A_ bwzk cöwzôvb. Economic Institutions. GB BDwb Ui cvv jv n Q: cvv-1 : mgv R kªg wefvrb cvv-2 : m úwë cvv-3 : A_ bwzk e e v

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1 5 A_ bwzk cöwzôvb Economic Institutions gvbyl K A_ bwzk Kg Kv Ûi gva g eu P _vk Z nq mgvr MV bi mv _ A_ bxwz IZ cövzfv e RwoZ h Kvb mgv Ri A_ bxwzi GKwU mvaviy iƒc _v K hv A_ bwzk Kg Kv Ûi g a mvgäm Zv I w wzkxjzv m wó K i mgvrweávbxiv A_ bxwz K cöavbz: ` L _v Kb wzbwu wfwë Z: kªg wefvrb, m úwë I A_ bwzk e e v we klvqb I ` Zv nj kªg wefvr b me P q iyz c~y welq bvix I cyiy li g a me `v kªg wefvrb _vk ji wkívwqz mgv R GwU aviy K i bzzb I mywbw` ó iƒc kªg evrv i bvix-cyiy li e eav b bvix `i ` Zv Kg, cyiy li Kv R bvixiv A g I bvix `i M n vjx Kg cvjbxq e j g b Kiv nq kªg wefvrb wb q mgvrweáv b Zvrch gq Av jvpbvi AeZviYv K ib divmx mgvrweávbx Gwgj `yikü v G Î wzwb cövk-wkívwqz I wkívwqz mgv R gšwjk cv_ K j K ib m úwë Kvb e Íz bq Ges Gi gvwjkvbv K wewfbœiƒ c-e w³-gvwjkvbv, ivóªxq gvwjkvbv I mvaviy m úwëiƒ c `Lv hvq gvk mxq ` wó KvY _ K Avw`g mgv R e w³mz m úwë wqjbv e j g b Kiv nq Z e b ZvwË K M elyvq Avw`g mgv R e w³mz m úwëi aviyv j Kiv hvq e w³mz m úwëi aviyvi g~jz: wekvk N U Q abzvwš K mgv R cövk-e wuk fvizxq mgv R f wgi gvwjkvbv wb q ZK -wezk _vk ji G K_v cö hvr h, Rwgi cövpy h i Kvi Y e w³mz gvwjkvbvi Zgb wekvk GLv b N Uwb mgv Ri A_ bwzk cöwzôvb I cöwµqvi GKwU mgwb Z iƒcb nj H mgv Ri A_ bwzk e e v AvaywbK hy M abzš I mgvrzš -G `y'ai bi A_ bwzk e e v j Yxq -GB wzbwu wel qb G BDwb U Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q GB BDwb Ui cvv jv n Q: cvv-1 : mgv R kªg wefvrb cvv-2 : m úwë cvv-3 : A_ bwzk e e v

2 evsjv `k Dš y³ wek we` vjq cvv-1 mgv R kªgwefvrb The Division of Labour in Society D Ïk GB cvvwu c o Avcwb Rvb Z cvi eb: kªgwefvr bi aviyv A_ bxwz I mgvrweáv bi Av jv K kªgwefvrb, Kg ms vb I wj½wfwëk wefvrb f wgkv kªgwefvrb wb q iyz c~y Av jvpbv K ib A_ bxwzwe` G vwvg w _ I wikv W v GWvg w _ g b Ki Zb A_ bwzk AMÖMwZi GKwU g~j Dcv`vb n Q we klázv Ges kªgwefvrb wewbgq I evrvi e e vi wfzi w` q M o I V kªgwefvrb evrvi hz eo n e ZZB e o hv e kªgwefvrb GesgvbweK ` Zv I cvi`wk Zv kªgwefvrb ïay A_ bwzk cöe w ˆZwi K ibv, Zv ci úi-wbf ikxjzvi Rb `q, ˆZwi K i mvgvwrk euvab K A_ bxwz Z kªgwefvrb ej Z evsvq Drcv`b cöwµqvq Kv Ri RvqMv hv d v±ix Z KvR K LÛ LÛ K i we kl e w³i Dci Ac b Kiv Kvb e w³ Drcv`b cöwµqvq GKwU we kl, mywbw` ó I LwÛZ KvR ev f wgkv cvjb K i Gi d j we klvwqz Ávb, ` Zv Ges Drcv`b e o hvq GKRb Wv³vi hlb we ` k covïbv Ges AwfÁZv AR b K i Av mb Zv cövq 25 eq ii wk vjv fi djrvz myzivs Zuvi ` Zv A bk ewk A_ bwzk cöe w Z GB ` Zv n Q me P q iyz c~y Ae`vb mv úªwzk mgvrweáv b kªgwefvr bi cvkvcvwk Kv Ri mv _ hy³ gzv, KZ Z, gh v`v Ges my hvm-myweavi Dci iyz Av ivc Kiv nq GKRb we klá Wv³v ii gh v`v Ges Avq A bk ewk h Kvb cöwzôv b Kvb e w³i Ae vb wbf i K i we kwlz Ávb I ` Zvi Dci GKwU KviLvbvq e e vck, Kivbx Ges kªwgk `i g a gzv, gh v`v Ges ez bi h wfbœzv j Kiv hvq Zv ` ZvwfwËK mv úªwzk Kv j kªg wefvr bi Î me P q Av jvwpz welq n Q wj½wfwëk kªgwefvrb Sexual Division of Labour Kvb Kvb b weávbx I mgvrweávbx g b K ib bvix-cyiy li kªgwefvrb ˆRweK m~ Î wba vwiz wcuvi gvw K Peter Murdock 224 wu mgv Ri DcvË _ K `wl q Qb Gme mgv R wkqy KvR cöavbz: wbw` ó _v K cyiy li Rb Ges wkqy KvR bvixi Rb wkkvi, KvV KvUv, Lwb Z KvR hvi Rb ˆ`wnK kw³i cö qvrb m jv cyiy li KvR ivbœv, Lv` msmön, cvwb msmön, Kvco evbv n Q bvix `i KvR mšívb jvj bi Rb bvix K N i _vk Z nq, ZvB bvixi KvR M n- Kw `ªK mgvrweávbx U vjku cvm bm&i g b Ki Zb bvix `i w` Z nq cökvkgylx mgvrweávb cwiwpwz c ôv-91

3 Gm Gm GBP Gj bz Z hvi cwimi n Q Ni Geshvi D Ïk n Q wkï `i AšÍi½ Ges Av emgq mvgvwrkxki Y g~j f wgkv cvjb Kiv mgvrweávbx G vb IKjx Ann Oakley `wl q Qb wcuvi gvw K, cvm bm& Ges Ab vb ˆRweK wba viyev ` wek vmx mgvrweávbxiv Z_ MZfv e åvší Avwd«Kvq Ks Mvi Ai Y gyeywz wcmgx `i g a wj½wfwëk Kvb kªgwefvrb bb bvix-cyiyl GKB mv _ wkkvi K i bvix I cyiyl GKBfv e mšív bi `Lvïbv K i A ªwjqvi Zvmgvwbqv A j Avw`evmx `i g a bvixiv mxj Ges gvq wkkvi K i _v K AvaywbK hy MI bvix `i cyiyl `i Î Kg iz `Lv hvq bvixiv Px b, wkdev Ges Bmiv q j ˆmb evwnbx Z h _ó cwigv b PvKzix Ki Q fvi Z wbg vy wk í evi kzvsk bvix Gwkqv Ges j vwub Av gwikvi wkqy ` k Lwb Z Kg iz kªwgk `i GK-PZz_ vsk bvix bvix-cyiy li kªgwefvr bi Lye wbw` ó Ges úó GKwU iƒc ˆZwi n qwqj wkíwec - ei hy M BD iv c mvgšíhy M Drcv`b e e v wqj M n vjxwfwëk M n vjxi mg Í gvbylbvix, cyiyl, wk kvi Ges e mevb Drcv`b cöwµqvq Ask MÖnY KiZ cövk-wkíhy M ZvB bvix-cyiy li Avjv`v kª gi wefvrb wqjbv wkí wecøe Kv Ri Î K mwi q wb q Gj M n vjx _ K d v±ix, `vkvb Ges Awd m Avjv`v n q coj Ni Ges Kv Ri RMr GwU wj½-m ú K i Î m~pbv Kij GK Mfxi cwiez b bvix `i vb nj N i Ges cyiy liv `vwqz wbj Avq-ms v bi GB kªgwefvrb weivrgvb wqj ga kªyxi bvix `i g a bvix `i vb M n vjx Kv R GB fvev`k bvix `i DuPy ` Zv AR bi c _ evuav n q `uvwo qwqj GB Qwe m ú~y cv ë h Z _v K wøzxq wek hy i ci _ K bvixiv ZLb _ K Kvh Î cö ek Ki Z ïiy K i bvix `i kªgkw³ Z hvm`v bi nvi GLb AZ ší ewk Ges A b K AvksKv Ki Qb bvixiv µgk: cyiy li RvqMv `Lj K i b e ZeyI bvix `i Kg Î gvî K qkwu Îi g a mxgve welqwu K ejv n Q Avbyf wgk c _KxKiY Horizontal Segregation Ab w` K bvixiv Kg ` Zvi Kv R wb qvwrz _vk Q G K ejv n Q Dj ^ c _KxKiY Vertical Segregation d j wj½xq kªgwefvrb GLbI Lye iyz c~y welq wnmv e cwimwyz n Q G vwvg w _i m~î a i mgvrweáv b kªgwefvrb wb q iyz c~y Av jvpbv K ib cöl vz mgvrweávbx Gwgj `yikü v Emile Durkheim kªgwefvr bi Î wzwb cövk-wkívwqz I wkívwqz mgv Ri g a gšwjk cv_ K j K ib cövk-wkívwqz mgv R Zzjbvg~jKfv e kªgwefvrb wqj Awe kwlz unspecialized mlv b mvgvwrk msnwz Social Solidarity MwVZ n Zv e w³ Z e w³ Z mv` k Zvi Dci Zviv GKB wek vm, g~j eva Ges e nëi cwim i GKB f wgkvq Askx`vi n Zv GB GKZve Zv ev GKiƒcxZv Zv `i K Mfxi mv úà vwqk Rxe bi eü b eu a ivl Zv `yikü v GB ai bi msnwz K hvwš K msnwz Mechanical Solidarity e j AwfwnZ K ib Ges e vl v `b `yikü v Av ik ai bi msnwzi K_v e jb hv Kej wkívwqz ev AvaywbK mgv R we` gvb GB msnwz K wzwb bvgkib K ib ˆRweK msnwz Organic Solidarily GB msnwz Z Kvb GKiƒcxZv bb, eis i q Q wfbœzv GB ai bi msnwz Z gvby li i q Q we kl we kl ` Zv, f wgkv Ges ckv mgv Ri Kg KvÛ eûgylx Ges ˆewPÎ c~y wkšíz BDwbU-5 c ôv-92

4 evsjv `k Dš y³ wek we` vjq GKwU gvby li f wgkv Ges ckv mxgve MZvbyMwZK mgv R GKRb K lk nq Zv Pvl Ki Qb, gvq ai Qb, Miyi i Yv- e Y Ki Qb, e wói mg q Ni givgz Ki Qb wkšíz AvaywbK mgv R GKRb wk K nqz mgvrweáv bi ZË cov Qb, Zuvi Ab Kvb f wgkv ev ckv bb Gi d j Zuvi ` Zv A bk ewk wkšíz Ab gvby li Dci Zuvi wbf ikxjzv cöpû ezb bv c j Zuv K avi wb Z n Q e vsk _ K we`ÿ r ev cvwbi mgm v n j wg x WvK Z n Q, Uwj dvb mgm v n j WvK Z n Q Uwj dvb wg x K Uwjwfkb Lvivc n j wb q h Z n Q mvwf m m Uv i Gfv e AvaywbK mgv R gvbyl ci úi wbf ikxj Rx ei ˆ`wnK MV bi gz hgb wewfbœ Ask jv c _K Ges GKm ½ Rx ei i Yv- e Y KvR K i, Zgwb wkívwqz mgv R mvgvwrk GKK Social Unit-Gi i bv- e Y ckvmz f wgkv jv we klvwqzfv e Specialized I GK Î KvR K i Gi d j cvi úwik AvšÍ:wbf ikxjzv e w cvq `ª e i Drcv`b I Zvi e e vq b wkívwqz mgv Ri gvbyl mywbw` ó f wgkvq ` ev we klá we klxki Yi Rb cö qvrb mn hvwmzv D`vniY ^iƒc ejv hvq GKwU wbw` ó `ª e i bkkvqb, cö ÍzZKiY I evrvirvzki Yi Î ek eo ai bi we klá `i Specialists cö qvrb c o `yikü v g b K ib we kwlz kªgwefvrb I wkívwqz mgv Ri `ªyZ e w mvgvwrk msnwzi Rb wec`rbk Zv ˆbivR g~jk cwiw wz ev kª qv evanxbzvi m wó K i d j we kwlz kªg wefvr bi Rb cö qvrb g~j eva I wbqg-bxwz Zv e w³ K wbqš Y Ki e Ges cö`vb Ki e mn hvwmzvi KvVv gv mvivsk we klázv I kªgwefvrb K A_ bwzk AMÖMwZi g~j Dcv`vb e j g b K ib A_ bxwzwe` G vwvg w _ wewbgq I evrvi e e vi wfzi w` q M o I V kªgwefvrb A_ bxwz Z kªgwefvrb ej Z evsvq Drcv`b cöwµqv ev Kv Ri RvqMv hv d v±ix Z KvR K LÛ LÛ K i we kl e w³i Dci Ac b Kiv GLv b ` Zv n Q me P q iyz c~y mgvrweáv b kªgwefvr bi cvkvcvwk Kv Ri mv _ hy³ gzv, KZ Z, gh v`v Gesmy hvm-myweavi Dci iyz Av ivc Kiv nq h Kvb cöwzôv b Kvb e w³i Ae vb wbf i K i we kwlz Ávb I ` Zvi Dci kªgwefvr bi Î m úªwzkkv j me P q Av jvwpz welq n Q wj½wfwëk kªgwefvrb Kvb Kvb b weávbx I mgvrweávbx bvix-cyiy li kªgwefvrb K g b K ib ˆRweK m~ Î wba vwiz wcuvi gvw K Zuvi M elyvq `wl q Qb mgv R wkqy KvR cöavbz: wbw` ó _v K cyiy li Rb Ges wkqy KvR bvixi Rb mgvrweávbx U vjku cvm bm&i g b Ki Zb bvix `i w` Z nqcökvkg~lx bz Z hvi cwimi n Q Ni mgvrweávbx G vb IKjx, gvw K, cvm bm& I Ab vb ˆRweK wba viyev ` wek vmx `i Z_ K `wl q Qb åvší wnmv e wzwb D`vniY wnmv e Zz j a ib Avwd«Kvi Ks Mvi Ai b i gyeywz wcmgx `i K_v hv `i g a Kvb wj½wfwëk kªgwefvrb bb bvix-cyiy li kªgwefvr bi Lye wbw` ó I úó GKwU iƒc ˆZwi n qwqj wkíwecø ei hy M cövk-wkí hy M bvix-cyiy li Avjv`v kªgwefvrb wqjbv wkíwecøe Kv Ri Î K mwi q wb q Gj M n vjx _ K d v±ix, `vkvb Ges Awd m GwU wj½ m ú K i Î m~pbv Kij GK Mfxi cwiez b bvix `i vb nj N i Ges cyiyliv `vwqz wbj Avq ms v bi Ôbvix `i vb nj M n vjx Kv R' GB fvev`k bvix `i mgvrweávb cwiwpwz c ôv-93

5 Gm Gm GBP Gj DPuy ` Zv AR bi c _ evav n q `uvwo qwqj wøzxq wek hy i ci G wpî m ú~y cv ë h Z _v K bvix `i kªgkw³ Z hvm`v bi nvi GLb AZ ší ewk Z e bvix `i Kg Î K qkwu Îi g a B mxgve d j wj½xq kªgwefvrb GLbI iyz c~y welq e j g b Kiv n Q mgvrweáv b kªgwefvrb wb q MyiyZ c~y Av jvpbv K ib cöl vz mgvrweávbx Gwgj `yikü v kªg wefvr bi Î wzwb cövk-wkívwqz I wkívwqz mgv Ri g a gšwjk cv_ K j K ib wzwb cövk-wkívwqz mgv R kªgwefvrb Awe kwlz wqj e j g b K ib mlv b mvgvwrk msnwz MwVZ n Zv e w³ Z e w³ Z mv` k Zvi Dci GKZve Zv ev GKiƒcxZv Zv `i K Mfxi hš_ Rxe bi eü b eu a ivl Zv `yikü v GB ai bi msnwz K bvg `b hvwš K msnwz c vší i, wkívwqz ev AvaywbK mgv R we` gvb msnwz K wzwb e jb ˆRweK msnwz hlv b Kvb GKiƒcxZv bb Ges i q Q wfbœzv GB ai bi msnwz Z i q Q we kl we kl ` Zv, f wgkv Ges ckv MZvbyMwZK mgv Ri Zzjbvq AvaywbK mgv R gvby li wbf ikxjzv ewk `ª e i Drcv`b I Zvi e e vq b wkívwqz mgv Ri gvbyl mywbw` ó f wgkvq ` ev we klá we kwlz kªgwefvr b I wkívwqz mgv Ri `ªyZ e w mvgvwrk msnwzi Rb wec`rbk e j `yikü v g b K ib Kv RB we kwlz kªgwefvr bi Rb cö qvrb g~j eva I wbqgbxwz cv VvËi g~j vqb ˆbe w³k cökœ mwvk DË ii cv k wuk ( ) wpý w`b 1. A_ bxwz Z kªgwefvrb wb q iyz c~y Av jvpbv K ib K? K. G vwvg w _ L. wikv W v M. DfqB N. Gwgj `yikü v 2. mgvrweáv bi Av jv K kªgwefvrb K e vl v K ib K? K. A Í& Kur L. nvevu úbmi M. Kvj gvk m& N. Gwgj `yikü v 3. wkívwqz ev AvaywbK mgv R Kvb ai bi msnwz we` gvb? K. hvwš K L. ˆRweK M. DfqB N. KvbwUB bq 4. 'Uniformity' ev 'GKiƒcxZv' i q Q Kvb msnwz Z? K. ˆRweK L. ˆRweK I hvwš K M. hvwš K N. A RweK 5. we kwlz kªgwefvrb I wkívwqz mgv Ri `ªyZ e w mvgvwrk msnwz Z wb Pi KvbwU m wó K i? K. ˆbivR g~jk cwiw wz L. kª qv evanxbzv M. K I L DfqB N. g½jrbk cwiw wz msw ß cökœ 1. kªgwefvrb wk? BDwbU-5 c ôv-94

6 evsjv `k Dš y³ wek we` vjq 2. Gwgj `yikü v hvwš K I ˆRweK msnwz ej Z wk eyws q Qb? ipbvg~jk cökœ 1. mgvrweáv bi ` wó KvY _ K kªgwefvrb ej Z wk evsvq? Av jvpbv Kiyb 2. A_ bxwz I mgvrweáv bi Av jv K kªgwefvrb K e vl v Kiyb D Ïk GB cvvwu c o Avcwb Rvb Z cvi eb: m úwëi aviyv m úwëi gvwjkvbv ev iƒc wewfbœ mgv R m úwëi aviyv cvv-2 m úwë Property f wgkv m úwë ej Z Avm j Kvb e Íz K evsvq bv mgvrweáv b m úwë ej Z Avgiv eyws mvgvwrk m úk Ges AwaKvi GB AwaKvi Ges m úk M o I V Kvb AcÖZzj e Íz ev wel qi e envi K K `ª K i hlb Kvb e Íz ev wel qi Dci e w³ ev Mvôxi gvwjkvbv, `Lj ev e env ii AwaKvi cöwzwôz nq ZLb Zv m úwë Kvb e Ízi Dci KD gvwjkvbv `vex bv Ki j ev mb `vex Mvôx ev mgvr KZ K ^xk Z bv n j Zv m úwë wnmv e cwimwyz nq bv m úwëi aviyv Zzjbvg~jK ` wó KvY _ K `L j m úwëi aviyv e vck 'The Land upon which the social group is located and from which it draws sustenance, the beasts that rove upon it wild, the animals that graze upon it tame, the trees and crops, the houses people erect, the clothes they wear, the songs they sing, the dances they dance charms they incant, these and many more are objects of property'. -Hoebel and Weaver GB `xn D wzi A_ n Q Rwg, eb Ges cvlv cövyx, MvQ-cvjv, km, cwi aq e, Mvb, bvp Ges GgbwK hv`yi m úwë wnmv e cwimwyz n Z cv i m úwëi AwaKv ii g a _v K wewµ, n ÍvšÍi, `vb, e envi Ges myweav cviqv mgvrweávb cwiwpwz c ôv-95

7 Gm Gm GBP Gj wm.we. g vkdvm b C.B. Macpherson -Gi g Z, ÒmvaviY m úwë m wó nq e w³ K GB wbðqzv cö`vb K' i h, m Kvb wkqyi e envi ev myweav _ K ewâz n e bv e w³mz m úwë ˆZwi nq GB wbðqzv _ K h GKRb e w³ Ab `i K Kvb wkqyi e envi ev myweav _ K `~ i ivl Z cv i Ó "Property, now a days, is usally equated with private property-the right of an individual (or a corporate entity) to exclude others from some use or benefit of something." m úwëi mvaviyz: wzbwu iƒc `Lv hvq A vwióuj Aristotle ( Lªxó c~e vã) Zuvi jlvq Lye úófv e m úwëi wzbwu iƒc Zz j a iwq jb- mvaviy, e w³mz Ges wgkª m úwë wgkª m úwëi ai bi D`vniY n Q Rwgi gvwjkvbv mvaviy, wkšíz dm ji AwaKvi e w³mz ev m úwë e w³mz, Z e dm ji AwaKvi mvaviy e w³mz gvwjkvbv Private Property: Mvôxi Kvb e ÍzMZ ev Ae ÍzMZ wel qi Dci Kvb e w³i gvwjkvbv ivóªxq gvwjkvbv State Property: hw`i ivóªxq gvwjkvbv MvôxMZ gvwjkvbvi g a c o, ZeyI Zvrc h i w` K M~iyZ c~y niqvq GwU K wfbœfv e `Lv hvq mvaviy m úwz Common Property: b`x, cvk, ebf wg, iv Ív h me wel qi Dci mgv Ri e w³ `i mgvb AwaKvi i q Q m jv K mvaviy m úwë ejv nq e w³mz m úwë evsv Z cybivq g vkdvm bi GKwU Dw³ Zz j aiv hvq "Common property is created by the guarantee to each individual that he will not be excluded from the use or benefit of something. Private property is created by the guarantee that an individual can exclude others from the use or benefit of something." e w³mz m úwëi aviyv kw³kvjx n q I V mß`k kzvãxi BD iv c GB mgq _ K cövk-abzvwš K mvaviy m úwëi aviyv cövq jyß n Z _v K wewfbœ mgv R m úwëi aviyv Avw`gmgvR gvk mxq ` wó KvY _ K g b Kiv nq Avw`gmgvR wqj mvg ev`x Ges H mgv R e w³mz m úwë wqjbv mgvr weez bi ciez x Íi `vmmgv RB e w³mz m úwëi aviyv ˆZix nq wkšíz b ZvwË K M elyv _ K `Lv hvq Avw`gmgv R e w³mz m úwëi aviyv wqj Z e Zv K abzvwš K mgv Ri gz m ú~y wekwkz ejv hv e bv Gi D`vniY wnmv e Zz j aiv hvq, BD ivk bvgk iw BwÛqvb DcRvwZi K_v GLv b bškv e w³mz m úwë wkšíz KD b`x cvi n Z PvB j Zv K mev cö`vb Kiv bškv-gvwj Ki `vwqz wqj e wuk Kjvw ^qvi KvqvKzU&j DcRvwZi g a DcK j GjvKv e w³mz m úwë wnmv e fvm K i e envi Kiv nz GgbwK cye jv Pueblo DcRvwZi g a CM ji evmv KD Lyu R c j mwu Zvi e w³mz m úwë Z cwiyz nz BDwbU-5 c ôv-96

8 evsjv `k Dš y³ wek we` vjq cövk-abzvwš K mgv R m úwëi wgkª iƒcb cöavbz: j Kiv hvq ivgvb mgvr : e w³mz gvwjkvbvi cö_g úó iƒc Avgiv j Kwi ivgvb mgv R ivgvb bm i e w³mz m úwëi gvwjk bv n j KD bvmwik n Z cviz bv e w³mz gvwjkvbvi fqvenzv Avgiv j Kwi `vm cö_vi wfzi cövk-e wuk fvizxq mgv R m úwë cövk-abzvwš K mgv R m úwëi Kvb úó iƒc LuvRv A_ nxb Kbbv e w³mz m úwëi aviyvi wekvk NU Q abzvwš K mgv R Ges ej Z M j mß`k kzvãx _ K cövk-e wuk fvi Z m úwëi iƒc LuyR Z h q ch UK, cökvmk Ges M elkiv cöavbz: AvaywbK ` wó KvY e envi K i Qb hv m½z bq ch UK ewb qvi g b K iwq jb fvizxq mgv Ri GKwU cöavb ˆewkó wqj Rwg Z e w³mz gvwjkvbvi Abycw wz ewb qv ii ch e Y A bklvwb cöfvwez n qwqj Zuvi wek v mi Øviv d j wzwb e w³mz gvwjkvbvi Abycw wzi Dci AwZwi³ MyiyZ Av ivc K iwq jb gvk m& Ges G ½jm cöfvwez n qwq jb ewb qvi Ges BD ivcxq ch UK Ges cökvmk `i weei Yi Øviv G `i cöfv e gvk m& Ges G ½jm g b K iwq jb e w³mz gvwjkvbvi Abycw wz wqj cöv P i wbðjzv K evsvi PvweKvwV gvk m& -Gi jlvq `Lv hvq wzwb cövk-e wuk fvi Z Rwgi gvwjk wnmv e `Lv Qb ivóª ev MÖvg m úà vq K ivóª ev ivrvi gvwjkvbvi Dci A b K iyz Av ivc K i Qb Ab w` K Kvb Kvb jlk g b K ib Rwg Z e w³mz gvwjkvbv h _ó kw³kvjx wqj... cöv P i-wzwb Zzi, cvim I wn `ȳ v b D jøl K i Qb- mg Í NUbvq Rwg Z e w³mz gvwjkvbvi Abycw wz K ewb q mwvkfv eb wfwë e j a i Qb GB nj Avmj Pvwe, Ggb wk cöv P i ^ M ii... 2iv Ryb, 1853 mv j G ½jm K jlv gvk m& -Gi wpwv cövk-e wuk fvizxq mgv R Rwgi gvwjkvbv wb q `xn ZK -wezk n q Q hv wbi_ K g~jz: GLv b m úwëi h aib wqj Zv K G vwi U ji Abymi Y wgkªiƒc ejv hvq Rwgi cövpy h i Kvi Y e w³mz gvwjkvbv Zgb wekvk jvf K iwb ivóª ev MÖv gi cöavb we ep welq wqj dm ji Dci AwaKvi fvizxq mgv Ri Dci Ab Zg kªô we klá jyb `y guv Louis Dumont e j Qb "To look for `ownership' of the land is a false problem, since every thing shows a complementarity between different rights bearing on the same object, for example, those of the community and those of the king. Moreover it is remarkable that the majority of British administrators tackled this question in terms of the more or less philosophical general concepts of the West and not with the special concepts of English law, which would have been closer to the actual state of affairs in India." ga hy Mi BD iv ci mgvr ga hy M BD iv c Avgiv e w³mz m úwë Ges mvaviy m úwë `y'wub `L Z cvb wkšíz e w³mz m úwëi aviyv Lye kw³kvjx wqj bv Gi KviY n Q ga hy Mi BD iv c m úwëi mvgvwrk aviyvi Drm wqj Lªxó ag hvrk `i Kv Q m úwëi Av`k iƒc wqj mgvrweávb cwiwpwz c ôv-97

9 Gm Gm GBP Gj mvaviy gvwjkvbv Ges e w³mz e envi Ck i c w_ex K m wó K iwq jb me gvby li g½ ji Rb Ges hv Z gvbyl Zv `i mg Í cö qvrb c~iy Ki Z cv i wkšíz h nzz gvbyl jvfx Ges cvcx ZvB Zvi c GB Ae vq _vkv m e bq e w³mz m úwë GB Kvi YB m w nq m U AMvwó bi g Z e w³mz m úwë n Q cv ci dj Ges iv ªi m wó abzvwš K mgv Ri wekv ki Av MB m úwëi aviyvq e vck Ges gšwjk cwiez b Gj GB cwiez b aiv coj câ`k kzvãxi Bs ir AvBbÁ Rb d U John Fortescue Gi jlvq Kvb gvby li kª gi Dci Zvi AwaKvi GKvšÍ ZviB Ges d j Zvi kªgrvz h Kvb wrwbm Zvi m úwë evb ej _ K wzwb Zuvi e³ e i c hyw³ Zz j ai jb GKB e³e Av iv úó K i Zz j ai jb aªyc`x `vk wbk-ivóªweávbx Rb jk John Locke Though the earth and all infererior creatures be common to all men, yet every man has a property in his own person. This no body has any right to but himself. The labour of his body, and the work of his hands, we may say, are properly his. Whatever then he removes out of the state that the nature hath provided and left it in, he hath mixed his labour with, and joined to it something that is his own and thereby makes it his property. Rb jk Zuvi RwUj e³ e hv ej Qb Zvi ggv_ n Q hw`i we k i me wkqy mvaviy m úwë, ZeyI cök wzi m ú `i mv _ gvbyl hlb Zvi wbr ^ kªg hvm K i Zv Zvi e w³mz m úwë Z cwiyz nq wzwb Av iv ej jb cök wzi RM Z e w³mz m úwëi wbivcëv bb gvby li ivóª M o Zvjvi cq b cöavb KviY n Q m úwë i v 1789 mv j d«v Ý gvby li AwaKvi NvlYvq m úwë K wpwýz Kiv nj Aj Nbxq Ges cweî e j Property, being an inviolable and sacred right, can in no case be taken away except whose public necessity, legally determinded, clearly demands it, and always on condition of a preceding indemnity. mv úªwzk mgvrweávbxiv j Ki Qb m úwëi e w³mz gvwjkvbv welqwu GLb MŠY n q co Q mgvrweávbx Wv ibwd Ralph Dahrendorf `wl q Qb abzvwš K mgv R m úwëi gvwjkvbvi PvB Z wbqš Y A bk ewk iyz c~y Rb Mj eªb_ John Kenneth Galbrath hyw³ `wl q Qb wekvj e emvqx cöwzôvb jv Z GZ ewk g~jab cö qvrb nq h Kvb e w³ ev QvU Mvôxi c cöwzôv bi wbqš Y m e n q I V bv e emv cöwzôv bi wbqš Y P j hvq ckv`vi e e vck `i nv Z G m Ë I mgvrweávbxiv j K i Qb, Kvb ` k ev A j Gme cöwzôv bi ww i±iiv K qk'k _ K K qk nvrvi BDwbU-5 c ôv-98

10 evsjv `k Dš y³ wek we` vjq jvk hv `i g a Nwbó mvgvwrk m úk _v K Ges Zuviv GKB mv _ wewfbœ cöwzôv bi ww i±i c ` Avmxb _v Kb A_ bwzk kw³i GB wmuu jvi w` K mgvrweávbxiv Zv `i M elyv wb qvwrz Ki Qb mvivsk m úwë Kvb e Íz bq mgvrweáv b m úwë ej Z Avgiv eyws mvgvwrk m úk I AwaKvi hlb Kvb e Íz ev wel qi Dci e w³ ev Mvôx gvwjkvbv, `Lj ev e env ii AwaKvi cöwzwôz nq ZLb Zv n Q m úwë Zyjbvg~jK ` wó KvY _ K `L j m úwëi aviyv e vck m úwëi AwaKv ii g a _v K wewµ, n ÍvšÍi, `vb, e envi Ges myweav cviqv e w³mz gvwjkvbv, ivóªxq gvwjkvbv I mvaviy m úwë- G wzbwu iƒ c m úwë K `Lv hvq G vwi óvuj mvaviy, e w³mz I wgkª m úwë-g wzbwu iƒ ci K_v e j Qb GLv b wgkª m úwëi ai bi D`vniY n Q Rwgi gvwjkvbv mvaviy, wkšíz dm ji AwaKvi e w³mz ev m úwë e w³mz, Z e dm ji AwaKvi mvaviy gvk mxq wpšívq Avw`g mgvr mvg ev`x niqvq mlv b e w³mz m úwë wqj bv e j g b Kiv nq wkšíz b ZvwË K M elyvq Avw`gmgv R m úwëi aviyv cviqv hvq hv abzvwš K mgv Ri gz m ú~y wekwkz bq cövk-abzvwš K mgv R m úwëi wgkª iƒcb cöavbz: j Yxq e w³mz gvwjkvbvi cö_g úó iƒc Avgiv j Kwi ivgvb mgv R ivgvb bm i e w³mz m úwëi gvwjk bv n j KD bvmwik n Z cviz bv cövk-e wuk fvi Z Rwg Z e w³mz gvwjkvbvi Abycw wz wqj e j ch UK, cökvmk I M elkiv AvaywbK ` wó KvY e envi K iwq jb hv m½z bq gvk m& GLv b Rwgi gvwjk wnmv e ` L Qb ivóª ev MÖvg m úà vq K Avevi KD KD g b K ib Rwg Z e w³mz gvwjkvbv h _ó kw³kvjx wqj cövk-fvizxq mgv R Rwgi gvwjkvbv wb q `xn ZK -wezk _vk ji g~jz: GLv b m úwëi h aviyv wqj Zv K G vwi U ji Abymi Y wgkª iƒc ejv hvq ivóª ev MÖv gi gyl welq wqj dm ji Dci AwaKvi ga hy M BD iv c e w³mz I mvaviy m úwë Df qb j Yxq Z e e w³mz m úwëi aviyv Lye kw³kvjx wqjbv ga hy Mi BD iv c m úwëi mvgvwrk aviyvi Drm wqj Lªxó ag hvrk `i Kv Q m úwëi Av`k iƒc wqj mvaviy gvwjkvbv I e w³mz e envi m úwëi aviyvq Rb j Ki e³e Abyhvqx we k i me wkqy mvaviy m úwë, Z_vwcI cök wzi m ú `i mv _ gvbyl hlb Zvi wbr ^ kªg hvm K i ZLb Zv Zvi e w³mz m úwë Z cwiyz nq Zuvi g Z cök wzi RM Z e w³mz m úwëi wbivcëv bb gvby li ivóª M o Zvjvi wcq b cöavb KviY n Q m úwë i v divmx wecø ei NvlYvq ZvB m úwë K cweî e j AwfwnZ Kiv nq m úwëi e w³mz gvwjkvbv welqwu GLb MŠY n q co Q e j mv úªwzk mgvrweávbxiv j Ki Qb abzvwš K mgv R m úwëi gvwjkvbvi PvB Z wbqš Y mgvrweávb cwiwpwz c ôv-99

11 Gm Gm GBP Gj A bk ewk iyz c~y e j g b K ib mgvrweávbx Wvn& ibwd Mj eªb_ hyw³ `wl q Qb wekvj e emvqx cöwzôvb jv Z GZ ewk g~jab cö qvrb nq h, Kvb e w³ ev QvU Mvôxi c cöwzôv bi wbqš Y m e n q I V bv cv VvËi g~j vqb ˆbe w³k cökœ mwvk DË ii cv k wuk ( ) wpý w`b 1. m úwëi mvaviy iƒc KqwU? K. 2wU L. 3wU M. 4wU N. 5wU 2. b`x, cvk, ebf wg-g jv Kvb ai bi m úwë? K. e w³mz L. ivóªxq M. mvaviy N. wgkª 3. bškv e w³mz m úwë wkšíz KD b`x cvi n Z PvB j Zv K mev cö`vb Kiv bškv gvwj Ki `vwqz wqj- GwU wb Pi Kvb DcRvwZi Î j Kiv M Q? K. BD ivk bvgk iw BwÛqvb L. cye jv DcRvwZ M. gvbv DcRvwZ N. K I L DfqB 4. cövk-e wuk fvi Z Rwg Z e w³mz gvwjkvbvi Abycw wz g b K ib Kvb ch UK? K. Be b ezzzv L. wn BD qb mvs M. ewb qvi N. KvbwUB bq msw ß cökœ 1. mgvrweáv b m úwë ej Z wk evsvq? 2. Avw`g mgv R m úwëi aiy wk wqj? ipbvg~jk cökœ 1. m úwë wk? m úwëi wewfbœ aib jv Av jvpbv Kiyb 2. wewfbœ mgv R m úwëi aviyv Av jvpbv Kiyb BDwbU-5 c ôv-100

12 evsjv `k Dš y³ wek we` vjq cvv-3 A_ bwzk e e v Types of Economy D Ïk GB cvvwu c o Avcwb Rvb Z cvi eb: A_ bwzk e e vi aviyv A_ bwzk e e vi aib: abzš I mgvrz š i aviyv Ges G `i DrcwË I iƒc f wgkv Kvj gvk m& A_ bxwzi wfwë Z mgvr K wfbœ wfbœ fv e wpwýz K iwq jb gvk m& -Gi mv _ HKgZ cvlb bv K ii ejv hvq h, Kvb mgv Ri A_ bxwzi GKwU mvaviy iƒc _v K hv A_ bwzk Kg Kv Ûi g a mvgäm Zv Ges w wzkxjzv ˆZix K i A_ bwzk e e v ej Z Avgiv eyws A_ bwzk cöwzôvb Ges cöwµqvi GKwU mgwb Z iƒc K AvaywbK hy M `y'ai bi A_ bwzk e e v j Kiv hvq cö_gwu n Q abzš, wøzxqwu mgvrzš abzš abzš ej Z evsvq Ggb GKwU A_ bwzk Ges mvgvwrk e e v hlv b e w³ gvwjkvbv, evrvi, gy³ kªg I gỳ ªv-A_ bxwz weivr K i Ges hlv b Drcv`b Kiv nq evrv i wewµ K i jvf Kivi Rb e w³gvwjkvbv e w³mz m úwë wewfbœ mgv R j Kiv M ji abzvwš K mgv R GwU AZ ší kw³kvjx cöwzôv b cwiyz nq [ `Lyb e w³mz m úwë] Ges AvBbMZ wfwë jvf K i Ges evrv ii gva g gybvdv AR bi ú nv K evwo q Zv j gy³ kªg gy³ kªg ej Z evsvq kªwgkiv Zv `i kªgkw³ gy³fv e evrv i wewµ Ki Z cv i Ges evrv ii wbqg Abyhvqx gryix c Z cv i Gi wecix Z mvgšímgv R kªwgkiv wqj e Zviv mvgšícöfzi Rwg Z webv gryix Z kªg w` Z eva wqj Ges Zv `i c mvgšícöfzi g vbi Q o hviqvi weavb wqjbv evrvi mgvrweávb cwiwpwz c ôv-101

13 Gm Gm GBP Gj Avgv `i Rvbv AwaKvsk mgv R Kvb bv Kvbfv e evrvi weivr K i wkšíz abz š cö_g Mvôx, ag, ivóª cöf wzi wbqš Y _ K gy³ n q evrvi GKwU ^Zš Ges wek e vcx cöwzôvb wnmv e wekvk jvf K i gỳ ªv-A_ bxwz cövk-abzvwš K mgv R gỳ ªv-A_ bxwz `ye j _v K Drcv`b cöavbz: Kiv nq M n vjxi fv Mi Rb `ªe wewbgq A_ bxwz Z iyz c~y vb AwaKvi K i _v K wkšíz abz š mg Í A_ bwzk Kg KvÛ gỳ ªv-wfwËK abz š i DrcwË mgvrweávbx Bg vby qj Iqvjvi vb bi g Z abz š i wekvk n qwqj 1450 _ K 1640 ch ší BUvjxi mgỳ ª ZxieZ x A j hv ciez xkv j BD iv ci Ab vb A j Qwo q c owqj abz š i wewfbœ iƒc abzš AZ ší MwZkxj A_ bxwz Ges GB A_ bxwzi 500 eq ii BwZnv m Gi wewfbœ iƒc j Kiv hvq GB kªyxkiy wb q mgvrweávbx `i g a gzwe iva i q Q Zv m Ë I abz š i ˆewPÎ K Abyaveb Kivi Rb Gi iƒc jvi w` K ` wócvz Kiv cö qvrb evwbwr K abzš Mercantile Capitalism evwb R i gva g h e e vq gybvdv Kiv nq Zv K evwywr K abzš ejv nq K wl abzš Agrarian Capitalism hlb evrv i wewµ Ges gybvdv AR bi Rb dmj Drcv`b Kiv nq ZLb Zv K K wl abzš e j mß`k I Aóv`k kzvãx Z Bsj v Û K wl Z GB ai bi abz š i wekvk j Kiv hvq wkí-abzš Industrial Capitalism BDwbU-5 c ôv-102

14 evsjv `k Dš y³ wek we` vjq 1760 Ges 1830 mv ji g a Bsj v Û h wkíwecøe m~wpz n qwqj hvi cözxk Rgm Iqv Ui ev ú kw³i Avwe vi Zv K K `ª K i Bsj vû Ges ciez xkv j BD iv ci Ab vb ` k M o I V wkíabzš wkíabz š i g~j ˆewkó n Q hš I d v±ix Kw `ªK Drcv`b Avw_ K abzš Financial Capitalism e vsk, exgv, kqvi evrvi Ges eo eo Kv úvbx M o IVvi cwi cöw Z h ai bi abzvwš K e e v M o I V Zv K Avw_ K abzš e j ivóªxq abzš State Capitalism Kvb Kvb ` k wkíkvvv gv M o Zzj Z iv óªi mivmwi mn hvwmzv cö qvrb nq ivóª abz š i wekv k mivmwi f wgkv MÖnY K i G KB e j ivóªxq abzš mgvrzš ey R vqv ev abzvwš K mgv R Mvôx-Ø ` i Pig ch v q me nviv kªyx gzv `Lj Kivi ci h A_ bwzk e e v cöwzwôz nq Zv K mgvrzvwš K A_ bxwz ejv nq gvk m& ev G ½jm mgvrz š i Kvb úó iƒc ilv cö`vb K ibwb G ½jm Zuvi weei Y `wl q Qb me nviv kªyx gzv `Lj Kivi ci euy R vqv `i nvz _ K e w³mz m úwë gy³ K i Zv K mvgvwrk m úwë Z cwiyz K i Drcv`bkw³ mvgvwrk niqvq abzvwš K A_ bxwzi wek sljv `~i Kiv hvq cwikíbvi wfwë Z A_ bwzk Dbœqb m e nq d j mvgvwrk kªyxi Aw ÍZ jyß nq ivóª Zvi Aw ÍZ nvwi q d j gvbyl wbqš Y K i cök wz K, A_ bxwz K gvbyl c q hvq mwz Kvi ^vaxbzv ev Íe mgvrz š GB j AwR Z nqwb mvwf qz ivwkqvq A ±vei wecø ei ci AwaKvsk e w³mz m úwë ivóªxq gvwjkvbvq wb q Avmv nq K wl Rwg K wb q Avmv nq hš_ ev ivóªxq Lvgv i GB Lvgvi jv Z Kg- ewk 3 kzvsk Rwg wqj e w³gvwjkvbvq mg Í KjKviLvbv b Í Kiv nq ivóªxq gvwjkvbvq iv óªi Dci cöavb KZ Z wqj mvwf qz BDwbq bi Kgÿ wb cvwu i MYgva gi Kvb ^vaxbzv wqj bv weiy gz cvl Yi my hvm wqj bv KwRwe bvgk Mvcb cywjk mvwf qz ivwkqvq weiy gz K Íä Ki Z Zrci wqj mg Í gzv cvwu Ges iv óªi nv Z K `ªxf Z wqj e j mvwf qz ivóª K me vz K ivóª e ji AwfwnZ Kiv nq 1985 mvj _ K wglvbj Me v Pf h ms vi Kg m~px MÖnY K ib Zvi djkªywz Z Avwki `k Ki k l Ges beÿb `k Ki ïiy Z mvwf qz BDwbqb I c~e BD iv c mgvrzvwš K A_ bxwz f ½ c o GLbI Pxb, DËi Kvwiqv, wf qzbvg Ges wkdev Z mgvrzvwš K A_ bxwz i q Q Z e Pxb Ges wf qzbv g abzvwš K A_ bxwz `ªyZ AbycÖ ek Ki Q mgvrweávb cwiwpwz c ôv-103

15 Gm Gm GBP Gj mvivsk h Kvb mgv Ri A_ bxwzi GKwU mvaviy iƒc _v K A_ bwzk cöwzôvb I cöwµqvi GKwU mgwb Z iƒcb nj H mgv Ri A_ bwzk e e v AvaywbK hy M abzš I mgvrzš bv g `y'ai bi A_ bwzk e e v j bxq abzš ej Z Ggb GKwU A_ bwzk I mvgvwrk e e v K evsvq hlv b e w³gvwjkvbv, evrvi, gy³kªg I gỳ ªv-A_ bxwz weivr K i Ges hlv b Drcv`b Kiv nq evrv i wewµ K i jvf Kivi Rb abzš AZ ší MwZkxj I MZ 500 eq ii BwZnv m Gi wewfbœ iƒc j Yxq hgb, evwbwr K abzš, K wl abzš, wkí -abzš, Avw_ K abzš I ivóªxq abzš GB abzvwš K ev ey R vqv mgv R kªyx Ø ` i Pig ch v q me nviv kªyx gzv `Lj Kivi ci h A_ bwzk e e v cöwzwôz nq Zv K mgvrzvwš K A_ bxwz e j gvk m& ev G ½jm mgvrz š i Kvb úó iƒc ilv cö`vb K ib wb, Z e G ½jm Zuvi weei Y `wl q Qb h, me nviv kªyx gzv `Lj Kivi ci e w³mz m úwë jyß nq mvgvwrk kªyx Ges ivóª nvwi q d j Zvi Aw ÍZ gvbyl c q hvq mwz Kvi ^vaxbzv Ges wbqš Y K i A_ bxwz K Z e ev Íe mgvrz š GB j AwR Z nqwb, A ±vei wecø ei ga w` q mvwf qz ivwkqvq e w³mz m úwë K wb q Avmv nq ivóªxq gvwjkvbvq K wl Rwg K wb q Avmv nq hš_ ev ivóªxq Lvgv i mg Í KjKviLvbv b Í nq ivóªxq gvwjkvbvq iv óªi Dci KZ Z wqj Kgÿ wb cvwu i mg Í gzv cvwu Ges iv óªi nv Z K `ªxf Z _vkvq mvwf qz ivóª K me vz K ivóª e ji AwfwnZ Kiv n qwqj wkšíz 1985 mv j ms vi Kvh m~pxi djkªywz Z Avwki `k Ki k l I beÿb `k Ki ïiy Z f ½ c o mvwf qz BDwbqb Ges c~e BD iv ci mgvrzvwš K ivóª jv ez gv b Pxb, DËi Kvwiqv, wf qzbvg I wkdev Z mgvrzvwš K A_ bxwz i q Q Z e Pxb I wf qzbv g abzvwš K A_ bxwz ek `ªyZ cö ek Ki Q BDwbU-5 c ôv-104

16 evsjv `k Dš y³ wek we` vjq cv VvËi g~j vqb ˆbe w³k cökœ mwvk DË ii cv k wuk ( ) wpý w`b 1. e w³ gvwjkvbv Kvb A_ bwzk e e vi Î cö hvr? K. mgvrzvwš K L. abzvwš K M. DfqB N. KvbwUB bq 2. mgvrweávbx Bg vby qj Iqvjvi B bi g Z abz š i wekvk n qwqj KZ eqi Av M? K. 200 eqi L. 300 eqi M. 400 eqi N. 500 eqi 3. wkí wecøe msnwuz n qwqj Kv_vq? K. d«v Ý L. BUvjx Z M. Bsj v Û N. Rvg vbx Z 4. mgvrzvwš K A_ bwzk e e vi Î KvbwU cö hvr? K. Drcv`b kw³ mvgvwrk niqvq abzvwš K A_ bxwzi wek Ljv `~i Kiv hvq L. cwikíbvi wfwë Z A_ bwzk Dbœqb m e nq M. mvgvwrk kªyxi Aw ÍZ jyß nq Ges gvbyl wbqš Y K i A_ bxwz K N. Dc ii me jv msw ß cökœ 1. abz š i wewfbœ iƒc jv wk wk? 2. abz š i msáv I ˆewkó D jøl Kiyb ipbvg~jk cökœ 1. A_ bwzk e e v ej Z wk evsvq? abzvwš K A_ bwzk e e v m ú K wek` Av jvpbv Kiyb 2. mgvrzvwš K e e v wk? fmœ mvwf qz ivwkqvi cö vc U Zv Av jvpbv Kiyb mgvrweávb cwiwpwz c ôv-105