ISSN: X. evsjvwfkb. LÊ 13 msl v 1 Rvbyqvwi 2014

Transcription

1 evsjvwfkb ISSN: X LÊ 13 msl v 1 Rvbyqvwi 2014 UKmB Dbœq bi DÌvb I czb: GKwU ch v jvpbv W. Avnmvb nvwee mvims c: UKmB Dbœqb GLb A bkuvb wd K n q hv Q GB e vbv i A bk wbõj D ` vm BwZg a B bqv n q Q ez gvb we k i P v jä gvkvwejvq GUv cögvy n q Q h UKmB Dbœqb aviv h _ó bq we klz cö qv Mi Î welqwu Av iv úó cöwzfvz n q Q UKmB Dbœq bi hb ˆewkó jv kw³kvjx g b Kiv n Zv m jvb GLb Pig `~e jzvi cwipq w` Q GUv Aevš i h mkj ivóª K Ges i Z c~y cöwzôvb K Kvb Uwe j GKwÎZ Kiv hv e eis Dbœqb I cwi e ki GKwU ivr bwzk msnv Zi GKwU Î ˆZwi K i w` q M Q GB UKmB Dbœqb Avwki `kk _ K beÿbi `kk ch š g b Kiv n Zv mvaviy Dbœqb PP vi Î GwU nq Zv Kvb myôz fvimvg m wó Ki Z cvi e wkš ev e RM Z cö qv Mi Î GB aviyv I PP v Ach vß g b n q Q GB wbe Ü Avgiv wekí GKwU aviv ck Ki Z hvw Q hvi g~jwfwë n e PviwU KŠkjMZ cövavb hgb Askx`vwiZ, ˆewPÎ KiY, Kve b wbtmiy Ges cöhyw³ I Avwe vi m cömviy GwU cövav b i wewfbœ ch vq K web Kivi cöqvm c q Q hv Z K i ˆewk K cwi ekmz kvmb Av iv Kvh Kix nq ZvB e j GB wbeü UKmB Dbœqb we ivax Kvb wjlbx bq GwU n Q cö qv Mi Î e _ Zvi P v jä gvkvwejv Kivi Rb UKmB Dbœq bi cvkvcvwk mnvqk GKwU nvwzqvi gvî f~wgkv hlb KD eomi cö kœi m ylxb nq ZLb Zv K `ywu mgm vi mgvavb Ki Z nq hw` eo cökœwu mwvk Kvb bkkv AbymiY bv K i Zvn j Gi AvMvgv_v Lyu R cviqv hv e bv Z e G Î mgvrweávb Zvi wewfbœ cwifvlvi gva g mgm vi mgvavb w` Z cv i hw` Kvb cökœ mywbw` ó msáv bb Ggb Kvb ciwbf ikxj PjK K eys Z Pvq Zvn ji DË ii mdjzv mxgve e j a i bqv hvq G ai bi cö kœi DËi Luy R c Z hz PóvB Kiv n e Zv e _ Zvq ch f~wlz n e ZLb eva n q cökœwu KB Avevi X j mvrv Z eva n e Avi mwu n e cöv_wgk ciwbf ikxj PjK msµvš hv Z mymsmwvz cö kœi Av jv K A_ en Kvb DËi Lyu R cviqv hvq wøzqwu mgm vi aiy jv n Q DËi msµvš hv wkbv GB e nëi cö kœi `vwe ^fvezb e nëi cö kœi `vex n e `xn vwqz DËi G ai bi DËi nq Zv Kvb cöcâ Ki eys Z mvnvh Ki e wkš cwjwm wba vi Yi Î G jv Kvb w`k wb ` kbv w` Z cvi e bv ZvB ejv hvq, K Kvb ai bi cökœ I Zvi DËi Luy R c Z Pvq A bkuv Zvi DciI cö kœi aib wbf i K i gšwjk ch v jvpbvb e nëi Kvb cö kœi cö vcu Lyu R w` Z cv i Ges GwU Avgiv Review of European Community & International Environmental Law (wiwm qj) Gi GB msl vwu Z Lyu R cve Avwg GB msl vi Ges c~e ez x msl v jvi wewfbœ M elk `i GB ai bi eomi GKwU cökœ K iwq c~ e v j wlz Ach vßi Rb Aek Avwg GL bv wb R K `vqx g b Kwi cökœwu wqj G ai bi: ˆewk K cövk wzk mykvm bi Kvb gšwjk cwiez b jv Avgv `i Avbv `ikvi hv Z K i Avgiv cöewz Z Avš R vwzk cwi ek AvBb cöyq b AMÖMwZ jvf Ki Z cvwi? wbtm ` n cökœwu hgb eomi Zgwb SzuwKc~Y ZviciI `ywu welq we epbv K i Avwg cökœwu Kivi wm vš wb qwq wii+20 mgv e k GB cökœwu Avgvi Kv Q Dchy³ g b n q Q wii+20 m j b RvwZms Ni mvaviy Awa ek bi cök wz m ^Üxq welqwui D V Av m g~j j e wn m e UKmB Dbœqb m úk xz wewfbœ Dbœqb mgv e ki djvdj jv cö qvm Kivi Î h NvUwZ jv i q Q m jv wkfv e c~iy Kiv hvq 1 ^fvezb ev evqb wqj GB m jb jvi g~jj I D Ïk BwZg a B Avš R vwzk m cö`vq wbz bzyb A bk aviyv w` q Q wøzxqz, Avwg PviwU 'Gordian knots' m úwk Z ` wófw½ wpwýz Ki Z m g n qwq Avš R vwzk cwi ek AvBb mnkvwi Aa vck I Pqvig vb (fvicövß), A vc vwqw mvwmijwr wefvm, Avkv BDwbfvwm wu evsjv `k

2 226 evsjvwfkb LÊ 13, msl v 1, 2014 cöez bi Î G jv RvbvUv A_ en n e e j g b Kwi PviwU 'Gordian knots' n Q Askx`vwiZ ; ˆewPÎKiY; Kve b wbtmiy Ges cöhyw³i DÌvcb I m cömviy mywbw` ófv e GB wbe Ü cöwzwu wel qi Dci Av jvkcvz Kiv n q Q, hw`i Gi wkq`vs k GB PviwU wel qi mgv jvpbvii DËi i q Q GB wbe Ü Avwg Avgvi cö kœi DËi Lyu R c Z cöavb welq jv wpwýz K iwq Ges aviyvmz ` óvš jv Dc vcb Kivi Póv K iwq hv Z Avgv `i ey S Av m h Avwki `k K cöewz Z UKmB Dbœqb ax i ax i ev evq bi A hvm g b n Q G wel q wez K i Rb Dchy³ Î Avwg g b Kwi GB wiwm qj Ges hviv cwjwm wba viy Ki e Zv `i Rb I wez K i `yqvi Db y³ ibj 1992 mv ji wii m j b R b i ci _ KB wiwm qj hym a i UKmB Dbœq bi Mvb M q Avm Q Zviv Zv `i ez v ïaygvî AvBb wekvi` `i Kv QB cušqvq wb eis mgvrweávbx `i Kv QI cšu Q w` q Q cwjwm nz vkz v `i Kv QI h_vixwz welqwu cšuqv bv nq Avwg g b Kwi GZ mkj KZ c i Kv Q cšuqv bvi Kvi Y Avgvi GB wbeüwu wez K i Rb Db ³ _vkv DwPZ hv Z K i fwel Z M elyv cök íi Rb mywbw` ó Kvb w`k wb ` kbv cöez b Kiv hvq UKmB Dbœqb bv gi GKwU mvc Avgiv hw` Avš Rv wzk cwi ek AvBb ev evqb Gi Î Dbœqb mvab Ki Z PvB Zvn j Kv_v _ K ïi Kiv hvq? eo GB cö kœi cq b wemz 50 eqi a i P j Avmv wek cwi ek kvm bi weez bi welqwu i q hvq GLv b h wek cwi ek kvm bi K_v ejv n q Q Avwg G jv Øviv H mkj wbqgkvbyb K evsvb h jvi gva g weivóªxkiy Ges AAvÂwjKiY mgm v jvi mgvavb evsv bv nq A_ev Avš R vwzk Awfbœ H mkj cy K evsv bv nq h jv cwi e ki i vi mv _ m ú ³ 2 GB msávq Avgiv j evwb qwq cöavbz cwi ek msµvš kvmb cöwµqv K hvi g~jwfwë n Q wewfbœ mv`vgvuv wksev RwUj AvPiY, wek cwi ek m jb Ges wewfbœ ai bi AvÂwjK mikvix emikvix D ` vm I dvivg dvivg wn m e Avgiv International Forum on Chemical Safety K D j L Ki Z cvwi GLv b h weez bi K_v ejv n q Q mwu weivóªxki Yi wkkvi mikvix cöwµqv K evsv bv nq hv cwi ek msµvš mgm vi mv _ m ú ³ GB wbe Ü GUvB Avgv `i we kl Av jvp welq myzivs GB wel q Avgv `i K mevi Av M úó aviyv AR b Ki Z n e Avgvi g Z UKmB Dbœqb K wn i h mkj Póv cö Póv cwipvwjz n Q m jv e _ n Z Pj Q Gi KviY n Q UKmB Dbœqb m úwk Z h gzev` I aviyv jv cöpwjz i q Q m jv ez gvb we k i cwi ek kvmb we kl K i ev evq bi Rb greyz Kvb QvZv g j ai Z cvi Q bv UKmB Dbœq bi h welq jv K i Z c~y I kw³kvjx g b Kiv n Zv m jvb GLb Pig `~e jzvi cwipq w` Q GLb Zv Avi we k i mkj ivóª Ges Ab vb i Z c~y ms v jv K Av jvpbvi Uwe j emv m e bq UKmB Dbœqb ïaygvî 80i `kk _ K 90i `kk ch š Dbœqb I cwi ek msµvš wel q ivr bwzk msn l i Av qvr b mdj wqj A b KB f ewqj Gi g a B Dbœqb I cwi e ki gva g my `i fvimvg i v Kiv hv e wkš ev evq bi Î `Lv Mj GwU ek AcÖZzj `~e j e e v G wel q Avwg wk ej Z PvB Zv Av iv úó niqv DwPZ 80i `k Ki w` K hlb UKmB Dbœq bi welqwu Dc i D V Av m 3 ZLb Gi mv _ msi Yi welqwu m ú ³ wqj eªv Uj vû Kwgk bi 'Our Common Future' hlb 1987 mv j cökvwkz nq 4 ZLb GB cwifvlvwu Av jvi gyl ` L 1992 mv ji awiîx m j b GUvB wqj wk ivbvg 5 mevi aviyv wqj cwi ek i vi Rb GwUB n Z cv i wek w`kwb ` kbv GB cwifvlv _ K mg qi Ave Z cwi ek Dbœqb I meyr A_ bxwzi g Zv Av iv A bk cwifvlv DrmvwiZ n ji wewfbœ ms v I we klá `i m wz hvmv i e _ nq 6 Avj Rwiqv, eªvwrj I fvi Zi g Zv `k jv lv Ui `kk _ K h cwi ek msµvš D ØM jv e ³ K i AvmwQj UKmB Dbœqb GB D ØM DrKÚv `~ixki Y Kvh Kix f~wgkv cvjb Ki e e j mevb g b K i ZvB Ab vb `i Qvwc q GB cwifvlvwu i Z jvf K i ZeyI `Lv hvq GwU hv `vex K i Zvi gz K i cwi ek I Dbœq bi g a Kvb wefvrb m wó K i wb eis ïaygvî e vck m wz AR b Kivi Rb welqwui Dci GKwU eomi Pv`i i L `q

3 UKmB Dbœq bi DÌvb I czb: GKwU ch v jvpbv 227 R b i ci _ K G hver ïi Z hv wqj GL bv ZvB Av Q GB cwifvlvi mdjzv ïay GZUzKzB h KzU bwzk PvjvwKi gva g wewfbœ c K GKwU Awfbœ e vbv i wb q Avm Z m g n q Q Z e ev evq bi Î Zv ek `~e jzvi cwipq w` q Q c w_ex Z Ggb K Av Q h fwel r cör b i Rb cövk wzk cwi e ki msi Yi K_v fve e bv? GB cwifvlvi g~j cöwzcv` welq n Q wzbwu cwi ek msi Y, A_ bwzk Dbœqb Ges mvgvwrk Dbœqb 7 wkš ev evq bi Î `vwi`ª I cwi ek wech q gvkvwejvq mywbw` ó KŠkj wk n Z cv i Zv wba vi Y Kvb mdjzv `Lv Z cv i wb Genetically modified organisms ev wrggi hlb K wl Î D vwez nq ZLb KD wk f e Q Zv UKmB Dbœq bi mv _ m½wzc~y n Z cv i? A b KB nq Zv ej Z cv ib bv h nzz cwi ek m ú K Avm j Avgv `i AwaKvs ki aviyvb `~e j wkš we klá ch v qi A b KB ej Z cv ib h wrggi K wlcy Lv` wbivcëv ev evq b i Z c~y f~wgkv cvjb Ki Z cv i Kbbv G jvi Rb cvwb Zzjbvg~jKfv e Kg jv M KD wk ej e UKmB Dbœq bi mv _ ` k ` k we`ÿ Zi Rb cvigvbwek vcbv ˆZwi KivUv m½wzc~y? Avev iv A b KB nq Zv ej e bv, Kbbv GB cvigvbwek vcbv jv Z h cvigvbwek Zj msiw Z _v K Zv ek D ØM DrKÚvi welq h Kvb mgq `~N Ubv `Lv w` j m jv ewi q co j gnvcöjq `Lv w` Z cv i c vš i KD KD nq Zv ej Z cv ib D`xqgvb A_ bwzk Î jv Z hw` m v we`ÿ r mieivn Ki Z nq Zvn j Gi Kvb wekí bb G Z K i Nb Nb we`ÿ r Drcv`b KviLvbv ˆZwi K i AwbóKi M vm wbm g bi DËvc _ K i v cviqv hv e cökœ n Z cv i 'Intellectual property rights' (AvBwcAviGm) Gi cö qvm Ges Dbœqb wk UKmB Dbœq bi mv _ m½wzc~y? A b KB nq Zv ej Z cv ib bv Kbbv AvBwcAviGm Gi Kvi Y cwi ek msµvš cöhyw³ jvi m cömviy evuavmö n e c vš i Ab A b KB ej Z cv ib h AvBwcAviGm Qvov Kvb m cömviy Zv `~ ii K_v Kvb cöhyw³ Avwe v iii gyl `L e bv 8 hvk, Gi PvB Z ewk D`vni Yi Avi cö qvrb bb GZUzKz eys jb h _ó h ev evq bi Î h mgm v jv `Lv w` e m jv eûwea hlv b UKmB ˆeÁvwbK cöwµqv cöez b Kivi Póv n Q 9 A_ev UKmB ˆeÁvwbK e e v cöez b 10 Kivi Póv n Q mlv b ev evq bi Rb A bk DcKiY I wm v š i cö qvrb wkš Avgiv GB welq jv _ K GL bv A bk `~ i 11 UKmB Dbœq bi cöavb PvwjKv kw³ n Q `xn gqvw` wpš vfvebv wkš Gi ev evqb LyeB KwVb e emv evwy R i Î GwU ev evwqz Ki Z n j bzzb A bk AvBbI cöez b Kivi cökœ Av m wkš G ai bi Kvb AvBb cöez b mdjzvi gyl `Lv hvq wb 12 mg cöwzôvb I ms v jvi mgš^ q GKwU HK gzc~y aviyv cöez bi cö qvrb wkš Avš R vwzk m cö`vq GL bv G welqwu Z úó Kvb aviyv ck Ki Z cv i wb GLb Avi mgq bb bzzb K i SuywK bqvi 1982 mv j hlb United Nations Environment Programme (BD bc) Zvi Mf wbs KvDwÝ ji Av qvrb K i ZLbB h wpîwu Zz j aiv nq Zv wqj AÜKviv Qbœ 13 cwjwm cöez Kiv mb lvu `kk _ K Póv K i Avm Q cwi ek msµvš wel q hv Z Kvb Kvh Ki AvBb cöez b Kiv hvq mlv bb `Lv hvq w` b w` b cwi ek m~pk jv Ae qi w` KB hv Q cwi ek gš bvjq _ K cwi ek msµvš evwy jv Av i ei nq wb G jv mikvix `ßi, A_ bwzk I mvgvwrk cwjwm cöez bkvix KZ c jvi g a B mxgve _v K 2004 mv j GK mv vzkv i hlb MÖv nv j g eª v Uj vû K cökœ Kiv nq ZLb wzwb e jb c~e ez x cö Póv jv e _ niqvi KviY n Q Avgiv mikvix A_ bxwzwe` `i KvQ _ K h _ó mg_ b hvmvo Ki Z e _ n qwq mv j hlb World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) MwVZ nq ZLb j wba viy Kiv nq h mvaviy RbM Yi Kv Q cwi ek msµvš evz v jv cšu Q w` Z n e GRb Zviv UKmB Dbœq bi gva g A_ bxwzi mv _ cwi ek Dbœq bi welq jv m ú ³ K i WvewjIwmBwW Póv K i hv Z UKmB Dbœq bi welqwu wek e vcx Qwo q `qv hvq Zviv cwi ek kvm bi welq jv e vckfv e cöpvi Ki j AvcvZ` wó Z Dbœqb avivq bzzb GK cwifvlvi m wó nq hv K qkhym a i weivr K i G ai bi bzzb Kg Kv Ûi D j L hvm ˆewkó n Q 1992 mv j c w_exi m jb AbywôZ nq GiB cöfv e Climate Change Convention 15 Ges Kyoto Protocol 16 Ges the Convention on Biological Diversity 17 Ges Biosafety

4 228 evsjvwfkb LÊ 13, msl v 1, 2014 Protocol, 18 UN Convention to Combat Desertification 19, the Straddling Fish Stocks Agreement, 20 the Rotterdam Convention 21 Ges the Stockholm Convention 22 Gi Av qvrb Kiv nq G mkj m j b c~e ez x m jb jvi NvUwZ jvi ms kvab KiviI Póv Kiv nq 23 Zvici cö vemg~n ev evq b wewfbœ Póv Pj Z _v K wkš UKmB Dbœqb m úwk Z aviyv ev wek mgm v jvi Kvb mgvavb Luy R cvqwb we kl K i cwi ek I Dbœqb mgzvi msn l hw` aviyvi K_v f e `Lv nq Zvn j `Lv hv e UKmB Dbœqb wqj ïaygvî GK ai bi Aby cöiyv I wek vm hv Dbœqb I cwi e ki g a mgš^q Pvq wkš ev e cö qv Mi Î `Lv hvq GwU ZZUv Kvh Ki Kvb gzev` wksev PP v bq bwzevpk I nzvkve vák welq jv 90i `k Ki k li w` K ax i ax i cöwzfvz n Z _vk hlb we klámy UKmB Dbœq bi gzev` jv PP vq iƒcvš wiz Ki Z hvq cö_g av vwu Av m 1997 mv j hlb RvwZms Ni mvaviy mfvq 'Earth Summit+5' Av qvrb Kiv nq GB mvaviy mfvq RvwZmsN 'Programme for the Further Implementation of Agenda 21' wb q Av jvpbv K i t RvwZmsN hlb cwi ek I Dbœq bi Dci GKwU m jb K i Zvi cuvp eqi c ib we k i cwi ek wech q ax i ax i cöku AvKvi aviy Ki Z _v K... wkqz wkqz Dbœqb `Lv `q ïaygvî Avš R vwzk MYgZ ˆZwi Z, Dbœqb cöwzôvb MV b, MYAskx`vwi Z Ges emikvix Lv Z ZvQvov Kvb Kvb `k `yly iv a wkqzuv mdjzvi `Lv `q hvi Kvi Y wech qi gvîv wkqzuv K g Av m wkš mvwe K Ae v we epbv Ki j `Lv hv e cwiw wz AebwZi w` KB Szu K Q ewk 24 A_ bwzk Dbœqb/cÖe w mvgvwrk Dbœqb UKmB Dbœqb cwi ek msi Y cövk wzk m ú `i Dci AwaK gzv cöwzôv `cövk wzk m ú `i Dci mve fšgz Õ (1803/1962) cwi ek myi vi AÂj wpwýzkiy gvbe cwi ek welqk K nvg m jb fvimv g i Rb msmövg ev Uj vû Kwgkb ( ) cövk wzk Dbœqb awiîx m jb (1992) ev evqb Wvwe IGmGmwW (2002) wii+20 (2012) wdmvi-1 UKmB Dbœqb bv gi GKwU mvc

5 UKmB Dbœq bi DÌvb I czb: GKwU ch v jvpbv 229 hlb `w Y Avwd«Kvi Rvnv bmev M 2002 mv ji AvMó/ m Þ ^i gv m (WSSD) A_ vr World Summit on Sustainable Development Gi Av qvrb Kiv nq 25 ZLb cö qv Mi wel q e vck nzvkvi welqwu Dc i P j Av m 2012 mv ji wii+20 m j b cyyivq wek cwi ek wech q I mgš^qnxbzvi welq jvi cöz vqb Kiv nq 26 cwi ek wech qi w` K j Ki j evsv hvq GLb gzev` bq cö qvrb PP v I cö qv Mi ( `Lyb, wdmvi-1) wewfbœ mgm vi g a mgwš^z mgvavb GLb mg qi `vwe Ges UKmB Dbœqb GB gzev `i c B e j hvq eûj cökswmz GB gzev`b wkš kl ch v q Zvi GKgvÎ I cöavb `~e jzvq cwiyz nq wii+20 m j b `yõkii ewk ivóª GKmv _ n q wewfbœ wel q Av jvpbv K i UKmB Dbœqb cwifvlvi Av jv K Zviv e emv evwyr, meyr A_ bxwz, RbmsL v we õviy, cwi ek wech q cöwz iva, mgỳ ª m ú` msi Y BZ Kvi welq wb q Av jvpbv K i Z e h jv D j L Kiv n jv G jvi evb ii A bk welq wb q Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q Ges m jb c Î 'issue briefs' AvKv i G jv cökvk Kiv nq 27 GZ mkj mgm vi g a KvbwU K cövavb `qv hvq G ai bi wm vš bqvuvb wqj mgm v m¼zj welq UKmB Dbœqb h c` v A_ bxwz I cwi ek we epbvi Dci Q o w` q Q Zv bv DwV q wkfv e mkj cö vebvi ev evqb m e? G jvi mv _ Aek B A_ bwzk `vwqz m ú ³ wkd Uv cö UvK j cwi ek msi Y wkfv e A_ bwzk `vwqz e Ub Kiv hvq m jv wb q Av jvpbv Ki Z wm q e vck gzcv_ K i m wó nq 28 Avgiv hw` A_ bwzk `vwqz jvi wel q Av jvpbv bv Kwi Zvn j wbeüwu Am ú~y _ K hv e UKmB Dbœqb h wek v mi Rb w` q Q Zv GKwU AwZwi³ mgm v wn m e cwimwyz 2008 mv j hlb wek e vcx g `v `Lv `q ZLb A_ bwzk welq jv K cövavb `qv nq Ges G e vcv i mepvb Z ewk mv Pvi wqj wk ívbœz `k jv GLb `Lv hvq cwi e ki cwie Z Zviv mevb Dbœqb I cöe w i w` K g bv hvm `q hvi Kvi Y UKmB Dbœqb Zvi Av e`b A bkuvb nvwi q d j bzzb K i KD Avi A_ bwzk cöe w i mv _ cwi ek msi Y K m ú ³ Ki Z PvB jv bv 29 GLb `Lv hv Q Dbœqb RM Z cwi ek msi Yi welqwu K A bkuvb Awfevmxi g Zv A bkuv AMš K wn m e `Lv hv Q mevb hlb ïaygvî Dbœqb I cöe w i Dci g bv hvm `q ZLb cwi e ki welq jv D cw Z i q Mj hlbb Dbœqb I cöe w i mv _ cwi ek msi Yi wel q msnvz `Lv `q ZLb Dbœqb I cöe w i welq jvb cövavb cvq me Î G ikg n q _v K e j Rvi w` q ejv bv M ji GZUzKz ej Z cv i h GLb AwaKvsk ÎB Dbœqb I cöe w K Db y³ mg_ b `qvi Kvi Y cwi ek msi Yi welqwu MŠY n q `uvwo q Q Dc ivwj LZ Av jvpbv _ K evsv hv Q UKmB Dbœq bi welqwu i Z nxb I wd K n q hv Q wek cwi ek msi Yi wel q GLb Avi Kvb w`kwb ` kbv cöez bi gzv ivl Q bv GB gzev` cwi ek, mvgvwrk I A_ bwzk cöcâmg~ ni g a mgš^q NUv bvi gzvi nvwi q d j Q ZvB Avgv `i GLb cö qvrb bzzb GKwU gzev `i hv n e wek` e vl v m ^wjz Ges úó wek cwi ek kvmb I cö qv Mi Î Zv n e GKwU Av`k hv Z Kvb ai bi A úózv _vk e bv GB gzev `i Av jv KB cwi ek I Dbœq bi g a mgš^q mvab K i úó cö qv Mi wfwë Z cö qvm KŠkj wba viy Ki Z n e mvcwu K cyytweb Kiv wemz `ybwu wk ivbv gi Aax b Avgiv eo `ybwu cökœ wb q Av jvpbv K iwq : UKmB Dbœqb úó Kvb cövav b i wfwë Z welqe wba viy Ki Z cv i wb ZvB Gi mgvavb wk n Z cv i? Ges, hw` wpwýz Kiv hvq Zvn j Kvb c wz Z cövav b i Dci wfwë K i UKmB Dbœq bi Av jv K mevb K wb q GKwU msjv ci c vudg ˆZwi Kiv hvq? cövavb wba viy t GKwU wekí Av`k cö_g cö kœi e vcv i Avgvi e³e n Q GB h cö_ gb Gordian knots Gi PviwU Dcv`vb wb q wpš vfvebv Ki Z n e m jv n Q Askx`vwiZ, ˆewPÎ KiY, Kve b wbtmiy Ges Avwe vi I cöhyw³i m cöviy wek cwi ek kvm bi kix i G jv K Avgiv AvKzcvsPvi we `y wn m e wpwýz Ki Z cvwi cövav b i wfwë n Z cv i GB PviwU we `y Ges G K K `ª K i UKmB Dbœq bi mvzwu bzzb GKwU Ae vb wba viy Ki Z cvwi bzzb K i mvrv bvi A_ n jv GB PviwU K K `ª K i cövav b i welqwu wb q wpš vfvebv Kiv cö_ gb Avgv `i f e `L Z n e

6 230 evsjvwfkb LÊ 13, msl v 1, 2014 Av jvp welq jv Z mvaviy RbMY I mykxj mgv Ri Askx`vwiZ wbwðz Ki Z n e 30 Z e mgm v n jv mykxj mgvr Askx`vwi Z i e vcv i ZZUv Af bq mkj iv óªi gv S ˆewPÎ jv mgvbfv e g b bqvi m e bq Kbbv ïaygvî A_ bwzk Kvi YI ivóª f ` wewfbœ ˆelg Avgv `i g b wb Z n e ZvQvov Rxevk _ K AvnwiZ R vjvbx kw³ jvi wel q Avgv `i e³e n Q wemz K qk hym a i gvbe mf Zv G jv D Ëvjb K ib cwipvwjz n q Avm Q Avi ibj Avwe vi I cöhyw³i m cömviy GLv b evuav n q `uvov Q wewfbœ wbqgkvbyb I AvBwcAviGm weavb ez gvb h cwi ek kvmb weivr Ki Q G jvi mekwui mxwgz Kvh KwiZv `wl q Q hw` Kvb GKwU Z Aci Kvb cöc Âi PvB Z ewk mvdj AR b Kiv hvq Zvn j ˆewk K cwi ek kvm bi ÎI fvimvg nxbzvi m wó n e GwU KvVv gvmz wewfbœ cwiez bi wb q Avm Z cv i wdmvi-2 Z GB bgybvwu MÖv di gva g eyws q `qv n q Q cöwzwu cöcâb G K Ac ii mv _ mvg bi KvZv i _ K cöwz hvmxzv K i hv Q GB PviwU cöc Âi AvIZvaxb Avevi A bk kvlv cökvlv i q Q hgb my cq cvwbi cövwß Ges cvwb `yly, er cwi kvab, R vjvbx Drcv`b, ˆRweK m ú `i e e vcbv BZ vw` wdmvi-2 Z h wzbwu Kjvg `Lv bv n q Q Zv Z ez gvb Ae vq cöwzdwjz n Q PviwU cöcâ K K `ª K i Wvbw` Ki KjvgwU Z Avgiv wkqzuv DbœwZ `L Z cvw Q Ges Gi g a ga gv bi wkqz mgš^q `Lv hv Q GB wzbwu Kjv gi Aax b Avgiv Av iv A bk cö qvrbxq welqe ms hvrb Ki Z cvwi GLb Avgiv PviwU cöcâ cöwzwu we vwiz Av jvpbv Ki Z cvwi Askx`vwiZ ˆewPÎ KiY cybtcwipq cybtcwipq mxwgz I AKvh Ki Askx`vwiZ ga f~wg (A_ vr AvÂwjK gvbewakvi iƒc ilv) vbxq I wek ch v q cwi ek Askx`vwi Z i wzbwu K kw³kvjx Kivi mgwš^z cöqvm w i ˆewPÎ KiY ga f~wg (A_ vr D`xqgvb A_ bxwzi Aš f~ w³kiy) mpj ˆewPÎ KiY Kve b wbtmiy cybtcwipq Avwe vi I cöhyw³i m cömviy cybtcwipq Rxevk R vjvwb msi Y ` p mskízv R vjvwb ms k ly (A_ vr M vmiƒ c ^í cwigv b wbtmiy, bevqb hvm R vjvwbi e envi e w, mvkªqx cwipvjbv e e v, Clr f~wg vcz ) e nr gvîvi bevqb hvm R vjvwbi e envi ïaygvî evwyr IAvBwcAviGm Gi gva g ga f~wg (A_ vr e vck M elyv, AvBwcAvi evrvi, eva Zvg~jK QvocÎ) nvw I md&u cöhyw³i mnrjf Zvi Dci Rvi `qv wdmvi-2 GKwU wekí g Wj

7 Askx`vwiZ UKmB Dbœq bi DÌvb I czb: GKwU ch v jvpbv 231 `Lv hv Q PviwU cöc Âi g a i Z c~y g b Kiv n Q Askx`vwiZ K Kbbv Askx`vwi Z i gva gb Ggb mvgvwrk kw³ ˆZwi Kiv hvq hv mikvi Ges A_ bwzk ms v jv K cöfvevwš^z K i Zv `i Kg Kv Û cwiez b Avb Z cv i e w³ I `j, mvaviy bvmwik _ K ïay K i Kg x, fv³v, Drcv`bKg x Ges D ` v³v wn m e Ges Askx`vwiZ PP v Ki Z cv i 31 GB ai bi gzvqb KŠk ji e vl v wewfbœfv e Kiv n q Q mikvix Ges wkí ch v q wewbgq cöwµqv bzzbfv e mvrv bvi Rb GB Askx`vwiZ i Z c~y f~wgkv cvjb Ki Z cv i Zvn jb cwi ekevüe Drcv`b I cöwµqv ev ezvi gyl `L e hw` Askx`vwiZ Rvi`vi Ki Z nq Zvn j wk v I m PZbZv wb qi bzzbfv e wpš vfvebv Ki Z n e Z e GB Dbœqb cöwµqv A bk axi MwZ m úbœ n ji cwi ek cwiez bi Rb GwU LyeB cö qvrbxq ivr bwzk cöwµqv Ges evrvi Ae vb K cöfvwez Ki Z n ji Askx`vwi Z i cö qvrb i q Q fv³viv Zv `i Pvc m wó Ki Z cv i wewfbœ wkí KviLvbvi Dci cwi ekevüe cy Drcv`b Kivi ZvMv`v w` q Gi evb i i q Q cwi ekmz Askx`vwiZ Gi A_ n jv mvaviy RbM Yi cwi ek msµvš Z_ _vk Z n e GiB Av jv K Zviv cwi ek msµvš h Kvb wm v š wb R `i Askx`vwi Z i PP v Ki Z cwi ek msµvš h Kvb AvBb eje` Kivi Rb Zviv Av`vj Zi Avkªq bqvi my hvm cv e 32 wemz K qk `k K `Lv M Q cwi ekev`x `j jv A bk ÎB e emvqx jvfx `j jvi wei wr Z G m Q e vcviuv A bkuvb cöz vkvi evb i e j g b Ki Qb A b KB 33 GB mvd j i avivq wøzxq mxgvš n Z cv i cwi ekev`xi `j I e emvqx `j jvi hy Î wkš hw` GB ` j e emvqx RbMY KI fov bv hvq Zvn j cwi ek msµvš AvBb Kvh Ki Kiv Av iv mnr n e Ges cwi ekevüe Drcv`b I mev mieivn Kivi Î mycök n e 34 ez gv b mikvi jv ivr bwzk cwi ekev`x `j Ges e emvqxk jvwe jvi Uvbv cvo b Av Q 35 ZvB Avgv `i cö vi n jv hw` e emvqx jvweiv cwi ekev`x ` ji mv _ hy³ nq Zvn j cwi ek msµvš Kvh µg `ª Z ev evwqz Kiv hv e hw` e emvqx jvwe jv K evsv bv hvq Zvn j cwi ekevüe e emvqx `j ˆZwi n e hviv evrv ii Ae v cwiez b cwi ekev`x `j jv _ K AwaKZi Kvh Kix f~wgkv cvjb Ki Z n e ZvivB cvi e cwi ekevüe Drcv`b cöwµqv I mev K AMÖvwaKvi w` Z hw` GB avivq Kvb ivóª Ggb nq h e emvqx jvwe I cwi ekev`x `j jvi Kvi Y cwi ek msµvš AvBb `ª Z ev evqb Ki Z Pvq Zvn j mvaviy RbM YiI mg_ b cviqv hv e 36 G Z K i Avš R vwzk cwi ek msµvš Av jvpbvq GB ivóªwu kw³kvjx Ae v b _vk e 37 GLb cökœ n Q wkfv e GB P~ovš ch v q DbœxZ niqv hvq Avgiv ` LwQ GB Av `vjb ïi n e vbxqfv e Ges Avš Rv wzk ch v q GwU K cöevwnz Ki Z n e e emvqx jvwei wecix Z cwi ek jvwewu K kw³kvjx Ki Z n j mvaviy RbM Yi Askx`vwiZ wbwðz Ki Z n e fv³v `i Drcvw`Z cy m ^ Ü Z_ w` Z n e Zv `i KI fv Mi aiy cwiez b Kivi civgk w` Z n e Ges AwbóKi c Y i cwie Z bzzb cwi ekevüe Drcv`b I mev K DrmvwnZ Ki Z n e hw` Zv Kiv nq Zvn j Avgiv 'green dominos' gzev` h_vh_fv e cö qvm Ki Z m g ne 38 hv` gšwjk gvbevwakv ii cöwz kª v eva wvk i L Avgiv cwi ek msi Y Ki Z PvB Zvn ji Askx`vwi Z i Kvb wekí bb cwi ekev`x gzev` A_ vr 'Environmentalism' hw` mwvkfv e cwipvwjz Kiv bv nq Zvn j gvby li gšwjk ^vaxbzvi wzmö n Z cv i Kbbv gv Sg a B cwi ek msi Yi welqwu gšwjk gvbevwakv ii mv _ mvsnwl K n q `Lv `q ZvB cwi ek msi Yi Rb h mkj wewawb la Av ivc Kiv n e m jvi h ïay ivr bwzk cövwzôvwbk Z`viwK Ki Z n e ZvB bq eis hviv AwaKvi fvm Ki e Ges e w³ ch v qi Gi cöz ZË veavb _vk Z n e 39 hlb Askx`vwiZ e w cv e ZLb Ab vb wzbwu cöcâ mvd j i w` K wb q hviqvi m gzvi Avgiv AR b Ki ev

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9 UKmB Dbœq bi DÌvb I czb: GKwU ch v jvpbv 233 wkqzuv w`k wb ` kbv wba viy Kiv n q Q Ges G j wewfbœ wø-cvw K Pzw³ I mwü ^v wiz nq RvwZmsN Zvi International Law Commission 48 Gi gva g hlb GB wel q Kvb AvBb cöez b Ki Z hvq ZLb wkš AwaKvsk ivóªb Gi cöej we ivaxzv K i hzw`b R vjvbx kvm bi Î wø-cvw K bgybv 49 weivrgvb _vk e ZZw`b Kve b wbtmi Yi Rb cö qvrbxq eûcvw K msjv ci welqwu Dn _ K hv e Rxevk R vjvbx wel q GLb hb wø-cvw K ch v q Avgiv i qwq ZviB wfwë Z Avgiv eûcvw K Kve b wbtmiy msjv ci cwiwa I Kvh KvwiZv Avgv `i wba viy Ki Z n e Avwe vi I cöhyw³ m cömviy Rxevk R vjvbx m ^Üxq h Amvgvavb hvm mgm v i q Q Zvi gvkvwejvq cöhyw³mz Dbœqb i Z c~y f~wgkv cvjb Ki Z cv i cöhyw³mz Dbœqb ïaygvî Avwe v ii Î mxgve ivl jb Pj e bv eis Gi m cömviy wb qi wpš vfvebv Ki Z n e `ywf i e vcv i AgZ mb e j Qb h Gi KviY Avgiv hv g b Kwi Zv bq Gi KviY Avm j Lv` NvUwZ bq eis hv `i Lv ` i cö qvrb Zv `i Lv ` i gryz ch š cšuqv bvuvb mgm v ZvB `ywf i mgvavb Ki Z n j Zviv hv Z Lv ` i müvb cvq Zvi e e vb Ki Z n e 50 Avgiv cöhyw³i ÎI GB welqwu K DËg ` óvš wn m e Kv R jvmv Z cvwi GLb `Lv hv Q cöhyw³mz D veb jv K wewfbœ Avš R vwzk c v U U msµvš AvBb w` q we kl K i AvBwcAvi Gi gva g G jvi m cömviy K cq bi w` K a i ivlv n q Q AvBwcAvi Gi Kvi Y G jvi m cömviy A bk e qeûj e vcvi n q `uvwo q Q Ges A bk mgq D vebkvix ms v jv Gi m cömvi Yi welqwu mivmwi bv KvP K i `q GwU Avm j ïaygvî Kvb cöhyw³mz P v jâ bq eis GK ai bi A_ bwzk P v jäi e U AvBwb P v j Äi K_vI A ^xkvi Kiv mgxwpb n e bv 51 AvBwcAvi Gi gva g A_ bwzk I AvBwb Avwe vi jv KI msiw Z ivlv n q Q wkí Î cöwz hvmxzvi `vnvb w` q e w³ ch v q cöhyw³i m cömviy GLb A bkuv wkw_j Kiv n q Q 52 ZvB Avgiv g b Kwi cöhyw³mz Avwe v ii cvkvcvwk A_ bwzk I AvBwb Avwe vi jvi Avgv `i Dbœqb avivq wb q Avm Z n e UKmB Dbœqb gzev `i mv _ m úk hw` Avgiv D j wlz PviwU cöc Âi ˆewkó mwvkfv e Dcjwä Ki Z cvwi Zvn jb Gi Aš f ~³ wbw` ó welq jv Avgv `i Kv Q úó n q DV e GB PviwU welq jvi g a mgš^q mvab Ki Z m g n jb Avgiv eys Z cvi ev ˆewk K cwi ek kvm b wkfv e AMÖMwZ KZUzKz mvab Kiv hvq AZtci, cwi ek msi Yi welq jv mwz B GwM q wb q hviqv n Q wkbv Zv Dcjwä Kivi mv _ mv _ weavbmz P v jämg~n Avgiv wpwýz Ki Z cvi ev Gfv e mikvwi LvZ jv K Zv `i wewb qvm K cwi ekevüe n ZI Avgiv DrmvwnZ Ki ev ZvB cövav b i wfwë Z cö_g c` c wn m e Avgv `i K GB PviwU cöcâ K mywbw` ó iƒ c we k ly Ki Z n e hv Z K i Avgiv ˆewk K cwi ek kvmb PP v Kivi mwvk my hvm cvb wøzxq cökœ n Q D j wlz PviwU cöc Âi mv _ UKmB Dbœq bi m úk wk? GB cö kœi DËi Luy R c Z n j Avgv `i Av MB Dcjwä Ki Z n e h GB gzev` fwel Zi Av iv A bk eqi weivr K i hv e Gi bvg fvw½ q GL bv kixk `i msjv ci Uwe j GKwÎZ Kiv hvq wkš G ai bi mfv mgv ek KZUzKz Kvh Ki? Avgiv Av MB nq Zv ` LwQ h UKmB Dbœq bi Î cö qv Mi PvB Z wewfbœ mgv e ki gva g Av jvpbvb ewk n Q ZvQvov Kvb welqwu K cövavb `qv n e m wel qi Kvb iƒc ilv cöez b Kiv nq wb wbtm ` n UKmB Dbœq bi AwaKvsk K GKwÎZ Kivi gzv cöksmbxq wkš Gi cö qv Mi `ye jzvi K_vI Avgv `i fve Z n e GLv b cö qv Mi PvB Z mgv ek K~UbxwZi evûj B `Lv hvq 53 wkqz wkqz wel q nq Zv MYm PZbZv m wó Kiv hv Q Ges wewfbœ P v j Äi gvkvwejvq mikv ii `vwqz jv wpwýz Kiv hv Q fwel Zi ûgwk jvi e vcv ii e vck wksev mvaviy mveavbevyx cöpvi Kiv hv Q MYm PZbZvi gva g bzzb PjK wksev Kg x ˆZwi Kiv hv Q Gi meb m e n q Q UKmB Dbœqb cwifvlv K mvg b i L wkš hw` welqe wba viy, cö qvm I cökvmwbk ms vi, bzzb c wz cöez b Kiv Ges bzyb gzev ` MYgZ ˆZwi Kiv Ges wek gvb wba viy Kivi Î UKmB Dbœqb A bkuvb wcwq q cö_ gb wba viy Ki Z n e ˆewk K cwi ek kvm bi Î Kvb Avš R vwzk dvivg mepvb Z Kvh Ki ˆewk K cwi ek m j bi cwi ek nq Zv AwP ib kl n e bv ZvB wewfbœ D Ïk mva b UKmB Dbœq bi cwi ekwu h_vm e Kv R jvmv bvi Póv Ki Z n e 54

10 234 evsjvwfkb LÊ 13, msl v 1, 2014 GKwU cöv_wgk Awfhvb GLb Avwg Avgvi cöv_wgk e nëi cö kœi w` K wd i h Z cvwi: ˆewk K cwi ek AvBb cö qv Mi Rb Avgiv ˆewk K cwi ek kvm bi Kvb gšwjk cwi cöw Z jvi g a cwiez b Avb Z cvwi? GB wbe Ü Avgiv GB gzev`b e ³ K iwq h cövav b i wfwë Z PviwU cöcâ K myôziƒ c web Ki Z n e ez gvb cwiw wz Z `Lv hv Q UKmB Dbœq bi bv g GK ai bi wek Lj Ae v weivr Ki Q GLv b Avgv `i `L Z n e ˆewk K cwi ek kvm bi Î Avm ji Kvb AMÖMwZ n q Q wk bv; GB AMÖMwZ KZUzKz mvwaz n q Q; mwvk mgš^q mvab Kiv M Q wk bv Ges Kvb Kvb Î wcwq q i q Q hlv b bzyb K i cö Póv ïi Kiv hvq GLb nq Zv Avgiv AMÖMwZ kãwu Av Mi g Zv Avi e envi KiwQ bv welqwu GLb A bkuvb BD Uvwcq wksev m `n RbK e j g b n Q cö_ gb Avgv `i f e `L Z n e cömwzi K_vB hw` Av m Zvn j ˆewk K cwi ek kvm bi Î Gi mywbw` ó A_ wk? GwU n Z cv i AwaKZi MYAskx`vwiZ ; AwaKZi my² I ˆewPÎ KiY; Rxevk R vjvbxi Dci AwaKZi KggvÎvq wbf i Kiv, Avwe vi I cöhyw³i AwaKZi m cömviy BZ vw` G jv K cövav b i wfwë Z bzzb K i web Ki Z n e Z e G Î we ep welq n e ivr bwzk I A_ bwzk m vebv wiwmgj h wbeü jv cökvk K i Zvi D Ïk n Q kªwyweb v mi Î wkqzuv AMÖMwZ AR b Kiv GgbI `Lv M Q h cöwzwu cöc Âi Dci Avjv`v K i wbeü cökvwkz n q Q Kvb Kvb wbeü cy iv welqwu K cökœwe K i Q AvwgI Avgvi GB wbe Ü cöcâ jv K mwvkfv e web Kivi Póv K iwq hv Z Avgv `i j I D Ïk mwvkfv e wba viy Ki Z myweav nq GLb Avwg hb mycvwik jv Dc vcb Ki ev m jv cöcâwu K Av iv úó K i Zvjvi Rb bq eis Ab vb jlkmy G wel q hv e j Qb Zvi msw ß e vl v `qv Ges Ab vb wel q Kvb Kvb Kvi Y Av iv evowz M elyvi cö qvrb m jv wpwýz Kiv Gwjmv g M iv Ges Gbvwjmv mvev iwm e nëi Av iv `ywu gzev `i Dci we k ly K i Qb GKwU n Q 'green growth' Ges Av ikwu n Q 'green economy' wzwb UKmB Dbœqb m úwk Z h A úó aviyv jv i q Q m jv K e vl v Kivi Rb B GB `ywu cwifvlvi e envi K ib G Z Zviv wii+20 m jb wb q Av jvpbv K i Qb Z e Zviv g b K i UKmB Dbœqb ev evq b G m jb Lye GKUv ewk Kvh Ki f~wgkv cvjb Ki Z cv i wb Zv `i GB wbeü wewfbœ cwi cöw Z cvv Kiv h Z cv i Avwg hv eysjvg Zv Z g b n jv h KD meyr cöe w _ K mn RB meyr A_ bxwzi w` K h Z cv i wii+20 m j b g~jz meyr A_ bxwzi Dc ib Av jvkcvz Kiv nq Z e welqwu Kvb GK ch v q h Z h Z Avevi A úó n q c o A b KB g b K ib Zv `i cöewz Z meyr Dbœqb n Q DbœZ `k jvib Avwe vi DbœZ we k i `k jv msjv ci Uwe j G m GB meyr cöe w i MwZ iva K i `q g~jz Zv `i wbe Ü g M iv Ges mvev iwm meyr A_ bxwz ej Z GUvB evsv Z P q Qb wkš ZviciI Avš R vwzk cwi ek AvBb cöez b m úwk Z cö kœi DËi `qvi Î Zv `i GB we k ly Ach vß _ K hvq G Î mepvb Z i Z c~y n Q MYAskx`vwiZ Z e GB wbe Ü meyr A_ bxwzi mv _ m úwk Z UKmB Dbœq bi gzev` jv K mwvkfv e e vl v Kiv nq wb Av ikwu welq hv g M iv Ges mvev iwmi wbeü _ K Dcjwä Kiv hvq Zv n Q Avgiv meyr cöe w, meyr A_ bxwz 1 A_ev meyr A_ bxwz 2 Gi Dci g bvwb ek Ki Z cvwi hw` Zv nq Zvn j UKmB Dbœq bi PviwU cöc Âi wzbwui e vcv i Avgiv úó aviyv jvf Ki Z cvi ev h jv g~jz Dbœqb I cöe w m úwk Z meyr A_ bxwzi A_ n Q cwi ekmz welq jv we epbvq i L A_ bwzk Kg KvÛ PP v Kiv Z e Dbœqb I cöe w i Dci hlb A_ bwzkfv e g bvwb ek Kiv nq ZLb e vck wez K i m wó nq A_ bwzk Dbœqb K i L w` Z A b KB 'degrowth' Ges 'planetary boundaries' RvZxq cwifvlvi cöez b K ib wbtm ` n hw` KD cöe w i gš izv Ges GB c w_exi mxgve Zv K we epbv K i Zvn j meyr A_ bxwzi jvmvg U b ai Z n e 56 wm vš KZ viv ZLb Dbœqb I cöe w Av`k _ K `~ i _vk ZI A ^wz eva Ki eb 57 wii+20 m j b Kj vyg~jk A bk wm vš bqv nq hgb cövk wzk cwi e ki welq jv we epbv Kiv 58 hw` Avgiv cövk wzk m ú` Ges cwi e ki wpî we k ly Kwi Zvn j cöe w I Dbœq bi wzkvik w`k jvi welq A bkuvb mgvav bi gyl `L e ZvQvov Kj vyg~jk A bk c` c bqvii c_ mymg n e hw` Avgiv gvbwek cwiw wzi Dbœqb PvB Zvn j wbtm ` n cövk wzk cwi e ki DciB PvcUv wm q co e we kl K i H mkj ` k hlv b gvbekj v Y welq Ggwb ZB Kvw LZ GKwU ch v q cšu Q Q Avgiv GB mkj ` ki GLb cwi ek msi Yi Dci Rvi w` Z m g ne

11 UKmB Dbœq bi DÌvb I czb: GKwU ch v jvpbv 235 ciez x mgm v mskzj welqwu n Q ˆewPÎ Ki Yi welqwu ˆewPÎ Ki Yi welqwu Avgiv j K iwq ïaygvî mvg wksev b vq civqbzvi g a mxgve bq eis Gi KvqKwiZvi e vcv ii fve Z n e h Kvb cwi ekevüe c` c wb Z n j cö_ gb Avgv `i K Dbœq bi mv _ h _vchy³ ˆewPÎ Ki Yi welqwu mshy³ Ki Z n e wewfbœ iv óªi ˆewPÎ gq Pvwn`v I NvUwZi K_v we epbv bv Ki j ˆewk K cwi ek kvmb Kvh Ki Kvh Ki n Z cvi e bv hy c qwjb Ges Wb dve vi GB welqwui Dci GKwU we kl wbeüb cökvk K i Qb cwi ek Pzw³i Î wzwb AwaKgvÎvq ˆewPÎ Ki Yi cwie Z ^ígvîvq ˆewPÎ KiY cö qv Mi K_v e jb wzwb g b K ib evwyr I AvenvIqv cwiez bi welq jv we epbv K i ivóª jv K wewfbœfv e kªwy web Ki Z n e G Î `L Z n e wek evwyr e e vi AwfÁZv G mkj wkqz we epbv Ki j nq Zv ˆewPÎ Ki Yi m _ b vq civqbzv wksev fvimv g i mgš^q m wó KivUv KwVb n q co e ZeyI eûgylx cwi ek Pzw³ K Kvh Ki Ki Z n j GUvB cöavb kz dve vi Zvi jlwb Z Dw`qgvb A_ bwzk kw³ jvi Dci we kl Av jvkcvz K ib wzwb Zv `i K DbœZ Ges Dbœqbkxj `yb avivq wef³ K ib wzwb g b K ib AvenvIqv `yl Yi Rb cök Zc m ú`kxj DbœZ `k jvb `vqx ZvB `wi`ª D`xqgvb Dbœqbkxj A_ bwzk jv K i v Ki Z n j Zv `i KB cöavbz `vwqz kxj f~wgkv cvjb Ki Z n e AZtci wzwb ˆewPÎ I cv_ K gwûz `vq`vwq Z i fvmvfvwm wb q Av jvpbv K i G Î Avš R vwzk cöwzôvb jvi Î D`xqgvb A_ bxwz jv Znwej msmön K i wkfv e vbxqfv e Zv eivï Ki Z cv i welq jv we k ly K i 59 Avgv `i D j wlz PZz_ cöcâwui Dci wj Lb Kv j vm Kvwiqv Ges W ik B Uvb cöhyw³i D veb I m cömvi Y AvBb I A_ bxwzi f~wgkv Zviv `yrb LwZ q ` Lb Zviv g b K ib abx `k jv Avš R vwzk Av jvpbvi Uwe j e m h wm vš jv Pvwc q `b m jv cöhyw³i m cömvi Y Kvh Ki bq Zviv hw`i evsv Z PvB Qb h AvBwcAvi n Q cöhyw³mz D ve bi Rb DËg KŠkj ZeyI cöv qvwmk M elyvq `qv hvq GB AvBwcAvi e e vb cwi ek msµvš BwZevPK cöhyw³i m cömvi Y euvav n q `uvov e ZvB Kvwiqv g b K ib AvBwcAvi e e vq hw` ms kvabx Avbv nq Zvn j ïaygvî Dbœqbkxj `k jvb DcK Z n e bv eis DbœZ we k i `k jvi DcK Z n e Dbœqbkxj `k jv cwi ekevüe cöhyw³i c q m jv cö qvm Kivi my hvm cv e Ges DbœZ we k i Avwe vikmy AvBbx gvic vp _ K gyw³ cv e B Uvb cöhyw³i D veb I m cömvi Yi Î mgwš^z cwjwmi K_v e jb Gi mv _ evwyr AvPiY Ges wewb qvm Pzw³ jvii mgš^q mvab Ki Z n e hv Z K i BDb vc cöewz Z 2001 mv ji cö vebv jv ev evqb K i meyr A_ bxwz ev evwqz Kiv hvq Kvwiqv Ges B Uvb AvBwcAvi Gi mv _ cöhyw³i D veb I m cömvi Yi m ú ³Zv wewfbœfv e we k ly K ib Zv `i cwi cöw Z Drm m ^Üxq ˆewPÎ KiY jv i Z i mv _ Zz j a i hv Z K i DËi I `w Yi bwzevpk gi Ki Yi gvîv wkqzuv n ji cökgb Kiv hvq WweU Kvmy Uv Ges i g jv m v úvi cö_g cöcâwui wel q Zv `i M elyv Dc vcb K ib : Askx`vwiZ Zviv g b K ib bv h GwU cwi ek i vi Î Kvb ai bi evuavi m wó Ki Z cv i eis G Î bqv wm vš jvi ˆeaZv K bqvi mg_ b Ki e Ges AwbðqZv `~i Ki e wbtm ` n wm vš bqvi cöwµqv we epbv Ki j Askx`vwi Z i f~wgkvb g~l Ges MYm PZbZvi wel qi Askx`vwiZ B Kvh Kix f~wgkv cvjb Ki Z cv i hw` Kvb wel q wm vš wb Z nq Zvn j m wel q Askx`vwiZ cöwµqv PP v Ki j cwjwm I wm vš KZ viv Zv `i wm vš cöez b AwbðqZvi gy LvgywL niqvi AvksKv _ K gy³ n e h mkj wel q AwbðqZvi cwigvy ewk _vk e m mkj welqi Askx`vwiZ cöwµqv cwi ek mgm v msµvš h Kvb wel q AwbðqZv n«v m i Z c~y f~wgkv cvjb Ki Z cv i Kvmy Uv Ges m v úvi Gfv eb Askx`vwiZ cöwµqv K DrmvwnZ Ki Z wewfbœ hyw³zk Dc vcb K ib mewkqz we epbv Ki j `Lv hv e wii+20 m j bi D ` vm jvi Dc ib wiwm qj Zv `i GB we kl msl v cöpvi K i Q hw` Gi AvKzcvsPvivj we `y jvi K_v wpš v Kiv nq Zvn j cövav b i wfwë Z welqe jv K web Kiv mnr n q co e Avgiv h iƒc ilv w` qwq m jv Avkv Kwi fwel Zi Av jvpbv I wez K i Î K mymg Ki e Avgiv eys Z cvi ev wek cwi ek kvm b cök Z Dbœqb KZUzKz mvwaz n q Q cövav b i welq jv wpwýz Ki Z m g ne mgš^q mva bi gva g kªwy web KiviI m hvm cve GB wel q wiwm qj fwel Z Av iv wez K i Av qvrb Ki Z cv i Avgv `i m úvw`z GB Dc vcbv jvi Dci wfwë K i

12 236 evsjvwfkb LÊ 13, msl v 1, 2014 mnvqk MÖš cwä 1 Implementation of Agenda 21, the Programme for the Further Implementation of Agenda 21 and the Outcomes of the World Summit on Sustainable Development (UNGA Resolution A/RES/64/236, 24 December 2009). 2 M. Zürn, Global Governance as Multi-level Governance, in: D. Levi-Faur (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Governance (Oxford University Press, 2012), 730; J.G. Speth and P. Haas, Global Environmental Governance (Island Press, 2006), (detailing the main environmental problems requiring global action). 3 International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and World Wildlife Fund (WWF), World Conservation Strategy: Living Resource Conservation for Sustainable Development (IUCN, UNEP and WWF, 1980), found at: < WCS-004.pdf>. 4 Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development:Our Common Future (UN Doc. A/42/427, 4 August 1987), Annex ( Our Common Future ), Part I, chapter 2, section I. 5 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, found in Report of the UN Conference on Environment and Development (UN Doc. A/CONF.151/26/Rev.1 (Vol. I), 14 June 1992), Annex ( Rio Declaration ), particularly Principles 4 and 8. For a short conceptual history of sustainable development, see A.E. Egelton, Sustainable Development: A History (Springer, 2012). At least three book-length legal studies have been devoted to the evolution of sustainable develop development: V. Barral, Le Développement Durable en Droit International: Essai sur les Incidences Juridiques d un Concept Évolutif (PhD dissertation, European University Institute, 2007); N. Schrijver, The Evolution of Sustainable Development in International Law: Inception,Meaning and Status, 329 Recueil des Cours (2007), 217; C. Voigt, Sustainable Development as a Principle of International Law (Martinus Nijhoff, 2009) (focusing on climate change and trade law). 6 The concept of 'eco-development' was advanced as part of the preparation of the so-called Founex II conference, held in The project paper by I gnacy Sachs can be found in the collection of papers of Maurice Strong (IV. UN Conference on the Human Environment/UN Environment Programme years: , Series III. UNEP file: 1968 January 1975 December, Subseries B), donated by Strong himself to the Environmental Science and Public Policy Archives, Harvard University. A further elaboration of this concept can be found in B. Glaeser (ed.), Ecodevelopment: Concepts, Projects, Strategies (Pergamon Press, 1984), which includes a preface by Sachs. The concept of green economy is of more recent vintage. Its origins are usually traced back to D.W. Pearce, A. Markandya and E.B. Barbier, Blueprint for a Green Economy (Earthscan, 1989). The blueprints offered by the authors are, however, embedded within the concept of sustainable development and can be seen as an interpretation of it. These blueprints also underlay UNGA Resolution /RES/ 64/236, n. 1 above. A modernized version of the green economy concept appears in E. Barbier, A Global Green New Deal: Rethinking the Economic Recovery (Cambridge University Press, 2010) as well as in UNEP, The Green Economy Report A Synthesis for Policy Makers (UNEP, 2011). On the concept, see the article by E. Morgera and A. Savaresi in this issue. 7 Programme for the Further Implementation of Agenda 21 (UNGA Resolution S/19-2, 28 June 1997), Annex, paragraph 3 ( We are convinced that the achievement of sustainable development requires the integration of its economic, environmental and social components ). 8 On this debate, see the article by Carlos Correa in this issue. 9 W. Clark and N. Dickson, Sustainability Science: The Emerging Research Program, 100:14 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2003), 8059; W. Clark, Sustainability Science: A Room of Its Own, 104:6 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2007), 1737.

13 UKmB Dbœq bi DÌvb I czb: GKwU ch v jvpbv S. Baumgärtner and M. Quaas, What is Sustainability Economics?, 69:3 Ecological Economics (2010), A. Gasparatos and A. Scolobig, Choosing the Most Appropriate Sustainability Assessment Tool, 80 Ecological Economics (2012), V. Lowe, Sustainable Development and Unsustainable Arguments, in: A. Boyle and D. Freestone (eds.), International Law and Sustainable Development: Past Achievements and Future Challenges (Oxford University Press, 1999), L. Caldwell, International Environmental Policy (Duke University Press, 1996), Interview Gro Harlem Brundtland, March 2004, referred to in: H.Selin and B.-O. Linnér, The Quest for Global Sustainability: International Efforts on Linking Environment and Development, CID GraduateStudent and Postdoctoral Fellow Working Paper 5 (January2005), found at: < fckeditor/file/pdfs/centersprograms/centers/cid/publications/studentfellows/wp/005.pdf>, at United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (NewYork, 9 May 1992; in force 21 March 1994). 16 Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Kyoto, 11 December 1997; in force 16 February 2005). 17 Convention on Biological Diversity (Rio de Janeiro, 5 June 1992; in force 29 December 1993). 18 Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity (Cartagena, 29 January 2000; in force 11 September 2003). 19 United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa (Paris, 14 October 1994; in force 26 December 1996). 20 Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Conventions on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 Relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks (New York, 4 August 1995;in force 11 December 2001). 21 Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade (Rotterdam, 10 September 1998; in force 24 February 2004). 22 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (Stockholm, 22 May 2001; in force 17 May 2004). 23 United National Environmental Programme (UNEP), Global Environmental Outlook 5: Environment for the Future We Want (UNEP,2012), at 464, Figure UNGA Resolution S/19-2, n. 7 above. 25 Report of the World Summit on Sustainable Development, Johannesburg, South Africa, 26 August-4 September 2002 (UN Doc. A/CONF.199/20), in particular Resolution 2 ( Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development ). The focus on implementation and, more specifically, on multi-stakeholder partnerships was largely an attempt to compensate for the lack of political will to take bolder steps. See L. Andonova and M. Levy, Franchising Governance: Making Sense of the Johannesburg Type II Partnerships, in O. Schram Stokke, Ø.B. Thommessen (eds.), Yearbook of International Co-operation on Environment and Development (Earthscan, 2004), The Future We Want (UN Doc. A/RES/66/288, 11 September 2012) ( Rio+20 outcome document ). 27 < 28 P.-M. Dupuy, J.E. Viñuales (eds.), Harnessing Foreign Investment to Promote Environmental Protection: Incentives and Safeguards (Cambridge University Press, 2013).

14 238 evsjvwfkb LÊ 13, msl v 1, The emphasis on development and growth, especially during the 1990s, is documented in S.F. Bernstein, The Compromise of Liberal Environmentalism (Columbia University Press, 2001). It is interesting to compare, in this regard, the Rio+20 outcome document, n. 26 above, with General Assembly Resolution 2849 (XXVI) of December 1971, which was at the time seen as a threat looming over the success of the 1972 Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment. The resolution reiterate[d] the primacy of independent economic and social development as the main and paramount objective of international co-operation, in the interests of the welfare of mankind and of peace and world security. Development and Environment (UNGA Resolution 2849 (XXVI), 20 December 1971), paragraph 11 (emphasis added). The Rio+20 outcome document, n. 26 above, paragraph 2, also stressed, in contemporary language, the primacy of the economic and social development pillars of sustainable development: Poverty eradication is the greatest global challenge facing the world today and an indispensable requirement for sustainable development. In this regard, we are committed to freeing humanity from poverty and hunger as a matter of urgency (emphasis added). 30 See S.R. Arnstein, A Ladder of Citizen Participation, 35:4 Journal of the American Institute of Planners (1969), For an analytical framework conceptualizing global environmental governance at different interconnected levels, see L. Andonova and R. Mitchell, The Rescaling of Global Environmental Politics, 35 Annual Review of Environment and Resources (2010), The most sophisticated instrument so far in this regard is the Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (Aarhus, 25 June 1998; in force 30 October 2001), adopted within the framework of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, but also open to the accession of other States. The Aarhus Convention implements the contents of Principle 10 of the Rio Declaration, n. 5 above. 33 See, e.g., M. Kraft and S. Kamieniecki (eds.), Business and Environmental Policy: Corporate Interests in the American Political System (MIT Press, 2007). 34 Jorge E. Viñuales, The Rise and Fall of Sustainable Development, 2013 Blackwell Publishing Ltd Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK and 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148, USA. 35 S. Dietz, C. Marchiori and A. Tavoni, Domestic Politics and the Formation of International Environmental Agreements (London School of Economics, Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, 2012). 36 See D. Farber, Carbon Leakage versus Policy Diffusion: The Perils and Promise of Subglobal Climate Action, 13 Chicago Journal of International Law (2013). 37 See J. Pauwelyn, R. Wessel and J. Wouters (eds.), Informal International Lawmaking (Oxford University Press, 2012). For a selection of case studies, see A. Berman, S. Duquet, R. Wessel and J. Wouters (eds.), Informal International Lawmaking: Case Studies (TOAEP Academic, 2012). 38 Jorge E. Viñuales, The Rise and Fall of Sustainable Development, 2013 Blackwell Publishing Ltd Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK and 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148, USA. 39 See, e.g., T. Hayward, Political Theory and Ecological Values (Polity Press, 1998); R. Neumann, Imposing Wilderness: Struggles over Livelihood and Nature Preservation in Africa (University of California Press, 1998); M. Dowie, Conservation Refugees: The Hundred Years Conflict between Global Conservation and Native Peoples (MIT Press, 2009). 40 See D.B. Magraw, Legal Treatment of Developing Countries: Differential, Contextual and Absolute Norms, 1:1 Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy (1989), 69; P. Cullet, Differential Treatment in International Environmental Law (Ashgate, 2003); L. Rajamani, Differential Treatment in International Environmental Law (Oxford University Press, 2006).

15 UKmB Dbœq bi DÌvb I czb: GKwU ch v jvpbv See, e.g., M. Gardiner, Ethics and Global Climate Change, 114:3 Ethics (2004), 555; S. Vanderheiden (ed.), Political Theory and Global Climate Change (MIT Press, 2008). 42 J.E. Viñuales, Balancing Effectiveness and Fairness in the Redesign of the Climate Change Regime, 24:1 Leiden Journal of International Law (2011), Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (Montréal, 16 September 1987; in force 1 January 1989). 44 L. Maugeri, Oil: The Next Revolution (Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School, June 2012). 45 M.W. Anderson, M. Teisl and C. Noblet, Giving a Voice to the Future in Sustainability: Retrospective Assessment to Learn Prospective Shareholder Engagement, 84 Ecological Economics (2012), See C. Redgwell, Geoengineering the Climate: Technical Solutions for Mitigation Failure or Continuing Carbon Addiction?, 4:2 Carbon and Climate Law Review (2011), On the different fora in which energy negotiations are being conducted, see the overview in: J. Pauwelyn (ed.), Global Challenges at the Intersection of Energy, Trade and the Environment (Graduate Institute, 2010). 48 See J.E. Viñuales, Vers un Droit International de l Énergie: Essai de Cartographie, in: D. Bentolila and M.G. Kohen (eds.), Mélanges en l Honneur du Professeur Jean-Michel Jacquet (LexisNexis, 2013, forthcoming), found at: < 49 Ibid., at section II A. Sen, Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation (Oxford University Press, 1981). 51 See L. Diaz Anadon, Missions-oriented RD&D Institutions in Energy Between 2000 and 2010: A Comparative Analysis of China, the United Kingdom and the United States, 41:10 Research Policy (2012), A.H.B., Monk, The Emerging Market for Intellectual Property: Drivers, Restrainers and Implications, 9:4 Journal of Economic Geography (2009), See V. Barral, n. 5 above. 54 P.M. Haas, UN Conferences and Constructivist Governance of the Environment, 8:1 Global Governance (2002), See, e.g., G. Kallis, C. Kerschner and J. Martinez-Alier, The Economics of Degrowth, 84 Ecological Economics (2012), 172 (assessing recent research and refining the relevant research questions). 57 Jorge E. Viñuales, The Rise and Fall of Sustainable Development, 2013 Blackwell Publishing Ltd Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK and 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148, USA. 58 See Rio+20 outcome document, n. 26 above, at paragraph Jorge E. Viñuales, The Rise and Fall of Sustainable Development, 2013 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.