hviqv mvaviy fvlvq ejv nq Qwe d U hviqv - WvqvjM e i Color Mode Wªc-WvDb gby _ K RGB, CMYK, Bitmap, Grayscale), Lab Color-Gi fzi _ K RGB wm j± Kiv h Z cv i KviY, Kw úduvi, Uwjwfkb Ges Ab vb B j±ªwbk wgwwqvi gwbu i Dc vwcz welq cö`wk Z nq RGB gv W RGB n Q Red Green Blue ev jvj meyr Ges bxj GB wzbwu i Oi Bs iwr bv gi cö_g ey wewkó mswÿß iƒc - WvqvjM e i Background Contents As k e vkmövd Ûi 3wU Ackb i q Q Ackb 3wU n Q mv`v ev White, Background Color Ges ^ Q ev Transparent. - Wªc-WvDb gby _ K mv`v ev White wm j± Ki j K vbfvm ev Background-Gi is n e mv`v, Background Color wm j± Ki j K vbfvm ev Background-Gi is n e Uzj e e vkmöd Ûi is wn m e we` gvb is wewkó Ges ^ Q ev Transparent wm j± Ki j K vbfvm ev Background ^ Q _vk e ^ Q Background-Gi cy ivuvb n e iswenxb PKwewkó cq ` ev cö qvrb Abyhvqx e vkmövd Ûi Ackb wm j± Ki Z n e G ÿ Î mv`v ev White wm j± Kiv h Z cv i - Dc i ewy Z avcmg~n m úbœ bv K i mivmwi Preset Wªc-WvDb ZvwjKv _ K Default Photoshop Size wm j± Kiv h Z cv i G Z d Uvk ci wbr ^ gvc Abyhvqx me jv GKK wba vwiz n q hv e KvR klvi cö_g ch v q Default Photoshop Size wm j± Kiv h Z cv i - WvqvjM e i gvc RvK wba vi Yi KvR m úbœ K i OK evzv g wk K Ki Z n e - WvqvjM e cö`ë gvc Abyhvqx GKwU DB Ûv ev c` v Avm e c` vi Dc ii evg w` K 100% (RGB/8) jlv _vk e G eviwu K ejv nq UvB Uj evi wbd WvqjM e i Name N i dvbjwui Rb Kv bv bvg e envi bv Kiv n j UvB Uj evi-gi G RvqMvwU Z dvb ji bvg wn m e Untitled-1@ 100% (RGB/8) cö`wk Z n e - UvB Uj evi-gi Dci WejwK K Ki j UvB Uj eviwu c` vi Dc i vbvšíwiz n q hv e - UvB Uj evi-gi wb P gby evi Ges gby evi-gi wb P i q Q Ackb evi - Ackb evi-gi wb P i q Q iyjvi

83 78 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ - iyjv ii wb Pi c` vq d Uvk ci KvR Ki Z nq - G c` vwu K wkíxi Qwe AvuKvi K vbfv mi m ½ Zzjbv Kiv h Z cv i GB K vbfv mi evg cv k i q Q Zzwj ev eªvk Ges is I Qwe m úv`bv Kivi wewfbœ cökvi Uzj Ges Wvb cv k i q Q c v ju d Uvk ci Uzje Ges c v ju cwiwpwz d Uvk c KvR Kivi Rb Kg ewk 69 cökvi Uzj i q Q G QvovI i q Q AmsL Ackb c v ju, WvqvjM e BZ vw` wewfbœ ikg Uz ji m ½ Avevi wewfbœ ikg Ackb c v ju Ges WvqvjM e i m úk i qq d Uvk ci Uzj e G QvovI i q Q Zzwj ev eªv ki is ev Foreground Ges K vbfvm ev Background-Gi is wbqš Yi AvBKb, gwbu ii c` vq cö`k b GjvKv wba vi Yi AvBKb, gv AvBKb BZ vw` cwýj ev eªvk Uzj w` q ilv A¼b Ki j Foreground- Gi is Zzwji is wn m e KvR K i - c` vi Wvb cv k i q Q wewfbœ cökvi c v ju c v j Ui Dc ii Wvb w` K we qvm wpý ev minimize AvBKb i q Q G we qvm wpý ev minimize

84 gvwëwgwwqv I MÖvwd 79 AvBK b wk K Ki j c v juwu wu q hv e Ges AvBKbwU PZz vy ev maximize AvBK b iƒcvšíwiz n q hv e wu q _vkv c v j Ui PZz vy ev maximize AvBK b wk K Ki j c v juwu Avevi m úªmvwiz n e ciez x Z cö qvrb n j Avevi we qvm wpý ev minimize AvBK b wk K Ki j c v juwu wu q hv e - c v j Ui Uc evi-g WvejwK K Ki ji m úªmvwiz c v ju wu q hv e Ges wu q _vkv c v ju m úªmvwiz n e - c v j Ui Uc evi-g wk K IWª vm K i c v ju K h Kv bv v b mwi q vcb Kiv hvq - c` vi evg w` K i q Q Uzj e G Z wewfbœ cökvi Kv Ri Rb wfbœ wfbœ Uzj i q Q Kv Ri Rb h Uz ji Dci hlb wk K Kiv nq ZLb mb UzjwU mwµq nq Uzj e Kv bv Uzj wm j± K i gvdm c q Uvi c` vi fz i wb q G j KL bv IB Uz ji wbr ^ AvK wz Z `Lv hvq, Avevi KL bv hvm wpý iƒ c `Lv hvq Ges m úv`bv Uzj jv e Ë ev Mvj AvK wz wn m e cö`wk Z nq wm jkkb Uzj Ges gyf Uzj cwiwpwz - Uzj e i G Kev i Dc ii As k i q Q 3wU wm jkkb Uzj Ges GKwU gyf Uzj wkqz Uz ji wb Pi Wvb w` K QvU Zxi wp ýi Z i q Q G Z evsv hv e IB mkj Uz ji GKB Ae v b GKB Mv Îi AviI Uzj i q Q hgb- GKB Ae v b i q Q PviwU gvwk Uzj Ges Ab Ae v b i q Q wzbwu jv mv Uzj - Uz ji Dci gvdm c q Uvi vcb Ki j Uz ji bvg cö`wk Z n e gvdm c q Uvi w` q IB Uz ji Dci wk K Ki j UzjwU mwµq n e G Ae vq gvdm c q Uvi c` vi fz i wb q G j wm j ±W Uz ji wbr ^ AvK wz Z ev hvmwpý iƒ c `Lv hv e - wm jkkb Uz ji g a gvwk Uzj w` q PZz vy I e ËvKvi wm jkkb Ges Ae R± ˆZwii KvR Kiv hvq - Shift evzvg P c i L Rectangular Marquee Tool Wª vm Ki j wbluyz em Ges Shift evzvg P c i L Elliptical Marquee Tool Wª vm Ki j wbluyz e Ë wm jkkb ˆZwi n e Alt evzvg P c Wª vm Ki j K `ªwe `y _ K ïiy n q PZzw` K we Í Z n q em / e Ë wm jkkb ˆZwi n e wm jkkb vbvšíwiz Kiv - Rectangular Marquee Tool-Gi mvnv h PZz vy wewkó wm jkkb ilv ˆZwi Kivi ci gvdm _ K AvOyj Zz j wb j c` vq PZz vy wewkó wm jkkb ilv fvmgvb Ae vq _vk e - gvdm c q Uvi wm jkk bi fz i wb q M j gvdm c q Uv ii wb Pi w` K QvU GKwU AvqZKvi AvBKb `Lv hv e G Ae vq gvd m AvOy ji Pvc i L fvmgvb wm jkkb K Wª vm K i h Kvb v b mwi q biqv hv e - wm jkkb fvmgvb _vkv Ae vq Select gbyi Deselect KgvÛ wm j± Ki j A_ev wm jkk bi evb i gvdm c q Uvi wk K Ki j wm jkkb P j hv e

85 80 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ fvmgvb wm jkkbwu io w` q c~iy Kiv - Uzj e i wb Pi As k Foreground Ges Background Kvjvi AvBKb i q Q Dc ii AvBKbwU n Q Foreground-Gi Ges wb Pi AvBKbwU n Q Background- Gi Kv bv wm jkkb fvmgvb _vkv Ae vq is w` q c~iy Kivi Rb Ñ - Kx ev W i Alt evzvg P c i L Backspace evzv g Pvc w` j wm jkkbwu Zzwji is ev Foreground-Gi i O c~iy n q hv e Ges Ctrl evzvg P c i L Backspace evzv g Pvc w` j ev ïay Backspace evzv g Pvc w` j K vbfv mi is ev Background-Gi i O c~iy n q hv e - i O c iy niqv wm jkkbwu fvmgvb _vk e cö qvrb n j Wª vm K i Ab v b mwi q vcb Kiv hv e - wm jkkb mwi q biqvi mgq is w` q c~iy Kiv Ae R± c~e ezx v bb _ K hv e - Ctrl evzvg P c i L vbvšíwiz Ki j Ae R±wU KvU n q vbvšíwiz n e - Ctrl I Alt evzvg GKm ½ P c i L vbvšíwiz Ki j Ae R±wU Kwc n q vbvšíwiz n e - fvmgvb wm jkk bi evb i gvdm c q Uvi wk K Ki j wm jkkbwu P j hv e wd`vi-gi e envi - Ackb evi-g Feather d`vi N i 0 _ K 250 ch ší wewfbœ cwigvym~pk msl v UvBc K i Ae R ±i cövší bgbxq Kiv hvq d`v ii cwigvy Ae R ±i cövší _ K fzi I evb ii w` K mgvbfv e we Í Z nq d`vi N i 10 UvBc Ki j cöv šíi bgbxqzv n e 20 - wd`vi N i wewfbœ cwigvym~pk msl v UvBc Kivi ci Kx ev W i G Uvi evzv g Pvc w` q d`vi ˆewkó K Kvh Ki K i wb Z n e Gici gvwk Uzj ev Ab Uzj w` q ˆZwi Kiv is w` q c~iy Ki j d`vi ˆewkó ` k gvb n e Kwc ev KvU Kiv Ae R± c Kivi cii d`vi ˆewkó ` k gvb n e j v mv Uzj I cwj Mvbvj j v mv Uz ji mvnv h wm j± Kiv Uzj e i j v mv Uzj wm j± Ki Z n e j v mv Uzj w` q K qk cökvi wm jkkb ˆZwi Kiv h Z cv i hgb Ñ - gy³ wm jkkb ˆZwi Kivi Rb Lasso Tool wm j± Kivi ci K vbfv m wk K IWª vm K i Ae ËvKvi Ges AvuKveuvKv mxgvbv ev cövšíwewkó wm jkkb ˆZwii KvR Kiv hvq Wª vm Kiv Ae vq gvd mi Dci _ K AvOz ji Pvc Q o w` j H Ae vb _ K ïiyi wk Ki we `yi m ½ ilv ˆZwi n q e wm jkkb ˆZwi n e

86 gvwëwgwwqv I MÖvwd 81 - wm jkkb fvmgvb (Floating) _vkv Ae vq wm jkk bi g a wk K K i Wª vm K i Ab Î mwi q vcb Kiv hv e wm jkkb Kv bv is w` q c iy (Fill) Kivi cii fvmgvb wm jkkb Wª vm K i Ab Î mwi q vcb K i GKB is ev Ab Kv bv is w` q c~iy Kiv hv e - i Oi Mvp Z i cwigvy wba viy Kivi Rb IcvwmwU (opacity) e envi Kiv nq - Edit gbyi Fill KgvÛ w` j c` vq wdj WvqvjM e cviqv hvq - wdj WvqvjM e i Kb U Um As k BDR N i dvimövdû wm j ±W _v K cö qvrb n j Wªc- WvDb ZvwjKv _ K cwiez b K i biqv hvq - WvqvjM e i IcvwmwU N i i Oi MvpZ wba viyx msl v UvBc Ki Z nq i Oi c~y MvpZ n Q 100% kzkiv nvi (%) hz Kg n e is ZZB nvjkv n e IcvwmwU N i 50 UvBc K i OK evzv g wk K Ki j wm jkkbwu dvimövdû i Oi 50% MvpZvq c~iy n e - wm jkk bi Ackb c v j UI IcvwmwU Av Q G c v j Ui IcvwmwU Kg ewk K ii c~iy Kiv i Oi MvpZv Kg ewk Kiv hvq ªvK - ªvK Kgv Ûi mvnv h wm jkk bi ew vi ˆZwi Kiv hvq - wm jkkb fvmgvb _vkv Ae vq Edit gbyi Stroke KgvÛ wm j± Ki j Stroke WvqvjM e cviqv hvq - WvqvjM e i Stroke Width N i 1-16 ch ší h Kv bv msl v UvBc Kiv hvq G msl v Abyhvqx ew v ii cök ÍZv wba vwiz nq ew viwu wm jkk bi evb ii w` K, fz ii w` K ev gvsvgvws v b ˆZwii Rb - WvqvjM e i Outside, Inside ev Center mshy³ MvjK ev Radio button-gi gvslv b wk K K i mwµq K i w` Z n e - WvqvjM e i OK evzv g wk K Ki Z n e - ªvK c wz Z ïay Zzwji is ev dvimövd Ûi is w` qb ew vi ˆZwi Kiv hvq dvbj mf ev msiÿy eü Kiv - dvbj gby _ K Save KgvÛ w` j Save As WvqvjM e Avm e - mf G vr (Save As) WvqvjM e i dvbj bg N i dvb ji bvg UvBc Ki Z n e, aiv hvk, Practice. - WvqvjM e i OK evzv g wk K Ki Z n e G Z dvbjwu Practice bv g msiw Z n q hv e - Amgvß KvR m úbœ Kivi Rb ciezx Z Practice dvbjwu Ly j wb Z n e jqvi Ae R± ˆZwi Kiv Ges Qwe m úv`bvi KvR ïiy Kivi Av M Layer m ú K R b biqv cö qvrb Qwe m úv`bvi cövq cöwzwu ch v q Layer-Gi gva g KvR Ki Z nq

87 82 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ Layer n Q, Qwe m úv`bvi c` v ev K vbfv mi G KKwU Íi jqvi c wz Z GKvwaK ^ Q K vbfvm GKwUi Dc i GKwU i L KvR Kiv hvq K vbfvm ^ Q n j cöwz Í i we` gvb Qwe ` L ` L KvR Kiv hvq wkš, Dc ii Í ii K vbfvmwu ^ Q bv n j wb Pi K vbfv mi KvR `Lv hv e bv iwob e vkmövdû wewkó Kv bv Qwe Lvjv n j IB Qwei jqvi c v j U Background jlv _vk e e vkmövdû mv`v i Oi n ji ^ Q e vkmövdû n e bv KviY, mv`v GKwU is D`vniY wn m e- - GKwU dz ji Qwe wewkó GKwU dvbj Lvjv n jv Qwei jqvi c v j U Background jlv i q Q jqvi evi-gi Wvb w` K GKwU Zvjvi AvBKb i q Q Gi A_ n Q jqviwu jk Kiv Av Q jk Kiv jqv ii Ae R± gyf Uz ji mvnv h wk K I Wª vm K i vbvšíwiz Kiv hvq bv - bzzb dvbj Lvjvi mgq Background Content wn m e nvqvbu ev mv`v Ges e vkmövdû ivlv n j jqvi c v j U Background cö`wk Z n e - ez gvb D`vni Yi dz ji QwewU Gw`K- mw`k mwi q vcb Kivi Rb Background- K jqv i cwiyz K i wb Z n e G Rb Ñ - jqvi c v j U Background-Gi Dci WvejwK K Ki j New Layer bv g GKwU WvqjM e Avm e WvqvjM e i Name N i Layer 0 _vk e WvqjM e i OK evzv g wk K Ki j WvqvjM e P j hv e Ges Background jqvi Layer 0-G cwiyz n e WvqvjM e i Name N i Layer 0 gy Q Layer 1 UvBc Ki j Background jqviwu Layer 1-G cwiyz n e - Background Eraser Uzj w` q Qwei h Kv bv As k wk K Ki j Qwei IB Ask gy Q hv e Ges c v j Ui jqviwu AvcbvAvcwb Layer 0-G cwiyz n e - Eraser Uzj w` q Qwei Kv bv Ask gvqv n j jqviwu Layer 0-G cwiyz n e bv bzzb jqvi hy³ Kiv d Uvk c GKvwaK Qwei dvbj wb q KvR Kivi Rb GKvwaK jqvi e envi Ki Z nq wfbœ wfbœ Qwe wfbœ wfbœ jqv i i L Zv `i Ae vb web vmmn Ab vb m úv`bvi KvR Ki Z nq

88 gvwëwgwwqv I MÖvwd 83 c v j U bzzb jqvi hy³ Kivi Rb - - c v j Ui wb P Create a new layer AvBK b wk K Ki j we` gvb jqvi ev wm j± Kiv jqviwui Dc i GKwU bzzb jqvi hy³ n e G jqviwu n e ^ Q jqvi bzzb hy³ Kiv jqv i Kv bv Ae R± ˆZwi K i cö qvrb Abyhvqx mwi q vcb Kiv hv e Gfv e cuvpwu jqvi ˆZwi Ki j 1 b ^i jqv ii Dc i 2 b ^i jqvi, 2 b ^i jqv ii Dci 3 b ^i jqvi, 3 b ^i jqv ii Dci 4 b ^i jqvi web Ín e Av iv jqvi hy³ Kiv n j ch vqµ g web Ín e - cö qvrb n j jqv ii Íi web vm cwiez b K i biqv hvq 2 b ^i jqv i wk K K i gvd m Pvc i L Dc ii w` K Wª vm K i 3 b ^i jqv ii Dci Q o w` j jqviwu 3 b ^i Ges4b ^i jqv ii gvslv b vwcz n e `ywu jqv ii gvslv bi wefvrb ilv wm j ±W niqvi ci gvd mi Pvc Q o w` Z n e g b ivl Z n e, e vkmövdû jqvi Gfv e vbvšíwiz Kiv hv e bv e vkmövdû jqvi Ab Kv bv Í i vcb Kivi Rb e vkmövdû K jqv i cwiyz K i wb Z n e jqv i Qwe ` k gvb Kiv I A` k Kiv cöwzwu jqv ii G Kev i evg w` K i q Q Pv Li AvBKb G AvBKb K ejv nq jqvi wfwrwewjwu AvBKb Pv Li AvBKbwUi Dci wk K Ki j PvLwU A` k n q hv e Ges mbm ½ IB jqv ii QwewUI c` v _ K A` k n q hv e A` k Pv Li RvqMvwU Z Avevi wk K Ki j Pv Li AvBKbwU ` k gvb n e Ges mbm ½ IB jqv ii QweI c` vq ` k gvb n e dz ji Qwei jqvi K ` k gvb I A` k K i `Lv h Z cv i _v ^ bbj AvBKb - PvL AvBK bi Wvb cv ki mvwi Z i q Q _v ^ bbj AvBKb _v ^ bb ji A_ n Q eo Qwei ÿz`ª ms iy c` vi Qwei m ½ mswkøó jqv i IB Qwei ÿz`ª ms iy cö`wk Z nq GB _v ^ bbj AvB Kv b G Z Kvb jqv i Kvb Qwe i q Q ` L ` L KvR Ki Z myweav nq Qc v ju Ges c v ju hy³ I wehy³ Kiv GKB m ½ GKvwaK c v ju GK mv vk Z cv i hgb- Layer, Path Ges Channel GKB m ½ _vk Z cv i c v ju jvi bvg U ve AvKv i _vk e hlb h U v e wk K Kiv n e ZLb mb c v juwu mwµq n e Gfv e GKm ½ GKvwaK c v j Ui hy³ Ae v K ejv nq Q c v ju - ez gv b c v juwu Layer c v ju wn m e mwµq i q Q Layer U v e wk K I Wª vm K i c v j Ui evb i G b Q o w` j Layer c v juwu ^Zš c v ju ev GKK c v ju wn m e we` gvb _vk e - Avevi ^Zš Layer c v juwui U v e wk K I Wª vm K i Ab c v j Ui fz i wb q M j hlb c v j Ui Pviw` K gvuv ilv ` k gvb n e ZLb gvdm _ K Pvc Q o w` Z n e G Z Wª vm K i biqv jqviwu IB Q c v j Ui AšÍf y³ n q hv e - c` vq Layer c v ju we` gvb bv _vk j Window gby _ K Layers KgvÛ wm j± Ki j c` vq jqvi c v ju cviqv hv e

89 84 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ jqv i Ae R± ˆZwi Kiv wm jkkb ˆZwi Ges is w` q c~iy Kivi c wz klv bv n q Q G ch v q AvqZKvi wm jkkb Uzj Ges e ËvKvi wm jkkb Uzj w` q Lye mvaviy `ywu Ae R± ˆZwi Kiv Ges mb m ½ U U Uz ji mvnv h jlvi c wz wkle K. 1 b ^i jqv i AvqZKvi Ae R± ˆZwi Kiv - New WvqvjM e i Background Contents Ackb _ K mv`v ev White wm j± Ki j jqvi c v j U wfwë jqvi wn m e Background _vk e mv`v e vkmövdû jqv ii Dci GKwU ^ Q jqvi ˆZwi K i biqvi Rb - - c v j Ui wb P Create a new layer AvBK b wk K Ki j wm j± Kiv jqviwui Dc i GKwU bzzb jqvi hy³ n e GwU n e 1 b ^i jqvi Ges jqviwu n e ^ Q jqvi - Layer 1ev1b ^i jqv i PZzfz R gvwk Uzj evrectangular Marquee tool-gi mvnv h AvqZKvi wm jkkb ˆZwi Ki Z n e Ges wm jkkbwu meyr is w` q c~iy Ki Z n e - ˆZwi Kiv AvqZKvi Ae R±wU gyf Uz ji mvnv h K vbfv mi h Kv bv v b mwi q vcb Kiv hv e L. 2 b ^i jqvi hvm Kiv Ges e ËvKvi Ae R± ˆZwi Kiv - 1 b ^i jqv ii Dci wk K Ki j jqviwu wm j ±W n q hv e - c v j Ui wb P Create a new layer AvBK b wk K Ki j wm j± Kiv jqviwui Dc i GKwU bzzb jqvi hy³ n e GwU n e 2 b ^i jqvi Ges jqviwu n e ^ Q jqvi A_ev - jqvi c v j Ui Wªc-WvDb gby _ K New Layer KgvÛ wm j± Ki j New Layer WvqvjM e cviqv hv e WvqvjM e i Name N i Layer-2 cö`wk Z n e Name N i bzzb bvg wn m e Circle UvBc K i OK evzv g wk K Ki j WvqvjM e P j hv e Ges jqvi c v j U 1 b ^i jqv ii Dc i Circle bv g bzzb jqvi hy³ n e - Gevi e ËvKvi gvwk Uzj w` q Ggbfv e MvjvKvi wm jkkb ˆZwi Ki Z n e hb e Ëi A a KUv meyr Rwg bi Dc i Ges A a KUv evb i mv`v As k _v K - wm jkkb K jvj is w` q wdj ev c~iy Ki Z n e GLb Circle jqv ii _v ^ bb j jvj e Ë `Lv hv e M. U U jqvi ˆZwi Kiv - g b ivl Z n e, Type Uz ji mvnv h UvB ci KvR ïiy Ki j IB jlv AvcbvAvcwb bzzb Text jqv i ˆZwi n e bzzb Text jqviwu n e ^ Q jqvi Text jqv i jlvi KvR Kivi Rb -

90 Avgvi jlv jwl I wnmve 85 - Uzj e _ K Type Uzj wm j± K i K vbfv mi Dci wk K Ki Z n e wk K Kivi m ½ m ½ jqvi c v j U bzzb jqvi hy³ n e - Text Uzj wm j± K i gvdm c q Uvi K vbfv mi Dci wk K Ki j jlvi d U, d Ui AvKvi BZ vw` wba vi Yi Rb Ackb evi-g cö qvrbxq Wªc-WvDb Ackb ZvwjKv cviqv hv e - d U Wªc-WvDb ZvwjKv _ K myzš^x Gg R d U wm j± Ki Z n e - d U mvbr d U Wªc- WvDb ZvwjKv _ K A ii AvKvi AvcvZZ 72 c q U wba viy Ki Z n e - d U io AvcvZZ Kv jv ivlv hvq - Gevi Ô mvbvi evsjvõ UvBc Kiv n jv jlvwu bzzb jqvi wn m e hy³ n e jqvi c v j U Text jqviwu _v ^ bbj wn m e T ey _vk e - UvB ci KvR kl Kivi ci gyf Uzj ev gvdm c q Uv ii mvnv h jlv K h Kv bv Ae v b mwi q emv bv hv e - Gevi gyf Uz ji mvnv h PZzf yr, e Ë Ges jlv wewfbœ v b mwi q vcb K i `Lv h Z cv i - Ae R± wzbwui mgwš^z Ae vb m šívlrbk n j dvbjwu ciezx e env ii Rb mf ev msiÿy K i ivlv h Z cv i GK dvb ji Qwe Ab dvb j vbvšíwiz Kiv GKm ½ GKvwaK Qwe wb q KvR Kivi Rb GKwU dvb j me jv Qwe vbvšíwiz K i wb Z nq G Rb aiv hvk, Default Photoshop Size -Gi GKwU k~b dvbj ˆZwi Kiv n jv Gici Banana bv gi Kjvi Qwe wewkó dvbj Lvjv n jv Gevi gyf Uzj w` q Kjvi Qwei Dci wk K IWª vm K i k~b dvb ji DB Ûvi fz i wb q Q o w` Z n e G Z Kjvi QwewU Kwc n q k~b dvb j P j hv e Kjvi dvbjwu eü K i w` Z n e GKB c wz Z cö qvrb Abyhvqx Avg, Avbvim BZ vw` AviI Qwe bzzb ˆZwi Kiv dvb j vbvšíwiz K i biqv hv e Uv M U jqvi wba viy Kiv - h jqv ii Qwe m úv`bvi KvR Kiv nq mb jqviwu K ejv nq Target Layer. - h Kv bv mgq h Kv bv jqv ii Qwe m úv`bvi KvR Kiv hvq Z e GKm ½ GKwUgvÎ jqv ii QweB m úv`bv Kiv hvq Kv bv jqvi K Uv M U jqv i cwiyz Kivi Rb Ñ - jqviwui Dci gvdm c q Uvi wk K Ki jb H jqviwu Uv M U jqv i cwiyz nq jqviwu K ZLb wm j ±W `Lv hvq -

91 86 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ jqv ii IcvwmwU cwiez b Kiv - Opacity n Q i Oi MvpZ jqvi c v j Ui Dc ii Wvb w` K Opacity U U e 100% we` gvb _v K Opacity jlvi Dc i gvdm c q Uvi vcb Ki j gvdm c q Uvi wøgylx Zx i cwiyz n e wøgylx ZxiwU evg w` K Wª vm Ki j Opacity ev i Oi MvpZ Kg e Ges Wv b mwi q wb j Opacity ev i Oi MvpZ evo e - G Qvov, Opacity U U e mivmwi cwigvym~pk msl v UvBc K ii Opacity Kg- ewk Kiv hvq jqvi evwzj K i `Iqv h jqviwu evwzj Ki Z n e ev d j w` Z n e mb jqviwu Aek B wm j± Ki Z n e Gici- - jqvi c v j Ui cc-avc gby _ K Delete Layer KgvÛ w` Z n e A_ev - jqviwu wm j± K i c v j Ui wb Pi mvwi Z Delete Layer AvBK b wk K Ki j GKwU wrávmvm~pk WvqvjM e Avm e ÔAvcwb H jqviwu gy Q dj Z Pvb wk-bv?õ n vu ev Yes evzv g wk K Ki j jqviwu evwzj n q hv e ÔbvÕ ev No evzv g wk K Ki j evwzj cöwµqv eü n q hv e GKvwaK jqvi GKxf~Z Kiv d Uvk c KvR Kivi Rb A bk mgq A bk jv jqvi wb q KvR Ki Z nq KvR kl Kivi ci Ab Kv bv Kw úduv i ev wcöw Us gwk b wcö U biqvi cö qvrb n j m úvw`z KvRwU wmww ev cb WªvB f Kwc K i wb Z nq G Rb dvb ji AvKvi QvU ivlvi Póv Kiv nq jqvi jv GKxf~Z K i wb j dvb ji AvKvi A cÿvk Z QvU nq GKvwaK jqvi GKxf~Z Kivi Rb - - jqvim c v j Ui cc-avc gby Z Merge Visible, Flatten Image Ges Merge Down bv g wzbwu KgvÛ i q Q - Kv bv jqvi hw` A` k _v K Zvn j Merge Visible KgvÛ w` j ïay ` k gvb jqvi jv GKxf Z n e A` k jqviwu GKxf~Z n e bv - Merge Down KgvÛ w` j wm j± Kiv jqvi Ges wvk Zvi wb Pi jqvi GKxf Z n e - Flatten Image KgvÛ w` j me jv jqvi GKxf~Z n q hv e - Kv bv jqvi A` k _vk j IB jqviwu evwzj Kiv n e wk-bv, G g g wrávmvm PK evz v Avm e Yes evzv g wk K Ki j A` k jqvi evwzj n q hv e Ges ` k gvb jqvi jv GKxf Z n q hv e

92 - wm jkkb GjvKv P ovší Kivi ci Kx ev W i Enter evzv g Pvc w` j wm jkk bi evb ii AskUzKz ev` c o hv e - wm j± Kivi ci hw` g b nq µc Kivi KvR _ K weiz _vkvi cö qvrb, Zvn j Kx ev W i Esc evzv g Pvc w` j wm jkkb P j hv e cö qvrb n j Avevi bzzb K i wm j± Kiv hv e njv bv Qwe µc Kiv - Kvb njv bv Qwe µc Kivi Î QwewU d Uvk c cö`wk Z Ae vq dvbj gby _ K Automate Kgv Ûi mve- gby _ K Crop and Straighten Photos KgvÛ wm j± Ki j K qk m K Ûi g a B QwewU µc n q mvrvfv e vwcz n e G c wz ïay GK i Oi mwjw e vkmövd Ûi ÿ Î cö hvr e vkmövdû GKvwaK iswewkó n j G c wz Z µwcs qi KvR Kiv hv e bv m ÿ ÎgvwëwgwWqv I MÖvwd 87 KvU, Kwc, c I c BbUz Kv bv Ae R± ev B gr m ú~y fv e wm j± K i ev wbw` ó Kv bv Ask wm j± K i KvU, Kwc I c KgvÛ Kvh Ki Ki Z nq KvU ev Kwc Kiv Kv bv welq c Ki j AvcbvAvcwb bzzb jqvi ˆZwi nq Ges c Kiv Ae R± bzzb jqv i c nq Z e, c Kivi Av MB hw` ^ Q jqvi ˆZwi K i biqv nq, Zvn j KvU ev Kwc Kiv Kv bv welq IB jqv ib c nq µc Uz ji e envi wewfbœ Drm _ K M nxz Qwei ew vi ev cövší wbluyz Ges gm Y bvi n Z cv i cövšífvm _ K wkqzuv Ask Qu U djvi cö qvrb n Z cv i AcÖ qvrbxq Ask ev` `Iqvi cö qvrb n Z cv i G Qvov, QwewU mgvšíivj bv n q, h Kv bv w`k euvkv n q _vk Z cv i ev n j _vk Z cv i Qwe m úv`bvi ïiy Z G ai bi mgm v ev ÎywU jv ms kvab K i biqv h Z cv i Qwe Qu U djvi KvR Ki Z nq Crop Uz ji mvnv h Crop k ãi A_ n Q Qu U djv - cy iv bv GB QwewUi Pviw` Ki cövší ev ew vi Ge ov _e ov n q M Q G Ae vq Qwe m úv`bvi cö_g KvRwUB n e Gi Ge ov _e ov cövší ev ew vi Qu U djv G Rb - - Uzj e _ K Crop Tool wm j± Ki Z n e - AvqZKvi gvwk Uz ji g Zv wk K IWª vm K i Qwei Ge ov _e ov cövší ev ew vi AskUzKz evb i i L fz ii cö qvrbxq Ask wm j± Ki Z n e - wm jkk bi Pvi evû Z PviwU Ges Pvi Kv Y PviwU gvu AvUwU duvcv PZz vy e `Lv hv e GB PZz vy e jv Z wk K IWª vm K i wm jkk bi GjvKv evov bv-kgv bv hv e

93 88 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ - µc Uzj w` q wm j± Ki Z n e - wm jkk bi n v Ûj jvi h Kv bv Kv Y gvdm c q Uvi euvkv bv c q Uv i ev iv UU Uz j cwiyz n e G Uz ji mvnv h wm jkkb K Nywi q Qwei njv bv Ae vi m ½ vcb Ki Z n e Ges Ab vb n v Û ji mvnv h µwcs qi GjvKv P~ovšÍ Ki Z n e - Kx ev W i Enter evzv g Pvc w` j QwewUi QuvUvB Kivi KvR m úbœ n e Ges QwewU mvrvfv e vwcz n e B irvi Uzj-Gi e envi - B irvi Uzj w` q hlb Kvb is gy Q djv nq ZLb H iswu Avm j K vbfv mi is w` q X K `Iqv nq K vbfv mi is mv`v n j g b n e isuv gy Q hv Q K vbfv mi is mv`v Qvov Ab Kv bv is n j welqwu evsv hv e Z e, ^ Q (Transparent) jqv ii Qwe B irvi Uzj w` q ^vfvwek wbq g gy Q djv hv e - m~² Ask gvqvi Rb Kx ev W i CAPS LOCK P c w` j B irvi Uzj hvm wp ýi (+) AvKvi aviy K i ZLb m~² Ask gvqvi KvR Kiv hvq - B irvi Uz ji Ackb evi-gi gvw Wªc-WvDb ZvwjKv _ K eªvk, cwýj ev eøk wm j± K i gvqvi KvR Kiv hvq eøk wm j± Ki j ivevi B irvi B j±ªwbk ms i Yi g Zv KvR K i Ab Uzj jv wm j± Ki j IB me Uz ji Opacity Ackb e envi Kiv hvq MÖwW q U Uz ji mvnv h eøû ˆZwi Kiv Gradient Tool-Gi GKB Ae v b cb U ev KU Uzj i q Q MÖwW q U Uzj wm j± Ki j Ackb evi-g 5 cökvi MÖwW q U ˆZwii AvBKb cviqv hv e hgb- Linear Gradient, Radial Gradient, Angle Gradient, Reflected Gradient Ges Diamond Gradient. GKwU is ïiy _ K k li w` K µ g wgwj q hviqv KB eøû ejv nq wjwbqvi eø Û is GK cövší _ K Ab cöv ší cušqv Z cšuqv Z µgvš^ q wgwj q hvq c vší i, iwwqvj eø Û is ïiyi vb _ K PZzw` K we Í Z n q µgvš^ q wgwj q hvq ev PZzw` Ki Mvp is K `ªi w` K AMÖmi n Z n Z µgvš^ q wgwj q hvq MÖwW q U Uz ji mvnv h wjwbqvi eøû ˆZwi Kivi Rb - - AvqZKvi gvwk Uz ji mvnv h wzb Bw cö I `yb Bw D PZvwewkó GKwU wm jkkb ˆZwi K i biqv h Z cv i - MÖwW q U Uzj wm j± K i gvdm K vbfv m wb q G j hvm wp ý cwiyz n e hvmwpý c q UviwU wm jkk bi evg cöv šíi gvsvgvws Ae v b wk K K i Wvb cövší ch ší U b biqvi ci gvdm c q Uvi _ K AvOy ji Pvc Zz j wb Z n e `Lv hv e wm jkkbwu Kv jv is _ K ïiy n q k li w` K µgvš^ q wgwj q M Q

94 gvwëwgwwqv I MÖvwd 89 - Wvb _ K ev g, evg _ K Wv b, Dci wb P Ges wbp _ K Dc ii w` K Ges KvYvKywY U bi eøû ˆZwi Kiv hvq c` vq Kv bv wkqy wm j± Kiv bv _vk j m ú~y c` v Ry o eøû ˆZwi n q hv e - iwwqvj MÖwW q U ˆZwi Kivi Rb Ackb evi-g iwwqvj MÖwW q U AvBK b wk K K i mwµq K i wb Z n e - gvdm K vbfv m wb q G j hvm wp ý cwiyz n e hvm wpý c q UviwU wm jkk bi gvsvgvws Ae v b wk K K i Ab cövší ch ší U b biqvi ci gvdm c q Uvi _ K AvOy ji Pvc Zz j wb Z n e MÖwW q U m úv`bv Gradient Editor WvqvjM e ïiy, kl Ges ga ezx is cwiez b/mgš^q K i MÖwW q U m úv`bvi KvR Ki Z nq G Rb - - MÖwW q U evi-g wk K Ki j MÖwW q U GwWUi WvqvjM e cviqv hv e - MÖwW q U GwWUi WvqvjM e i MÖwW q U møvbwv ii evg cöv ší wb P Ges Wvb cöv šíi wb P Color Stop wî KvY Ges evg cöv šíi Dc i I Wvb cöv šíi Dc i i q Q Opacity Stop wî KvY aiv hvk, GKwU wjwbqvi MÖwW q Ui ïiyi is n Q jvj Ges k li is n Q njy` G ÿ Î jvj i Oi cwie Z bxj is e envi Kivi Rb - - MÖwW q U møvbwv ii evg cªv šíi Color Stop wî Kv Y wk K Ki j wb P Stops GjvKvq Color mvqvp mwµq n e Kvjvi mvqv P wk K Ki j Select stop color WvqjM e Avm e G WvqjM e bxj is wm j± K i OK evzv g wk K Ki j WvqvjM e P j hv e Ges MÖwW q U evi-gi evg cöv šíi c Kvjvi ev is wn m e bxj hy³ n e Gevi, MÖwW q U Uzj w` q GK cövší _ K Aci cövší ch ší Wª vm Ki j bxj Ges njy` i Oi mgš^ q MÖwW q U ˆZwi n e - Kvjvi c wm j± Ki j MÖwW q U møvbwv ii wb Pi w` K Ges IcvwmwU c wm j± Ki j MÖwW q U møvbwv ii Dc ii w` K gvslv b GKwU WvqgÛ AvK wzi AvBKb `Lv hv e GB AvBKbwU MÖwW q Ui ga we `yi Ae vb wb ` k K i ga we `y _ K io wgwj q hviqv ïiy nq ga we `y AvBKb wm j± Kivi ci Ae vb ev jv Kkb N i Ae v bi vb- wba viyxm~pk msl v UvBc K i ga we `yi Ae vb wba viy Ki Z n e AvBKbwU Wv b-euv q Wª vm K ii ga we `yi Ae vb cwiez b Kiv hvq

95 90 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ bzzb io I Kvjvi cm hy³ Kiv I evwzj Kiv MÖwW q Ui Rb `ywui ewk is e envi Ki Z n j møvbwv i bzzb Kvjvi c hvm Ki Z n e G Rb Ñ - møvbwv ii wb P h Kv bv RvqMvq wk K Ki j cv ki Kvjv ii m ½ iowgkª Yi ga we `y wba vik WvqgÛmn wk K Kiv Ae v b bzzb Kvjvi c hy³ n e GKB wbq g MÖwW q U møvbwv i cö qvrbxq msl K Kvjvi c hvm Kiv hv e - AwZwi³ Kvjvi c evwzj Kiv ev d j `Iqvi Rb mswkøó Kvjvi c AvBK b wk K IWª vm K i møvbwv ii evb i G b Q o w` j Kvjvi cwu evwzj n q hv e Qwei J¾ j I KbUªv mgš^q Kiv vb Kiv Qwe A_ev K v givq Zvjv Qwe Aby¾ j n Z cv i mv`v-kv jv ev i Oi ` k gvbzv Avkvbyiƒc bvi n Z cv i Giƒc ÿ Î Qwei J¾ j kvwbz Kiv Ges KbUªv mgš^q Kivi cö qvrb nq Qwei J¾ j ev KbUªv evov bvi Rb - - Image gbyi Adjustments KgvÛ wm j± K i cövß mve- gby _ K Brightne's/Contrast wm j± Ki j mswkøó WvqvjM e cviqv hv e - WvqjM e i eªvbu bm/kbuªv møvbwv ii wî KvY Wv b/euv q mwi q Qwei J¾ j Ges KbUªv evov bv/ Kgv bvi KvR Ki Z n e - WvqjM e Avmvi Av M Qwe Kv bv Ask wm j± K i wb j ïay IB As ki J¾ j Ges KbUªv evov bv/ Kgv bvi KvR Kiv hv e WvqvjM e i Preview PK e wk K K i mwµq K i ivl j Qwei io cwiez bi KvR ZvrÿwYKfv e jÿ Kiv hv e cwiewz Z iƒc m šívlrbk g b bv n j Kx ev W i Alt evzvg P c ivl j WvqvjM e i Cancel evzvgwu Reset evzv g cwiyz n e Alt evzvg P c ivlv Ae v ZB Reset evzv g wk K Ki j G-hver Kiv KvR evwzj n q hv e G wbqg Adjustments Kgv Ûi gbyi Aaxb me jv WvqvjM e i Rb B cö hvr Bjv ªUi G Wvwe Bjv ªUi n Q g~jz Qwe AuvKv, bkkv cöyqb Kiv, jv Mv ˆZwi Kiv Ges Ab vb wwrvbb ˆZwi Kivi cövmövg G Wvwe d Uvkc cövmöv gi mvnv h hgb wwrvb bi KvR Kivi my hvm LyeB mxwgz, Zgwb G Wvwe Bjv ªU i Qwe m úv`bvi my hvm cövq bb ej jb P j Bjv ªU ii cöavb KvRB n Q A¼b wk íi KvR

96 gvwëwgwwqv I MÖvwd 91 Avgv `i ` k Mí, KweZv, Dcb vm, cöeü BZ vw` cökvkbvi cö Q` ˆZwi Kivi Rb wkíxiv GLb io- Zzwji e envi Q o w` q Qb ej jb P j G Wvwe Bjv ªUi e envi K ib GLb Zuviv cö Q` ˆZwii KvR K i _v Kb Avgš YcÎ, weávcb BZ vw` QvU-eo KvRmn wewfbœ AvKv ii cv vi, wekvj AvKv ii e vbvi, wej evw BZ vw` ˆZwii KvR GLb Bjv ªUi Qvov fvevb hvq bv Kw úduvi e envi K i wwrvb bi KvR Kivi Rb AviI A bk cövmövg i q Q wkš, Kv Ri myweav Ges ˆewP Î i Rb Bjv ªU ii Pvwn`v ewk Gme Kvi Y, Bjv ªUi cövmövgwu ez gv b wek e vcx RbwcÖq Bjv ªUi cövmöv g Bs iwr I evsjv jlv jwli Rb Kw úduv ii Kx evw e envi Kiv QvovI wkíxi Zzwj w` q jlvi g Zv K ii jlv jwli KvR Kiv hvq jlvi c i Aÿi ev Aÿimg~ ni AvKvi Ges AvK wz hfv e B Qv ev cö qvrb m fv eb cwiez b K i biqv hvq Ab vb cövmöv gi g ZvB Bjv ªU i KvR Kivi Rb Bjv ªUi cövmövgwu Ly j wb Z nq Ges bzzb dvbj ˆZwi K i KvR ïiy Ki Z nq Bjv ªUi cövmövg Lvjv Bjv ªUi cövmövg Lvjvi Rb - 1. c` vi wb Pi w` K evg Kv Y vu (Start) evzv gi Dci gvdm c q Uvi w` q wk K Ki j GKwU gby ev ZvwjKv Avm e 2. G gbyi Aj cövmövgm (All Programs) Kgv Ûi Dci gvdm c q Uvi vcb Ki j GKwU d vbavdu gby cviqv hv e 3. G d vbavdu gby ZvwjKv _ K G Wvwe gv vi Kv jkkb (Adobe Master Collection) gby Z wk K Ki j Avi GKwU d vbavdu gby Avm e G gby Z G Wvwei cövmövg jvi ZvwjKv cviqv hv e 4. G ZvwjKv _ K G Wvwe Bjv ªUi cövmöv gi bv gi Dci wk K Ki j G Wvwe Bjv ªUi (Adobe Illustrator) cövmövg Ly j hv e Bjv ªU i bzzb dvbj Lvjvi Rb Ñ - File gby _ K New KgvÛ w` j A_ev Kx ev W i Ctrl evzvg P c i L N evzv g Pvc w` j New WvqvjM e cviqv hv e New WvqvjM e i Ñ - Name N i dvb ji Rb GKwU bvg UvBc Ki Z n e, aiv hvk, Ankon-1. G ÿ Î Ab h Kv bv bvg e envi Kiv h Z cv i h ai bi bvg g b ivl Z myweav nq ev welqe i m ½ mvgäm c~y m ai bi h Kv bv bvg ivlv h Z cv i G Z ciezx ch v q dvbjwu mn R Luy R cviqv hvq - Size N ii Wªc-WvDb Zx i wk K Ki j we Í Z Wªc-WvDb ZvwjKv cviqv hv e G ZvwjKvq KvM Ri wewfbœ gvcm~pk cwiwpwz cviqv hv e Gi fzi _ K h gv ci KvM R KvR Kiv cö qvrb mb gv ci bv g wm j± Ki j ˆ`N (Height) I cö (Width) N i IB KvM Ri cök Z gvc `Lv hv e

97 92 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ - Units N i wewfbœ gv ci GKK i q Q Avgv `i ` ki e envikvixiv BwÂi (Inches) gv c KvR K i Af Í Z e, we kl ÿ Î m~² gv c KvR Kivi Rb c q U (Points), cvbkv (Picas), wgwjwguvi (Millimeters), mw UwgUvi (Centimeters), wc j (Pixel) BZ vw` gvc e envi Kivi cö qvrb n Z cv i BDwbU (Units) N ii Wªc-WvDb Zx i wk K Ki j we Í Z Wªc-WvDb ZvwjKv cviqv hv e G ZvwjKv _ K cö qvrb Abyhvqx gv ci GKK wba viy K i wb Z n e - Orientation-Gi Wvb w` K `ywu gvby li wpî i q Q cö_gwu Z wk K K i mwµq K i w` j KvMR LvovLvwo (Potrait) Ae vq _vk e wøzxqwu Z wk K K i mwµq K i w` j KvMR AvovAvwo (Landscape) Ae vq _vk e - Color Mode As k RGB Ges CMYK bv g `ywu Ackb cviqv hv e gy`ª Yi D Ï k KvR Kivi Rb CMYK gv W KvR KivB fv jv B j±ªwbk gva g e env ii Rb RGB gvw e envi Kiv h Z cv i Kw úduv ii c` vq G `ywu gv Wi cv_ K Aek Zgbfv e cwijwÿz nq bv - G me gvc RvK wvk K i WvqjM e i OK evzv g wk K Ki j WvqvjM e wu P j hv e Ges KvR Kivi Rb bzzb GKwU DB Ûv cviqv hv e New WvqvjM e i bg Name N i dvb ji Rb Kv bv bvg UvBc Kiv n j gby evi-gi Dc i UvB Uj evi-g G Wvwe Bjv ªUi (Adobe Illustrator)-Gi Wvb w` K IB bvg `Lv hv e New WvqvjM e i Name N i Kv bv bvg UvBc Kiv bv n j UvB Uj evi-g G Wvwe Bjv ªUi (Adobe Illustrator)-Gi Wvb w` K AvbUvB Uj (Untitled...) jlv _vk e Kv Ri cwi ek cwiwpwz bzzb dvbj ˆZwii Kivi ci c` vq bzzb k~b dvbj cviqv hv e dvbj Lvjvi ci KvR ïiy Kivi Rb c` vq wewfbœ cökvi DcKiY we` gvb _v K hgb- gby evi, Uzje, fvmgvb c v ju (Floating Palette) ª jevi BZ vw` UvB Uj evi Bjv ªUi cövmövg Lvjvi ci c` vi G Kev i Dc i evg cv k UvB Uj evi-g A vwcø Kk bi bv gi m ½ WKz g Ui Ab vb Z_ _vk Z cv i G ikgñ Adobe 70 (RGB/Preview)] GLv b Adobe Illustrator n Q A vwcø Kk bi bvg, Ankon-1 n Q dvb ji bvg, hw` dvbj ˆZwii mgq `Iqv 70 (CMYK/Preview) n Q c` vi ` k gvb GjvKvi AvKvi Ges e eüz Kvjvi gv Wi cwiwpwz GB jlv jvi eivei Wvb w` K P j hviqv cy iv AskwU n Q UvB Uj evi

98 gvwëwgwwqv I MÖvwd 93 - bzzb dvbj Lvjvi mgq Kv bv bvg e envi Kiv bv n j ciezx Z Ab Kv bv bvg w` q dvbj msiÿy Kiv hvq dvbj jv K wewfbœ bv g AwfwnZ Kivi ci hlb h bv gi dvbj wb q KvR Kiv nq ZLb mb dvbjwui bvg UvB Uj evi-g A vwcø Kk bi bv gi Wvb w` K cö`wk Z nq Toolbox & Pallate-G _v K wwrvbb-wªwqs qi wewfbœ cökvi Uzj I Ackb Gme Uzj I Ackb e envi I cö qvm K i wewfbœ cökvi wwrvbb Wªwqs qi KvR Kiv nq Ges KvR K cöz vwkz iƒc `Iqvi Rb bvbv ikg m úv`bvi KvR Ki Z nq Uzje i cö qvrbxq Uzjmg~ ni cwiwpwz Kv Ri ïiy Z Uzje i cö qvrbxq wkqz Uz ji bvg R b biqv h Z cv i Uzje Gwjcm, cwj Mvb, vi Ges úvbivj Uzj jv GKB Ae v b _v K G ikg GKB Ae v b GKvwaK Uz ji Ae vb K ejv MÖyc Uzj GmeUz ji m ½ WvbgyLx wî KvY i q Q Uz ji m ½ wî KvY wpý _vk j eys Z n e GKB Ae v b AviI Uzj i q Q Uzje ` k gvb UzjwU Z wk K K i gvdm P c ivl j me jv Uzj GKm ½ `Lv hvq h UzjwU e envi Kiv cö qvrb gvdm c q Uvi Wª vm K i mb UzjwU Z wk K Ki j IB UzjwU Uzj e ` k gvb _v K Uzje i Uzj jvi wb Pi mvqv P (Swatch) K qkwu AvBKb i q Q G AvBKb jvi mvnv h Ae R± Ges Ae R ±i cöv ší io cö qvm Kiv nq, io evwzj K i `Iqv nq AvBKb jvi e envi evsvi myweav _ GKwU Ae R± ˆZwi K i biqv h Z cv i Giƒc GKwU Ae R± ˆZwii Rb Ñ - gvdm c q Uvi w` q i ± ½j Uz ji Dci wk K Ki j UzjwU wm j ±W n e - gvdm c q Uvi c` vi fz i G b h Kv bv RvqMvq wk K K i wb Pi w` K Wvb KvYvKzwY GK BwÂi g Zv Wª vm Kivi ci gvd mi Pvc Q o w` j GKwU AvqZvKvi ev PZzf yr Ae R± ˆZwi n e - Ae R±wU wm j±w _vk e Ges Kv bv GKwU io Øviv c~iy (Fill) Kiv Ae vq _vk Z cv i - wm j ±W Ae R ±i Pvi Kv Y PviwU ÿz`ª duvcv e _vk e G Ae vq Pvi Kv Y PviwU ÿz`ª fivu e ` k gvb n e - Kv bv Kvi Y Ae R±wU wm jkkbgy³ n q M j gvdm c q Uvi w` q Uzje WvB i± wm jkkb Uz j wk K Ki j WvB i± wm jkkb UzjwU wm j± n e Gevi gvdm c q Uvi c` vi fz i G b WvB i± wm jkkb Uzj w` q Ae R ±i Dci wk K Ki j Ae R±wU wm j ±W n e G Ae vq Avevi wm jkkb Uz j wk K Ki j Pvi Kv Y PviwU ÿz`ª fivu e mn Pvi evû Z Av iv PviwU ÿz`ª fivu e ` k gvb n e

99 94 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ Ae R ± io cö qvm Kiv wdji ªvK - GKwU Ae R ±i cövší ev ew vi K ejv nq ªvK Ges fz ii Ask K ejv nq wdj wdj I ªvK mvqv Pi e envi Kvjvi c v j Ui m ½ m úk hy³ Kvjvi c v juwu c` vq we` gvb bv _vk j DB Ûv (Window) gby _ K Kvjvi (Color) KgvÛ w` j ev Kx ev W i F6 evzv g Pvc w` j Kvjvi c v juwu c` vq Dc vwcz n e wdj mvqv P wk K Ki j wdj mvqvpwu mwµq n e Ges Dc i Ae vb Ki e G Ae vq ïay wdj (Fill)-Gi KvR Kiv hv e Kv bv Ae R± K is w` q c~iy Kiv hv e ªv K io cö qvm Kiv hv e bv GKB ikgfv e ªvK mvqv P wk K Ki j ªvK mvqvpwu mwµq n e Ges wdj m mi Dc i Ae vb Ki e G Ae vq Ae R ±i ªv K is cö qvm Kiv hv e Ae R± K is w` q c~iy Kiv ev wdj (Fill)-Gi KvR Kiv hv e bv - wdj (Fill) mvqvpwu mwµq _vkv Ae vq Kvjvi c v j Ui Kvjvi úkuªvg evi (Color Spectrum Bar)-G h i Oi Dci wk K Kiv n e wm j ±W Ae R±wUi fz ii Ask mb i O c~iy n q hv e Avevi ªvK (Stroke) mvqvpwu Z wk K K i mwµq Kivi ci Kvjvi úkuªvg evi (Color Spectrum Bar)-G h i Oi Dci wk K Kiv n e Ae R ±i ªvK ev cövší ilv mb i O c~iy n q hv e G Z Ae R ±i fz ii is cwiewz Z n e bv - ªv Ki is úófv e `Lv ev evsvi Rb ªvK K gvuv K i biqv h Z cv i G Rb DB Ûv (Window) gby _ K ªvK (Stroke) KgvÛ wm j± Ki j c` vq ªvK c v ju Dc vwcz n e ªvK c v j Ui I qu Wªc-WvDb gby _ K AvcvZZ Kgc ÿ 10 wm j± Ki Z n e G Z Ae R ±i ew vi ev ªvK Av Mi P q gvuv n e G ch v q is cö qvm I cwiez b Ki j úó `Lv hv e ev evsv hv e Kvjvi, MÖwW q U I bvb (Color (,) Gradient (.) None (/) wdj I ªvK mvqv Pi wb Pi mvwii 3wU AvBKb n Q h_vµ g Kvjvi, MÖwW q U I bvb Kvjvi AvBKb wk K Ki j i Oi c v ju Ges MÖwW q U AvBKb wk K Ki j MÖwW q U c v ju mwµq nq bvb AvBKb wk K Ki j wm j ±W Ae R ±i wdj ev ªv Ki is wbw Œq ev evwzj n q hvq Ae R±wU Kv bv is ev MÖwW q U w` q c~iy Kiv n q _vk j c v j U mb isi cö`wk Z n e Ae R±wU wm j ±W _vk j Ae R ±i isi cwiewz Z n e

100 gvwëwgwwqv I MÖvwd 95 Ae R± QvU/eo K i `Lv Ae R± ˆZwii Rb A bk mgq A bk m~² KvR Ki Z nq Ae R ±i ^vfvwek gv c ev Ae vq m~² KvR Ki Z Amyweav n Z cv i G Rb Ae R ±i wbw` ó GKwU Ask K eo K i `Lv M j Kv Ri myweav nq Bjv ªU i KvR Kivi mgq c ôv eo K i `Lv K ejv nq Ryg Bb (Zoom In) Ges c ôv QvU K i `Lv K ejv nq Ryg AvDU (Zoom Out) c ôv QvU/eo Kivi m ½ m ½ Ae R±I QvU/eo `Lv hvq Ae R± QvU-eo K i `Lvi Rb Ryg Uzj (Zoom Tool)-Gi mvnv h c ôvi ` k gvb iƒc QvU/eo K i `L Z n e G Rb Ñ - Uzje Ryg Uz j wk K Ki j Ryg UzjwU wm j ±W n e - Ryg Uzj wm j± K i gvdm c q Uvi c` vi Dc i wb q G j gvdm c q Uvi AvZwk Kuv Pi g Zv `Lv e Ges Kuv Pi fz i GKwU hvm wpý _vk e - Ryg Uzj w` q c` vi Dci wk K Ki j c` vi AvKvi eo n e c` vi AvKvi eo niqvi m ½ m ½ Ae R±I ewk eo bv niqv ch ší ewa Z iƒ c c` vi g a B Ae vb Ki e ewk eo n q M j Ae R ±i Kv bv Ask bvi `Lv h Z cv i G Ae vq n vû Uz ji mvnv h c` vi Dci wk K I Wª vm K i IB Ask c` vi g a wb q Avm Z n e - Ryg Uzj mwµq _vkv Ae vq Kx ev W i Aëvi Alt evzv g Pvc w` j Ryg UzjwU Ryg AvDU (Zoom Out) Uz j cwiyz n e Kx ev W i Aëvi Alt evzv g P c i L Ryg AvDU (Zoom Out) Uzj w` q wk K Ki Z _vk j c` vi AvKvi QvU n q Avm Z _vk e - Kx ev W i K Uªvj Ctrl evzvg P c i L nvb db (-) evzv g Pvc w` j Ryg AvDU Ges mgvb- (=) wp ýi evzv g Pvc w` j Ryg Bb-Gi KvR m úbœ n e n vû Uz ji mvnv h c ôv/ae R ±i Ae vb cwiez b c ôvi ` k gvb iƒc QvU/eo Kiv n j Ae R ±i cö qvrbxq Kv bv Ask ` k hvm GjvKvi evb i P j h Z cv i GgZve vq Ae R±wU c` vi h Kv bv myweavrbk v b mwi q vcb Kivi Rb Ñ - Uzj e i n vû Uz j wk K K i n vû Uzj wm j± Ki Z n e - n vû Uz ji mvnv h cö qvrbxq Ae R ±i Dci wk K IWª vm K i myweavrbk v b biqvi ci gvd mi Pvc Q o w` Z n e G Z Avm j m ú~y c ôvi Ae vbb cwiewz Z n e wk K Kiv Ae R±wU wfbœfv e vbvšíwiz n e bv Ae R± Ae jvk bi cwi ek Bjv ªU i Ae R± Ae jvk bi K qkwu gvw i q Q View gby _ K Gi h Kv bv GKwU cö qvrb Abyhvqx wm j± Ki Z n e - Outline gv W ev cwi e k Ae R± K ïay AvDUjvBb ev ilv KvVv gv wn m e `Lv hvq G

101 96 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ cwi e k Ae R ±i AvKvi-AvK wz ev KvVv gv m úv`bvi KvR, we kl K i ilv ev cv_ m úv`bvi m~² KvR Ki Z myweav nq - Pixel Preview ev Preview gv W ev cwi e k Ae R± cök Ziƒ c cö`wk Z nq - Overprint Preview gv W cö`wk Z iƒc gyw`ªz nq Ae R± ˆZwi Kiv Ae R± ˆZwii cö wz ch v q wewfbœ ai bi AvK wz ˆZwii cöv_wgk KvR Kivi cöwµqv I c wz AvqË K i biqv cö qvrb hgb- em vkvi I AvqZKvi AvK wz ˆZwi Kiv, e ËvKvi I ww ^vkvi AvK wz ˆZwi Kiv, eû KvY wewkó AvK wz, ZviKvi AvK wz, cupv bv AvK wz BZ vw` ˆZwi Kiv GKwU Ae R± ˆZwii Rb Ñ - gvdm c q Uvi w` q, i ± ½j Uz ji Dci wk K Ki j UzjwU wm j ±W n e - gvdm c q Uvi c` vi fz i G b h Kv bv RvqMvq wk K K i wb Pi w` K Wvb KvYvKzwY GK BwÂi g Zv Wª vm Kivi ci gvd mi Pvc Q o w` j GKwU AvqZKvi ev PZzf yr Ae R± ˆZwi n e GKB cöwµqvq Uzj e _ K Ab h Kv bv Ae R± Uzj wm j± K i Ab vb Ae R± ˆZwii KvR Ki Z n e Kv bv Ae R±B mvaviyz GKev i ˆZwi Kiv m e nq bv evievi Ask we kl gy Q ev cy ivuv gy Q Avevi bzzb K i ïiy Ki Z nq G Rb Ae R± wm j± Kiv Ges cy iv Ae R± ev Ae R ±i Ask we kl gy Q djvi KvR wk L biqv cö qvrb Ae R± wm j± Kiv Ges Ae R ±i cövší ilv ev cv_ gy Q djv - Ae R±wU hw` io w` q c~iy Kiv _v K, Zvn j wm jkkb Uzj ev WvB i± wm jkkb Uzj w` q Ae R ± wk K Ki j Ae R± wm j± n e Kx ev W i Alt evzvg P c i L WvB i± wm jkkb Uzj w` q cövší ilvi (Path) Dci ev Ae R ±i cövší ilvi Dci wk K Ki j m ú~y Ae R± wm j± n e - Ae R ±i cövší ilv (Path) ev ilvsk wm j± Kiv I gy Q djvi Rb wm jkkb Uzj ev WvB i± wm jkkb Uzj w` q Ae R ±i cövší ilv ev ilvsk wm j± Ki Z n e Gici, Kx ev W i e vk úm (Backspace) ev wwwju (Delete) evzv g Pvc w` j Ae R ±i cövší ilv ev ilvsk gy Q hv e e vk úm (Backspace) ev wwwju (Delete) evzv g Pvc w` j Ae R±wU G Kev i gy Q hvq GwWU (Edit) gby _ K KvU (Cut) KgvÛ wm j± Ki j Ae R±wU wk c evw bvgk A vqx wz Z P j hvq Ges Ab Kv bv Ae R± KvU ev Kwc bv Kiv ch ší wk c ev W Ae vb K i Kv bv Ae R± wk c ev W _vkv Ae vq GwWU (Edit) gby _ K c (Paste) KgvÛ wm j± Ki j Ae R±wU Avevi WKz g U wd i cviqv hvq cv_ ev cövší ilv Ae R ±i cövší ilv g~jz GKvwaK ilvsk ev mm g U (Segment)-Gi mgš^ q MwVZ nq we kl cö qvr b GKwUgvÎ ilvsk ev mm g U wewkó ilvi e envi Ki Z nq Ae R ±i cövší ilv ev ew vi ilv K ejv nq cv_ (Path) GKwUgvÎ mij ilv KI cv_ (Path) ejv nq

102 gvwëwgwwqv I MÖvwd 97 wm jkkb Uzj - m ú~y Ae R± ev Ae R ±i Askwe kl wm j± Kivi Rb wm jkkb Uzj, WvB i± wm jkkb Uzj ev MÖyc wm jkkb Uzj e envi Ki Z nq - wm jkkb Uzj K Kv jv Zxi (Black Arrow) e ji D jøl Kiv nq wm jkkb Uzj e envi Kivi Rb gvdm c q Uvi w` q wm jkkb Uz ji Dci wk K Ki j UzjwU wm j ±W nq UzjwU wm j± K i gvdm c q Uvi c` vi Dc i wb q G j gvdm c q UviwU Kv jv Zxi ev wm jkkb Uz ji iƒc aviy K i G Ae vq wm jkkb Uzj (Selection Tool) w` q Ae R ±i Dci wk K Ki j m ú~y Ae R± wm j± nq wm jkkb Uzj e envi Kiv nq m ú~y Ae R± wm j± Kivi Rb - wm jkkb Uzj w` q Kv bv Ae R± wm j± Ki j Ae R ±i Pviw` K AvqZKvi ev e ËvKvi e ev evdwûs e ˆZwi nq e i Pvi Kv Y PviwU Ges Pvi evû Z PviwU ÿz`ª duvcv e `Lv hvq G e jv K ejv nq wimvbr e (Resize Box) wimvbr e jv Z wk K I Wª vm K i Ae R ±i AvKvi h Kv bv w`k _ K QvU-eo Kiv hvq Kx ev W i wkdu (Shift) evzvg P c i L Wª vm Ki j Ae R± AvbycvwZK nv i QvU-eo n e - wm jkkb Uz ji mvnv h wm j± Kiv Ae R ±i K `ªwe `y Z ev h Kv bv evû Z ev Ae R ±i h Kv bv As k wk K IWª vm K i Ae R± K GK vb _ K mwi q Ab v b vcb Kiv hv e GKm ½ GKvwaK Ae R± wm j± Kivi Rb Ñ - cö_g Ae R± wm j± Kivi ci Kx ev W i wkdu (Shift) evzvg P c i L ciez x Ae R± wm j± Ki Z nq Gfv e hz jv Ae R± cö qvrb wm j± Kiv hv e me jv Ae R± wm j ±W _vkv Ae vq Ae R± jvi Pviw`K w` q GKwUgvÎ evdwûs e _vk e - evdwûs e i wimvbr e jv Z wk K IWª vm K i me jv Ae R± GKm ½ QvU-eo Kiv hv e - Ae R± K wm jkkbgy³ Kivi Rb c` vi h Kv bv duvkv RvqMvq gvdm c q Uvi wk K Ki Z n e GKvwaK wm j± Ae R± _ K wbw` ó Kv bv Ae R± wm jkkbgy³ Kivi Rb wkdu (Shift) evzvg P c i L IB Ae R ± wk K Ki Z n e WvB i± wm jkkb Uzj wm jkkb Uz ji Wvb cv ki mv`v UzjwU n Q WvB i± wm jkkb Uzj (Direct Selection Tool) G UzjwU K A b K mv`v Zxi (White Arrow) e ji AwfwnZ K i _v Kb WvB i± wm jkkb Uzj ev mv`v Zxi e envi Kiv nq Ae R ±i cv _i Ask we kl (Segment) Ges m ú~y Ae R± wm j± Kivi Rb WvB i± wm jkkb Uzj w` q Ae R ±i h Kv bv A vski c q U wm j± K i Ae R ±i Ask we kl ^Zš fv e QvU-eo Kiv hvq

103 98 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ Ae R± MÖyc Kiv A bk jv e ËvKvi, ww ^vkvi, em vkvi I AvqZKvi Ae R± ˆZwi Kivi ci Ae R± jvi MÖyc ˆZwii Rb Ñ K. mkj Ae R± ev cö qvrbxq Ae R± jv wm j± Ki Z n e L. Ae R± (Object) gby _ K MÖyc (Group) KgvÛ w` j wm j ±W Ae R± jv MÖyce n q hv e cixÿv K i `Lvi Rb duvkv RvqMvq wk K K i me Ae R± wm jkkbgy³ Kivi ci Kv jv Zxi ev wm jkkb Uzj w` q h Kv bv GKwU Ae R ±i Dci wk K Ki j MÖyce me jv Ae R ±i Pvicvk wn i GKwU AvqZvKvi evdwûs e ˆZwi n e G Z evsv hv e wm jkkb e i fz ii Ae R± jv GKB m ½ wm j ± n q Q MÖyce Ae R± jv MÖycgy³ Kivi Rb Ñ K. h Kv bv Ae R ±i Dci wk K Ki j MÖyce Ae R± jv wm j± n e L. Ae R± (Object) gby _ K AvbMÖyc (Ungroup) KgvÛ w` j MÖyce Ae R± jv MÖycgy³ n q hv e Ae R± jk Kiv GKvwaK Ae R± wb q KvR Kivi ÿ Î A bk mgq Kv bv GKwU ev GKvwaK Ae R± jk (Lock) K i ivl Z nq jk Kiv Ae R± wm j± Kiv hvq bv Kv RB, IB Ae R± m úv`bv Kiv hvq bv d j, jk Kiv Ae R± AmZK Zvi Kvi Y cwiewz Z n q hviqvi Avk¼v _v K bv Ae R± jk Kivi Rb Ñ K. wbw` ó Ae R±wU wm j± Ki Z n e L. Ae R± (Object) gby _ K jk (Lock) KgvÛ w` Z n e KvR Kivi Kv bv ch v q jk Kiv Ae R± cybivq m úv`bv ev cwiez b Kivi cö qvrb n j Ae R±wU jkgy³ ev AvbjK (Unlock) K i wb Z nq Ae R± AvbjK Kivi Rb Ñ Ae R± (Object) gby _ K AvbjK Aj (Unlock All) KgvÛ w` Z n e G Z jk Kiv mkj Ae R± jkgy³ ev AvbjK n q hv e jkgy³ ev AvbjK Kiv Ae R± ^vfvwek wbq g m úv`bv Kiv hv e KvU, Kwc, c Kgv Ûi e envi wm jkkb Uz ji mvnv h Kv bv Ae R± wm j± Kivi ci GwWU gbyi KvU (Cut) KgvÛ w` j Ae R±wU KvU n q A` k n q hvq Ges Kwc (Copy) KgvÛ w` j Ae R±wU Kwc nq KvU I Kwc Kiv Kv bv Ae R± Kw cduv ii wk c ev W Rgv _v K AZtci GwWU gby _ K c (Paste) KgvÛ cö`vb Ki j G Ae R± c` vq c nq ev vwcz nq AZtci wm jkkb Uz ji mvnv h Wª vm K i c Kiv Ae R± cö qvrbxq v b mwi q vcb Kiv hvq Kx ev W i Alt evzvg P c i L Kv bv Ae R± Wª vm Ki j IB Ae R ±i ûeû Kwc ˆZwi n q vbvšíwiz nq

104 gvwëwgwwqv I MÖvwd 99 GwWU gbyi Paste In Front KgvÛ w` j Kwc Kiv Ae R± D³ Ae R ±i wvk Dci vwcz nq GwWU gbyi Paste In Back KgvÛ w` j Kwc Kiv Kv bv Ae R± D³ Ae R ±i wvk wcq b vwcz nq jqvi Layer k ãi evsjv n Z cv i Íi jqvi c wz Z KvR Kivi ÿ Î wfbœ wfbœ Ae R± wfbœ wfbœ Í i i L KvR Kiv hvq GB Íi ev jqvi K ^ Q KuvP, cwjw_b BZ vw`i m ½ Zzjbv Kiv h Z cv i wzbwu Kuv Pi Dci ev Ab vb ^ Q gva g wzbwu Ae R± ev Qwe ˆZwi K i GKwUi Dci GKwU vcb Ki j 3wU Ae R± ev QweB `Lv hv e GB 3wU KuvP ev gva g K 3wU jqvi wn m e aiv h Z cv i jqvi c wz Z KvR Kivi myweav jvi g a D jøl hvm n QÑ jqvimg~ ni g a Íi web vm cwiez b Kiv, Kv Ri myweav _ cö qvrb Abyhvqx GK ev GKvwaK Ae R± A` k K i ivlv, Kv Ri myweav _ jqvi jk K i ivlv, bzzb jqvi hvm Kiv Ges AcÖ qvrbxq jqvi evwzj Kiv BZ vw` bzzb jqvi ˆZwi Kiv c` vq jqvi c v ju `Lv bv M j Window gby _ K Layers KgvÛ w` j c` vq jqvi c v ju Dc vwcz n e ïiy Z jqvi c v j U GKwUgvÎ jqvi _vk e GKwU jqv ii KvR k l Ab jqv i bzzb Ae R± ˆZwii Rb jqvi c v j U bzzb jqvi hvm K i wb Z n e bzzb jqvi hvm Kivi Rb Ñ K. jqvi c v j Ui wb Pi mvwi Z Create New layer AvBKb wk K Ki j jqvi c v j U GKwU bzzb jqvi AšÍfz ³ n e L. µwgk msl vhy³ jqvi K wbw` ó Kv bv bv g wpwýz Kivi Rb jqviwui Dci Wej wk K Ki j jqvi Ackbm (Layer Options) bv g GKwU WvqvjM e cviqv hv e WvqvjM e i bg (Name) N i cö qvrbxq bvg UvBc K i OK evzv g wk K Ki j mswkøó jqviwui µwgk msl v ev bvg (hw` c~ e `Iqv n q _v K) WvqvjM e UvBc Kiv bv g cwiewz Z n q hv e jqvi evwzj Kiv K. jqviwu wm j± K i jqvi c v j Ui cc-avc gby _ K wwwju (Delete) KgvÛ wm j± Ki j wm j± Kiv jqviwu evwzj n q hv e - AvU IqvK ev Ae R± wewkó jqvi evwzj Kivi cöwµqvq GKwU mzk Zvm~PK evz v cö`wk Z n e Ò jqviwu evwzj Ki Z Pvb wk-bv Ó OK evzv g wk K Ki j jqviwu evwzj n q hv e Ges NO evzv g wk K Ki j evwzj cöwµqv i` n q hv e Z e, jqviwu Z wk K IWª vm K i wwwju (Delete) AvBK bi Dci Q o w` j Giƒc evz v Avm e bv jqvi GKxf Z Kiv `ywu ev Av iv ewk msl K jqv ii Ae R± ˆZwi I m úv`bvi KvR P ovší n q M j IB jqvi jv GKxf Z K i biqv h Z cv i jqvi GKxf Z Kivi Rb Ñ

105 100 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ K. mswkøó jqvi jv wm j± K i wb Z n e L. jqvi c v j Ui cc-avc gby _ K Merge Selected KgvÛ wm j± Ki j jqvi jv GKxf Z (Merge) n q hv e Ae R ± i Oi e envi Ae R± ˆZwii ci cö qvrb Abyhvqx is cö qvm Ki Z nq Ae R ± is cö qvm Kivi Rb Kvjvi c v ju, Kvjvi evi ev Kvjvi úkuªvg evi, MÖwW q U BZ vw` e envi Ki Z nq Kvjvi c v ju c` vq Kvjvi c v ju `Lv bv M j DB Ûv (Window) gbyi Kvjvi (Color) KgvÛ w` j c` vq Kvjvi c v ju Dc vwcz n e - Kvjvi c v j Ui evg cv ki Dc ii w` K i q Q wdj I ªvK wb ` kk indicator e ev Swatch Gi wb PB i q Q Kvjvi møvbwvi (Color Slider) Ges Zvi wb P Kvjvi úkuªvg evi (Color Spectrum Bar) Grayscale i Oi g W j KvR Ki j Kvjvi møvbwvi _v K 1wU, RGB = Red Green Blue gv W KvR Ki j Kvjvi møvbwvi _v K 3wU Ges CMYK= Cyan Magenta Yellow Black gv W KvR Ki j Kvjvi møvbwvi _v K 4wU is cö qvm Kiv Kv bv Ae R ± is cö qvm Kivi Rb Ñ K. Ae R±wU wm j± Ki Z n e L. Kvjvi c v j Ui wdj (Fill) wb ` kk e wk K K i mwµq Ki j wdj mvqvpwu mwµq n e mwµq wdj mvqvpwu ªvK AvBK bi Dc i Ae vb Ki e M. Kvjvi úkuªvg evi (Color Spectrum Bar)-G cö qvrbxq i Oi Dci wk K Ki Z n e - wm j±w Ae R±wU Kvjvi úkuªvg evi (Color Spectrum Bar)-G wk K Kiv i O c~iy (Fill) n e Kvjvi úkuªvg evi (Color Spectrum Bar)-Gi G Kev i Wvb cöv ší i q Q m ú~y mv`v Ges m ú~y Kv jv i Oi mvqvp Kv jv mvqv P wk K Ki j Ae R± m ú~y Kv jv i O Ges mv`v mvqv P wk K Ki j Ae R± m ú~y mv`v i O c~iy (Fill) n e

106 gvwëwgwwqv I MÖvwd 101 ªv Ki e envi Ae R ±i cövší ilv ev jvbb ev ew vi K ejv nq cv_ cv_ ev ilv gvuv-wpkb Kivi cwigvc K ªvK (Stroke) wn m e D jøl Kiv nq e cv_ wewkó Ae R± Ges gy³ cv_ wewkó Ae R±, mij Ges AuvKveuvKv jvbb BZ vw` me ai bi ilv ZB ªvK wbqš Yi KvR Kiv hvq ªvK wbqš Y Kivi A_ n Q ilv K gvuv-wpkb Kiv Ges io cö qvm Kiv ªvK gvuv-wpkb Kivi KvR Ki Z nq ªvK (Stroke) c v j Ui mvnv h G Rb - K. Ae R± ev cv_ wm j± Ki Z n e c` vq hw` ªvK c v ju bv _v K Zvn j DB Ûv (Window) gby _ K ªvK (Stroke) KgvÛ w` j c` vq ªvK c v ju cviqv hv e L. Ae R± ev ilv wm j± _vkv Ae vq ªvK c v j Ui I qu (Weight) N ii Wªc-WvDb gbyi wbgœgylx Zx i wk K K i gvdm P c ivl j Wªc-WvDb ZvwjKvq A bk gvcm~pk msl v cviqv hv e G ZvwjKv _ K cö qvrb Abyhvqx h Kv bv msl v wm j± Ki Z n e QvU msl v wm j± Ki j ilv wpkb n e, eo msl v wm j± Ki j ilv gvuv n e N. cö qvrb n j I qu (Weight) N i mivmwi gvcm~pk msl v UvBc Kiv hvq `kwgkhy³ msl vi e envi Kiv hvq ilvi miy ev gvuvi cwigvy wba vi Yi Rb k~b (0) _ K 1000 c q U ch ší e envi Kiv hvq cb I cwýj Uzj Bjv ªUi RbwcÖq niqvi Ab Zg KviY n Q cb Uzj (PenTool)-Gi e envi cb Uz ji mvnv h m~² I RwUj wwrvbb ˆZwi Kiv hvq Ges m úv`bvi KvR Kiv hvq GKwU mij cv_ ev ilvi `yb cöv ší `ywu A vski c q U _v K cö_g A vski c q U K m~pbv c q U (Starting Point) Ges wøzxq A vski c q U K mgvwß c q U (End Point) ejv nq eµcv_ ev eµ ilv (Curve Path)-Gi A vski c q U jvi m ½ K Uªvj n v Ûj (Control Handle) Ges K Uªvj n v Û ji evb ii cöv ší K Uªvj c q U _v K (Control Point) _v K K Uªvj n vû ji evb ii cöv ší ev gv_vq Aew Z K Uªvj c q U (Control Point)-G wk K IWª vm K i ilvi eµzv wbqš Y Kiv nq A vski c q U, K Uªvj n vûj Ges K Uªvj c q U Kv bvwub gy`ª Y Av m bv

107 102 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ cwýj Uzj Avm j cb Uz jib Avi GK iƒc cwýj Uzj (Pencil Tool)-Gi mvnv h GKev i U b AuvKveuvKv jvbb ev cv_ ˆZwi Kiv hvq cb Uzj n Q f±i Ae R± ˆZwii cöavbzg Uzj cb Uz ji mvnv h h Kv bv AvK wzi m~²vwzm~² cv _i mvnv h wblyuz Ae R± ˆZwi Kiv hvq e cv_ I Lvjv ev gy³ cv_ e cv _i ïiy I kl e j wkqz _v K bv hgb- e Ë, em BZ vw` e cv_ (Close Path) AuvKveuvKv cövší wewkói n Z cv i cÿvší i, Lvjv ev gy³ cv_ (Open Path)-Gi ïiyi cövší Ges k li cövší _v K cwýj Uzj I cb Uzj cwýj Uz ji mvnv h me P q mnr Dcv q cv_ ˆZwi Kiv hvq Uzje _ K cwýj Uzj wm j± Kivi ci c` vq wk K IWª vm K i GKUvbv AuvKveuvKv `vm U b jvbb ˆZwii c wz Z cv_ ˆZwi Kiv hvq cwýj Uz ji KvR n Q KvM Ri Dci cwýj w` q ilv U b Qwe AuvKvi g Zv cÿvší i, cb Uzj w` q cv_ ˆZwi Kiv nq wk K IWª vm K i cb Uz ji mvnv h cv_ ˆZwii Rb Ñ K. Uzje _ K cb Uzj wm j± Ki Z n e cb Uz ji mvnv h c` vi h Kv bv RvqMvq wk K Kivi ci gvd mi Pvc Q o w` Z n e L. wkqzuv Dc ii w` K wøzxq wk K K i gvd mi Pvc Q o w` Z n e M. wøzxq wk Ki Ae vb _ K wb Pi w` K GKUz Wv b wk K Ki Z n e N. Dc ii w` K GKUz Wv b m i wk K Kivi ci gvd m Pvc i L Wvb w` K Wª vm Ki Z n e O. wb Pi w` K GKUz Wv b m i wk K Ki Z n e G wk Ki Ae vb _ K GKUz Wvb w` K ciezx wk K Ki Z n e P. Dc ii w` K GKUz Wv b m i wk K Kivi ci gvd m Pvc i L Wvb w` K Wª vm Ki Z n e Q. wb Pi w` K GKUz Wv b m i wk K Ki Z n e Gfv e wk K IWª vm K i XD qi g Zv gy³ cv_ wewkó Ae R± ˆZwi Kiv h Z cv i cv_ m úv`bvi KvR cö_gev ib GKwU cv_ cöz vwkz AvKv i ˆZwi Kiv m e nq bv cö_gev i cv_wu ˆZwi Kivi ci bvbv cökvi m úv`bvi gva g cv_wu cöz vwkz AvKv i wb q Avm Z nq cv_ m úv`bvi Rb cv _i h Kvb v b bzzb A vski c q U hvm Kiv hvq, cv _ we` gvb A vski c q U evwzj K i `Iqv hvq ev d j `Iqv hvq, cv _i Ask we kl K U ev` `Iqv hvq, cv _i `ywu wew Qbœ cövší mshy³ Kiv hvq Gfv e h Kvbv cwiez b hzevi cö qvrb Kiv hvq

108 gvwëwgwwqv I MÖvwd 103 A vski c q U hvm Kiv cv _i Kv bv Ae v b A vski c q U hvm Kivi Rb Ñ K. Uzje _ K G vw A vski c q U Uzj (Add Anchor Point Tool) wm j± Ki Z n e A vw A vski c q U Uzj wm j± Kivi ci gvdm c q Uvi c` vi fz i wb q G j cb Uz ji wb Pi Wvb w` K GKwU hvmwpý (+) `Lv hv e L. A vw A vski c q U Uzj w` q cv _i Kv bv v b wk K Ki j H v b bzzb A vski c q U e m hv e - mvrv cv _i Dci hvm Kiv bzzb A vski c q U n e ªBU Kb vi A vski c q U Ges eµ cv _i Dci hvm Kiv A vski c q U n e y_ A vski c q U G vski c q U ev` `Iqv cv _ we` gvb Kv bv A vski c q U ev` `Iqvi Rb Ñ K. wwwju A vski c q U Uzj (Delete Anchor Point Tool) wm j± Ki Z n e wwwju A vski c q U Uzj wm j± Kivi ci gvdm c q Uvi c` vi fz i wb q G j cb Uz ji wb Pi Wvb w` K we qvm wpý (-) `Lv hv e L. wwwju A vski c q U Uzj w` q Kv bv G vski c q Ui Dci wk K Ki j H A vski c q UwU evwzj n q hv e cv _i eµzv m úv`bv cv_ m úv`bvi KvR Kivi Rb GKwU e Ë/AvqZKvi Ae R± ev cb/ cwýj Uzj w` q bkkv ˆZwi K i wb Z n e Gici eµzv m úv`bvi Rb Ñ K. WvB i± wm jkkb Uzj wm j± K i A vski c q Ui Dci wk K Kivi ci Wª vm K i A vski c q Ui Ae vb cwiez b Ki j cv _i eµzv I AvKvi-AvK wz cwiewz Z n e L. A vski c q Ui Dci wk K Ki j H A vski c q Ui n vûj ` k gvb n e n vû ji h Kv bv cöv šíi K Uªvj c q U wk K I Wª vm K i A vski c q Ui m ½ m úk hy³ cv _i Ask ev ilvs ki eµzv evov Z ev Kgv Z n e, eµzvi cwigvy Kg- ewk Ki Z n e ev eµzvi w`k cwiez b Ki Z n e cwýj Uzj Ges cb Uzj w` q gy³ cv_ ˆZwi Kivi ci ªvK wn m e gvuv-wpkb Kiv hv e Ges is Av ivc Kiv hv e cwýj Uzj Ges cb Uzj w` q e cv_ ˆZwi Kivi ci wdj Kvjvi w` q h Kv bv i O c~iy Kiv hv e

109 104 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ jlv jwli KvR eb I g vmvwr bi cö Q`, cv vi, weávcb, KvW BZ vw` me wkqz ZB jlvi KvR _v K Bjv ªU i jlv jwl ev UvB ci KvR Kivi Rb UvBc Uzj (Type Tool) e envi Kiv nq Bjv ªU i 6 cökvi UvBc Uzj i q Q Gme UvBc Uz ji mvnv h wzbfv e jlv web v mi KvR Ki Z nq hgb- c q U U U (Point Text), Gwiqv U U (Area Text) Ges cv_ U U (Path Text) c q U U U c q U U U (Point Text) c wz Z UvBc Kivi wbqg LyeB mnr G c wz Z UvBc Kivi Rb Ñ K. Uzje _ K UvBc Uzj (Type Tool) wm j± Ki Z n e L. c` vi h Kv bv duvkv RvqMvq wk K Ki Z n e M. evsjvq UvBc Kivi Rb Kx evw K evsjv Kx ev W iƒcvšíwiz K i wb Z n e N. c` vi Dc i wie b K v i±vi (Character) jlvi Dci wk K Ki j K v i±vi (Character) c v ju cviqv hv e K v i±vi (Character) c v j Ui d U (Font) cc-avc gby _ K wm j± Ki Z n e O. IqvW cö mwms qi wbq g UvBc Kivi KvR ïiy Ki Z n e wm jkkb Uzj w` q h Kv bv Aÿ ii Dci wk K Ki j jlv jvi wb P GKwU ilv `Lv hv e GB ilv K ejv nq erjvbb (Baseline) jlv m úv`bv jlv m úv`bvi cö qvrbxq KgvÛ jv cviqv hvq UvBc (Type) gby Z Ges K v i±vi (Character) c v j U DB Ûv gbyi UvBc (Type) KgvÛ _ K K v i±vi (Character) wm j± Ki j A_ev Kx ev W i K Uªvj (Ctrl) evzvg P c i L H evzv g Pvc w` j c` vq K v i±vi (Character) c v juwu fvmgvb Ae vq we` gvb _vk e K v i±vi (Character) c v ju fvmgvb _vkv Ae vq hlb cö qvrb ZLbB e envi Kiv hv e Aÿi wm j± Kiv UvBc Uzj wm j ±W _vkv Ae vq IqvW cö mwms qi wbq g Aÿi, kã wm j± Ki Z n e WvB i± wm jkkb Uzj w` q jlvi g a wk K Ki j GKev i UvBc Kiv meuzkz Ask, A_ vr GKB erjvbb wewkó cy iv jlv wm j ±W n e G ÿ Î Aÿi jv nvbjvb UW n e bv Aÿ ii wbp w` q erjvbb `Lv hv e

110 gvwëwgwwqv I MÖvwd 105 Aÿ ii is cwiez b Kiv Aÿ ii is cwiez b Kivi Rb Ñ K. cö qvrbxq Aÿi ev h Kv bv cwigvy jlv wm j± Ki Z n e L. Kvjvi c v j Ui evi-g ev mvqvp c v j Ui h i Oi Dci wk K Kiv n e, wm j ±W Aÿi/kã/ jlvq mb is Av ivwcz n e Aÿi gy Q djv GK ev GKvwaK Aÿi ev kã, Aby Q` ev MvUv jlv wm j ±W _vkv Ae vq Kx ev W i e vk úm ev wwwju (Backspace/Delete) evzv g Pvc w` j wm j ±W Aÿi ev kã ev Aby Q` ev MvUv jlv gy Q hv e Aÿi QvU-eo Kiv K. Aÿi ev Aÿi jv ev cy iv kã wm j ±W _vkv Ae vq K v i±vi c v j Ui d U (Font Size) mvbr N ii Wvb w` Ki wb œgylx Zx i wk K K i gvdm P c ivl j Aÿ ii AvKvi (Font Size)- Gi gvcm~pk msl vi ZvwjKv `Lv hv e gvd m Pvc ivlv Ae vq WªvM K i Kv bv gvcm~pk msl vi Dci wb q M j IB gvcm~pk msl vwu wm j± n e gvcm~pk msl vwu wm j± niqvi ci gvd mi Pvc Q o w` j wm j± Kiv Aÿi ev Aÿi jv IB gvc Abyhvqx QvU ev eo n e L. Wªc-WvDb gby ZvwjKvq cö qvrbxq gvc m~pk msl v cviqv bv M j mivmwi d U mvbr (Font Size) N i wk K K i Bbmvm b c q Uvi emv Z n e - Kx ev W i e vk úm (Backspace) evzv g Pvc w` q we` gvb gvcm~pk msl v gy Q d j bzzb gvcm~pk msl v UvBc Ki Z n e - Kx ev W i G Uvi (Enter) evzv g Pvc w` j UvBc Kiv gvcm~pk msl v Abyhvqx wm j± Kiv Aÿi ev Aÿi jv QvU ev eo n q hv e Aÿi K LvovLvwo Ges cvkvcvwk QvU-eo Kiv jlvi Aÿi jv K LvovLvwo QvU-eo Kivi Rb - K. fvwu K vj j (Vertical Scale) N ii Wvb w` Ki Wªc-WvDb Zx i wk K K i gvd m Pvc ivl j msl vm~pk ZvwjKv cviqv hv e gvd m Pvc ivlv Ae vq Wª vm K i 100%-Gi P q e nëi msl v wm j± Ki j jlv LvovLvwofv e eo n e Ges 100%-Gi P q ÿz`ªzi msl v UvBc Ki j jlv LvovLvwofv e QvU n e 100% n Q Aÿ ii ^vfvwek gvc jlvi Aÿi jv K cvkvcvwk QvU-eo Kivi Rb - L. nivbr Uvj j (Horizontal Scale) N ii Wvb w` Ki Wªc-WvDb Zx i wk K K i gvd m Pvc ivl j msl vm~pk ZvwjKv cviqv hv e gvd m Pvc ivlv Ae vq Wª vm K i 100%-Gi P q e nëi msl v wm j± Ki j jlv cvkvcvwk eo n e Ges 100%-Gi P q ÿz`ªzi msl v UvBc Ki j jlv cvkvcvwk QvU n e 100% n Q Aÿ ii ^vfvwek gvc

111 106 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ erjvbb wkdu WvB i± wm jkkb Uzj w` q jlv wm j± Ki j jlvi wbp w` q h jvbb `Lv hvq mb jvbb K ejv nq erjvbb (Baseline) erjvbb _ K jlvi wb Pi cövší Dc i Zz j biqv ev wb P bvwg q Avbv KB ejv nq erjvbb wkdu (Baseline Shift) - K v i±vi (Character) c v j Ui mu w` erjvbb wkdu (Set the Baseline Shift) N ii Wªc- WvDb gby ZvwjKv _ K gvcm~pk msl v wm j± K i A_ev mu w` erjvbb wkdu (Set the Baseline Shift) N i gvcm~pk msl v UvBc K i erjvbb wkdu (Baseline Shift)-Gi cwigvy wba viy Ki Z nq FYvZ K msl v e envi Ki j Aÿi erjvbb _ K wb Pi w` K b g Av m Ges abvz K msl v e envi Ki j jlv erjvbb _ K Dc ii w` K D V hvq wjwws jvbb jvi gvslv b duvkv RvqMv K ejv nq wjwws (Leading) GKvwaK jvbb wewkó jlvi ÿ Î wjwws Kg- ewk Kivi cö qvrb n Z cv i K. K v i±vi (Character) c v j Ui mu w` wjwws (Set the Leading) N ii Wªc-WvDb gby ZvwjKv _ K gvcm~pk msl v wm j± K i A_ev mu w` wjwws (Set the Leading) N i mivmwi gvcm~pk msl v UvBc Kivi ci Kx ev W i G Uvi (Enter) evzv g Pvc w` j wjwws (Leading) Kvh Ki n e L. mu w` wjwws (Set the Leading) N ii EaŸ gylx Zxi evzv g Pvc w` j wjwws qi cwigvy evo e Ges wb œgylx Zxi evzv g Pvc w` j wjwws qi cwigvy Kg e Gwiqv U U em vkvi ev AvqZvKvi, e ËvKvi ev ww ^vkvi ev Ab h Kv bv cökvi e cv _i fz i UvBc Kiv ev vwcz jlv K Gwiqv U U (Area Text) ejv nq e cv _i g a jlv web ÍKivi Rb ev UvBc Kivi Rb Ñ K. em vkvi ev AvqZKvi, e ËvKvi ev ww ^vkvi e cv_ ˆZwi K i wb Z n e L. UvBc Uzj wm j± K i gvdm c q Uvi e cv _i Dci vcb Ki j UvBc UzjwU Gwiqv UvBc Uz ji iƒc aviy Ki e M. cv _i A vski c q Ui Dci wk K Ki j e cv _i fz i Bbmvm b c q Uvi e m hv e Ges e cv_wu U U e (Text Box) ev jlvi Avavi (Text Container) wn m e e eüz n e N. UvB ci KvR ïiy Ki Z n e O. UvBc K i Wvb cv ki cöv ší cuš Q M j Bbmvm b c q Uvi AvcbvAvcwbB wb Pi jvb b P j Avm e Gfv e UvBc K i h Z _vk j GKwU jvbb kl niqvi ci AvcbvAvcwbB ciez x jvbb ïiy n e

112 gvwëwgwwqv I MÖvwd 107 cv _ UvBc Kiv Bjv ªU ii cv_ UvBc Uz ji mvnv h e cv _i evb ii w` K I fz i w` K Ges gy³ cv _i Dc ii w` K I wb Pi w` K UvB ci KvR Kiv hvq g bvmövg RvZxq Kv Ri Rb e Ë ev em vkvi Ae R ±i evb ii w` K ev fz ii w` K UvB ci KvR Ki Z nq e ËvKvi Ae R ±i evb ii w` K UvBc Kiv K. e ËvKvi Ae R± ˆZwi Ki Z n e Ges e ËwU is Øviv c~iy (Fill) Kiv _vk j Kvjvi c v j Ui None AvBKb ev Uzj e i None AvBKb wk K K i e ËwUi is ev` w` Z n e L. e ËwU wm j ±W _vkv Ae vq Uzj e _ K UvBc Ab-G cv_ Uzj (Type on a Path Tool) wm j± Ki Z n e Ges UvBc Ab-G cv_ Uzj (Type on a Path Tool) w` q e ËwUi A vski c q Ui Dci wk K Ki j e ËwUi cv _i evb i Bbmvm b c q Uvi e m hv e - wk K Kivi mgq e ËwU wm j ±W _vk Z n e Kv bv Kvi Y wm j ±W bv _vk j wm j± K i 1 I 2b ^i av ci KvR m úbœ Ki Z n e M. UvB ci KvR ïiy Ki j ^vfvwek wbq g evg w`k _ K Wvb w` K UvBc Kiv jlv e Ëi cv_ a i AMÖmi n q hv e GKB wbq g, cö qvrb n j, AvqZKvi Ae R ±i evb ii w` K jlv web Í Ki Z n e N. WvB i± wm jkkb Uzj (Direct Selection Tool) w` q jlvq wk K Ki j e Ëi cv_ I jlvi g a AvB-weg wm j± n e O. AvB-we gi Dc ii ev wb Pi cöv ší wk K I Wª vm K i jlv K PµvKv i U b h Kv bv Ae v b mwi q vcb Kiv hv e gy³ cv _ jlv web ÍKiv K. cwýj Uzj A_ev cb Uz ji mvnv h gy³ cv_ ev ilv ˆZwi Ki Z n e L. wm j ±W cv _i Dci cv_ Uzj w` q wk K Ki j cv _i Dci Bbmvm b c q Uvi e m hv e M. ^vfvwek wbq g UvBc Ki Z n e - WvB i± wm jkkb Uzj w` q jlvq wk K Ki j cv_ I jlv wm j ±W n e Ges wm j ±W Ae vq AvB-we g wk K I Wª vm K i jlv h Kv bv w` K mwi q vcb Kiv hv e

113 108 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ - WvB i± wm jkkb Uzj w` q cv _i Dci wk K Ki j cv_ wm j ±W n e Ges cv _i A vski c q U jv ` k gvb n e G Ae vq cv_ m úv`bvi wbq g cv_ AuvKveuvKv Ges QvU-eo Kiv hv e cv_ AuvKveuvKv Ki j jlvi cv _i Dci AuvKveuvKv c _ cöevwnz n e - jlvi Zzjbvq cv_ QvU n j evowz jlv `Lv hv e bv cv_ eo K i w` j Aewkó jlv `Lv hv e Aÿ ii AvDUjvBb ˆZwi Kiv Aÿ ii AvDUjvBb ˆZwi Kiv n j Aÿ ii cövší jv cv _ cwiyz nq AvDUjvB b cwiyz Aÿ ii cv _ Ges A vski c q U wk K I Wª vm K i Aÿ ii AvKvi-AvK wz cwiez b Kiv hvq Aÿ ii AvDUjvBb ˆZwi Kivi Rb Ñ K. GK ev GKvwaK Aÿi ev kã wm j± Ki Z n e L. UvBc (Type) gby _ K wµ qu AvDUjvBb (Create Outline) KgvÛ w` j A_ev Kx ev W i wkdu (Shift) I K Uªvj (Ctrl) evzvg GKm ½ P c i L O evzv g Pvc w` j wm j± Kiv jlv AvDUjvBb (Outline)-G cwiyz n e Aÿi AvDUjvB b cwiyz niqvi ci jlv jv Avi d U wn m e _vk e bv MÖvwd cwiyz n e ZLb cv_ m úv`bvi wbq g Aÿ ii AvKvi-AvK wz cwiez b Kiv hv e Ges h Kv bv is Av ivc Kiv hv e, MÖwW q U cö qvm Kiv hv e wkš d U wn m e e envi Kiv hv e bv Bjv ªU i Qwe ev B gr vcb Kiv Qwe ev B gr Bjv ªU i vcb Kivi Rb Ñ K. dvbj (File) gby _ K cøm (Place) KgvÛ w` j cøm (Place) WvqvjM e cviqv hv e L. cøm (Place) WvqvjM e cö qvrbxq dvbjwu Luy R ei K i wm j± Ki Z n e - Av M _ K Rvbv _vk Z n e cö qvrbxq dvbjwu wk bv g Kvb dvìv i i q Q wbw` ó dvìviwu Lvjvi ci cö qvrbxq dvbjwu wm j± Ki Z n e M. WvqvjM e i cøm (Place) evzv g wk K Ki j wm j± Kiv dvbjwui Qwe ev B gr Bjv ªU ii c` vq vwcz n e - d Uvk ci Qwe ev B gr Bjv ªU i vwcz niqvi ci MvUv Qwe ev B gr Ry o GKwU µm wpý _vk e evb i duvkv RvqMvq wk K Ki j Qwe _ K µm wpý P j hv e wm jkkb Uzj w` q Qwei Dci wk K Ki j QwewU wm j ±W n e, Pvi Kv Y PviwU I Pvi evû Z PviwU wimvbr e we` gvb _vk e wimvbr e jv Z wk K IWª vm K i Qwe QvU-eo Kiv hv e `jmz KvR d Uvkc e envi K i h Kvb GKwU Qwe m úv`bv K i `LvI h Kvb GKwU we` vj qi Rb GKwU g bvmövg Bjv ªU i A¼b Ki

114 gvwëwgwwqv I MÖvwd 109 Abykxjbx 1. gvwëwgwwqv KqwU cökvk gva gi mgš^ q MwVZ? K. 1 L. 2 M. 3 N gvwëwgwwqvi e envi Kiv nq KvbwU Z? K. we` vj qi djvdj cö wz Z L. evrv ii wnmve Ki Z M. wµ KU Ljvi ivb wnmve Ki Z N. A vwb gkb Pjw PÎ ˆZwi Z 3. KvbwU gvwëwgwwqv mduiq vi? K. gvb µvmdu IqvW L. gvb µvmdu cviqvic q U M. gvb µvmdu G j N. gvb µvmdu A vk mm 4. gvwëwgwwqvi cö qvmñ i. ey ev U U Gi cökvk K AvKl Yxq K i Zz j Q ii. gy`ªy I cökvkbvi KvR K mnr K i Q iii. wnmv ei KvR K mnr K i Q wb Pi KvbwU mwvk? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii wb Pi Aby Q`wU c o 5 I 6 b ^i cö kœi DËi `vi iwke GKwU Kv úvwbi cöavb Kg KZ v AvMvgxKvj we `k _ K GK`j cwi`k K Zvi Kv úvwb cwi`k b Avm e wzwb Zuvi j vcu c e m wvk Ki Qb AwZw_ `i Zuvi Kv úvwb m ú K Kx Kx `Lv eb GKv R wzwb GKwU mduiq v ii mvnvh wb jb 5. we `wk AwZw_ `i mvg b Dc vc bi Rb iwke mv n ei Rb Kvb mduiq viwu e envi myweavrbk? K. gvb µvmdu IqvW L. gvb µvmdu cviqvic q U M. gvb µvmdu G j N. gvb µvmdu A vk mm 6. iwke mv ne h mduiq vi e envi Ki eb Zv ZÑ i. A vwb gkb e envi K i Dc vcb K AvKl Yxq Kiv hv e ii. kã I wfwwi e envi K i Kv úvwbi Kvh µg `Lv bv hv e iii. Kv úvwbi Avq e qi wnmve Kiv hv e wb Pi KvbwU mwvk? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii 7. Kv bv wkqz Dc vc bi ÿ Î cö R Ukb mduiq v ii iyz e vl v Ki 8. ÔeZ gv b cökvkbv wkí m ú~y fv e MÖvwd mduiq vi e env ii Dci wbf ikxjõñ Dw³wUi hšw³kzv e vl v Ki

115 110 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ lô Aa vq WUv er -Gi e envi G Aa vq cvv k l Avgiv- WUv er-gi aviyv we køly Ki Z cvie; WUv er g v br g U wm g (DBMS) e env ii KŠkj jv ey bv Ki Z cvie; WUv er g v br g U wm g-gi iyz e vl v Ki Z cvie; Ges mduiq vi e envi K i GKwU WUv er ˆZwi Ki Z cvie

116 WUv er -Gi e envi 111 WUv er m ú K aviyv WUv er K ejv nq Z_ fvêvi WUv er n jv Kw úduviwfwëk GKwU c wz, hvi mvnv h msm nxz DcvË msiÿy K i cö qvrb Abyhvqx cybiy vi Kiv hvq Ab K_vq, WUv er n Q msm nxz Dcv Ëi fvêvi, hv _ K cö qvrbxq wm vší MÖn Yi Rb wewfbœ Dcv q Ges AvKv i Z_ msmön Kiv hvq AviI mnrfv e ej Z M j, WUv er n jv AmsL Dcv Ëi GKwU mymw¾z ZvwjKv, hlvb _ K wbw` ó cö qvrbxq Kv bv DcvË K `ªyZ Ges Lye mn RB kbv³ Kivi Dcvq ev cš v Av Q G Z_ fvêv i wewfbœ cökvi Ges wecyj cwigvy Z_ msiÿy K i ivlv nq GKRb e envikvix Zuvi cö qvrb Abyhvqx h Kv bv gyn Z h Kv bv Z_ G Z_ fvêvi _ K AvniY ev msmön Ki Z cv ib GKwU WUv er g~jz Kjvg Ges mvwii mgš^ q MwVZ cö Z KwU Kjv gi GKwU K i nwws ev wk ivbvg _v K GB nwws ev wk ivbvg _ KB evsv hvq mb Kjv g Kx ai bi WUv ev Z_ Av Q nwws ev wk ivbvgmy jv wdì bv g cwiwpz Avi cvkvcvwk K qkwu Kjv gi mgš^ q MwVZ nq GKwU mvwi cöwzwu mvwi K ejv nq ikw GLv b SL No, Name, Age, Date of Birth, Village, Union bv gi cöwzwu Kjg n jv GK GKwU wdì Ges Gme wd ìi Aax b i q Q h_vµ g Abul Kasem, 27,2/2/1960, Tepra, Kanihat BZ vw` WUv GKB mvwii GiKg K qkwu wdì wg j nq GKwU ikw Dc ii D`vni Yi WUv erwu Z 6wU wdì Ges 6wU ikw i q Q lv Ui `kk _ K Kw úduv i WUv er dvb j WUv msiÿy ïiy nq ZLb GKwU WUv Uwe ji mgš^ q GKwU WUv er MwVZ n Zv wkš ez gv b WUv er aviyv A bk e vckzv jvf K i Q GLb Kv bv WUv e Ri AvIZvq GK ev GKvwaK WUv Uwej, Ky qwi, dg, wi cvu, BZ vw` dvbj _vk Z cv i A_ vr WUv er n Q WUv Z_ mg GK ev GKvwaK dvb ji mgwó D jøl hvm K qkwu WUv er cövmövg n jv gvb µvmdu G m, d cöv, ww er, d ebr, IivKj, dv_ WvB gbkb, c vivw cöf wz

117 112 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ WUv er cövmöv gi ˆewkó WUv e R wewfbœ ai bi Uwej ˆZwi K i Zv Z ARmª WUv K mymsmwvz K i ivlv hvq Ges ciezx Z Pvwn`v Abyhvqx wewfbœfv e e envi Kiv hvq WUv e R msiwÿz wecyj cwigvy Z_ _ K Kvw ÿz h Kv bv Z_ K `ªyZ Luy R ei Kiv hvq e nr WUv e Ri AmsL ikw _ K ïay cö qvrbxq ikw mg~n wb q wi cvu ˆZwi K i wcö U Kiv hvq wi cv U cq `g Zv MÖvd, PvU Ges Qwe ms hvrb Kiv hvq WUv e Ri AmsL ikw _ K ïay cö qvrbxq ikw mg~n wb q gbwjs j ej ˆZwi Kiv hvq WUv er cövmöv g WUv Gw Uª Kivi mgq hv Z fzj bv nq mrb wd ì kz w` q WUv Gw Uªi mxgv wba viy Kiv hvq G K BbcyU fwj Wkb ejv nq hgb : Kvb WUv Uwe ji Salary wd ìi ezb Gw Uª Kiv n Q me wb œ ezb n jv 2000 Ges m ev P ezb n jv G wd ì BbcyU fwj Wk b hw` >=2000 and <=11500 kz Ry o `Iqv nq Zvn j 2000-Gi mgvb ev Dc i Ges Gi wb P ev mgvb Gw Uª Kiv bv n j Gw Uª n e bv Ges fzj evz v cö`wk Z n e Ky qwi Z wewfbœ kz v ivc K i WUv er _ K ikw mg~n K Avjv`v K i WUv Uwej ˆZwi Kiv hvq GKwU wbw` ó wd ìi Dci wfwë K i `yb ev Z ZvwaK Uwe ji g a WUv Av`vb-cÖ`v bi Rb wi jkb ˆZwi Kiv hvq WUv er _ K Z_ LvuR Kivi Rb B Û e envi Kiv nq Kv bv wd ìi Dci B Û Kiv n j D³ wd ìi fjy Ges ikw idv iý GKwU AWv i Abymv i mw¾z nq B Û dvbj g~j WUv dvb ji Kv bv i~c cwiez b bv K i ikw mg~n wewfbœfv e mvrv Z cv i m~wp ` L Kvb eb _ K hgb Kv bv welq mn R Lyu R ei Kiv hvq ( Zgwb WUv er _ KI mn R Z_ Luy R cviqv m e) dvbjmg~ ni g a wjsk ˆZwi Kiv hvq d j GKB Z_ hwu wjsk Kiv Ab vb dvb j Av Q mwu Avc WU Ki j ^qswkªqfv e me dvb jb Avc WU n e cö qvrbxq ÿ Î WUv e R DcvË jvi ikw ªvKPvi cwiez b Kiv hvq GKB KvR evievi Ki Z nq Ggb me Kv Ri mgwó K Macro ˆZwii gva g GKwU Single Action-G i~cvšíi K i ciezx Z hzevi B Qv e envi Kiv hvq G Z GKw` K hgb mg qi mvköq nq, Ab w` K Zgwb GKB KvR evievi Kivi Sv gjv _ K invb cviqv hvq DBMS Gi e env ii KŠkj GKwU wm g GKK fv e M o D Vbv wm g n jv KZ jv wel qi mgwš^z iƒc Zgwb KZ jv Kw úduvi cövmöv gi mgš^ q WUv er wm g MwVZ nq g~jz WUv er g v br g U wm g (DBMS) e envikvix Ges WUv e Ri g a GKwU B Uvi dm (Dfqw`K ms hvm i vkvix) wn m e KvR K i e envikvix A vwcø Kkb cövmöv gi gva g wewfbœ ai bi Acv ikb ( hgb: WUv gy Q djv, cö ek, D Ëvjb Kiv) m úbœ Ki Z Aby iva K i e envikvix KZ K cö`ë Aby iva jv DBMS Gi gva g WUv e Ri Dci Kvh Kix K i e envikvix K cö qvrbxq WUv cö`vb K i

118 WUv er -Gi e envi 113 e envikvix-1 e envikvix-2 e envikvix-3 A vwcø Kkb-1 A vwcø Kkb-2 DBMS WUv er g v br g U wm g A vwcø Kkb-3 DBMS Gi iyz WUv er WUv er g v br g U wm gi cöavb Kvh ejx wb gœ D jøl Kiv n jv 1 bzzb ikw ms hvrb Kiv 2 cö qvr b ikw Avc WU Kiv 3 AcÖ qvrbxq ikw gy Q djv 4 WUv msi Y Kiv 5 WUvi wbivcëv wbwðz Kiv 6 WUvi Abywjwc (Wzwcø Kkb) iva Kiv 7 wi cvu ˆZwi Kiv 8 wbw` ó WUv AbymÜvb Kiv wecyj cwigvb DcvË wb q ˆZwi WUv e Ri eûgylx e envib n Q WUv er e e vcbvi KvR mvaviyz A bk Rbej wewkó e emvq cöwzôvb, wkíkvilvbv, e vsk-wegv I Avw_ K cöwzôv bi Kg KZ v Kg Pvix `i Kv Ri wnmve, ezb-wej ˆZwi, e w³mz bw_, gry` gvjvgv ji wnmve BZ vw` bvbv Kv R WUv e Ri e envi AZ vší iyz c~y ïay wnmve wbkvk, jb `b Ges e emvq evwy R i ÎB bq, wk v, M elyv, mvgvwrk Dbœqb, eb, Rvb vj I mvgwqkx Z mivmwi Ges LyR mn R msi Y K i cö qvr b AbymÜvb I cöwz e`b ˆZwi Z WUv er g v br g Ui iyz Acwimxg RbmsL v, ^v, K wl BZ vw` welqwfwëk ÎI ^Zš WUv er g v br g U wm g M o Zvjv h Z cv i WUv er I G m m c K aviyv Kw cduv i WUv e Ri KvR Kiv nq cöavbz gvb µvmdu G m mduiq v ii mvnv h gvb µvmdu G m n Q gvb µvmdu K c v ik bi GKwU RbwcÖq WUv er mduiq vi G m cövmöv g KvR kyiyi cö wz G m cövmöv gi mvnv h WUv e Ri KvR Kivi Rb Kw cduv i Aek B gvb µvmdu Awdm G m Bb j Kiv _vk Z n e hw` bv _v K Zvn j Bb j K i wb Z n e G m cövmövg Lvjv gvb µvmdu G m cövmövg Lvjvi Rb Ñ

119 114 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ 1. c` vi wb Pi w` K evg Kv Y vu (Start) evzv gi Dci gvdm c q Uvi w` q wk K Ki j GKwU gby ev ZvwjKv Avm e 3. G gbyi Aj cövmövgm (All Programs) Kgv Ûi Dci gvdm c q Uvi vcb Ki j Avi GKwU gby cviqv hv e 4. G gby ZvwjKv _ K gvb µvmdu Awdm (Microsoft Office) gby Z wk K Ki j Avi GKwU gby Z gvb µvmdu Awdm (Microsoft Office)-Gi cövmövgmy jvi ZvwjKv cviqv hv e 5. G ZvwjKv _ K gvb µvmdu Awdm G m (Microsoft Office Access) KgvÛ wm j± Ki j gvb µvmdu Awdm G m (Microsoft Office Access) Ly j hv e 6. gvb µvmdu Awdm G m DB Ûvi Dc ii evg w` K Aew Z Blank Database AvBKb wk K Kivi ci eøvsk WUv er dvb ji bvg `Iqvi Rb WvqvjM e i File Name N i WUv e Ri Rb GKwU bvg UvBc Ki Z n e G ÿ Î Practice-1 UvBc Ki 7. File Name GwWU evi-gi Wvb w` K dvìvi AvBKb wk K Ki j bzzb bv g ˆZwi Kiv dvbj msiÿ Yi Rb WvqvjM e i File Name N i Practice-1 we` gvb _vk e G bv gi dvbjwu Kv bv dvìv i msiÿy Ki Z n j dvìviwu ˆZwi K i wb Z n e 8. WvqvjM e i OK evzv g wk K Ki j Av Mi WvqvjM e wu wd i Avm e 9. WvqvjM e i Create evzv g wk K Ki j Uwej ˆZwi Kivi Av Mi Ae vq GKwU k~b WUv er DB Ûv Avm e G DB Ûvi UvB Uj evi-g jlv _vk e ÔPractice-1: Database... Õ WUv er Uwej ˆZwi Practice-1 DB Ûv _ K Uwej ˆZwii KvR kyiy Ki Z n e G Rb Ñ 1. View Wªc-WvDb _ K Design View wm j± Ki j mf A vr WvqvjM e Avm e WvqvjM e i Uwej bg N i Table1 bvg _vk e G bv gb WUv er UwejwU mf n e mf Kivi Rb WvqvjM e i OK evzv g wk K Ki Z n e

120 WUv er -Gi e envi WUv er Uwe ji wdì wba vi Yi DB Ûv Dc vwcz n e 3. Field Name N i µwgk b Ÿi (Sl No) UvBc K i Kx ev W i U ve evzv g Pvc w` j Kvm i Data Type N i P j hv e G N ii Wªc-WvDb Zx i wk K Ki j WUvi wewfbœ cökvi aiy ev UvB ci ZvwjKv `Lv hv e hgbñtext, Number, Currency, Date/Time BZ vw` - G ZvwjKv _ K cö qvrbxq WUv UvBc wm j± Ki Z n e b Ÿi wm j± Ki j G wd ìi WUv w` q AsK ev wnmv ei KvR Kiv hv e ZvwiL/mgq wd ìi WUv ev Z _ i wfwë Z eqm ei Kiv hv e Ges eqm msµvší Ab vb KvR Kiv hv e ey wfwëk wd ìi WUvi mvnv h MvwYwZK KvR, hgbñ hvm, we qvm, MyY, fvm BZ vw` Kiv hv e bv Ñ WUv UvBc wm j± Kivi m ½ m ½ wb Pi w` K wdìm cövcvwu As k WUvi AviI wkqz welq wba viy K i w` Z n e hgbñ Field Size-Gi Wvb cv ki N i wba viy K i w` Z n e Kvb wd ìi AvKvi KZ eo n e Ges Ab vb ˆewkó Kgb n e G wd ìi GKwU wbr ^ gvb _v K cö qvr b GwU cwiez b Kiv hvq wdì mvbr cö qvr bi Zzjbvq GKUz eo niqv fv jv G Z WUv bó niqvi Avk¼v _v K bv Z e, AcÖ qvrbxqfv e ewk eo KivI wvk bq 4. wd ìi bvg UvBc Kiv kl n j Dc ii evg Kv Y wfd AvBKb wk K Ki j A_ev wfd Wªc-WvDb _ K Datasheet View wm j± Ki j UwejwU mf Kivi Rb GKwU WvqvjM e Avm e 5. WvqjM e i Yes evzv g wk K Ki j WUv Gw Uª Kivi Rb WUvwkU wfd ev Table1 wfd DB Ûv Avm e G DB Ûv Z WUv Gw Uª Ki Z n e WUv Gw Uª Kiv WUvwkU wfd q Uwe ji cö_g wdìwu wm j ±W _vk e bv _vk j wm j± K i wb Z n e Ges IqvW cö mwms qi mvaviy wbq g UvBc K i Uwe j WUv Gw Uª ev Z_ mwbœ ewkz Kivi KvR m cbœ Ki Z n e WUv Gw Uªi kyiy ZB d U, d Ui AvKvi BZ vw` wba viy K i biqv h Z cv i bv n j WUv Gw Uªi h Kv bv mgq d U, d Ui AvKvi BZ vw` wba viy K i biqv hvq

121 116 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ GK wd ìi WUv UvBc Kiv n q M j Kx ev W i U ve evzv g Pvc w` j Kvm i ciezx wd ì P j hv e me kl wd ìi WUv UvBc K i Kx ev W i U ve evzv g Pvc w` j Kvm i ciezx ik W i cö_g wd ì P j Avm e GKB wbq g GKwU Uwej ev WUv er ˆZwii KvR m cbœ Ki Z n e g b ivl Z n e, KvR Kivi mgq wkqzÿy ci ci msiÿy Ki Z n e Save ev msiÿy Kivi Rb Awdm evzv gi Wªc-WvDb gby _ K Save KgvÛ w` q ev Save AvBKb wk K K i ev Kx ev W i Ctrl evzvg P c i L S evzv g Pvc w` q msiÿ Yi KvR Ki Z n e ewy Z wbq g Dc ii WUv er Uwej ˆZwi Kiv h Z cv i Aÿ ii AvKvi-AvK wz cwiez b Aÿ ii AvKvi-AvK wz cwiez bi Rb Uwe ji h Kv bv N i Bbmvm b c q Uvi i L d Ui AvKvi- AvK wz cwiez b Ki j m c~y Uwe ji Aÿ ii AvKvi-AvK wz cwiewz Z n q hv e wew Qbœfv e Kv bv GKwU N ii Aÿ ii AvKvi-AvK wz cwiez b Kiv hv e bv evbvb ms kvab evbvb ms kva bi Rb h N ii jlvi evbvb ms kvab Ki Z n e mb N i wk K Ki j IB N i Bbmvm b c q Uvi e m hv e evbvb ms kva bi mvaviy wbq g UvBc K i evbvb ms kva bi KvR Ki Z n e WUv er dvbj eü Kiv I Lvjv GKwU WUv er dvb j Z_ mwbœ ewkz Kiv, fzj ms kvab Kiv Ges Ab vb m úv`bvi KvR GKev i Kiv m e nq bv, we kl K i Z _ i cwigvy hw` ewk nq Kv RB, GKev i hzuzkz KvR Kiv hvq, ZZUzKz KvR K i dvbjwu mf K i eü K i ivl Z nq c i Avevi IB dvbj Ly j evwk KvR ïiy Ki Z nq eü K i ivlv dvbj Lvjvi Rb -

122 WUv er -Gi e envi IB dvbjwu h dvìv i Av Q mb dvìv i h Z n e 2. dvb ji Dci wk K K i wm j± Ki Z n e 3. Dc ii gby evi-g Open evzv g wk K Ki j WvUv er dvbjwu Ly j hv e 4. evg w` K Table jlvi Dci Wej wk K Ki j WUv er wn m e ˆZwi Kiv Table Ly j hv e G Ae vb _ K ciezx ch v qi KvR ïiy Ki Z n e Uwe j bzzb wdì ev Kjvg hvm Kiv WUv er Uwe j bzzb wdì hvm Kivi Rb - 1. View AvBKb wk K K i ev wfd Wªc-WvDb ZvwjKv _ K Design View wm j± Ki j Design View DB Ûv Avm e 2. G DB Ûv Z ez gvb wdìmy jvi bvg `Lv hv e h Ae v b bzzb wdì ˆZwi Ki Z n e Zvi wb Pi wd ì wk K K i Bbmvm b c q Uvi emv Z n e 3. Design gby Z wk K Ki j wwrvbb gbyi wieb D b vwpz n e G wie b Insert Rows-G wk K Ki j Bbmvm b c q Uvi wewkó N ii Dc i GKwU k~b wdì hy³ n e 4. bzzb wd ìi bvg, aiv hvk, cyiyl/gwnjv (Male/Female) UvBc Ki Z n e Ñ View AvBKb wk K Ki j ev wfd Wªc-WvDb ZvwjKv _ K Datasheet View KgvÛ wm j± Ki j mf Kivi Rb evz v Avm e evz v e i Yes evzv g wk K Ki Z n e WUvwkU DB Ûv Z wd i wm q `Lv hv e cyiyl/gwnjv (Male/Female) bv g GKwU bzzb k~b wdì hy³ n q Q wdìwu c~iy Ki Z n e wdì ev Kjvg evwzj Kiv AcÖ qvrbxq wdì evwzj Kivi Rb - 1. wdìwu wm j± Ki Z n e wd ìi Dci Bbmvm b c q Uvi vcb Ki j Bbmvm b c q UviwU wbgœgylx Zx i iƒcvšíwiz n e G Ae vq wk K Ki j cy iv Kjvg wm j ±W n q hv e 2. Home gby ev WUvwkU gbyi wie b Delete AvBKb wk K Ki j wdìmn cy iv Kjvg evwzj n q hv e evwz ji KgvÛ Kvh Ki niqvi Av M mzk Zvm~PK evz v Avm e evz ve Ôn uvõ m~pk (Yes) evzv g wk K Ki j wm j± Kiv wdì vqxfv e evwzj n q hv e GKevi evwzj n q M j Avi Undo Kiv hvq bv ikw ev mvwi evwzj Kiv ikw ev mvwi (Row) evwzj Kivi Rb - 1. IB ikw ev mvwi wm j± Ki Z n e mvwii evg cv k Bbmvm b c q Uv i wk K Ki j cy iv mvwi wm j ±W n e

123 118 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ 2. Home gbyi wie b Delete AvBKb wk K Ki j KgvÛ Kvh Ki niqvi Av M mzk Zvm~PK evz v Avm e 3. evz ve Ôn uvõ m~pk Yes evzv g wk K Ki j wm j± Kiv ikw ev mvwi vqxfv e evwzj n q hv e GKevi evwzj n q M j Avi Undo Kiv hvq bv WUvq ey vbyµwgk I msl vbyµwgk web vm GKwU Uwej ˆZwi Kivi ci h Kv bv wdì ev Kjv gi wfwë Z m c~y WUv er ey vbyµwgk Ges msl vbyµwgkfv e web Í (Sort) Kiv hvq ey vbyµwgk Ges msl vbyµwgk web vm Av ivnx (Ascending) c wz Ges Ae ivnx (Descending) c wz, Dfqfv e Kiv hvq Av ivnx c wz n Q QvU µg _ K eo µ gi w` K hviqv (A...B...C...Z, ) Ges Ae ivnx n Q eo µg _ K QvU µ gi w` K hviqv (Z...C...B...A, ) bvg, MÖvg Ges BDwbqb wd ìi WUv ey vbyµwgk Ges µwgk b Ÿi, eqm Ges Rb ZvwiL wd ìi WUv msl vbyµwgk c wz Z web vm (Sort) Kiv hvq Uwe ji WUv eq mi wfwë Z web Í Kivi Rb G wd ìi h Kv bv N i wk K K i Bbmvm b c q Uvi emv Z n e Home gbyi wie bi Av ivnx (Ascending) AvBKb wk K Ki j Uwe ji mgmö WUv eq mi wfwë Z Av ivnx web v m web Í n q hv e Ges Ae ivnx (Descending) AvBKb wk K Ki j Uwe ji mgmö WUv eq mi wfwë Z Av ivnx web v m web Ín q hv e WUv web ÍKi Yi ci ik W i Ae _vb cwiewz Z n e wkš, ik W i Ab vb Z_ AcwiewZ Z _vk e hgbñ eq mi wfwë Z Av ivnx c wzi web v mi ci 11 b Ÿi ikw wu mevi Dc i P j Avm e KviY, 11 b Ÿi ik W i eqm me P q Kg G ÿ Î jÿ Ki j `Lv hv e, 11 b Ÿi ik W i Ab vb Z_ AcwiewZ Z i q Q web v mi KvRwU hw` fzjµ g n q _v K, Zvn j m ½ m ½ AvbWz KgvÛ w` Z n e G Z dvbjwui web vm- c~e Ae vq cviqv hv e Z_ AbymÜvb Kiv wecyj cwigvy Z_ ev WUv msewjz GKwU WUv er _ K Kv bv we kl e w³i bvg Luy R ei Kivi Rb - 1. Home gbyi wie bi Find AvBKb wk K Ki j Find and Replace WvqvjM e Avm e

124 WUv er-gi e envi h e w³ K LuyR Z n e WvqvjM e i Find What GwWU evi-g mb e w³i bvg ev bv gi Ask UvBc Ki Z n e - bv gi Ask wn m e c`we UvBc Kiv h Z cv i A_ev Ab h Kv bv Ask UvBc Kiv h Z cv i 3. WvqvjM e i Look in: Wªc-WvDb ZvwjKv _ K Name wm j± Ki Z n e - Match Wªc-WvDb ZvwjKv _ K Any Part of Field wm j± Ki Z n e 4. WvqvjM e i Find Next evzv g wk K Ki Z n e - wk K Kivi m ½ m ½ Find What N i UvBc Kiv bvg ev c`we ev bv gi Ask wn m e UvBc Kiv kã wm j ±W n q hv e G kãwu hw` c`we nq ev GKB bv gi Ask nq, Zvn j Avevi Find Next evzv g wk K Ki Z n e G Z GKB bv gi Ask wewkó ev c`we wewkó ciezx bvg wm j ±W n e Gfv e evievi dvbû b U (Find Next) evzv g wk K K i K i mkj bvg Luy R ei Kiv hv e ev `Lv hv e me kl bvg `Lv n q M j c` vq G g g evz v cö`wk Z n e h, memy jv bvg LuvRvi KvR m cbœ n q Q GgZve vq, Ab Kv bv bvg LuvRvi cö qvrb bv _vk j WvqvjM e i Cancel evzv g wk K Ki Z n e kz hy³ Z_ AbymÜvb MvUv WUv er _ K kyay b `v MÖv gi gvby li Z_ `Lv cö qvrb, kyay ivdlvwj BDwbq bi gvby li Z_ `Lv cö qvrb, MvUv WUv e R hv `i eqm 30 eqi _ K 60 eq ii g a Zv `i Z_ `Lv cö qvrb, hv `i eqm 18 eq ii Kg Zv `i Z_ `Lv cö qvrb BZ vw` AviI bvbv k Z i wfwë Z Z_ AbymÜvb Kivi cö qvrb n Z cv i k Z i wfwë Z Z_ AbymÜvb Kivi KvR LyeB mnr kz My jv hy³ Kivi ci AbymÜv bi wb ` k `Iqvi K qk gyn Z i g a k Z i AvIZvfz³ mkj Z_ cö`wk Z n e kz hy³ Z_ AbymÜv bi c wz wb P ewy Z n jv hv `i eqm 30 _ K 60 eq ii g a Zv `i ikw AbymÜvb Kivi Rb Ñ 1. Age wd ìi h Kv bv N i wk K K i Bbmvm b c q Uvi emv Z n e

125 120 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ 2. wie bi Filter AvBKb wk K Ki j wdëvi WvqjM e Avm e 3. Filter WvqvjM e i Number Filters Wªc-WvDb gby _ K Between wm j± Ki j Between Numbers WvqvjM e Avm e 4. Between Numbers WvqvjM e i Smallest: N i 30 Ges Largest: N i 60 UvBc K i WvqvjM e i OK evzv g wk K Ki Z n e 5. hv `i eqm 30 _ K 60 eq ii g a kyay Zv `i ikw cö`wk Z n e k Z i wfwë Z cö`wk Z ikw AvbWz ev evwzj Kivi Rb wie b Toggle Filter AvBKb gvdm c q Uvi vcb Ki j AvBKbwU Remove Filter wn m e KvR Ki e G Z k Z i wfwë Z web vm Kiv ikw web vm- c~e Ae vq wd i hv e Ges Toggle Filter AvBKbwU Apply Filter AvBK b cwiyz n e web vmwu Kvh Ki ivlvi Rb Apply Filter AvBK b wk K Ki Z n e MÖv gi wfwë Z Z_ AbymÜvb bgybv WUv e R PviwU MÖv gi bvg Av Q Gi fzi _ K h Kv bv GKwU MÖv gi Z_ `Lv h Z cv i h Kv bv `ywu ev wzbwu MÖv gi Z_ `Lv h Z cv i A_ev GKwU MÖvg ev ` Ab me MÖv gi Z_ `Lv h Z cv i h Kv bv GKwU MÖv gi Z_ `Lvi Rb Ñ 1. h MÖv gi Z_ `Lvi cö qvrb mb MÖv gi bv gi N i gvdm c q Uvi wk K K i Bbmvm b c q Uvi emv Z n e aiv hvk, evmvbj (Basail) MÖv gi h Kv bv N i Bbmvm b c q Uvi ivlv n jv 2. wie bi Selection AvBKb wk K Ki j GKwU gby Avm e G gby _ K- - Equals "Basail" Ges Contains "Basail" wm j± Ki j ïay evmvbj MÖv gi gvby li ikw cö`wk Z n e - Does not Equal "Basail" Ges Does not Contains "Basail" wm j± Ki j evmvbj MÖv gi ikw e ZxZ Ab me MÖv gi gvby li ikw cö`wk Z n e

126 WUv er-gi e envi 121 k Z i wfwë Z cö`wk Z ikw AvbWz ev evwzj Kivi Rb Dc i ewy Z c wz AbymiY Ki Z n e GKvwaK MÖv gi Z_ `Lv GKB m ½ GKvwaK MÖv gi Z_ `Lvi Rb - 1. Village wd ìi h Kv bv N i wk K K i Bbmvm b c q Uvi emv Z n e G Z Village wd ìi mv _ Wvb w` K Wªc-WvDb Zxi hy³ n e G Wªc-WvDb Zx i wk K Ki j GKwU ku WvqvjM e Avm e WvqvjM e i fz ii As k- 2. Select All Ges Blanks mshy³ PKe wk K K i wuk wpý Zz j w` Z n e Gici- 3. hme MÖv gi Z_ `Lvi cö qvrb mb me MÖv gi bvg mshy³ PKe i wuk wpý i L w` Z n e Ges Ab me MÖv gi bvg mshy³ PKe wk K K i wuk wpý Zz j w` Z n e G ÿ Î XvKcvov Ges Uciv MÖv gi bvg mshy³ PKe i wuk wpý i L Ab me PKe i wuk wpý Zy j `Iqv n q Q Gevi- 4. ku e i OK evzv g wk K Ki j ïay XvKcvov Ges Uciv MÖv gi gvby li Z_ cö`wk Z n e cö`wk Z ikw AvbWz ev evwzj Kivi Rb c~ e i c wz AbymiY Ki Z n e cyiyl/gwnjvi wfwë Z Z_ AbymÜvb Gev ii WUv e R cyiyl/gwnjv (Male/Female) bv g GKwU wdì i q Q G WUv er _ K ïay gwnjv ev ïay cyiyl m`m `i Z_ AbymÜvb I cö`k b Kiv h Z cv i wd ì M w` q cyiyl Ges F w` q gwnjv evsv bv n q Q G WUv er _ K ïay gwnjv m`m `i Z_ AbymÜvb I cö`k bi Rb Ñ

127 122 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ 1. h Kv bv GKwU F wd ì gvdm c q Uvi wk K K i Bbmvm b c q Uvi emv Z n e 2. wie bi Selection AvBKb wk K Ki j GKwU gby Avm e G gby _ K- - Equals "F" Ges Contains "F" wm j± Ki j ïay wewfbœ MÖv gi gwnjv m`m `i ikw cö`wk Z n e Kz qwi Ges wi cvu G hver ewy Z c wz Z cö qvrbxq Z_ `Lvi KvR Kiv QvovI Kz qwi c wz ZI kz hy³ Z_ AvniY I cö`k b Kiv hvq Z e, kz hy³ Z_ msiÿy Ges gy`ªy biqvi Rb cö`wk Z Z_ Kz qwi AvKv i msiÿy Ki Z nq Kz qwi AvKv i msiwÿz Z_ mivmwi gy`ªy biqv hvq Z e, gy`ªy biqv ev gyw`ªz AvKv i Z_ mieiv ni Rb wi cvu AvKv i iƒcvšíwiz K i wb Z nq G Z Z_ AvKl Yxqfv e Dc vcb Kiv hvq Kz qwi c wz Z Z_ AvniY Ges msiÿy aiv hvk, cöyxz Uwe ji wfwë Z Kz qwi c wz Z Z_ AvniY Ges msiÿy Ki Z n e G Rb Ñ 1. WUv e Ri Uwej 1 (Table 1) Lvjv ivl Z n e G ÿ Î GKwU UwejB Av Q 2. Create gbyi wie b Kz qwi Query Design AvBKb wk K Ki j Kz qwi c wz Z Z_ Avni Yi QK Avm e G Q Ki m ½ Show Table WvqvjM e Avm e 3. Show Table WvqvjM e Table 1 wm j± K i Add evzv g wk K Ki j wdì avi K Uwe ji memy jv wdì ev nwws AšÍf y³ Ae vq cviqv hv e 4. Show Table WvqvjM e i Close evzv g wk K K i WvqvjM e wu eü K i w` Z n e 5. wdì e i wd ìi bv gi Dci Wej wk K Ki j IB wdìwu Q Ki cö_g wdì N i P j Avm e Gfv e ch vqµ g memy jv wdì Q Ki wdì wn m e AšÍf y³ K i biqv h Z cv i A_ev ïay cö qvrbxq K qkwu wdì AšÍf y³ K i biqv h Z cv i ez gvb D`vni Y bvg, eqm, MÖvg Ges BDwbqb wdì AšÍf y³ Kiv n q Q 6. h wd ìi wfwë Z Z_ AvniY Kiv cö qvrb mb wd ìi eivei wb P µvb Uwiqv (Criteria) mvwii N i kz hy³ Ki Z n e hgbñ eq mi ÿ Î K qk ikg kz Av ivc Kiv h Z cv i Ñ

128 WUv er-gi e envi 123 wbw` ó eq mi ewk eq mi e w³ `i ikw AvniY, wbw` ó eq mi Kg eq mi e w³ `i ikw AvniY ev wbw` ó eqmmxgvi g a Kvi e w³ `i ikw AvniY BZ vw` K. wbw` ó eq mi ewk eq mi e w³ `i ikw AvniY Kivi Rb hw` >30 UvBc Kiv nq Zvn j kyay 30 eq ii ewk eqmx e w³ `i ikw cö`wk Z n e hw` >=30 UvBc Kiv nq Zvn j 30 eqi eqmx e w³mn 30 eq ii ewk eqmx e w³ `i ikw cö`wk Z n e L. wbw` ó eq mi Kg eq mi e w³ `i ikw AvniY Kivi Rb hw` <30 UvBc Kiv nq Zvn j kyay 30 eq ii Kg eqmx e w³ `i ikw cö`wk Z n e hw` <=30 UvBc Kiv nq Zvn j 30 eqi eqmx e w³mn 30 eq ii Kg eqmx e w³ `i ikw cö`wk Z n e M. wbw` ó eqm mxgvi g a Kvi e w³ `i ikw AvniY Kivi Rb hw` >=30 Ges <=60 (>=30 and <=60) UvBc Kiv nq Zvn j 30 eqi eqmx e w³mn 30 eq ii ewk eqmx Ges 60 eqi eqmx e w³mn 60 eq ii Kg eqmx e w³ `i ikw cö`wk Z n e 7. kz UvBc Kivi ci wwrvbb (Design) gbyi wie b ivb (Run) AvBKb wk K Ki j cö`ë kz Abyhvqx ikw cö`wk Z n e - Kz qwi c wz Z kz Av ivc K i AvnwiZ Z _ i Uwe ji Dc i Query 1 wk ivbvg we` gvb _vk e 8. Save AvBK b wk K Ki j Save As WvqvjM e Avm e - WvqvjM e Kz qwii GKwU bvg, aiv hvk, Age Query UvBc K i OK evzv g wk K Ki j Kz qwi 1-Gi bvg Age Query bv g cwiyz n e Ges WUv er DB Ûv Z Age Query ZvwjKvfz³ n q hv e Kz qwii bv gi m ½ Kz qwi AvBKb _vk e Database DB Ûv Z Age Query dvbjwui bv gi Dci Wej wk K Ki j Kz qwi dvbjwu mwµq n e Kz qwi dvbjwu mwµq _vkv Ae vq gy`ªy wb q gyw`ªz Kz qwi msiÿy K i ivlv hv e Ges cö qvrb n j mieivn I weziy Kiv hv e Kz qwi c wz Z MÖvg I BDwbq bi wfwë Z Z_ AvniY Kiv MÖvg I BDwbq bi wfwë Z Z_ AvniY Kivi Rb Ñ 1. Database DB Ûv _ K Table 1 wm j± Ki Z n e 2. Create gbyi wie b Query Design AvBK b wk K Ki j Kz qwi c wz Z Z_ Avni Yi QK Avm e G Q Ki m ½ Show Table WvqvjM e Avm e

129 124 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ 3. Show Table WvqvjM e Table 1 wm j± K i Add evzv g wk K Ki j wdì avi K Uwe ji mkj wdì ev nwws AšÍf y³ Ae vq cviqv hv e 4. Show Table WvqvjM e i Close evzv g wk K K i WvqvjM e wu eü K i w` Z n e 5. wdì e i wd ìi bv gi Dci Wej wk K Ki j IB wdìwu Q Ki cö_g wdì N i P j Avm e Gfv e ch vqµ g me wdì Q Ki wdì wn m e AšÍf y³ K i biqv h Z cv i A_ev ïay cö qvrbxq K qkwu wdì AšÍf y³ K i biqv h Z cv i ez gvb D`vni Y bvg, eqm, MÖvg Ges BDwbqb wdì AšÍf y³ Kiv n q Q 6. h wd ìi wfwë Z Z_ AvniY Kiv cö qvrb mb wd ìi eivei wb P Criteria mvwii N i kz hy³ Ki Z n e 7. MÖvg wd ìi eivei wb P Criteria mvwii N i wk K K i Bbmvm b c q Uvi emv Z n e 8. aiv hvk, evmvbj, Uciv Ges b `v MÖv gi ikw AvniY Ki Z n e G Rb Ñ K. Criteria N i Basail UvBc Ki Z n e L. Basail-Gi wb Pi N i wk K K i Bbmvm b c q Uvi ewm q Tepra UvBc Ki Z n e M. Tepra-Gi wb Pi N i wk K K i Bbmvm b c q Uvi ewm q Nanda UvBc Ki Z n e Ñ UvBc Kiv bvgmy jvi `yb cv k ^qswµqfv e D wz wpý hy³ n q hv e 9. kz UvBc Kivi ci Design gbyi wie b Run AvBKb wk K Ki j cö`ë kz Abyhvqx ikw cö`wk Z n e 10. Save AvBK b wk K Ki j Save As WvqvjM e Avm e - WvqvjM e Kz qwii GKwU bvg, aiv hvk, Village Query UvBc K i OK evzv g wk K Ki j Kz qwi 1-Gi bvg Village Query bv g cwiyz n e Ges WUv er DB Ûv Z Village Query ZvwjKvfz³ n q hv e

130 WUv er-gi e envi 125 Database DB Ûv Z Village Query dvbjwui bv gi Dci Wej wk K Ki j Kz qwi dvbjwu mwµq n e Kz qwi dvbjwu mwµq _vkv Ae vq gy`ªy wb q gyw`ªzkz qwi msiÿy K i ivlv hv e Ges cö qvrb n j mieivn I weziy Kiv hv e wi cvu mvaviyz wi cvu AvKv i Z_ mieivn ev weziy Kiv nq m ú~y WUv er A_ev Kz qwi dvb ji wfwë Z wi cvu ˆZwi Kiv h Z cv i G ÿ Î eq mi wfwë Z ˆZwi Kiv Kz qwi dvb ji wfwë Z wi cvu cöyqb Kiv h Z cv i h dvb ji wi cvu cöyqb Ki Z n e mb dvbjwu wm j± K i wb Z n e G ÿ Î eq mi wfwë Z ˆZwi Kiv Kz qwi dvbj wm j± Kivi ci- 1. Create gbyi wie b Report AvBK b wk K Ki j wi cvu ˆZwii DB Ûv Avm e 2. G DB Ûv Z Kz qwi dvb ji wdì jv mwbœ ewkz _vk e 3. wdì jvi cvkvcvwk we Í wz cö qvr bi Zzjbvq ewk n Z cv i cvkvcvwk gvc evfvwek Ae vq wb q Avmvi Rb Ñ

131 126 Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ K. wd ìi bv gi Dci wk K Ki j IB wdìwu wm j ±W n e wm j ±W wd ìi evg w` Ki ev Wvb w` Ki evû Z wk K I Wª vm K i wd ìi cvkvcvwk gvc Kgv Z ev evov Z n e GQvov, wi cv U i wb P c ôv msl v, Wvb w` K ZvwiL I mgq BZ vw`i Ni GKB wbq g QvUeo Kiv hv e Ges Wª vm K i Ab v b mwi q vcb Kiv hv e wi cv U i wk ivbv gi Dci Wej wk K K i wm j± Kivi ci Bs iwr Aÿi gy Q evsjvq UvBc Kiv hv e L. View AvBK bi Wªc-WvDb Zx i wk K Ki Z n e Ges Wªc-WvDb gby _ K Print Preview KgvÛ wm j± Ki Z n e G Z wi cvu wui gyw`ªz Ae v cö`wk Z n e 4. wi cv U Dc vcbv cöz vwkz iƒ c web Í bv n j wie bi Wvb w` K Close Print Preview AvBKb wk K Ki j wi cvu Avevi javdu wfd q wd i Avm e - wd ìi AvKvi I Ae vb cybtweb Í Ki Z n e Ges GKev i bv n j evievi Póv K i wdì ev Kjv gi gvc wvk K i wb Z n e 5. gy`ªy biqvi Av M wie b we` gvb Size, Portrait, Landscape, Margins AvBKb jv Z wk K K i KvMR, c ôvi gvwr b BZ vw` gvc wvk K i wb Z n e Gici Kw úduviwu wcö Uv i hy³ K i Print AvBK b wk K Ki j wi cvu wui gy`ªy ïiy n e 6. m úv`bvi KvR m šívlrbk niqvi ci Save AvBK b wk K Ki j Save As WvqvjM e Avm e 7. Save As WvqvjM e wi cvu wui GKwU bvg, aiv hvk, Age Report UvBc K i OK evzv g wk K Ki Z n e - wi cvu dvbjwu Age Report bv g mf ev msiwÿz n q hv e Ges WUv er (Database) DB Ûv Z Age Report bv g ZvwjKvfz³ n q hv e wi cv U wmöwjvbb hy³ Kiv wmöwjvbb n Q ikw My jvi Dci-wb Pi ilv ev jvbb wd ìi wb P Ggwb ZB wmöwjvbb _v K cö qvrb g b Ki j ikw jvi Dci-wb PI wmöwjvbb hy³ Kiv hvq Ges hy³ Kiv wmöwjvbb Zz j djv hvq wmöwjvbb hy³ Kiv Ges Zz j djvi Rb -

132 WUv er-gi e envi gvd mi Wvb evzv g Pvc w` q wi cvu U v ei Dci wk K Ki j Wªc-WvDb gby Avm e G gby _ K Layout View wm j± Ki j wi cvu wu javdu wfd q iƒcvšíwiz n q hv e 2. wi cv U i fzi wk K Ki Z n e 3. wie b wmöwjvbb hy³ Kivi Uzj jv mwµq n e 4. Gridelines Q Ki wb P wb œgylx Zx i wk K Ki j wewfbœ cökvi wmöwjvb bi bgybv cö`wk Z n e wewfbœ cökvi wmöwjvb bi g a i q Q Both, Horizontal, Vertical, Cross Hatch, Top, Bottom, Outline Ges None-Gi fzi _ K cö qvrb Abyhvqx ev cq ` Abyhvqx wmöwjvbb wm j± Ki Z n e wmöwjvb bi h bgybvi Dci wk K Kiv n e ikw jvi wbp w` q, Dci w` q ev Dci-wbP w` q mbiƒc ilv ev wmöwjvbb hy³ n e 5. wmöwjvbb Uzj e Width Wªc-WvDb Zx i wk K Ki j ilv gvuv-wpkb Kivi bgybv cö`wk Z n e Gi fzi _ K A cÿvk Z gvuv ilvi bgybvq wk K Ki j wmöwjvbb gvuv n e Ges A cÿvk Z wpkb ilvi bgybvq wk K Ki j wmöwjvbb wpkb n e 6. wmöwjvb bi aiy cwiez b Kivi Rb Uzj e Style Wªc-WvDb Zx i wk K Ki j wewfbœ cökvi ilvi bgybv cö`wk Z n e Gi fzi _ K h ai bi bgybvq wk K Kiv n e wmöwjvbbwu mb bgybv Abyhvqx cwiewz Z n q hv e 7. wmöwjvb bi is cwiez b Kivi Rb Uzj e Color Wªc-WvDb Zx i wk K Ki j GKwU i Oi c v ju cviqv hv e c v j U h i Oi Dci wk K Kiv n e wmöwjvb b mb is Av ivwcz n e 8. wi cvu _ K wmöwjvbb Zz j djvi Rb Uzj e Gridelines Q Ki wb P wb œgylx Zx i wk K Ki j wewfbœ cökvi wmöwjvb bi bgybv cö`wk Z n e bgybv jvi G Kev i wb P None-Gi Dci wk K Ki Z n e wi cv U Av ivwcz wmöwjvbb D V hv e wmöwjvbb gvuv-wpkb Kiv, wmöwjvb b is Av ivc Kiv BZ vw` KvR Kivi ci wmöwjvb bi Dc ii gvwr b ilvi evb i wk K Ki j wmöwjvb bi wm jkkb P j hv e `jxq KvR Zvgv `i kªwyi wk v_ x `i ivj, bvg, kªwy, kvlv I eqm e envi K i GKwU WvUv er ˆZwi Ki Ges eq mi wfwë Z GKwU cöwz e`b ˆZwi Ki