cvu Drcv` b wb qvwrz bvixi Av_ -mvgvwrk mgm v I m vebv : GKwU ch v jvpbv bvrbxb Avn g`*

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1 evsjv `k Dbœqb mgx v LÐ 32 evwl K msl v f~wgkv cvu Drcv` b wb qvwrz bvixi Av_ -mvgvwrk mgm v I m vebv : GKwU ch v jvpbv bvrbxb Avn g`* hw`i evsjv `k g~jz avb Drcv`bKvix `k, evwywr K dmj wn m e GLbI cv Ui iæz Acwimxg evsjv ` ki A_ bxwz Ges MÖvgxY `wi`ª Rb Mvôxi Av qi Drm wn m e cvu D jøl hvm f~wgkv cvjb K i Avm Q evsjv `k c w_exi wøzxq e nëg KuvPv cvu Drcv`bKvix `k cvu Pvl, cªwµqvrvzkiy Ges cvu I cvurvz cy evrvirvzki Yi mv _ m ú ³ _vkvi gva g G ` ki 25 kzvsk gvbyl cöz I c iv fv e cv Ui Dci wbf ikxj cv Ui Drcv`b I cöwµqvrvzki Yi wewfbœ ch v q cyiæ li cvkvcvwk bvixivi KvR Ki Q ez gvb cöe Ü cvu Pv l wbhy³ bvix `i Av_ -mvgvwrk Ae v Ges Zvi gv bvbœq bi Dcvq wb q Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q G Î g~jz cv Ui Avuk Qvov bv I cvu ïkv bvi cöwµqvq wbhy³ bvix `i RxebhvÎv, A_ bwzk I mvgvwrk my hvm I cöwzeükzv cöf wz wel q Av jvkcvz Kiv n q Q evsjv ` ki K qkwu cvu Drcv`bKvix Rjvi gvv ch v q Z_ -DcvË msmö ni wfwë Z GB ch v jvpbvwu Kiv n q Q f~wgkvi ciezx As k cv Ui f vjy PBb Ges cvu Pv l wb qvwrz bvix `i Kv Ri ^iƒc m ú K Av jvkcvz Kiv n q Q cöe Üi Z Zxq Aby Q ` DcvË msmön I ch v jvpbv c wz m ú K Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q PZz_ Aby Q ` K wl Z bvixi AskMÖnY Ges GZ`msµvšÍ RÛvi m ú ³ wel qi Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q câg Aby Q ` ez gvb vww Z cövß Z_ -DcvË we køly Kiv n q Q lô Aby Q ` cvu Pv l wbhy³ bvix `i A_ bwzk Ae v Dbœq bi m ve wkqz Dcvq we køly Kivi gva g Dcmsnvi Uvbv n q Q 2 cv Ui f vjy PBb Ges cvu Drcv` b bvix cvu Drcv`b, cöwµqvrvzkiy Ges cvu I cvurvz cy evrvirvzkiy GB cöavb avc jv wb qb cv Ui f vjy PBb cvu Pvl ev Drcv`b Avevi ek KqwU cöwµqvi mgš^q hvi g a i q Q Rwg Z cvu Pvl, Drcbœ cvumvq cvwb Z frv bv, MvQ cvwb Z cu P hviqvi ci Zv cwi vi Kiv, cvukvwv _ K Avuk Qvov bv Ges cvu ïkv bv GB KuvPv cvu mivmwi cvu cöwµqvrvzkiy wg j weµq Kiv nq A_ev vbxq e emvqx `i wbku weµq Kiv nq e emvqxiv Avevi cvuk j weµq K i A_ev n Íwkí Drcv` b wb qvwrz `i Kv Q mivmwi weµq K i Avevi cvu Drcv`bKvix Lvbvi m`m ivi M n vjxi cö qvr b A_ev vbxq evrv i weµ qi Rb * wmwbqi wimvp d jv, evsjv `k Dbœqb M elyv cöwzôvb (weavbwwgm)

2 68 evsjv `k Dbœqb mgx v cvurvz n Íwkí mvgmöx Drcv`b K i _v K cvu Drcv` b bvix `i AskMÖnY j Yxq, we kl K i cvukvwv _ K cv Ui Avuk Qvov bvi KvRwU g~jz bvixivb K i _v K GQvov cvu Pv li mgq kªwgk wn m e Ges cvuexr msi Y bvixiv KvR K ib Z e cvu MvQ cvwb Z frv bv Ges cupv cvu cwi vi Kivi cöwµqvq bvixiv _v K bv ej jb P j Kbbv G `yõwu av c cöpzi kvixwik Kmir cö qvrb nq, hv A bk mgq bvixi c m e n q I V bv cv Ui Avuk Qvov bvi Kv Ri gva g cvu Drcv`bKvix GjvKvi bvixiv Zv `i mviv eq ii RxweKvi GKwU D jøl hvm Ask Avq K i GB KvRwU Kej cvu gšmy g Kiv n q _v K d j eq ii Ab mgq A bk bvixi Rb B Avqg~jK KvR _v K bv Avevi A bk M n bvix eq ii GB 3/4 gvm K evowz Av qi my hvm wn m e Kv R jvmvb Z e Avuk Qvov bvi KvR ewkifvm ÎB AwZ `wi`ª bvixiv K i _v Kb hv `i RxeKv wbe v n mviv eqib AviI KvR `ikvi wpî 1: cv Ui f vjy PBb cvu Pvl cvwb Z wfrv bv I cwi vi Kiv cv Ui Auvk Qvov bv cvu ïkv bv cv Ui Auvk Qvov bv KvRwU gšmygx n ji A bk bvixi Rb eq ii GB mgqwub mviv eq ii Av qi wmsnfvm AR bi mgq d j Zv `i A b KB G mgq w`b-ivz KvR K i GB Kv R bvixi AskMÖn Yi bvbv A_ bwzk I mvgvwrk cöwzwµqv i q Q bvixiv mbvzb ^v SzuwKc~Y c wz Z Lvwj nv Z Auvk Qvov bvi KvRwU K i, hv Zv `i g a bvbvikg kvixwik mgm v m wó K i ZvQvov cupv cv Ui Auvk Qvov bvi KvRwU K mvgvwrkfv ei wbgœ ch v qi KvR e j MY Kiv nq ` ki A bk A jb Z`ycwi evsjv ` ki MÖvgv j we` gvb Amg RÛviwfwËK ` wófw½i cöfvei cvu Pv l wb qvwrz bvix `i Î cö hvr ez gvb cöeüwu g~jz cvu Pv l wb qvwrz bvix `i Av_ -mvgvwrk Ae v ch v jvpbvi wbwg Ë iwpz Gi we kl D Ïk jv n jv: (1) cvu Pv l wbhy³ Lvbvi A_ bwzk Ae vi ^iƒc AbymÜvb, (2) cvu Pv l wb qvwrz Lvbvi RÛviwfwËK Ae v ch v jvpbv/we køly, (3) cvu Pv l 68

3 Avn g`: cvu Drcv` b wb qvwrz bvixi Av_ -mvgvwrk mgm v I m vebv : GKwU ch v jvpbv 69 wb qvwrz `i we kl K i bvix `i A_ bwzk Ae vi Dbœq b wekí A_ev m ú~ik ckv AbymÜvb, Ges (4) cvu Pv l wbhy³ cövwšík ch v qi bvix `i Ae vi Dbœq b cö qvrbxq c` c AbymÜvb 3 M elyv c wz Ges Z_ -Dcv Ëi Drm ez gvb M elyvwu evsjv ` ki PviwU cvu Drcv`bKvix Rjvq gvv ch v q msm nxz Z _ i wfwë Z iwpz cvu Pv l wbhy³ bvix `i Av_ -mvgvwrk Ae v Abyave bi j MvcvjMÄ, dwi`cyi, ivrevox I h kvi Rjvi cvu Drcv`bKvix Lvbvmg~n _ K Z_ -DcvË msmªn Kiv nq 1 G Î `jwfwëk Av jvpbv (focus group discussions ev FGD) Ges mswkøó welq m ú K mwvkfv e AeMZ e w³i mv vrkvi (key informant interviews ev KII) Ñ GB `yb c wz Z Z_ -DcvË msmön Kiv nq bvix I cyiæl Df qi wbku n Z Gme Z_ msm nxz n q Q 2013 mv ji GwcÖj- g gv m gvu 60wU KII Ges 16wU GdwRwW AbywôZ nq 3.1 KII-G AskMÖnYKvix `i ey bv cvu Pv l mivmwi RwoZ h 60 R bi mv vrkvi bqv n q Q Zv `i g a 25 Rb cyiæl Ges 35 Rb bvix (mviwy 1) mv vrkv ii Rb cö_ g mswkøó Dc Rjvi cvu Pv l RwoZ Lvbv ZvwjKve Kiv nq `epq bi wfwë Z G KK Dc Rjvq cvu Pv l wbhy³ AšÍZ 50wU Lvbvi 1 Rb K i m`m K GdwRwWi Rb GKwU wbw` ó v b mg ez Kiv nq Zvici mg ez `i ga _ K ˆ`ePq bi wfwë Z KII-Gi Rb AskMÖnYKvix wbe vpb Kiv nq Avi evwkiv GdwRwW Z Ask bq mviwy 1 KII mv vrkv i AskMÖnYKvix `i weeiy Rjv Dc Rjv cyiæl bvix gvu MvcvjMÄ gykmỳ cyi Kvwkqvwb gvu dwi`cyi dwi`cyi m`i bmikv `v evqvjgvix fv½v gvu ivrevox ivrevox m`i evwjqvkvw ` gvu h kvi h kvi m`i gwbivgcyi gvu me gvu ez gvb M elyvi Z_ -DcvË msmö n mvwe K mnvqzvi Rb Traudcraft evsjv `k K we kl K ZÁZv Ávcb KiwQ 69

4 70 evsjv `k Dbœqb mgx v DËi`vZv `i cövq A a K nq Awkw Z bzzev cövbgvwi wk vq wkw Z (mviwy 2) hw`i wk vi Afve cvu Pvl I Zrmswkøó Kv R evav nq bv, wkš wkw Z K lk n j cöhyw³mz Dbœq b h myweav n Zv K wli Ab vb Lv Zi g Zv cvu Pv li m Afve we` gvb mviwy 2 mv vrkvix `i wk v wk vi Íi DËi`vZvi msl v gvu kzkiv nvi (%) Awkw Z cöv_wgk Aóg köwy cvk GmGmwm GBPGmwm GBPGmwm-Gi Dc i gvu ewkifvm DËi`vZvB KuvPv cvu Drcv`bKvix D jøl h, cvu Drcv`b I cwi vi ewkifvm mgq cyiæliv K i _v Kb, hlv b cv Ui Auvk Qvov bv I cvu ïkv bvi KvR K i _v Kb bvixiv (mviwy 3) DËi`vZv `i g a GKRb cvu w` q n Íwkí ˆZwi K ib Ges `ybrb cv Ui e emv K ib hme Lvbvi m`m cvu Pvl K ib Zviv mvaviyz n Íwkí ˆZwi K ib bv ïaygvî cvwievwik Kv R e eüz `wo ˆZwi e ZxZ ` Zv I mg qi Afv e Zviv mvaviyz cvurvz `ªe ˆZwi K ib bv mviwy 3 cvu Pv l AskMÖn Yi cök wz AskMÖnbKvix `i Ae vb AskMÖnYKvix `i msl v cyiæl bvix cvu Pvl 24 4 w`bgryi 7 4 cvu ašzkiy 24 4 cv Ui Auvk Qvov bv 6 26 cvu ïkv bv cvu evwyr KiY 2 0 cv Ui n Íwkí ˆZwiKiY 1 0 bvu: h nzz mv vrkv i AskMÖnYKvix `i cö Z K K GKvwaK DËi cö`v bi my hvm `qv n q Q m nzz GB mviwyi gvu DËi`vZv 60 R bi ewk ZvQvov GdwRwWi gva g cövß Z _ i mv _ GB mviwyi Z_ Zzjbv Ki j `Lv hvq h, w`bgry ii msl v ek Kg Z e GB mviwy Z w`bgry ii h AskMÖnY Zv Kej Rwg Z Pvl ch v q AskMÖnY wb ` k Ki Q, Drcv` bi Ab vb ch v q w`bgry ii AskMÖnY GLv b AšÍfy ³ nqwb hw`i evsjv `k D jøl hvm nv i wkï Rb nvi wbqš Y K i Q ZviciI GLv b A bk eo Lvbv i q Q weevwnz mšívb Zvi evev gv qi mv _ emevm GKwU mvaviy e vcvi d j 46 kzvsk Lvbvi m`m msl v 4 R bi AwaK, 35 kzvsk Lvbvi 4 Rb Ges evwk 18 kzvsk Lvbvi m`m msl v 4 R bi P q Kg 70

5 Avn g`: cvu Drcv` b wb qvwrz bvixi Av_ -mvgvwrk mgm v I m vebv : GKwU ch v jvpbv 71 mviwy 4 DËi`vZvi Lvbvi AvKvi Lvbvi m`m msl v DËi`vZvi msl v gvu DËi`vZvi kzkiv nvi (%) A_ev ewk `jmz Av jvpbv (GdwRwW) gvu 16wU GdwRwW Kiv nq 6wU cyiæl `i m ½ Ges 10wU bvix `i m ½ (mviwy 5) cöwz GdwRwW Z AskMÖnYKvixi msl v 16 _ K 30 Gi g a wqj Gme GdwRwW Z gvu 357 Rb AskMÖnY K i mviwy 5 wewfbœ Dc Rjvq GdwRwW-Gi msl v Rjv Dc Rjv cyiæl `j bvix `j gvu MvcvjMÄ gykmỳ cyi 1 1 Kvwkqvwb dwi`cyi dwi`cyi m`i bmikv `v evqvjgvix fv½v ivrevox ivrevox m`i evwjqvkvw ` h kvi h kvi m`i gwbivgcyi gvu bvu: hviv mivmwifv e cvu Pv l RwoZ Zv `i AšÍf y³ Kiv n q Q cvu Pv l bvixi Ae v evsvi Rb K wl Z bvixi Ae vb m ú K mwvk aviyv cö qvrb cöe Üi ciez x Aby Q ` m cö PóvB Kiv n q Q 4 evsjv ` ki K wl Z bvixi AskMÖnY 4.1 evsjv ` ki kögkw³ Z bvix ^vaxbzvi ci `xn w`b evsjv ` k AwaKvsk bvix kögkw³i evb i wqj Z e MZ `k eq i A_ bwzk Kg Kv Ð bvixi AskMÖnY µgvš^ q e w c q Q kªgkw³ Rwi ci Z_ -Dcv Ë cökvk cv Q kögevrv i ˆelg bvix kögkw³i nvi mv j gvu kögkw³i 23.9 kzvsk _ K e o 2010 mv j 36 kzvs k DbœxZ n ji cyiæ li Zzjbvq bvixi AskMÖnY A bk Kg 71

6 72 evsjv `k Dbœqb mgx v j Kiv M Q bvix `i g a ekv ii msl v cyiæl `i Zzjbvq ewk: 4.1 kzvsk cyiæ li wecix Z 5.8 kzvsk bvix GQvovI AwaKvsk bvix A ezwbk cvwievwik Kv R wb qvwrz cövq 11.8 wgwjqb A ezwbk cvwievwik Kg xi g a 9.1 wgwjqbb n Q bvix A_ bwzkfv e m g Rbkw³ ev kögkw³ (wgwjqb) kögkw³ Z AskMÖn Yi nvi (%) ekvi Z i nvi (%) A ezwbk cvwievwik Kg x (wgwjqb) mviwy 6 kögkw³ Z bvix-cyiæ li AskMÖnY gvu cyiæl bvix gvu cyiæl bvix gvu cyiæl bvix gvu cyiæl bvix Drm: kögkw³ Rwic bvu: 1. kögkw³ Rwic Abyhvqx A_ bwzkfv e m g RbmsL vi g a ZvivB AšÍf y³ hv `i eqm 15 eqi ev Zvi D aÿ ; hviv kªgkw³ Rwi ci Z_ msmönkvjxb mg q K g wbhy³ A_ev wbhy³ bb Gi g a cöwzeüx, AemicÖvß, wf zk, A_ mvnvh MÖnxZv, QvÎ-QvÎx I M nea~ `i AšÍf y³ Kiv nqwb 2. kögkw³ Z AskMÖn Yi nvi ej Z gvu RbmsL vi 15 eqi ev Z`~aŸ eqmx `i kzkiv h Ask kögkw³i AšÍf y³ Zv K evsvq kögkw³ Rwi ci Z_ Abyhvqx ewkifvm bvix I cyiæl K wl Lv Z wbhy³ Av Q hvi g a dmj Drcv`b, ebvqb Ges grm Pvl AšÍf y³ (mviwy 7) Z e Gme Kv R AskMÖnY Kg Q mviwy 7 15 eqi ev Zvi AwaK eq mi Kg Rxwe `i cöavb ckv ( gvu Kg Rxwei kzkiv nvi) D jøl hvm ckv gvu cyiæl bvix gvu cyiæl bvix gvu cyiæl bvix gvu cyiæl bvix ckvrxwe, cöhyw³mz cökvmwbk/ e e vcbvmz KiwYK Kg x mev Kg x weµq Kgx K wl, eb I grm Drcv`b I cwienb Kg x

7 Avn g`: cvu Drcv` b wb qvwrz bvixi Av_ -mvgvwrk mgm v I m vebv : GKwU ch v jvpbv K wl Z bvixi AskMÖnY Gwkqvi `kmg~ n K wl Z bvixi AskMÖnY ewk evsjv `k, Pxb, f~uvb, K ^vwwqv, fviz, gvqvbgvi, bcvj, cvwk Ívb I wf qzbv gi cövq kzvsk bvix K wl Lv Z wbhy³ (FAO 2003) kögkw³ Rwic 2010 Abymv i evsjv ` ki 61 kzvsk A_ bwzkfv e m g (economically active) bvix K wl Kv R wbhy³ Ab w` K 39 kzvsk K wl ewnf ~Z Kv R hy³ e yz ewkifvm Gwkq `kmg~ n cyiæ li Zzjbvq K wl Z A_ bwzkfv e m g bvixi AskMÖnY ewk hw`i K wl Z bvixi AskMÖnY cövq A ezwbk cvwievwik Kg xi g Zv K i e vckfv e Aeg~j vqb Kiv nq evsjv ` ki K wllv Z bvix K cö Qbœ ivlv n q Q, a i bqv n q Q bvix K wl Drcv`b Kv R AšÍf y³ bq KviY mvgvwrk ev mvs wzk ixwzbxwz Z bvix K NigyLx ivlv n q Q Ges bvix köwg Ki grywii nvii Kg Z e wewfbœ Rwi ci cwimsl vb Øviv Giƒc aviyv K P v jä Kiv n q Q (Birner et al. 2010) mg qi mv _ mv _ K wl Z bvixi AskMÖnY evo Q K wl Z AšÍf y³ gvu RbmsL v mv j wgwjqb n Z e w c q 2010 mv j 25.7 wgwjqb n q Q, hv 12 kzvsk cöe w wb ` k K i K wl Z cyiæ li msl v (15.22 wgwjqb n Z wgwjqb) mvgvb n«vm c ji bvixi msl v e w c q 7.7 wgwjqb n Z 10.5 wgwjqb n q Q, hv 36 kzvsk cöe w wb ` k K i (mviwy 8) mviwy 8 kög evrv i MÖvgxY bvix `i AskMÖn Yi wkqz bgybv (wgwjqb) m~pk 2003/ / A_ bwzkfv e m g bvix Kg Rxwe bvix MÖvgv j A_ bwzkfv e m g bvix MÖvgv j Kg Rxwe bvix A ezwbk cvwievwik Kv R bvix MÖvgv j A ezwbk cvwievwik Kv R bvix K wlkv R bvixi AskMÖnY Drm: kögkw³ Rwic MÖvgxY Kg Rxwe bvix mvaviyz A ezwbk cvwievwik Kg x mv j Gi e vwß wqj gvu MÖvgxY bvixi cövq 72 kzvsk (8.6 wgwjqb), hv 2010 mv j n«vm c q n q Q 58 kzvsk ( hlv b MÖvgxY Kg Rxwe bvix 12.6 wgwjqb) GwU wb ` k K i h, MÖvgxY bvixiv µgvš^ q DcvR bkvix Kg x Z AšÍf y³ n Q Asaduzzaman (2010) e j Qb h, bvix µgvš^ q cyiæl cvwievwik Kg xi vb wb Q h cyiæl Kg x AwaK jv fi Avkvq K wl Î _ K m i G m Q (Ab A j vbvšíi niqvmn) bvix ewkifvm mg q emz msjmœ K wl KvR K ib hlv b cyiæl gvv ch v q K wl KvR K ib wewfbœ M elyv ZI GB Z_ D V G m Q h, bvix evwoi evb ii K wlkv R AskMÖnY K i _v K (Hossain and Bayes 2009, Abdullah and Zeidestein 1982) K qk eqi Av MI bvixi 73

8 74 evsjv `k Dbœqb mgx v K wlkvr mxgve wqj evwoi Avw½bv K K `ª K i wewfbœ Drcv` b mv úªwzk eq i Zviv K wlkv Ri cvkvcvwk cï I nuvmgyiwm cvj bi Kv R AšÍf y³ n Q Jaim and Hossain (2011) Gi g Z, K wlkv R bvixi AskMÖnY wbf i K i bvix Kg xi eqm, bvix köwg Ki cwiev ii mp GjvKv, emikvwi cöwzôv b bvixi m`m c`, MÖv gi `ym gzvi gvîv, MÖv gi K wlkv R grywi nvi BZ vw`i Dci GB RwicwU AviI wb ` k K i bvixi wk v, MÖvgxY we`ÿ Zvqb, evm c n Z MÖv gi `~iz, MÖv gi AK wl grywi nvi, eqm BZ vw`i mv _ K wl Z bvixi AskMÖn Yi bwzevpk m úk i q Q GQvov wbr ^ f~wg ewk n ji K wlkv R bvixi AskMÖnY Kg _v K K wl Z bvixi AskMÖnY wel q Dc i ewy Z ev ÍeZv cvu Drcv` bi ÎI mz AwaKš cvu Drcv` bi h ch v q bvix wbhy³ nq ZviI wkqz ˆewkó bvixi RxebhvÎv K cöfvwez K i 5 GdwRwW Ges mv vrkv ii ch e Y 5.1 mvaviy ch e Y h nzz cvu GKwU gšmywg dmj, m nzz Lvbvmg~n eq ii Ab mg q Ab dmj Pvl K i _v K cvu gšmyg mvaviyz 4 _ K 5 gv mi n q _v K hv deªæqvwi gv mi kl w` K ïiæ nq (wewfbœ cörvwzi Î ZviZg Av Q) cvu Qvov Gme Lvbv Rwg Z Ab hme dmj Drcv`b K i _v K Zvi g a Av Q Mg, f~æv, wewfbœ Wvj, kxzkvjxb mewr, cuqvr BZ vw` Kg Rwgi gvwjkiv wb Ri Rwgi cvkvcvwk A b i Rwg em v wb q Pvlvev` K i _v K K wl köwgkiv cvu gšmy g cvu Pv li wewfbœ ch v q KvR K i _v K 5.2 Rwic GjvKvq `vwi`ª Ae v cvu Drcv`bKvix GjvKvi RbMY we kl K i bvix `i Rb bzzb D ` vm wb j wk djvdj Avm Z cv i Zv evsvi Rb G GjvKvi RbM Yi `vwi`ª Ae v Rvbv `ikvi GRb wba vwiz GjvKvi Progress out of Poverty Index (wcwcavb) MYbv Kiv n q Q (mviwy 9) G m~pk cvu Pv l wbhy³ Lvbvmg~ ni g a `wi`ª Lvbv _vkvi m vebv wb ` k K i D jøl h, RwicK Z Dc Rjvmg~ ni g a dwi`cyi Rjvi evqvjgvix Dc Rjv ewk `wi`ª G Dc Rjvi kzkiv 50 fvm cvu Pvlx cwievi RvZxq `vwi`ª mxgvi wb P, 67 kzvsk 1.25/w`b/2005 wcwcwc mxgvi wb P Ges kzvsk cwievi Pig `vwi`ª mxgvi wb P Ae vb Kivi m vebv i q Q MvcjMÄ Rjvi gykmỳ cyi I Kvwkqvwb Dc Rjv Ges dwi`cyi Rjvi bmikv `v Dc Rjvi P q evqvjgvix Dc Rjv fv jv Ae v b _vk ji RwicK Z Ab vb Dc Rjvi P q Lvivc Ae vq i q Q cövq GK Z Zxqvsk cvu Pvlx cwievi RvZxq `vwi`ª mxgvi wb P emevm K i 74

9 Avn g`: cvu Drcv` b wb qvwrz bvixi Av_ -mvgvwrk mgm v I m vebv : GKwU ch v jvpbv 75 Dc Rjv mviwy 9 RwicK Z wewfbœ Dc Rjvq `vwi `ª i g~j vqb (bvix I cyiæ li mgš^ q) GdwWwRi msl v `vwi`ª wba vik vi RvZxq D P `vwi`ª ilvi wb P Ae v bi m vebv 1.25/w`b/2005 wcwcwc mxgvi wb P _vkvi m vebv USAID Pig `vwi`ª mxgvi wb P Ae v bi m vebv gykmỳ cyi Kvwkqvwb dwi`cyi m`i bmikv `v evqvjgvix fv½v ivrevox m`i evwjqvkvw ` h kvi m`i gwbivgcyi bvu: mviwy Z D jøwlz bvbviƒc `vwi`ª ilvi Dci wkqzuv we ÍvwiZ Rvb Z msjmœx -1 `Lyb `vwi`ª wba vik vi hz ewk Zvi gv b `wi`ª Lvbvi msl v ewk niqvi m vebv ZZ Kg Giƒc Dc RjvwfwËK `vwi`ª wba viy vi Øviv GdwRwW Z AskMÖnYKvix `i Mo `vwi`ª wba viy vi evsv bv n q Q, hv KZ jv wbw` ó cö kœi gva g cwigvc Kiv n q Q `vwi`ª Ae v A bklvwb cökvk cvq cwiev i Kgc m`m GKRb w`b grywii KvR Ki j KII 60 Rb DËi`vZvi g a 37 Rb DËi`vZvi Lvbvi AšÍZ GKRb m`m w`b grywii KvR K i _v K (mviwy 10) Dc Rjv mviwy 10 hme Lvbv/cwiev i Kgc GKRb w`bgryi i q Q GKRb w`bgryi cwiev ii Lvbvi msl v wba vwiz Dc Rjvi DËi`vZvi msl v wba vwiz Dc Rjvq gvu DËi`vZvi msl v ebvg GKRb w`bgryi cwiev ii Lvbvi msl vi kzkiv nvi (%) gykmỳ cyi Kvwkqvwb dwi`cyi m`i bmikv `v evqvjgvix fv½v ivrevox m`i evwjqvkvw ` h kvi m`i gwbivgcyi gvu mviwy 10 _ K `Lv hv Q, dwi`cyi Rjvi evqvjgvix Dc Rjvq Rwicfy³ 4 Rb DËi`vZvi mevb w`b gryi d j GwU AveviI cökvk K i h RwicK Z me Dc Rjvi g a evqvjgvix Dc Rjv me P q Mwie GjvKv 75

10 76 evsjv `k Dbœqb mgx v 5.3 cwiev ii m ú` GKwU cwiev ii A_ bwzk `ye jzv cwiev ii ` k gvb m ú` Ges gvbe m ú `i Ae vi Dci wbf i K i cvu Pv l wbhy³ cwievimg~ n gvbe m ú` ej Z wk vmz hvm Zv A bk Kg G Î Avgiv Zv `i ev Íe m ú `i e vl v Kie RwicK Z Lvbvmg~ ni cövq A a Ki Pvl hvm Rwgi cwigvy 49 kzvs ki P q Kg Ges 15 kzvs ki (9wU cwievi) Kv bv Pvl hvm f~wg bb (mviwy 11) GB Lvbv jv em v bqv Rwg Z dmj Pvlvev` Ki Q hw`i G `i Pvl hvm f~wg bb, G `i 85 kzvs ki emz wfuv i q Q A bk cwiev ii emzwfuvi cv k Ae eüz f~wg i q Q hv mewr I dj Pv l e eüz n Z cv i mviwy 11 Lvbvi gvu Pvl hvm f~wg Dc Rjv f~wgi AvKvi 49 kzvs ki Kg 50 n Z 149 kzvsk 150 n Z 249 kzvsk 250 n Z 749 kzvsk 750 Ges Gi ewk Pvl hvm f~wg bb gykmỳ cyi Kvwkqvwb dwi`cyi m`i bmikv `v evqvjgvix fv½v ivrevox m`i evwjqvkvw ` h kvi m`i gwbivgcyi gvu (DËi`vZvi kzkiv nvi) 29 (48.3) 13 (21.7) 3 (5.0) 5 (8.3) 1 (1.7) 9 (15.0) GQvov 28wU Lvbvi (47 kzvsk) Kgc GKwU cykzi i q Q ewkifvm cykz ii AvKvi 49 kzvs ki Kg mviwy 12 cykz ii AvKvi ( hme Lvbvi cykyi i q Q) cykz ii AvKvi DËi`vZvi msl v cykzi Av Q Ggb DËi`vZvi g a kzkiv nvi % 49 kzvs ki Kg n Z 149 kzvsk Ges Gi ewk gvu cykzi jv ewkifvm mgq cvwievwik gv Qi Drm wn m e e envi n q Avm Q, hlv b wkqz msl K e envi n q Avm Q evwywr Kfv e gvq Pvl Kivi Kv R wkqz cykzi cwzz Ae vq 76

11 Avn g`: cvu Drcv` b wb qvwrz bvixi Av_ -mvgvwrk mgm v I m vebv : GKwU ch v jvpbv 77 Av Q DËi`vZv `i g Z wkqz cykzi Ggwb c o Av Q KviY nq cykz ii AvKvi QvU ev cykzi jv K cvwievwik ev evwywr Kfv e e envi Kivi g Zv A_ Zv `i Kv Q bb mviwy 13 cykz ii e envi cykz ii e envi DËi`vZvi msl v gvu DËi`vZvi cykzi e env ii nvi Ae eüz wbr ^ Pvwn`v guv bvi Rb gvq Pvl evwy R i Rb gvq Pvl A b i Kv Q em v `qv gvu (%) K wl Rwg Ges cykzi QvovI Rwic GjvKvq i q Q Mevw` cï, nuvm-gyiwm, dj MvQ BZ vw` ïaygvî h kvi m`i I gwbivgcy i evwywr Kfv e nvum-gyiwm I Mevw` cï cvjb Kiv nq hv Ab Kv_vI `Lv hvqwb G `ywu AÂ j cïcvjb GKwU iæz c~y Av qi Drm 5.4 cvu Pvlx cwievimg~ n RxweKvi gšwjk ˆewkó cvu Pvlx cwiev ii cyiæl I bvixi ˆ`bw `b Kvh vejx mviwy 14 _ K `Lv hvq h cyiæliv w` bi ewkifvm mgq e q K i K wl Rwg Z, A bk mgq Zv 12 NÈvI n q _v K (M o 8 _ K 10 NÈv) Zviv LyeB Kg mgq e q K i cvwievwik Kv R hgb ivbœv Kiv, Kvco cwi vi Kiv, ev Pv jvjb-cvjb BZ vw` Zviv wkqz mgq Ajmfv e Dc fvm K i Gi wecix Z bvixiv cöavbz mgq e q K i cvwievwik Kv R hgb ivbœv, Ni cwi vi Kiv, ev Pv jvjb-cvjb BZ vw` Gi evb i Zviv cwiev ii Avq e w Z gv V KvR K i _v K, hgb cv Ui gšmy g cv Ui Auvk Qvov bv, Ab vb dmj KvUvi mgq mvnvh Kiv, dmj evwo Z msi Y BZ vw` ewkifvm Î bvixi Avq e w g~jk Kg Kv Ði ^xk wz bb hw` Zvi mivmwi Avw_ K g~j bv _v K hgb cv Ui Auvk Qvov bv Kv R w`b gryiiv Kv Ri wewbg q cvu KvwV c q _v K hv Zviv wewµ K i- GB Kvi Y GB KvR K bvix KZ K Avqea bg~jk KvR g b Kiv nq, wkš cvwievwikfv e Giƒc KvR Ki j Zv K Avqea bg~jk g b Kiv nq bv bvix `i Aemi mgq cyiæl `i Zzjbvq Kg Rwi c AskMÖnYKvix bvixiv e j Qb Zv `i Kv Ri gv S wb Riv mgq ei K i bv wb j mwz Kvi Aemi mgq cviqv hvq bv wkqz GjvKvq bvix `i Rb RxebhvÎv KwVb n q c o Zv `i ivbœv, Kvco cwi vi cöf wz Kv R hlb evwoi wbku GjvKvq cvwbi mye e v bv _v K hgb Kvwkqvwb Dc Rjvq `wi`ª Lvbvi bvix `i cvwb msmön Ki Z A bk `~ i h Z nq G Z w` b cövq `yb NÈv mgq e q nq GB GjvKvq Av ikwu mgm v n Q we`ÿ Zi Afve 77

12 78 evsjv `k Dbœqb mgx v mviwy 14 bvix I cyiæ li `bw `b Kvh vejx wj½ Kvh vejx me wbgœ e wqz mgq (NÈv) m e v P e wqz mgq (NÈv) cyiæl Lvevi ivbœv/ Zwi Kvco/weQvbv cwi vi/ ašz Kiv 1 2 wkï jvjb-cvjb Nygv bv 6 10 cöavb ckvi Kv Ri mgq 4 12 evwo n Z Kg Î hviqv Avmv mgq 1 3 we bv`bg~jk ev Aemi 2 4 Ab vb KvR hgb KbvKvUv BZ vw` 1 9 bvix Lvevi ivbœv/ Zwi 2 5 Kvco/weQvbv cwi vi/ ašz Kiv 1 4 wkï jvjb- cvjb 2 5 Nygv bv 6 8 cöavb ckvi Kv Ri mgq 2 9 evwo n Z Kg Î hviqv Avmv mgq 1 2 weiwz mgq 1 3 Ab vb mgq hgb KbvKvUv BZ vw` 1 3 hw`i bvixiv wkqz Aemi mgq cvq hv Zviv cwiev ii m`m `i mv _ KvUvq (mviwy 15) wkqz mgq Zviv Zv `i cöwz ekxi mv _ AvjvcPvwiZvq KvUvq Z e m mgqwu ZI mšív bi Lqvj ivl Z nq Ab w` K ewkifvm cyiæl Zv `i Aemi mg q wuwf ` L ev Pv `vkv b AvÇv `q GUv wb ` k K i h, cyiæliv Zv `i Ajm mgquzkz cy ivcywifv e Dc fvm K i hlv b bvix `i m my hvm bb bvixiv Kv Ri duv K Aí mg qi Aemi cvq gvî mviwy 15 weiwz mg qi Kvh vejx Kvh vejx cyiæl msl v bvixi msl v eüzi mv _ Mí wuwf `Lv 21 5 cwiev ii m`m `i mv _ mgq KvUv bv Zvm ev K vivg Ljv 3 0 Ajm mgq Pv qi `vkv b KvUv bv 14 0 M ncvwjz cï mev 2 0 gv V wµ KU/dzUej Ljv 2 0 bvu: G Î 25 Rb cyiæl I 35 Rb bvixi DËi AšÍf y³ n q Q GKvwaK DË ii my hvm wqj 78

13 Avn g`: cvu Drcv` b wb qvwrz bvixi Av_ -mvgvwrk mgm v I m vebv : GKwU ch v jvpbv cvu Lv Z grywi cvu Pv l grywi cö`vb Kiv nq bm ` ev `ª e cv Ui Auvk Qvov bv e ZxZ cöwzwu ch v q bm` A_ cö`vb Kiv nq cv Ui Auvk Qvov bv Kv R bm` A_ I `ªe DfqB cö`vb Kiv nq köwgkiv cvu KvwV (cv Ui Auvk Qvov bvi ci) c q _v K grywi wn m e hv Zviv cvwievwik Kv R e envi K i A_ev wewµ K i _v K bvixiv mvaviyz cv Ui Auvk Qvov bv ch v q KvR K i _v K, hviv grywi wn m e `ªe c q _v K mviwy 16 cvu Lv Z grywi cö`v bi aib Dc Rjv bm` grywi MÖnYKvix DËi`vZvi msl v `ª e grywi MÖnYKvix DËi`vZvi msl v gykmỳ cyi 1 3 Kvwkqvwb 5 3 dwi`cyi m`i 6 2 bmikv `v 2 2 evqvjgvix 4 0 fv½v 3 1 ivrevox m`i 5 3 evwjqvkvw ` 4 4 h kvi m`i 1 5 gwbivgcyi 2 3 gvu gv Ui kzkiv nvi wj½ ˆelg evsjv ` k e vckfv e `Lv hvq Ges GB Rwi ci Zvi e wzµg N Uwb bvix cyiæl mgvb ev GKB KvR Kivi ci bvix `i Kg grywi cö`vb Kiv nq bvix cyiæ li grywii e eavb mvaviyz 50 UvKv _ K 100 UvKv ch ší n q _v K mviwy 17 ˆ`wbK bm` grywi cö`v bi nvi (UvKvq) Dc Rjv wj½ b~ bzg grywi nvi m e v P grywi nvi gykmỳ cyi bvix Kvwkqvwb cyiæl bvix dwi`cyi m`i cyiæl bvix bmikv `v bvix evqvjgvix bvix fv½v bvix ivrevox m`i cyiæl bvix evwjqvkvw ` cyiæl bvix h kvi m`i bvix gwbivgcyi cyiæl

14 80 evsjv `k Dbœqb mgx v `ªe grywii ÎI bvix cyiæ li g a cö f` `Lv hvq Z e Gi Zzjbv cwigvc Kiv KwVb KviY cyiæliv mvaviyz bm` grywii wecix Z KvR K i _v K hlv b bvixiv `ªe grywii k Z KvR K i _v K cv Ui Auvk Qvov bvi Kv R wb qvwrz bvix Kv Ri wewbg q Auvk Qvov bv mg Í cv Ui KvwV c q _v K Zviv Gme cvukvwv ivbœvi Kv R ev evwoi eov wn m e e envi K i _v K GQvov cwiev ii A _ i cö qvr b Gme cvukvwv wewµi K i _v K cöwzw` bi DcvR b cöwzw`b GKRb wk cwigvy cv Ui Auvk Qvov Z cv i Ges Auvk Qvov bv cvukvwvi weµq g~ j i Dci wbf i K i Avevi cvukvwv wewµi mg qi DciI Gi g~j wbf i K i cvu KvUv gšmy g cvu KvwVi g~j A bk Kg _v K, Z e bvixiv hw` Zv msi Y K i eq ii Ab mg q Zv wewµ K ib Zvn j cvu KvwVi g~j ewk cv eb 2 mviwy 18 `ªe grywii evrvi g~j (UvKvq) Dc Rjv wj½ b~ bzg grywi nvi m e v P grywi nvi gykmỳ cyi bvix Kvwkqvwb cyiæl bvix dwi`cyi m`i cyiæl bvix bmikv `v bvix fv½v bvix ivrevox m`i bvix evwjqvkvw ` bvix h kvi m`i bvix gwbivgcyi bvix cv Ui Auvk Qvov bvi Kv Ri mvgvwrk cöfve cv Ui Auvk Qvov bvi Kv Ri c~ e h cv Ui RvK `qv ev cupv bv nq Zv ^v i Rb SuzwKc~Y, ZvB A b K G KvR n Z weiz _vk Z Pvb abx cwiev ii bvixiv cv Ui Auvk Qvov bv Kv R fvovk Z kö gi Dci wbf i K i cv Ui Auvk Qvov bv Z bvix cyiæ li cöfve wb q wewfbœ gzvgz i q Q h kvi Dc Rjv e ZxZ RwicK Z me GjvKvq Auvk Qvov bv Kv R wb qvwrz bvix Kg xi kzkiv nvi cyiæl Kg xi P q ewk 2 GjvKv f ` cvu gšmy g cvu KvwVi `vg 20 UvKvq 20 wu KvwV (mvaviyz 20wU KvwVi GK K cvu KvwV weµq nq) _ K 40 UvKvq 20 wu KvwV nq 80

15 Avn g`: cvu Drcv` b wb qvwrz bvixi Av_ -mvgvwrk mgm v I m vebv : GKwU ch v jvpbv 81 mviwy 19 cv Ui Auvk Qvov bv Kv R wbhy³ Kg xi gzvgz Dc Rjv DËi`vZvi msl v hviv g b K ib cv Ui Auvk Qvov bv Kv R wbhy³ AwaKvsk Î bvix AwaKvsk Î cyiæl gykmỳ cyi 3 1 Kvwkqvwb 7 1 dwi`cyi m`i 5 3 bmikv `v 4 0 evqvjgvix 4 0 fv½v 3 1 ivrevox m`i 1 7 evwjqvkvw ` 4 4 h kvi m`i 0 5 gwbivgcyi 0 5 gvu bvix I cyiæl Dfq KB cvu gšmy gi k l cv Ui Auvk Qvov bv Kv R Lye e Í mgq KvUv Z nq cv Ui Auvk Qvov bvi mgqkvj 2 _ K 8 mßvn ch ší n q _v K Z e GwU wbf i K i cvu Drcv` bi cwigv Yi Dci GB mgq cv Ui Auvk Qvov bv Kv R wb qvwrz bvixiv ïaygvî wb R `i Rwgi cvub bq cöwz ewki cv Ui Auvk Qvov bv Kv RI wbhy³ _v K, d j A bk mgq e q nq Z e wewfbœ K l Ki cvu ivc Yi mgq Abyhvqx KvUvi mgq wewfbœ nq weavq cv Ui Auvk Qvov bv KvRwU 3 gvm a i Pj Z _v K mviwy 20 cv Ui Auvk Qvov bv Kv R eq i e wqz w`b Dc Rjv b~ bzg w`b m e v P w`b gykmỳ cyi Kvwkqvwb dwi`cyi m`i 4 90 bmikv `v evqvjgvix fv½v ivrevox m`i - - evwjqvkvw ` 6 60 h kvi m`i gwbivgcyi 7 45 hviv Kej A b i cv Ui Auvk Qvov bv Kv R wb qvwrz _v Kb Zviv AwZ `wi`ª köwyi Ges Zv `i RxweKvi my hvm mxwgz Zviv bzzb RxweKvq wb qvwrz n q Zv `i RxebhvÎvi gvb e w Ki Z Pvq wkš bzzb RxweKv AR b ek wkqz mgm v i q Q (mviwy 21) mgm v jv n Q 81

16 82 evsjv `k Dbœqb mgx v f~wg I g~ja bi Afve, 3 wk vi Afve Ges ` Zvi Afve Gi g a KD KD K wl DcKi Yi Afv ei K_vI D jøl K i Qb; Avevi A b K bwzevpk mvgvwrk I ag xq cöwzeükzvi m ylxb nb mviwy 21 cv Ui Auvk Qvov bv Kv R wb qvwrz `i bzzb RxweKv AR b mgm vmg~n Dc Rjv f~wgi Afve g~ja bi Afve cöwk Yi Afve bwzevpk mvgvwrk I ag xq AvPiY cyiæl bvix cyiæl bvix cyiæl bvix cyiæl bvix gykmỳ cyi Kvwkqvwb dwi`cyi m`i bmikv `v evqvjgvix fv½v ivrevox m`i evwjqvkvw ` h kvi m`i gwbivgcyi gvu bvu: GKvwaK DËi`vb m e wqj hw`i RxweKv wn m e cv Ui Auvk Qvov bv Zgb AvKl Yxq bq, Zey cövq me DËi`vZvB e j Qb G Kv Ri d j Zv `i cvwievwik Ae vi wkqzuv n ji DbœwZ N U Q Rwi c AskMÖnYKvix KD KD D jøl K i Qb h hw` Zviv Ab Kv bv A_ bwzk my hvm cvq Zvn j Zviv cv Ui Auvk Qvov bvi KvR Ki eb bv 5.5 DËi`vZv `i Lvbvi Av qi Drm cvu Drcv`bKvix Lvbvmg~ n bvix cyiæl wg j KvR K i _v K we kl K i `wi`ª cwievimg~ ni bvixiv Zv `i ˆ`bw `b Pvwn`v guv bvi Rb cvu m úwk Z Avq ea bg~jk Kg Kv Ð wbhy³ nq Zviv w`bgryi wn m ei KvR K i _v K Av qi cöavb Drm wewfbœ& DËi`vZvi wewfbœ& ikg D jøl h, RwicK Z DËi`vZv `i cwiev ii Av qi cöavb Drm cvupvl (mviwy 22) 3 hw`i ez gvb M elyvq f~wgnxbzv I cv Ui Auvk Qvov bvi ckvq RwoZ niqvi g a Kv bv m úk cwigv ci D ` vm bqv nqwb, Zey j Yxq h wbr Lvbvi evb i hme bvix cv Ui Auvk Qvov bvi KvRwU K ib Zv `i Lvbvi f~wgi cwigvy LyeB bmy A_ev Zviv f~wgnxb 82

17 Avn g`: cvu Drcv` b wb qvwrz bvixi Av_ -mvgvwrk mgm v I m vebv : GKwU ch v jvpbv 83 Dc Rjv gykmỳ cyi Kvwkqvwb dwi`cyi m`i bmikv `v evqvjgvix fv½v ivrevox m`i evwjqvkvw ` h kvi m`i gwbivgcyi mviwy 22 Av qi cöavb Drm Av qi Drm mg~n (1) cv Ui Auvk Qvov bv, (2) cvu n Íwkí ˆZwi, (3) M ncvwjz cï cvjb, (4) mjvb mev (1) cvu Pvl, (2) cv Ui Auvk Qvov bv, (3) cvu n Íwkí Qvov Ab QvU e emv, (4) avb Pvl (1) cvu Pvl, (2) cv Ui Auvk Qvov bv, (3) cvu n Íwkí Qvov Ab QvU e emv, (4) cvu e ZxZ Ab Î w`bgrywi, (5) mjvb mev (1) cv Ui Auvk Qvov bv, (2) cvu ïkv bv, (3) cvurvz cy weµqkvr, (4) cvu e ZxZ Ab Î w`bgrywi (1) cv Ui Auvk Qvov bv, (2) z`ª e emv (1) cvu Pvl, (2) cv Ui Auvk Qvov bv (1) cvu Pvl, (2) cv Ui Auvk Qvov bv, (3) mjvb mev (1) cvu Pvl, (2) cv Ui Auvk Qvov bv (3) Ab Lvgv i kög wewµ, (4) cvu n Íwkí Qvov Ab QvU e emv, (5) cvu e ZxZ Ab Î w`bgrywi (1) cvu e ZxZ Ab dmj Drcv`b, (2) cvu n Íwkí Qvov Ab QvU e emv, (3) cvu e ZxZ Ab Î w`bgrywi, (4) mjvb mev (1) cï cvjb, (2) gvq Pvl, (3) cvu e ZxZ Ab Î w`bgrywi, (4) mjvb mev bvu: GB mviwy Z iæz Abyhvqx Lvbvi Av qi cöavb Drmmg~n D jøl Kiv n q Q G QvovI Av qi Ab Drm i q Q mkj DËi`vZviB cöavb Av qi Drm e ZxZ Ab vb Av qi Drm i q Q RwicK Z GjvKvq cvu Drcv` bi mv _ m úwk Z cwievimg~ ni Av qi Dr mi e eavb Kg cöavb ev AwZwi³ Av qi Drm wn m e QvU e emv D jøl Kiv n q Q hvi g a AšÍf y³ i q Q QvU gyw` `vkvb, wikmv givgz, A Uv wikmv fvovq `qv BZ vw` 5.6 bvixi gzvqb bvixi gzvq bi ^iƒc Abyave bi Rb wewfbœ wb ` kk i q Q GKwU iæz c~y wb ` kk n Q cwiev i wm vší bqvi Î bvixi f~wgkv DËi`vZv `i 38 Rb D jøl K ib (63 kzvsk) h, bvixiv hš_fv e Zv `i ^vgxi mv _ wm vší wb q _v Kb Ges 21 (35 kzvsk) Rb Rvbvb h Zviv wb RivB wm vší wb q _v Kb ïaygvî GKRb bvix Rvbvb h wm vší MÖn Y bvixi Kv bv f~wgkv bb mviwy 23 cwiev i wm vší MÖn Y bvixi f~wgkv Dc Rjv bvixiv wb R wm vší wb q _v Kb ^vgxi mv _ hš_fv e wm vší MÖn Y Kv bv f~wgkv bb wm vší wb q _v Kb gykmỳ cyi Kvwkqvwb dwi`cyi m`i bmikv `v evqvjgvix fv½v ivrevox m`i evwjqvkvw ` h kvi m`i gwbivgcyi gvu

18 84 evsjv `k Dbœqb mgx v `jmz Av jvpbvq `Lv M Q h, cwiev ii wm vší MÖn Y bvixi f~wgkv wbf i K i wk ai bi wm vší bqv n Q Zvi Dci D`vniY ^iƒc dmj ev m ú` Kbvi wel q hlb wm vší bqv nq ZLb cyiæliv GKvB wm vší wb q _v Kb Avevi hlb ev Pv `i wk v ev ^v wel q wm v šíi welq Av m ZLb bvixiv wb R ev Zvi ^vgxmn hš_fv e wm vší MÖnY K i _v Kb hw`i DËi`vZv `i GK-Z Zxqvsk g b K ib h, bvixiv GKvB cwiev ii wel q wm vší wb Z cv ib, gvî 17 kzvsk DËi`vZv g b K ib bvixiv Zv `i Avq wkfv e e q Ki eb m wm vší wb R bb DËi`vZv `i 83 kzvsk D jøl K ib nq ^vgx ev cwiev ii Ab m`m (DVwZ eqwm mšívb ev k ïi) wm vší wb q _v Kb A_ev bvixiv wm vší MÖnY K i _v Kb ^vgxi mv _ Av jvpbv K i (mviwy 24) mviwy 24 bvixi Avq Li Pi wm vší Dc Rjv ^vgxi wm vší ^vgx I xi hš_ wm vší xi GKK wm vší cwiev ii Ab m` m i wm vší gykmỳ cyi Kvwkqvwb dwi`cyi m`i bmikv `v evqvjgvix fv½v ivrevox m`i evwjqvkvw ` h kvi m`i gwbivgcyi gvu kzkiv nvi `jmz Av jvpbvq bvix AskMÖnYKvixiv e j Qb h, cyiæliv Avw_ K wel qi wm všímg~n fv jv wb q _v Kb Rwicfz³ 33 kzvsk DËi`vZv g b K ib h, bvixiv Zv `i Av qi mwvk e envi Ki Z cv i bv (mviwy 25), d j wm vší bqvi Î ^vgx `i mvnvh wb Z nq `jmz Av jvpbvq cyiæl AskMÖnYKvixiv e jb h cyiæliv ^xkvi Ki Z Pvq bv h bvixiv Avw_ K wel q fv jv wm vší bq evsjv ` ki bvixi Avq K A bk ÎB cwiev ii Kv R cö qvrb bb e j g b Kiv nq GwU g b Kiv nq h bvixiv Zv `i Avq K Zv `i wejvwmzv ev AcÖ qvrbxq Kv R e envi K i _v K Rwicfy³ 15 kzvsk (bvix I cyiæl DfqB) GKB gzvgz `b Zviv g b K ib bvix cwiev ii Li P AskMÖnY K i bv hw`i 75 kzvsk DËi`vZv ^xkvi K ib bvixiv cwiev ii Li P AskMÖnY K i _v Kb we klz bvixiv Zv `i A_ LiP K i _v Kb mšív bi cov kvbvi e vcv i A_ev cwiev ii AvKw K cö qvr b 84

19 Avn g`: cvu Drcv` b wb qvwrz bvixi Av_ -mvgvwrk mgm v I m vebv : GKwU ch v jvpbv 85 mviwy 25 bvix `i Avq wb Ri B Qg Zv LiP Kivi gzv Dc Rjv nü v bv gykmỳ cyi 4 0 Kvwkqvwb 3 5 dwi`cyi m`i 6 2 bmikv `v 3 1 evqvjgvix 2 2 fv½v 2 2 ivrevox m`i 8 0 evwjqvkvw ` 5 3 h kvi m`i 3 3 gwbivgcyi 4 2 gvu kzkiv nvi mviwy 26 cwiev ii Li P bvixi AskMÖnY Dc Rjv nü v bv gykmỳ cyi 4 0 Kvwkqvwb 5 3 dwi`cyi m`i 7 1 bmikv `v 4 0 evqvjgvix 4 0 fv½v 4 0 ivrevox m`i 6 2 evwjqvkvw ` 6 2 h kvi m`i 3 3 gwbivgcyi 2 4 gvu kzkiv nvi bvixi gzvqb bvixi A_ bwzk gzvq bi mv _ m úwk Z hlb bvix cwiev ii Li P AskMÖnY K ib ZLb bvix `i iæz `qv nq ez gvb Rwi c 83 kzvsk DËi`vZv D jøl K i Qb h, bvixiv ewk iæz cv Q Zv `i Avq cwiev i e q Kivi Rb (mviwy 27) 85

20 86 evsjv `k Dbœqb mgx v mviwy 27 cwiev ii Li P bvixi AskMÖn Yi Kvi Y iæz e w cviqv Dc Rjv nü v bv gykmỳ cyi 4 0 Kvwkqvwb 7 1 dwi`cyi m`i 6 2 bmikv `v 4 0 evqvjgvix 2 2 fv½v 3 1 ivrevox m`i 7 1 evwjqvkvw ` 7 1 h kvi m`i 5 1 gwbivgcyi 5 1 gvu kzkiv 5.7 bvixi cöwz AvPiY mvaviyfv e gvbyl bvixi KvR I cwiev i Zvi Ae`vb K K ZÁZvi mv _ bq cövq 60 kzvsk DËi`vZv G ai bi gzvgz w` q Qb (mviwy 28) hw`i 37 kzvsk cwievi g b K i Kg Rxwe bvix K gvbyl Lvivc Pv L ` L `jmz Av jvpbvq AskMÖnYKvixiv D jøl K ib Kej `wi`ª n jb bvixi A_ bwzk Kg KvÐ MÖnY hvm KviY Zvi cwiev ii `bw `b Pvwn`v c~i Yi Rb Av qi cö qvrb, Zviv mvaviyz Kg Rxwe bvix K Lvivc fv e ` L bv, wkš GwU Lye GKUv m v bi welq bq e j g b K i mviwy 28 Kg Rxwe bvixi cöwz mvaviy gvby li g bvfve ev AvPiY Dc Rjv Ab iv g~j `q Ab iv Lvivc Pv L ` L wkš Pzc _v K KviY Zv `i Rxebavi Yi Rb Avq cö qvrb Ab iv Lvivc Pv L ` L Ges evav m wó K i hv Z evwoi evb i Kv R h Z bv cv i cyiæl bvix cyiæl bvix cyiæl bvix gykmỳ cyi 3 1 Kvwkqvwb dwi`cyi m`i bmikv `v 4 evqvjgvix 4 fv½v 4 ivrevox m`i evwjqvkvw ` h kvi m`i gwbivgcyi gvu gvu DËi`vZvi kzkiv nvi MZ 5 eq i mswkøó AÂ j Kg Rxwe bvixi cöwz gvby li AvPiY ev g bvfv ei DbœwZ N U Q Ges mvaviyfv e Avqg~jK Kv R bvix `i AskMÖnY AwaK MÖnY hvm Zv c q Q 86

21 Avn g`: cvu Drcv` b wb qvwrz bvixi Av_ -mvgvwrk mgm v I m vebv : GKwU ch v jvpbv cvu ewnf~ Z bzzb RxweKvi my hvm I P v jä h nzz cvu Drcv`b GKwU gšmygx welq, ZvB cvu Pv l wb qvwrz `i Rb we kl K i h me `wi`ª bvix GB dmj Drcv` b KvR Ki Qb Zv `i Rb m ú~ik RxweKvi my hvm _vkv `ikvi ZvQvov cv Ui Auvk Qvov bvi KvRwU Lvwj nvz w` q Kivi d j bvixiv bvbv ikg Pg ivm I k vmkórwbz iv M fv Mb ZvB cv Ui f vjy PB bi wewfbœ ch v q A_ev cvu ewnf~ Z Î Gme bvixi Rb Avqg~jK Kg m~wp `ikvi D jøl h, cv Ui f vjy PB b cv Ui n Íwkí ˆZwi cwievimg~ ni Rb evowz Av qi Drm wn m e KvR K i `jmz Av jvpbvi gva g AskMÖnYKvixiv Rvbvb, cvu Drcv`b jvfrbk n Z cv i hw` K lk `i fv jv ex Ri cvkvcvwk Ab vb Dcv`vb hgb mvi I KxUbvkK mieivn Kiv hvq fv jv cv Ui mv _ mv _ cwievimg~ ni RxweKv msmövg mnr n Zv hw` cvu frv bvi Rb ch vß cvwbi mye e v _vk Zv emwz GjvKvq cvu frv bvi cvwbi Afv e K lk K Zv `i KvUv dmj A bk `~ i enb K i wb q h Z nq hv Drcv`b e q evovq Ges mg qi AcPq NUvq cvu ewnf~ Z Lv ZI bvbv ikg my hvm-myweav `qv hvq hgb Ab dmj Drcv`b, cï cvjb, evwywr Kfv e nuvm-gyiwm cvjb, gvq Pvl, cv Ui n Íwkí e ZxZ e emv, mjvb BZ vw` Gme my hvm-myweavi Î AÂjMZ wewfbœzvi Rb we kl cv_ K N U bv d j cvu Drcv` b wbhy³ cwievimg~ ni mn hvwmzv Kivi Rb h Kv bv bzzb cövmövg h Kv bv A j MÖnY Kiv n j Ab AÂjmg~ ni Zvi cöfve co e Dc Rjv gykmỳ cyi Kvwkqvwb dwi`cyi m`i bmikv `v evqvjgvix fv½v ivrevox m`i evwjqvkvw ` h kvi m`i gwbivgcyi mviwy 29 cvu ewnf ~Z Lv Z hme RxweKvq mnvqzv Kiv hvq cvu ewnf~ Z LvZ cï cvjb, evwywr Kfv e nuvm-gyiwm cvjb, gvq Pvl cï cvjb, evwywr Kfv e nuvm-gyiwm cvjb, gvq Pvl, evwywr Kfv e emzwfuvq evmvb, cv Ui n Íwkí e ZxZ QvU e emv Ab dm ji Pvl Kiv, cï cvjb, evwywr Kfv e nuvm-gyiwm cvjb, gvq Pvl, cv Ui n Íwkí e ZxZ QvU e emv Ab dm ji Pvl Kiv, cï cvjb, evwywr Kfv e nuvm-gyiwm cvjb, gvq Pvl, cv Ui n Íwkí e ZxZ QvU e emv cï cvjb, evwywr Kfv e nuvm-gyiwm cvjb, mjvb mev Ab dm ji Pvl Kiv, cï cvjb, evwywr Kfv e nuvm-gyiwm cvjb, gvq Pvl, cv Ui n Íwkí e ZxZ QvU e emv Ab dm ji Pvl Kiv, cï cvjb, evwywr Kfv e nuvm-gyiwm cvjb, gvq Pvl, w`b grywi, cv Ui n Íwkí e ZxZ QvU e emv, mjvb mev Ab dm ji Pvl Kiv, cï cvjb, evwywr Kfv e nuvm-gyiwm cvjb, gvq Pvl, w`b grywi, cv Ui n Íwkí e ZxZ QvU e emv, mjvb mev Ab dm ji Pvl Kiv, cï cvjb, evwywr Kfv e nuvm-gyiwm cvjb, evwywr Kfv e emzwfuvq evmvb, mjvb mev Ab dm ji Pvl Kiv, cï cvjb, evwywr Kfv e nuvm-gyiwm cvjb, evwywr Kfv e emzwfuvq evmvb, cv Ui n Íwkí e ZxZ QvU e emv 87

22 88 evsjv `k Dbœqb mgx v DËi`vZv `i cövq mevb (60 R bi g a 56 Rb) bzzb my hvm jv c Z Pvq bzzb my hvm jv PvIqvi KviY wn m e Zviv D jøl K i QbÑ fv jv Avq, fv jv RxebhvÎvi gvb Ges mȳ ^v `jmz Av jvpbvq D jøl Kiv n q Q frv bv cvu cwi vi Ki Z I cv Ui Auvk Qvov Z wm q kvixwik A bk mgm vi m ylxb n Z n q Q DËi`vZviv AviI D jøl K i Qb h, Zv `i ` Zv i q Q bzzb my hvm jv MÖnY Kivi hgb Kuv_v mjvb, gvq Pvl, cï I nuvm-gyiwm cvjb, QvU e emv BZ vw` (mviwy 30) Dc Rjv AvZ wek vm i q Q h Kv bv bzzb my hvm MÖnY Kivi mviwy 30 bzzb my hvm MÖn Yi Rb cwiev ii hvm Zvmg~n gvq Pvl ivrwgw Kuv_v mjvb cï I nuvmgyiwm cvjb `wr e emv WªvBwfs gykmỳ cyi Kvwkqvwb dwi`cyi m`i bmikv `v evqvjgvix fv½v ivrevox m`i evwjqvkvw ` h kvi m`i gwbivgcyi gvu kzkiv nvi hw`i cv Ui mv _ wbhy³ e w³iv bzzb RxweKvR bi my hvmmg~n wb Z Pvq Ges Zv `i wkqz m gzv I my hvm i q Q, mv _ mv _ Zviv wkqz mxgve ZviI m ylxb nq (mviwy 31) mxgve Zvmg~n n Q f~wg I g~ja bi Afve Ges cöwk Y myweavi Afve wkqz DËi`vZv bzzb A_ bwzk myweav MÖnY Ki Z mgv Ri bwzevpk I ag xq AvPiY Øviv evavcövß nb GwU e vckfv e bvix `i Rb mz Ges G cöw Z bvix `i Rb D ` vm jvi cvkvcvwk m PZbZv e w g~jk Kg m~wp bqv `ikvi 88

23 Avn g`: cvu Drcv` b wb qvwrz bvixi Av_ -mvgvwrk mgm v I m vebv : GKwU ch v jvpbv 89 mviwy 31 bzzb my hvmmg~n MÖn Y cöavb mxgve Zvmg~n Dc Rjv gykmỳ cyi Kvwkqvwb dwi`cyi m`i bmikv `v evqvjgvix fv½v ivrevox m`i evwjqvkvw ` h kvi m`i gwbivgcyi mxgve Zvmg~n f~wg I g~ja bi Afve Ges cöwk Y myweavi Afve g~ja bi Afve, cöwk Y myweavi Afve, Kv Ri cöwz bwzevpk mvgvwrk I ag xq g bvfve, evrv i cö ekvwakvi bb, mwµqzv/mwzkxjzvi Afve f~wg I g~ja bi Afve Ges cöwk Y myweavi Afve, Kv Ri cöwz bwzevpk mvgvwrk I ag xq g bvfve, evrv i cö ekvwakvi bb g~ja bi Afve Ges cöwk Y myweavi Afve, Kv Ri cöwz bwzevpk mvgvwrk I ag xq g bvfve f~wg I g~ja bi Afve Ges cöwk Y myweavi Afve f~wg I g~ja bi Afve Ges cöwk Y myweavi Afve, Kv Ri cöwz bwzevpk mvgvwrk I ag xq g bvfve, mwµqzv/mwzkxjzvi Afve f~wg I g~ja bi Afve Ges cöwk Y myweavi Afve, evrv i cö ekvwakvi bb, mwµqzv/mwzkxjzvi Afve f~wg I g~ja bi Afve Ges cöwk Y myweavi Afve, Kv Ri cöwz bwzevpk mvgvwrk I ag xq g bvfve g~ja bi Afve, cöwk Y myweavi Afve, evrv i cö ekvwakvi bb f~wg I g~ja bi Afve, cöwk Y myweavi Afve, Kv Ri cöwz bwzevpk mvgvwrk I ag xq g bvfve, mwµqzv/mwzkxjzvi Afve DËi`vZviv Zv `i mxgve Zv AwZµg Kivi wel q wkqz m ve gzvgz w` q Qb Zv `i cwiw wzi DbœwZi Rb me P q ewk cö qvrb mnr k Z FY cövwßi e e v Kiv ZvQvov Zv `i cö qvrb djcöm~ cöwk Y myweav hv bzzb c Y i evrvirvzki Yi mv _ hy³ wkqz DËi`vZv D jøl K i Qb Zv `i mxgve Zv `~i Ki Z mok hvmv hv Mi DbœwZ Ki Z n e d j Zviv Zv `i cy evrvirvzki Y myweav cv eb bzzb my hv Mi gv b GB bq h Zviv cvu f vjy PBb Q o P j hv e DËi`vZv `i 76 kzvsk e jb hw` bzzb my hvm m wó Kiv nq Zvn j Gi cvkvcvwk Zviv cvu f vjy PB bi KvR K i hv e hw`i evwk DËi`vZviv Rvbvb Zviv cvu f vjy PBb Q o h Z Pvb we klfv e evqvjgvix Dc Rjvi DËi`vZviv bzzb my hvm c j cvu f vjy PB b KvR Ki eb bv G _ K evsv hvq h, ez gv bi cvu f vjy PB b AšÍfy w³i gva g Zv `i cwiev ii h _ó A_ ev my hvm-myweav cv Q bv 6. Av jvpbv I Dcmsnvi ez gvb M elyvi g~j D Ïk wqj cvu Drcv` b wb qvwrz bvix `i Av_ -mvgvwrk Ae v we køly K i Zv `i Ae vi Dbœq b bzzb my hv Mi AbymÜvb Gme bzzb my hvm Kv R jvmv bvi gva g Zviv hb Zv `i A_ bwzk I mvgvwrk Ae vi Dbœqb NUv Z m g nq Zvi Rb KiYxq m ú K I aviyv `qvi Póv Kiv n q Q G cöe Ü GB M elyv _ K cözxqgvb n q Q h cvu Drcv` bi `ywu iæz c~y ch v q bvixi AskMÖnY we klfv e j Yxq G `ywu ch vq n jv cv Ui 89

24 90 evsjv `k Dbœqb mgx v Auvk Qvov bv I Zv ïkv bv ez gvb M elyvq AšÍfy ³ cvu Drcv`bKvix AÂj f ` `Lv hvq h mvaviyz `wi`ª Lvbvi bvixiv GB Kv R wb qvwrz nq abx Lvbvi bvixiv wbr gvwjkvbvaxb Rwgi cvu ïkv bvi Kv R Ask wb ji Auvk Qvov bvi Kv R Ask bq bv abx Lvbv jv GB Kv R fvovk Z bvix köwg Ki gva gb K i _v K GB bvix kªwgkiv wbr gvwjkvbvaxb (hw` f~wgnxb bv nq) Rwgi cv Ui Auvk Qvov bv I ïkv bvi KvR QvovI A b i gvwjkvbvaxb cv Ui Auvk Qvov bv I ïkv bvi KvR K i d j cvu Drcv` b wb qvwrz bvixi Av_ -mvgvwrk Ae v Dbœq bi Rb mikvi ev GbwRI KZ K Kv bv D ` vm bqv n j `wi`ª I abx Dfq cökvi Lvbvi bvix `i K_v wpšív Ki Z n e abx Lvbvi bvixiv A_ bwzkfv e fv jv _vk ji cvu Drcv` bi D³ KvRmg~ ni ^v SzuwK I Rxebgv bi Dci cöfve _ K gy³ bq Kv RB Dfq Ae v bi bvixi Rb B D ` vm wb Z n e Z e Giƒc D ` vm ïay A_ bwzk ` wó KvY _ K bv wb q mvgvwrk I cwievimz ev ÍeZvi wfwë Z wb Z n e cvu Pv l wbhy³ cövwšík bvix `i A_ bwzk Ae vi Dbœq b mnvqk Avqea bg~jk cökí mikvwi ev emikvwi (GbwRIi gva g) Dfq ch v qb n Z cv i G Î Gme cövwšík bvix `i Rb we kl cöwk Yi cö qvrb A bk ÎB wb R `i Lvbv msjmœ Ae eüz Rwg Z kvk-me&wri dj bi g Zv mvavi Yi D ` vm Zv `i mvnvh Ki Z cv i Avevi A bk Î Lvbvi wbkuez x GjvKvq weï cvwbi e e v Kiv M jb Zvi c iv cöfv e bvix `i Ae vi Dbœqb NU e ez gvb M elyv _ K j Yxq h, cv Ui Auvk Qvov bv I ïkv bvi KvRwU eq ii GKwU wbw` ó mg q n q _v K Ges H w`b jv Z bvix `i Kv Ri evsv gvîvwzwi³ nq KviY Zv `i K M n vwji Kv Ri cvkvcvwk GB A_ bwzk KvR Ki Z nq ZvQvov mvgvwrk I cvwievwikfv e Lvbvi A_ bwzk Ae v Dbœq b Zv `i f~wgkvi Rb Zgb Kv bv ^xk wz QvovB Gme bvix KvR K ib Avevi A bk GjvKvq grywi köwgk wn m e cv Ui Auvk Qvov bvi KvR K wbgœgv bi KvR e j g b Kiv nq ez gvb M elyv _ K `Lv M Q h, Gme cövwšík bvix Zv `i Ae vi Dbœqb PvB ji Zvi Dcvq m ú K úó aviyv Zv `i bb Zviv kög w` Z Pvb, wkš Avqea K ckv m ú K Zv `i aviyv I my hvm ek mxwgz bzzb ckv MÖn Y mvgvwrk I ag xq evavi A bk bvix Abyfe K ib, we kl K i h Kv R Lvbv _ K `~ i h Z n e miƒc Kv R cövwšík Lvbvi cyiælmy Giƒc mgm vi m ylxb nb bv Kv RB cvu Pv l cövwšík bvix `i Avq e w i wbwg Ë wewfbœ D ` v Mi mv _ mvgvwrk m PZbZv Kg m~wp hy³ Ki Z n e, hv Z bvixiv Zv `i A_ bwzk Kv R cvwievwik I mvgvwrk ` wófw½mz mn hvwmzv cvb Dc iv³ Ae v we epbv K i cvu Pv li bvbv ch v q Ges cvu ewnf ~³ ÎI bvix `i Rb D ` vm MÖnY Kiv hvq cv Ui f vjy PB b hme D ` vm bqv hvq Zv n jv: (1) cvu I cvurvz `ªe evrvirvzki Y bvix `i m ú ³ Kiv, (2) cv Ui Auvk Qvov bvi Kv R DbœZ cöhyw³ e envi (we kl K i nv Zi Møvfm myjf g~ j mieivn Kiv), (3) cvurvz cy Drcv`b I evrvirvzki Y cöwk Y cö`vb, (4) cvurvz cy Drcv`b I evrvirvzkiy wel q Z_ cövwßi e e v, Ges (5) cövwšík bvix `i cwiev ii m`m iv hv Z cvu gšmy g AwaK mnbkxj I ms e`bkxj nq m e vcv i m PZbZv ˆZwi Kiv 90

25 Avn g`: cvu Drcv` b wb qvwrz bvixi Av_ -mvgvwrk mgm v I m vebv : GKwU ch v jvpbv 91 cvu ewnf ~Z Lv Z cvu Pv l wbhy³ bvix `i Rb hme D ` vm bqv hvq m jv n jv: (1) Lvbvi cv ki Ae eüz Rwg Z kvk-mewr Pv l Drmvn `qv Ges Gme Drcv` b cöwk Y `qv, (2) LvbvwfwËK nuvm-gyiwm I Mevw` cï cvj b mnvqzv Kiv, (3) cövwšík bvixiv hv Z nuvm-gyiwm I Mevw` cïi wpwkrmv myweav mn RB c Z cv i m e e v Kiv, (4) e vsk jv Z zz`ª wk íi Rb h FY myweav we` gvb Zv Z cövwšík bvixi AskMÖn Yi my hvm m wó Kiv, (5) wewfbœ cy c v KwRs- G cöwk Y `qv, Ges (6) avb, kvk-mewri exr Drcv` b cöwk Y `qv hv Z bvixiv exr Drcv`bKvix n Z cv i GLv b D jøl h, cv Ui exr cövwß cvu Pvlx `i Rb GKwU iæz c~y welq KviY fv jv ex Ri ch vß hvmvb bb Kv RB h _vchy³ cöwk Y I my hvm c j cvu Pv l wbhy³ cövwšík bvixiv cvuexr Drcv`bKvix I D ` v³vq cwiyz n Z cvi e Dc iv³ D ` vm jv mikvwi- emikvwi h Kv bv ch v q n Z cv i z`ªfy cö`vbkvix GbwRI jvi G Î D ` vm wb Z cv i cvu Avgv `i A_ bxwz Z GLbI AZ ší iæz c~y GKwU cy Avi G Z wbhy³ cövwšík bvix `i msl vi h _ó ZvB G `i Ae vi Dbœq b bzzb D ` vm jv mvwe Kfv e bvixi Av_ -mvgvwrk Ae v Dbœq b D jøl hvm f~wgkv ivl e MÖš cwä Abdullah, T. A. and S. Zeidenstein (1982): Village Women in Bangladesh: Prospects for Change, a study prepared for the International Labor Office within the framework of the World Employment Program, Oxford Press. Asaduzzaman, M. (2010): The Next Agricultural Transition in Bangladesh: Which Transition, Why and How? paper presented at the Conference on Understanding the Next Generation in Asia, Bangkok, 23 April. BBS (various issues): Labour Force Survey of Bangladesh, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Dhaka. Birner, R., A. Quisumbing and N. Ahmed (2010): Governance and Gender: Crosscutting Issues, paper prepared for the Bangladesh Food Security Investment Forum, May FAO (2003): Gender, Key to Sustainability and Food Security, Plan of Action: Gender and Development, FAO, Rome. Hossain, M. and A. Bayes (2009): Rural Economy and Livelihoods: Insights from Bangladesh, A. H. Developing Publishing House, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Jaim W. M. H and Mahabub Hossain. (2011): Women s Participation in Agriculture in Bangladesh : Changes and Determinants, paper presented in the preconference event on Dynamics of Rural Livelihoods and Poverty in South Asia, 7th Asian Society of Agricultural Economists (ASAE) International Conference Hanoi, Vietnam, October

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