AvjevU AvBb vbb: mgvr I m wókxj e w³ 3

Transcription

1

2 m úv`kxq FZzivR em š i kl gvm ˆPÎ Zvi bzzb Aeqe wb q Av m GBgvm Ab FZz _ K Avjv`v ˆewPÎ wb q kvm Ki gz e l i mkj gvm I FZzi E aÿ Ae vb iv L e jb m FZz ivr m~ h i K Vvi DËvc w` q gvbyl K RvwM q Zz j eyws q `q Avi AjmZv bq, kªg w` q Z dmj djvi, Pvlvev `i d j h avb, cvu Drcbœ n e Zv w` q mviv eq ii Lv` I A_ hvmvb `vi wkqyw`b Av MI GB cvly Ki Zv emš Kvj Ab vb FZziv `xn msmövg K i Q Ae k l Bwi I ev iv avb GLb cövq me FZz ZB Drcbœ nq mkj FZzi we `ªv n emš Kvj mgvš ivj n ji Zvi `wlbv evzvm Ab vb FZzi Cl v i q Q MÖx i So-SvcUvi hvmv `vi wkš y GB emš Av gi wu eo n q c~y v½zvi wzb-pzz_ vsk iƒc `q GB em š i ˆPÎgvm mewr eiewu, mxg, jvd GB mg q Ab vb gvm _ K ewk n q _v K guiïwu w` q wewfbœ mvjyb I KvuPv Av gi mv _ Wvj L Z h KZ my ^v`y Zv evsjvi gvbylb Rv b Gev ii gvwmk cwîkvq gi `Û wk ivbvg cöeüwu Z vb c q Q ˆP Îi gz gi `Û DuPz K i G RvwZ K `xß kc_ wb q KvR Ki Z n e gvby li Rb eobxwz cö gi bxwz, wnsmv ev we Ø li bxwz bq ` ki mxgvbvi evb i A_ vr MvUv we k hviv AvKzÚ fvjevmvi gvbyl, mgvr I m wókxj gvbyl hgb AvjevU AvBb vb bi K_v wk Avgiv wkl Z cvwibv RvZxqZvev` I bzzb ivóªcöwzôvmn me Kv ji me kªô msweavb Dcnvi `vzv RvwZi RbK e½eüz kl gywreyi ingv bi ivóª MV bi g a h `k b wqj Zv AbymiY K i kvmbkvh Pvjv j G RvwZ K Ggb `y` kvq co Z n Zvbv e wuk-fvi Z RvZxqZvev`x Av `vjb wqj Bs ir `i wezvo bi Rb weivu A Ae k l evovwj RvZxqZvev` I `k cö gi Abb mvaviy djvdj MŠiegq wec ei gva g evsjv ` ki ^vaxbzv AR b Avgvi Rxeb K_v cöe Ü, G ` ki bzv, jlk-kwe,mvaviy gvbyl K mwvk bz Z w` q Av `vjb I wec e mdj K i Qb Zvi my úó Z_ Dc vcb n q Q ` ki Dbœq b wk vi wekí bb c bi KvwU jv Ki evm evsjv ` k A_P 15 eqi eqmx I Zvi E aÿ cövq wzb KvwU PzqvËi j gvbyl GLbI m ú~y fv e wbi i eq mi Kvi Y G `i K AvbyôvwbK wk v `qv m e bq e jb c w_exi Ab vb ` ki b vq DcvbyôvwbK wk vi gva g mv izv AR bmn Ae vnz wk v cö`vb jlvwu LyeB mg qvc hvmx GB wekvj wbi i Rb Mvôx K UªWwfwËK cöwk Yi gva g RxweKvR bi c_ mymg Kivi KŠkj ev e cö qvm Ki Z cvi j mv izvi mv _ mv _ ` gvbe m ú ` cwiyz n Z cvi e wekvj Rb Mvôx K wbi i i L G ` ki Dbœqb Avkv Kiv hvq bv my Li wvkvbv cöe Ü K Vvi kªg I cöej B Qv kw³i Kv Q cöwzeüx n qi igv ^vej ^x n q Q Ges 10 Rb K Kv R jvmv Z c i Q GQvov gvwmk ˆPÎ msl v, cöwzeüx cwîkvwu Z mgvr, ivóª I ivrbxwz, A_ bxwz,mvwnz -ms wz, ^v fvj ivlv, ivm evjvb _ K gy³ ivlvi Dcvq, hye-hyev `i iƒc ˆkjx, mylvevi cwi ekbvi Rb ivbœv kjx I KwZcq KweZv hv RvZxq Rxe b Acwinvh m me wel qi Dci h _ó i Z Av ivc Kiv n q Q G ` ki ^ Qj e w³ ev cöwzôvb _ K Ae nwjz cöwzeüx `i Rb Avw_ K mnvqzv c j GmGdwWi Kvh µg AviI cömvwiz n e Avw_ K mnvqzv cö`v bi Rb cöwzgv mi b vq G gv mi cwîkvi kl c ôvq msw ß I my úófv e wvkvbv `qv Av Q Avw_ K mnvqzv Kivi B Qv _vkv m Ë &I hw` Kvb mgm v nq Zvn j webvwøavq dv b Avgv `i Rvbv bvi Rb webxz Aby iva ib jv - 1

3 AvjevU AvBb vbb: mgvr I m wókxj e w³ 3 gi`û 7 e½eüz mikv ii mv o wzb eqi 12 Bu`yi 16 me fvizxq cö vc U RvZxqZvev`x Av `vjb 24 gxr v AvwRRv B`&wi mi ÔAvgvi Rxeb K_vÕ 29 KweZv Gm.Gd.wW ^v evz v 35 Gm.Gd.wW ic ˆkjx 39 my Li wvkvbv 43 Gm.Gd.wW ivbœv ˆkjx 46 MÖš mgv jvpbv 50 j` gwk bi KvwiMi gby wgqv 52 evsjv ` k DcvbyôvwbK wk vi ev evq bi KŠkj 54 mh inm 61 bzzb mvwn Z i AwfhvÎv 63 Gm.Gd.wW msev` 67-2

4 AvjevU AvBb vbb: mgvr I m wókxj e w³ Aveyj Kv mg drjyj nk MvUv c w_exi K_v ej Z cvie bv, Z e evsjv ` k gvbervwzi h As ki evm Zv h µ g m wómvg_ nxb GK eü v`kvq wbcwzz n q Q, Zv Abyfe Kwi m wó ej Z Avwg wkí-mvwnz, weávb, `k b, Rxeb I mgv Ri cybm Vb, RvwZ ivó«i Avšivwó«K m ck BZ vw` Îi m wói K_v ejwq Drcv` bi ÎI evsjv ` ki gvbyl ˆbcyY nvwi q Pj Q K wl, wkí, e e vcbv, cökvmb BZ vw`i w` K ZvKv j eys Z Amyweav nq bv h, G ` k evovwji Drcv`bmvg_ I ˆbcyY `viyfv e q c q Q weávbcöhyw³i GB AmvaviY DbœwZi Kv j RvZxq Rxe b Avgv `i AMÖMwZi aviv wbægylx `yb `kk Av MI G ` ki RbM Yi g a wb R `i A avmvwgzv m c K m PZbZv I bedìv bi AvKv v wqj; wqj DbœZZi bzzb Rxeb I mgvr cöwzôvi mvabv I msmövg Zvi Av M kzvãxe vcx mvabv I msmöv gi ga w` q GB f fv Mi RbMY weªwuk Jcwb ewkk kvm bi Aemvb NwU qwqj, Ges c i cvwk vb f O evsjv `k cöwzôv K iwqj `yb `kk Av MI G ` k DbœZZi bzzb Rxeb cöwzôvi Avkv I msmövg wqj ZLbI RvwZi Rxe b m wókxjzv wqj Zvici Ae v cwiewz Z n q Q; RbM Yi msmövgx c nv kl n q M Q RbM Yi m wókw³ I Drcv`bmvg_ AvR wekvicövß I wech evsjv ` k evovwj AvR RvZxq wnbgb Zv ev a cxwoz, imœ G ` k Kv bv cöwzfvevb e w³i AvÍcÖKv ki K_v GLb Avi KD fve Z Pvb bv A_P cöwzfvevb e w³ `i m wó, Avwe vi, D veb I bz Z Qvov Kv bv RvwZ DbœwZi avivq Pj Z cv i bv m wókxj cöwzfvi I - 3

5 fv jv bz Z i D ei c evsjv ` ki ez gvb mvgvwrk cwi ek AZ š cöwzk j; GZ cöwzk j h, GB Ae vi Zzjbv Pj Z cv i G ` ki cjvwki hy i ciezx Aa kzvãxi m wó eix cwi e ki m ½ GB cwiw wz Z, Pjgvb gjavivi cöwzk j, RbRxe bi my Zv I bzzb MYRvMiY Avgiv Avkv Kwi Rvwb bv wk K i KZ Kv ji cöqv m Zv m e n e gjaviv Acwµqvkxj kw³i bz Z I Amy Zvi Lv Z cöevwnz BwZnv m `L Z cvb, cö Z K RvwZB AMÖMwZi avivq gv S gv S `xn vqx wech qi g a c o, Ges GK mg q wech q KvwU q DbœZZi bzzb hy M DËxY nq AÜKvi hym cö Z K RvwZi Rxe bb gv S gv S `Lv `q, wkš Kv bv RvwZi Rxe bb AÜKvi hym wpi vqx nq bv evsjv ` ki RbRxe bi `xn vqx m¼ Ui ci m¼ugy³ mg bzzb hy Mi mpbv n e e j Avgiv Avkv Kwihw`I Kxfv e Zv n e m m c K wkqyb Avgiv Rvwb bv c _i müv b nvz o eov Z n e, Póvi ci Póv Pvwj q h Z n e-guzkzb ïay ej Z cvwi Kej e w³mzfv e euvpvi Ges e w³mz m cwë ev e w³mz gzv AR bi D`MÖ cöqvm me Î `L Z cvb GB cwiw wz Z e w³ fzi _ K wek Z n q hv Q Ges mgvri A ^vfvwek n q co Q gvbyl mvgvwrk Yvewj nvwi q Pj Q GB wekvi I Gi cöwzkvi m c K wpšv Kiv `ikvi Ges wpšvi wfwë Z my có j I Kg mwp wby q K i KvR Kiv `ikvi e w³ wb qb mgvr Ges mgv Ri Ask e w³ e w³ I mgv Ri m ck Awe Q` mgvr _ K wewqbœ n q e w³ euvp Z cv i bv Avi e w³ K ev` w` q mgvr nq bv e w³i fv jv-g ` mgv Ri Dci Ges mgv Ri fv jv-g ` e w³i Dci wµqv K i ^vfvwek Ae vq mgvr e w³i kî bq Ges e w³i mgv Ri kî bq mgv Ri cöwz e w³i Ges e w³i cöwz mgv Ri `vwqz kxj I KZ e civqy niqv `ikvi `ikvi mgv R gvby li e w³mz I mvgvwrk, Dfq cökvi YvewjiB wekvk h nxb- ^v_ v š^lxiv kw³cö qv Mi wksev az Zv-PZziZv-fvIZv-cÖZviYvi gva g wb R `i ^v_ nvwmj K i biqvi Póv K i, Zviv e w³ I mgvr Df qib kî e w³ ^vzš ev`x `i e³ e hgb m Z i müvb cviqv hvq, Zgwb m Z i müvb cviqv hvq mgvrzšx `i e³ e I wkš ev e `Lv hvq, mgvrz ši Av`k `vbv eu a IVvi ci _ KB Kv bv Kv bv gnj _ K e w³ ^vzš ev` K mgvrz ši Ges mgvrzš K e w³ ^vzš ev `i m cy we ivax gzv`k iƒ c `wl q `yb c K ci c ii wei Zxeª N Yv-we Øl I msnvz-msn l gvwz q Zvjv n q Q RbRxe b Gi dj AZ š wzki n q Q G Î ms k l Yi (Synthesis) ` wófw½ `ikvi e w³ ^vz š i I mgvrz ši Av`k K ci ci-we ivax I wecixzagx iƒc bv w` q ci ci-m cik I m ciyagx iƒc `Iqv `ikvi e w³zš cy bq, AcY ; mgvrzš cy bq, AcY cy Av` k i müvb Avgiv c Z cvwi `y qi wgj b AvjevU AvBb vb bi ( ) wb Pi e³e wu Z GB ` wófw½i cökvk Av Q GwU Bs iwr Z Abw`Z Zuvi Society and Personality kxl K GKwU z`ª cöe Üi evsjv Abyev` cöeüwu cö_g cökvwkz nq 1934 mv j Rvg vb fvlvq (MEIN WELTBILD, Amsterdam : Querido Verlag, 1934). Sonja Bargmann Abw`Z IDEAS AND OPINIONS by Albert Einstein (Rupa & Co. Calcutta, 1991) MÖš _ K GwU evsjvq Abyev` Kiv nj ez gvb GK Kw `ªK wek e e vq e w³ I mgv Ri m ck wel q AMÖmi bzzb wpšv `ikvi GB cöeü Abyev` K iwq GB Avkvq h, AvBb vb bi K_vq AbycÖvwYZ n q G wel q G ` k KD KD bzzbfv e wpšv Ki Z Ges wpšv K Kv R jvmv Z cöqvmci n eb 1934 mv j - 4 h wek ev ezvq AvBb vbb GB cöeü wj LwQ jb Zv _ K AvR Ki ev ezv weivufv e wfbœ Zey G cwiw wz ZI AvBb vb bi wpšv bzzb m wókxj wpšvi mnvqk n Z cv i mgvr I m wókxj e w³ Avgiv hw` Avgv `i Rxebaviv I Kg cö Póv Rwic Kwi Zvn j `L Z cvb Avgv `i cövq mkj Kg I Avkv-AvKv vb Ab gvbyl `i Aw Z i m ½ hy³ Avi Avgiv j Kwi h, Avgv `i cy iv ^fve mvgvwrk cövyx `i ^fv ei Abyiƒc h Lv` L q Avgiv euvwp Zv A b iv Drcv`b K i, h Kvco Avgiv cwi Zv Ab `i ˆZwi, h evwo Z Avgiv evm Kwi Zv Ab `i Øviv wbwg Z Avgv `i Ávb I wek v mi AwaKvskB A b iv fvlvi gva g Avgv `i w` q _v K Ges GB fvlvi A b iv m wó K i Q fvlv bv _vk j Avgv `i gvbwmk mvg_ wbzvš Kg nz Ges Avgiv DP köyxi Rš -Rv bvqvi `i ch vqfy³ nzvg Aek B ^xkvi Ki Z n e h, Rš -Rv bvqv ii Zzjbvq Avgv `i Ae v DbœZ niqvi cöavy KviY Avgiv gvby li mgv R evm Kwi Kv bv e w³ K R š i ci _ KB GKjv K i w` j mb e w³ wpšv I Abyf wzi w`k w` q Ggb Avw`g I Rv bvqvim` k Ae vq _ K hv e h, Avgv `i c Zv Kíbv KivI `ytmva e w³ K wewqbœ Ae vq `L j Zvi g a we kl wkqy cviqv hvq bv e w³i gwngv Zvi e w³mëvi Kvi Y ZZUv bq hzuv Zvi mvgvwrk mëvi Kvi Y e w³ e nr gvbemgv Ri m`m Ges mgvr e w³ K Rš _ K g Zz ch š cwipvjbv K i Kv bv jv Ki Av em-abyf wz, wpšvfvebv I Kvh Kjvc h cwigv Y Zvi m½xmv_x I mnkgx `i Kj v Y wb ew`z, mb cwigv YB mgv R Zvi gj ^xk Z nq Gi wfwë Z Kv bv e w³ K fv jv A_ev g ` ejv n q _v K cö_g ` wó ZB g b nq, Kv bv jvk KZLvwb fv jv A_ev g ` m m c K Avgv `i aviyv my cóiƒ c

6 Zvi G ai bi mvgvwrk Yvewji Dci wbf ikxj wkš Gfv e `Lv wvk bq GKUz j Ki jb evsv hvq, e MZ, fvemz I ˆbwZK hme Avwe vi-d ve bi mydj Avgiv mgvr _ K c q _vwk, m jv Rbv ik bi ci Rbv ikb a i m wókxj e w³ `i mvabv I msmöv gi d j m ó GK`v KD Av b e env ii Dcvq D veb K iwqj Kv bv Kv j KD km Pv li c wz cöez b K iwqj KL bv KD ev cxq BbwRb Avwe vi K iwqj cöwzwu Avwe vi-d vebb GK-GKRb e w³i KxwZ GKgvÎ e w³b wpšv Ki Z cv i Ges wpšv Øviv mgv Ri Rb bzzb gj eva m wó Ki Z cv i ïay ZvB bq, e w³ Ggb ˆbwZK gvb`û cöwzôv Ki Z cv i hv MÖnY K i mgvr DcK Z nq GK w`k _ K `Lv hvq, mgv Ri wfwëf wg _ K e w³ Rxebim MÖnY K ib, ZvB mgvr Qvov e w³i AvÍweKv ki K_v fvev hvq bv; Aciw`K _ K `Lv hvq, ^vaxbfv e wpšv I wepvi-we epbv Kivi mvg_ m cbœ m wókxj e w³ Qvov mgv Ri DbœwZ AKíbxq mgv Ri ^v, mgvr hv `i wb q MwVZ mb e w³ `i mvgvwrk msnwzi ` pzvi Dci hzuv wbf i K i, wvk ZZUvB wbf i K i Zv `i ^vz š i DciI GK_v wvk h, MÖ Kv- ivgvb-bd iv-av gwikvb ms wzi-we kl K i Gi D¾ jzg cökvk ga hy Mi BD iv ci APjvqZb-f½Kvix BZvjxq i bmuv mi-g j Av Q e w³i gyw³ I Av cw K ^vzš mkj Abycv Zi Zzjbvq K g Q AwZ AímsL K e w³b m wói Î mvd j i Rb mvavi Yi wbku cwiwpz msmvb I cöwzôvb KZKvs k gnvgvb ei vb `Lj K i wb q Q we kl K i cöhyw³i Î Ges Av iv ewk K i weáv bi Î GUv có wkíkjvi RM Z KxwZ gvb e w³ `i Afve we klfv e j Kiv hvq wpîkjv I m½xz wbæmvgx n q Q Ges Rbmvavi Yi Kv Q cövq Av e`bnxb n q c o Q-GUv wbwðz ivrbxwz Î fv jv bzvi Afve `Lv hv Q mb m ½ Afve `Lv hv Q ^vaxb wpšvkxjzvi Avi Rbmvavi Yi b vq-ab vq evai AZ š `ye j n q c o Q ^vaxb PZbvi Afv e MYZvwšK msm`xq mikvi-e e v A bk RvqMv ZB `ye j n q c o Q, GKbvqKZš gv_vpvov w` q Q Ges jv K Zv g b wb q Q Ggb niqvi KviY: gvby li AvÍm vb eva I e w³i AwaKvi eva GLb Avi Av Mi g Zv kw³kvjx bb msev`cî jv gvî `yb mßvn mg q h Kv bv ` ki glcvj-m` k Rbmvavi Yi g b Ggb D ËRbvi Av b R vwj q w` Z cv i h, Zviv wkqy jv Ki nxb ^v_ wmw i Rb Dw` c i gvi Z I gi Z cö Z nq Avgvi g b nq, mf RvwZ jv GLb e w³i gh v`vnvwbi h Dš ËZvq g Z Q, Zvi RNb Zg cökvk mvgwik evwnbx Z hvm`v bi eva ZvgjK e e v GB cwiw wz Z hlb cövq mkj fwel سvi gy LB ïb Z cvb h, Avgv `i mf Zv AwP ib f O co e, ZLb wew Z nb bv Z e Avwg ˆbivk ev`x bb Avwg wek vm Kwi, fv jv mgq Avm e Avgvi wek v mi KviY ms c ejwq PÎ msl v hviqv G Ae vq `vwe DV Q cwikwíz kögwefvr bi, Ges GB `vwe µ gb Zxeª n q Awbevh Zvi w` K hv Q Avkv Kiv hvq, mycwikwíz kögwefvrb Øviv e w³i ˆelwqK wbivcëv wbwðz n e GB wbivcëv, Avi AeKvk I DØ Ë kw³ e w³i e w³z -wekv ki mnvqk n e Zv Z mgvr Zvi ^v cybi v ii my hvm cv e Avgiv Avkv Kie h, fwel Zi BwZnvm cö YZviv AvR Ki A ^v Ki mvgvwrk Dcm M i e vl v w` Z wm q ej eb, GUv wqj DPvKv x gvbervwzi AwZ `ªZ MwZ Z mf Zvi c _ Pjvi d j m ó ˆkkeKvjxb Amy Zv evsjv Abyev`: XvKv, g 1997 h mg qi ga w` q GLb Avgiv PjwQ, Zvi K_vq Avmv hvk mgvr Kxfv e Pj Q? e w³i Ae vb-ev Kgb? mf `k jv Z RbmsL v Av Mi Zzjbvq e o Q BD iv ci jvkmsl v GK kv eqi Av M hv wqj GLb Zvi wzb Y n q Q wkš KxwZ gvb e w³i msl v AZx Zi Avgvi g Z, ez gv b h Ae q `Lv w` q Q Zvi g j i q Q GB NUbv h, cöhyw³mz I A_ bwzk wekv ki d j Aw Z i msmövg GLb Ggb Zxeª iƒc jvf K i Q h, G Z e w³i ^vfvwek wekv ki my hvm eü n q M Q Z e cöhyw³i wekv ki A_ B n Q mgv Ri Pvwn`v ci Yi Rb e w³i kög K g - 5

7 If the wicked flourish and the fittest survive, Nature must be the God of rascals.-g.b.s. hw`b ÔmvifvBfvj Ae w` wd U Õ-GB mvaviy mz wu `vk wb Ki K Ú cö_g NvwlZ nj, mw`b _ KB c w_exi meÿ bv ki mîcvz Kbbv, gj eva we Z n q mw`b _ KB gvbyl Zvi köô YivwR K Ae njv K i wbk ó kw³mg ni crvi cö qvrbxqzv Dcjwä Ki j, Avi euvpvi K_vUv eo n q DVj e j mš `h, cög I Avb ` gvby li ` wómxgv _ K A bk ` i m i Mj m eys Z cvi jv, G-me MŠY e vcvi, euvpvi Rb G-m ei Kvb cö qvrb bb, hw` cviqv hvq fv jv AwaKš bv cviqv M ji Zgb `ytl bb gi `Û gvzv ni nv mb PŠayix `vk wb Ki Póv nq A bk mgq ÔgvP G Wv GevDU bvw_sõ, A_ev ceÿ Zi gwlk cöm ei gz A bk gvj-gmjv msmön I M elyvi d j Zuviv h m Z G m cuš Qvb, A bk mgq Zv gvgywj mz Qvov Avi wkqyb bq wkš `k bi mg_ b ZvB n q I V mk ji kö qmvaviy e vcviuvi AmvaviY n q `Lv `q ÔwdUÕ jv KivB me mgq eu P Q I euvp e G-K_vUv ejvi Rb `vk wb Ki M elyvi cö qvrb nq bv, mvgvb ch e Ykx jivi ZvÕ ej Z cv i myzivs G wm v ši Rb `vk wb Ki Kvb K wzz bb; Zuvi K wzz m Z cušqvi Rb Zuvi h Av qvrb-zv Z, Dcv`vbmsMÖn I wewpî Z_ Avwe v i gvbyl nvvrm ó Rxe bq, Rxecigcivq avivevwnk cwiywz, GB m Z i D`&NvU b - 6 A_P gvbyl mb UB eo e j MÖnY Ki jbvpz b eywo Xv ji Zvwj c j hgb Avb ` AvÍnviv nq, gvbyli Zgwb Avb ` AvÍnviv n q wb Ri wfz ii hy s `wn fvewu K AvuK o ai j- Zjwmu`yi w` q `ezvi g Zv Zvi crv ïi Ki jv wb Riv hv ^fveztb fv jvev m `vk wb Ki mg_ b, ZvB Zv `i Kv Q AwaKZi wcöq n q DVj; Avi `vk wbkiv hv ai Z-Quy Z cvb bv, gvbe-rxe bi mb köô m c` a vb-kíbv, cög- mš ` h i K`i Kg Z jvmj Gme Kx? weávb Zv Gme Vvni Ki Z cv i bv myzivs G `i Aw Z m ^ Ü mw `nvb bv n q Dcvq Kx? mz ZvB; weáv bi mnvqzvq hvpvb Ki Z M j g j i Zv K_vB bb, Gm ei Kvb Aw Z B _v K bv Kbbv, gvbyl hlv b cök wzi m wó mlv bb weáv bi AwaKvi, hlv b m

8 wb Ri ipbv mlv b weávb ekvi cög, mš `h BZ vw` gvby li wb Ri m wó e j weávb G `i m ^ Ü wbe vk A_ev mw `nvb wkš G `i mvabvb gbyl Z i mvabv, Z_v mf Zvi mvabv Ô hvm Z gi D Ë bõ bxwz GB mvabvi cwicš x, Kbbv ZvÕ ïay euvpevi Rb cö qvrbxq bl`š I bl` ši vbxq e `yk- evgv-m½xb KB eo K i Zv j-d`vi eyw K er b K i m¼xy eyw i AvkÖq MÖnY Ki Z klvq d j gvby li A avmwz N U gvbyl ïay D Z b Z ß _vk Z cv i bv, wekvkb Zvi Rb cö qvrbxq Avi Zv ZB gbyl Z i Rq D Z bi Rb AZ vwak D ØM wekv ki cöwzk j Kbbv ZvÕ ïay m¼xy eyw -AvwkÖZ m `n I N Yvwe Øl K eo K i Zv j, Avi m `nwe Øl wekv ki mnvq bq, Ašivq m Rb cö qvrbxq D`vi eyw -jvwjz Avb ` Avi cög-av jvk Avi gvayh K_vq e j mveav bi gvi bb, wkš Avm j AwZ mveav bib AvwÍK g Zz N U fqvz Zvi d j Zvi AvÍv mskzwpz I gwjb n q hvq AvÍi vi ZvwM ` h Rxe bi A avmwz N U, AšZt Dbœqb nq bv, Dw ` RM Zi w` K ZvKv jb ZvÕ mn R Dcjwä Kiv hvq cï `i m ½ msmöv g wu K _vkvi D Ï k B Kvb Kvb e wz³ ev DMÖMÜhy³ `n wb q A¼zwiZ nq ej I jey cvzvi DMÖMÜ Zv `i ` n KvuUvi DrcwË cï `i m ½ jovb q wu K _vkvi ZvwM `B Ggb h Mvjvc, GKKv j mi eb cy c wqj, Mv qi KvuUv `L jb Zv Ui cviqv hvq gvby li nv Z c o GLb m mf -fe n q Q GLb m `ye j, Amnvq- eovi wfzi Qvov evup Z cv i bv ivó«hgb gvbyl K i v K i, ivó«k i v KivI Zgwb gvby li KZ e n q c o wkš hw`b ivó«e j: AvwgB me, Avgv K i v Ki; Zvgv `i wb Ri w` K ZvKvevi `ikvi bb, Avgvi crv KivB Zvgv `i Rxe bi mv_ KZv, mw`b mz B gvby li `yw` b, mw`b gvby li mewkqy bó n q hvq Mvjv ci Kv Q hw` Ô hvm Z gi D Z bõ bxwz evievi AvIovb hvq, Avi ejv nq h, Mi-QvMjiv Zv K MÖvm Kievi Rb Pviw` K Ir c Z Av Q, Zv cvcwo wj KuvUvq cwiyz n q Mvjv ci MvjvcZ bó n Z wej ^ n e bv AwP ib Zvi mš `h hv e aÿ m, Avi Zvi K`h Zv I KvwVb gv_v DuwP q AvÍ- NvlYv Ki e gbyl Z m ^ ÜI GK_v Lv U mskxy Zv gbyl Z - Mvjv ci cvcwo wj K KuvUvq cwiyz K i mskxy Zvi Mvovq fq- L q dj e GB k¼v ÔmvievBfvj Ae w` wd UóÕ bxwz GB fxwzi cwi cvlk Zv kîi K_v g b Kwi q `q, fzwj q `q bv; Avi kî K bv fzj Z cvi j my `i niqv hvq bv wn `y-gymjgvb ci ci K Kv jv i ½ wpwîz K i `L j Zv `i jvf n e bv, wz n e- m Kv jvi cöfve Kvwjgv jcbkvixi Pwi ÎI jvm e Aci K fv jv f eb Avgiv fv jv n Z cvwi, Lvivc f e bq evn ev mv ci m ½ evm KiwQ GB m PZbZv gbyl Z i cwie Z cïz KB euvwp q iv L K Ueyw I _ªn«^` wó ivr bwzk Zv eys Z cv ib bv e j wfbœ mgv Ri `yiwfmwü I Pµvš K eo K i Zz j wb Ri mgv Ri wzb K ib, Kj vy bq gvbyl K fv jv fve Z n e wb Ri fv jvi Rb B; wb Ri wfz ii köô e wë wj K mwµq ivlevi GB GKgvÎ Dcvq fq I m `n Rxe bi c gvivík, GB wek vm bv _vk j Rxeb Amy `i n q c o, Lvk grvr I envj ZweqZ bó nq; Avi Zv bó n j gvby li fv jv Kv RiI gj `Iqv hvq bv D ËRbvi e k K Z Knr Kv RiI gj Kg ZvB Ô hvm Z gi D Z bõ bxwz Rv i- kv i cöpvi bv KivB fv jv hw` GKvšB ej Z nq, Z e Zv hb `ye ji Kv b Kv b ejv nq, me ji Kv b Kv b bq mej K ZvÕ K i Zzj e AZ vpvix I ^vwakvi-cögë-az vpv ii `vk wbk mg_ b c q m kw³i Ace envi Ki e gvby li Rb eo bxwz cö gi bxwz, wnsmv ev we Ø li bxwz bq hvmz gi D Z b gzev` GB cö gi bxwz Z Awek vmx K i gvbyl K me bv ki c _ Pvjvq cö qvrbxq g `-e vcvi (Necessary evil) hlb Rxe bi mvie (Summum bonum of life) n q I V, ZLb Rxe bi Avi wkqyb _v K bv-cök Z Hk h i e vcv i Zv G Kev ib dzzi n q c o euvpvi mvabv Avi Hk h i mvabv GK bq, Hk h i Rb Z v Mi cö qvrb QvU wrwb mi `vex K bv `gv j eo wrwb mi `vex eo n q DV Z cv i bv euvpvi mvabvi Avwa K i - 7 PÎ msl v d j gvby li wfz ii QvU gvbylwub cövavb jvf K i, eo gvbylwu bó n q hvq mevi Afv e `ezv Ašwn Z nb, gw `i Lvwj c o _v K Ô hvm Z gi D Z bõ bxwzi my có cökvk A_ -cöwzcwëi jv f PwiÎ K KjywlZ Ki Z Gi g Zv Avi wøzxq wkqyb bb GB jv fi nv Z hviv aiv `q, Zv `i Ae v mz B gvivík n q c o AwP ib Zviv Rxeb-a b ewâz n q `xb n q c o Zv `i bv _v K mš `h eva, bv _v K Avb ` MÖn Yi gzv Zv `i Rxeb n q c o duvkv, Avi mb duvk cy Kievi Rb Zv `i A_ -cöwzcwë jv fi Póv AviI e o P j d j ab hz ev o Rxeb ZZ wba b n Z _v K, wm `yk hz fwz nq, Aši ZZ kb n Z _v K GB kb Rxeb wb q A_ -cöwzcwëi Rv i Zviv mgv Ri bzv n q `uvovq, mgvr- ` n msµwgz K i mgv Ri A kl wz K i köôzvi AvivabvB gvby li KZ e, wbk ózvi crv bq Avi köôzvi Avivabvi Rb me P q ekx cö qvrbxq cök Z AbyivM AbyivMB KwVb e vcvi K mnr K i Zv j, c½y K wmwi jnb Kivq köô e wëmgn K fv jvevm jb wbk ó e wëmg ni `vex K g Av m, bb j Zv `i Ryjy gi Aš _v K bv eo wkqy K fv jv bv evm j QvU wkqyi AZ vpv i Rxeb RxY n q Av m-fv jvevmv K eo bv Rvb j N Yv-we Ø li Rq Awbevh n q I V Ô hvm Z gi D Z bõ bxwz cö qvr bi fvizvq eo wrwbm K QvU, Avi QvU wrwbm K eo K i Zz j gvby li A kl AKj vy K i mš `h I Avb `i Dci Rvi bv w` q wu K _vkvi cöe wëi Dci Rvi `q e j Zv Rxe bi K`h zav KB eo K i Zv j myzivs ÔAv M wu K _vkv c i mš `h Õ GB bxwzi cököq bv `IqvB fv jv, Kbbv; Zv Z kvjxbzvi I kvfbzvi `vex bx P c o hvq, Avi ee i AwaKvi-e wë jwjnvb wrnÿv g j ab- ab b Z Ki Z _v K Zv K mshz Ki Z cv i mš `h - cög, Ab wkqy bq bxwzi kvmb GLv b e _ Ô hvm Z gi D Z bõ bxwz gvbyl K BZiZv _ K gy³ n Z `q bv, QvU-

9 Lv Uv ^v _ i wbm o eu a Zv K bxpgbv K i M o Zv j QvU fve me mgqb eo fve K e _ K i Q I Ki e AZGe, eo fv ei cöwz we kl AbyivM bv _vk j Zvi Kvb fimv _v K bv m Z i Rq n eb GK_v fzj, Rq nvk ev bv nvk, m Z i Rb cövycvz Kiv DwPZ, G-K_vB wvk wg_ v Avkvi m Z i Rvi K g Av m-civr qi j Y `L Z gb wøavwš^z nq `k b m ^ Ü Dc i hv ejv n q Q Zvi GKwU brxi m cöwz Avgvi Pv L c o Q `vk wbk hlb e jb, gvby li wekv ki cðv Z A_ bxwzb cöavb, ZLb wzwb mvaviy mz B cöpvi K ib, wkš `k bi mg_ b GB mvaviy mz B gnvgj n q `Lv `q Ges G K AwZµg Kivi kw³ h e w³-gvby li Av Q, gvbyl ZvÕ fz j hvq d j gvby li BQvkw³ mskzwpz n q Av m-gvbyl gnr I my `i Rxe bi `vwqz A ^xkv ii c_ Lyu R cvq Ges Ac ii gnz I mš `h K QvU K i `Lvi my hvm jvf K i G Z Zvi wz nq we i-ev e-dëxy niqvi AvwÍKkw³ _ K ewâz nq e j Zvi ^vaxbmëv wkqyb _v K bv, m Ae vi `vmgvî n q c o GK cökv ii wbi ØM Rxeb m jvf K i e U, wkš GB wbi ØMZv wb cövyzvi bvgvši Qvov Avi wkqyb bq g bi Kvbœv Zvi _ g hvq, Avi GB g bi KvbœvB h gnr m wói cöiyv, ZvÕ m Dcjwä Ki Z cv i bv A_ev g bi KvbœvI _v g bv, Zvi D Ïk B ïay cwiewz Z nq-a_ mš `h I Avb `i vb `Lj K i e m, Avi m ½ m ½ Zvi wfz i wk GKUv kw³i Acg Zz N U GB kw³ Avi wkqyb bq, mš `h I Avb `i zav Gi Aemv bi m ½ m ½ AvwÍK kw³ iwnz n q gvbyl gvsmwc Û cwiyz nq m wói Mvovq eyfz v ev e`bv e`bvi d jb Am e m e nq `vk wb Ki wk vi d j Kx K i GB e`bvi g Zz nq; B`vbxs Zvi GKwU cögvy c qwq Avgvi ZiY eq m R bk wk kvi eq QvÎ K Avgvi Lye fv jv jvmz wzwb gv S gv S gymjgvb mgv Ri gvbwmk `xbzv m ^ Ü `ytl cökvk Ki Zb, Avi huviv mkv j GB ˆ`b `i Kivi AvšwiK Póv KiwQ jb, Zuv `i cöksmv Ki Zb Zuvi gy L Kwe-mvwnwZ K `i K_vB wqj, ivrbxwzk `i K_v bq wzwb ej Zb, ivrbxwzkiv AwaKvi Av`vq K ib e U, wkš my `i I Avbw `Z Rxe bi cöiyv `b Kwe-mvwnwZ Kiv; Zuviv mgv Ri cök Z mªóv, gvby li Aš i Zvu `ib wmsnvmb Z e gv S gv S h ivrbxwzkiv eo n q I Vb, Zvi KviY mgv Ri imœ Ae v; cxwo Zi Kv Q Wv³viB eo, eüz bq wkš my Ae vq Gi wecixzuvb wvk AvaywbK Kv j h ivrbxwzkiv c w_ex Z eo vb jvf K i Qb, Zvi KviY c w_ exi cxwoz Ae v GK wnmv e `L Z M j mgv Ri Af šixy wekv ki evwn K cökvk e j ivr bwzk Av `vjb GKUv A ^vfvwek e vcvi-mgvr h my I cök wz bq, ZviB j Y wkš eüz `i Q o h ivmx Wv³vi KB eo K i Zv jb, eys Z n e wzwb wpi ivmx Zuvi gyw³i Dcvq ^íb wpi ivm cövqb gvbwmk e vwa AZGe, eüz-evü ei cöxwzki m½b ZvÕ _ K gyw³ cviqvi Dcvq- evzj evzj Jla me b dvq`v cviqv KwVb h RvwZ ev mgvr Kwe-mvwnwZ K I mš `h -wkíx `i AeÁv K i Kej ivrbxwzk `i eo K i ` L, wpi ivmxi b vq ZviI gyw³ my`icivnz ivrbxwz Ái wcöq niqvi GKwU KviY, gvby li SMov U g bve wë gvbyl ^fveztb Kv `jwcöq; ivrbxwz Kv `jwcöqzvi LvivK hvmvq e w³i cöwz Cl v mgvr mn K i bv, PvL ivwo q Zv `gv Z Pvq; wkš wervwzi cöwz Cl vq mgv Ri evnev cviqv hvq e w³i cöwz MvjvMvwj cvc, ee izv; wkš wervwzi wb `v cig k vnvi e vcvi ivrbxwz GB Cl v I wb `vi c_ Lvjvmv K i `q e j gvby li Rxe b Zvi GZ cöfve gvbyl gbyl Z i eovb K i e U; wkš Avm j Zvi `vwqz _ K gyw³ c jb eu P hvq hy i Dš v`bv GB gyw³i my hvm n q `Lv `q; ZvB hy i bv g Q jey ov mk jib Dj vm ivrbxwzi GK cökv ii hy -øvqyi msmövg ZvB gvby li Kv Q hy i g Zv ivrbxwzii Av`i mvaviy Ae vq gvby li Mv q Kuv`v wk _y_y `Iqv hvq bv wkš cöej ivrbxwzi hy M Zv mn RB Kiv hvq ivrbxwzi hy M Amyweav nq ïay wpšvkxj `i gvuv my ii m ½ wgwn myi wgjv Z cv ib bv e j Zuv `i A ^w i Aš _v K bv j ^v - 8 jv Kiv nuvuz I Kvgi f O eu U niqvi Póv K i ïay `ytlb cvb ivrbxwzi AkxjZv I DQ LjZv `i Kivi GKgvÎ Dcvq ivrbxwz K Rxe bi mvie g b bv K i gvî eu P _vkvi Dcvq e j g b Kiv Zv n jb kvk Z bxwzi Pi Y gv_v VwK q Zv my `i I mshz n Z cvi e bzzev Zvi K`h Zvi Aš _vk e bv msmvi-ag mk jib cvjb Ki Z nq Ges Kiv DwPZ; wkš GKUv DuuPz j i w` K bri bv ivl j msmvi n q c o GKUv KivMvi-eÜK ci R ji gz Zv gvby li ^v nvwb NUvq wk kvi eüzwui K_vi cöwzev` Kiv Avgvi c m e nõzbv wzwb mz K_vB ej Zb, Kwe-mvwnwZ Ki köôzv ^xkvi bv K i Dcvq bb ZuvivB Rxe bi mykzgvi e wë wj euvwp q iv Lb M n wbg v Y M n ^vgxi h vb ivó«mv bi e vcv ii Kwe-mvwnwZ K `i mb vb M n ^vgxi BQv, AwfiwP, Lqvj I Kíbvi LuvR wb q BwÄwbqvi M ni c vb ev cwikíbv ˆZix K ib; c i Ifviwkqvi, ivrwgw I hvmvwji mnvqzvq M nwbg vy Kvh mgvav K ib ivó«i G-fv eb MwVZ nq iv ó«evm K i ÔRxebÕ Rxeb gk; Zvi cöwzwbwa Kwe I mvwnwz K-Rxe bi fv jv jvmv, g `jvmv, Avkv-AvKv v wewpî mva I Mfxi Afxáv Gu `i gvid ZB Awfe ³ nq ivr bwzk wpšvexiiv Gu `i Rxeb ev ai mnvqzv wb q Av`k iv ó«i cwikíbv K ib Zvi c i Av mb ivr bwzk bz e `Õ QvU-eo Kgx `i mn hvwmzvq Zuviv M o Zv jb Rxe bi AvKvw Z ivó«mša Kwe-mvwnwZ Ki Rxeb ev ai w` K bv ZvKv j Zv n q c o köx-gvayh nxb KvR- Pjv Mv Qi BgviZ Zv Z mvaviy Rxeb Z_v e emv-evwyr P j fv jvb, wkš my `i Rxeb hvcb n q c o APj G-m ^ Ü Av ikwu K_v g b ivlv fv jv mš ` h i mvabv cy v½ Pnvivi mvabv, ïay wki`uvovi mvabv bq ZvB Pnviv m ^ Ü Avgiv hzuv m PZb gi`û m ^ Ü ZZLvwb bb Avgv `i LvIqvciv wejvm-e mb mg wkqy GB Pnvivi mš ` h i Rb B Aek LvIqv-`vIqvi d j wki`uvovi k³ nq wkš mw` K Avgiv mrvm bb, Avgv `i m PZbZv Kejv Pnviv wb q Avi Pnvivi

10 mš `h Kej LvIqv-civi Dci wbf i K i bv, mrb fvebvmvabvii cö qvrb GgbwK mš `h mvabvi e vcv i LvIqvcivi P q fvebv mvabvi `vbb ekx, Avi GB fvebvmvabvi cöeyzv gi`û euvwk q `qvi w` K hzlvwb wmav ivlevi w` K ZZLvwb bq Z_vwc fvebvmvabv KB Avgiv fv jvevwm weköx Pnvivi ` p gi`û gvby li P q my `i Pnvivi `ye j gi`û gvbylb Avgv `i wcöq- xykvq wkíex ii m ½B Avgiv nvz wgjv Z PvB, wecyjkvq gj ex ii m ½ bq GLv bb gvby li gbyl Z i Rq, Kbbv GLv bb m Zvi AvÍvi gj `q e w³i Rxe b wki`uvovi h vb, RvwZi Rxe b ivrbxwzi mb vb wki`uvov Qvov e w³ Pj Z cv i bv Avi ivrbxwz Qvov RvwZ APj Z_vwc gvîvávbnxb gi` Ûi mvabv hgb e w³i c gvivík, gvîvávbnxb ivrbxwzi mvabvi Zgwb RvwZi c AïfKi Kbbv, Dfq ÎB mš `h bó n q AvÍv wek Z n q hvq RvwZ hw` Kej ivrbxwzi mvabv K i Zv Zvi gi`û luv oi gz k³ nq e U, wkš m ½ m ½ Zvi PnvivwUI luv oi g ZvB K`h n q I V ivrbxwzme ^ lûvgvk v RvwZiv gšzv Zi Rb gvby li g Zv KvjvKzwj ev KiK cb bv K i luv oi g Zv u Zv uwz K i d j kvwš I k Ljv jûfû n q c w_exi meÿ bvk nq-gvby li Rxe b gj evb e j Avi wkqyb _v K bv cöwzkvi ^iƒc g b ivlv `ikvi, gi`û euvpvi j bq, Dcvq gvî; ivrbxwzi RvwZi j bq, Dcj -j mš `h e vb I Avb ` mvabv j i vb Dcj Z_v `ezvi v b evnb K ewm q crv Ki j Kv ji nv Z kvw c Z nq, Avi hy I mv cö`vwqk `v½vnv½vgvi wfzi w` q Avgiv mb kvw B c q _vwk Dc i h eüzwui K_v ejv n q Q, Zuvi m ½ Avevi Avgvi `Lv nq wkqy w`b Av M ZLb wzwb wek we` vj qi QvÎ-jÕ I A_ bxwz Z Gg,G co Qb `Ljyg, Zuvi Pnvivi cwiez b n q Q-AvÍZzwó Avi ù wz e`bvi vb wb q Q Zey mge _x c qwq f e Avgvi ^fve Abyhvqx Zuv K mgv Ri gvbwmk ˆ` b i K_v ejjyg-mgvr h cömwzkxj niqvi cwie Z w`b w`b wcwq q hv Q, mw` K SuvSvj my i Bw½Z Kijyg; wkš Zv Z Zuvi ce cwipq ms e`bkxj wp Ëi mvov cjvg bv eis Avgvi K_vq GKUzLvwb n m wbwð š wmmv iu Uvb Z Uvb Z I cvb wpey Z wpey Z ej jb: mgv Ri `vl wk? GLb A_ bxwzi Î mgvr h i `uvwo q Av Q, Zv Z Zvi Kv Q G Qvov Avi wkqyb Avkv Kiv hvq bv A_ bxwzb Zv Rxe bi wfwë; Kv RB Avd mvm K i jvf bb Avwg ˆbivk wgwköz my i ejjyg t wkš mb A_ bwzk Ae v cwiez bi Kvb myôz e e v n Q wk? KwZc qi eo niqvi w` KB Zv mgv Ri ` wó, mvavi Yi gy L nvwm dzwu q Zvjvi w` K bq wzwb Avk v mi my i ej jb t nu v n Q ˆe-wK? GB h jv Kiv PvKix cv Q, G ZB mgvr GwM q hv Q Avwgt wkš Lye Avkvbyiƒc GwM q hv Q wk?...ašzt wpšv fvebvi Î? wzwb t nu v, hv QB Zv wn `ymgvr wk Avi GKw` b GZ`i GwM q G m Q? Av Av GwM q G m Q AvgivI Av Av GwM q hve ivg bmix GKw` b wbwg Z nqwb, g b ivl eb Avwg Avi wkqy bv e j wmmv iuwu R j ax i ax i Uvb Z jvmjyg, Avi g b g b fvejyg t jvkuv fvm evb, jlvcovi d j e`bvi nvz _ K gyw³ c q Qb Avwg e`bmxe, Avgvi Avi gyw³ nj bv e`bv _ K gyw³ Avi AvwÍK g Zz GK bq wk? mnr wbwðš Rxe bi gj KZUzKz? Am ei zav bv _vk j Rxe b Avi _v K wk? eüzi gm Y Rxe bi µgwekvkwu Avgvi Pv Li mvg b f m DVj t Gg-G wwmöx, we-wm-gm cix v, WcywU g vwr ªU, Gg Gj G A_ev gšxkb v, Gm,wW,I, g vwr ªU, Zvi c i mk ji hv nq ZvB mb kl Awbevh cwiywz, Abš we wz gv b ÔZiK&KxÕ hv K e j, Zvi meuvb wzwb Ki eb, wkš cök Z DbœwZ KZUzKz Ki eb, Zv eys Z cvijyg bv PÎ msl v gvbyl me RvqMv ZB A_ bxwzi nv Z e `x, ïay GB mš `h Avb `i e vcv ib m gy³ Gi Rb cö qvrbxq Kej cök Z zav, Avi wkqy n j fvj, bv n ji P j GKevi hvi Aš i GB zav R M Q, mb Zvi ^vaxbzv Dcjwä K i Q--- -GK A-e -wbf i Av jv K Zvi Rxeb wbqwšz n q Q huviv `yõw`k mvgjv Z Pvb-k vg I Kzj Dfq w`k i v Ki Z Póv K ib, eys Z n e Zuv `i Rxe b mwz Kv ii zavi Afve- mš ` h i Wv K Zuv `i AvÍv DZjv nq wb GB zav, hv`yg ši g Zv G GK A yz wrwbm h Abyfe Ki j, m eu P Mj; Avi h Abyfe Ki Z cvi j bv, m nzfvm, GK AwbeŸ Pbxq Avb ` _ K Zv K ewâz _vk Z nj Zvi Kv Q ZvB eo n q I V A_ Avi AvPvi crv-wb R K duvwk `Iqvi me P q eo Dcvq Dc ii `vk wbk gzev` mš `h I Avb `i e vcv i zavgv ` NwU q wb ðózvi cököq `q e j Zv K mveav b MÖnY Kiv DwPZ gvbyl Ae vi `vm bq, cöfz guvb gvby li Rb me P q eo Avk v mi K_v mvaviyfv e gvby li ˆ`b -`yï kv `i Kivi Póv fv jv, wkš A_ bv n j mš `h I Avb `PP v Pj Z cv i bv Ges Zv a bib GUv Byeproduct--Gi gz gvivík aviyv Avi bb mš ` h i K_v g b ivl j LvIqv-civi K_v Avcbv-Avcwb G m c o-wkš LvIqv-civi K_v g b ivl j mš ` h i K_v g b bv-i Avm Z cv i Avi mš `h cögb LvIqv-civi e vcv i mshg I kvjxbzv G b `Iqvi gzv iv L ïay wb Ri Z wßi w` K bri ivl j Pj e bv, mk jib Z ß niqv `ikvi-gkgvî mš `h cögb Zv Avgv `i klv Z cv i Kbbv, cök Z mš `h - cöwg Ki Kv Q gvby li nvwmgy Li gj A bk (ms wz-k_v MÖš _ K mskwjz) - 9

11 e½eüz mikv ii mv o wzb eqi Avby gvn&gy` Òeb v, AvKvj, wek vmnvzkzv, e vsk WvKvwZ, e vsk jyu, AvIqvgx jxm bzv `i nz v, AivRKZv I wek sljv m wói Ac Póvi gva gi e½eüz GwM q hvwq jb AZ š ` pc` c fve Z AevK jv M h, Gme cöwzeükzvi g a I wzwb KvR wj wq q G bwq jb cybm V bi h BwZnvm m wó K iwq jb Zv Rvcvb, Rvg vb, Bsj vû, ivwkqv, Av gwikv, d«v Ýi ejvq N Uwb wøzxq wek hy i ci Hme ` k Kvb cöwzeükzv wqj bv ZeyI Zviv 5 eq ii g a Kvb AwZwi³ `vex-`viqv eiav Ki e bv e j Rvwb q w` qwq jb Av gwikv 5 eqi ch š Kvb mikvwi Kg Pvixi ezb evovqwb ivwkqv I Px bi wec ei ci Abvnv i jvl jvl jvk gviv M Q - 10 wkš e½eüz mkj cöwzeükzvi gvkvwejv K i GwM q M Qb Ó kz cöwzk jzv gvkvwejv K ii h GB hy weaÿ `k K cybm Vb Kg Kv Û m c `i ^ízv I mxgve Zvi g a I D j L hvm mvdj jv f e½eüz mikvi wzb eq i m g n qwq jb m welqmgn GLv b Zz j aiv n q Q Gfv ehy weaÿ `k cybm Vb I mvdj 1972 mv ji 13 Rvbyqvwi gwšmfvi cö_g ˆeV K Aby gvw`z nq evsjv ` ki czvkv bkkv, RvZxq m½xz ÔAvgvi mvbvi evsjvõ, iym½xz ÔPj Pj Pj D MM b ev R gv`j Õ WvK wu K Ui bkkv cöyqb KwgwU MVb, knx` wgbvi cybtwbg v Y A_ eivï K ib GKB w` b wzwb 1378 mv ji ˆPÎ gv mi mkj LvRbv gikzd, AbwZwej ^ K lk `i g a AvovB KvwU UvKv FY mieivn, 6 gv mi g a mviv ` k Uwj hvmv hvm cybt vcb, ivrkvnx wpwbk j Drcv` bi e e v Ges XvKv-Kzwgj v mivmwi Uwj hvmv hvm cybt vc bi NvlYv

12 `b cybtm Vb I AeKvVv gv wbg vy mk ^vaxbzv hy Drcv` bi e e vmn A_ bwzk AeKvVv gv aÿsm nq ` k `ybwu mvgyw`ªk e `i PUªMÖvg I gsjv m cy fv e A K Rv K i hvq cvwk vwb civwrz kw³ e `i gy L gvbb vcb Kiv nq Ges RvnvR Wzwe q `qv nq nvww R ij mzzmn 291 wu ij mzz, 274 wu ivw mzz hy wzmö nq 140 wu ij jvbb aÿsm K i `q 10% ij jvbb Dcov bv wqj 66 wu dix, 5000 wu UªvK I 2500 wu evm aÿsm Kiv nq AviI aÿsm Kiv nq j j evoxni GKwU wegvbi wqj bv wqj bv GKwU mgy`ªmvgx RvnvR wqj bv e vs K Kvb ˆe `wkk gy`ªv ev ^Y giry` Lv` `vg wq jv Lvwj RvwZi RbK e½eüz AwZ `ªZ aÿsmcövß AeKvVv gv cybtwbg v Y h mvdj AR b K iwq jb mgmö we k i Kv Q Zv wq jv AKíbxq wk v ^vaxbzv hy ` ki cövq cöwzwu zj- K j R cvwk vb mvgwik evwnbx I ivrvkvi, Avj-e`i evwnbxi K v c vwcz n qwqj civr qi c e Zviv G jv K aÿsm K i ev R vwj q `q e½eüz hy weaÿ evsjv ` k wk vi Dci me vwak iz Av ivc K ib cöv_wgk wk v K RvZxqKiY Kiv nq Ae nwjz cöv_wgk wk K `i mikvix PvKz ii gh v`v `qv nq 11 nvrvi bzzb cöv_wgk zj vcb I cövq Aa j wk K wb qvm Kiv nq cöv_wgk wk v K eva ZvgjK Kiv nq cöv_wgk z ji QvÎ `i wuwd bi e e v, Aóg köyx ch š bvix wk v K A ezwbk, wk vi DcKiY eb, LvZv, cwýj webvg j mieiv ni e e v Kiv nq wk v e e v K AvaywbK, weávbm Z, e wëgjk I KvwiMwi wk vq DbœxZ Kivi j Wt Kz`iZ-B-Ly`v wk v Kwgk bi MYgyLx mve Rbxb wk vbxwzi ev evqb ïi nq U eyk evw MVb, gv`ªvmv wk v K AvaywbKxKiY, BmjvwgK dvd Ûkb MVb Kiv nq e vckfv e QvÎe wë I cöwk Y myweav cö`vb Kiv nq wek we` vj qi KvjvKvbyb evwzj I ^vqz kvmb cö`vb Kiv nq wkíkjv GKv Wgx, mýikxc e ZxZ bvuk Kivi AwaKvi Ges MYgva g K RbM Yi ^v _ e envi Kivi bxwzgvjv cöyqb I ev evqb Kiv nq K jr, wek we` vj qi QvÎvevmmg n fzz wk g j QvÎ-QvÎx `i Lvevi mieiv ni e e v Pvjy Kiv nq Ggb wk, wek we` vjq n Z ïi K i cövbgvix zj ch š QvÎ `i webvg j kvu, c v U, KvMR, eb, LvZv, Kjg mieivn Kiv nq ^v mkj bvmwi Ki mywpwkrmvi Rb cöwz _vbv I BDwbqb ch v q ^v K `ª vc bi KvR ïi nq 365wU _vbvq 31 kh v wewkó nvmcvzvj vwcz nq Ges AvaywbK my hvm-myweav e w Kiv nq ` ki wewfbœ A j wpwkrmv gnvwe` vjq, nvmcvzvj wbg vy I A vqx ^v Kgx `i vqx PvKwi `qv nq cwievi cwikíbv Kvh Ki Kivi j AMÖvwaKv ii wfwë Z cökí nv Z bqv nq mšvb `v b m g ` cwz `i Rb iwr ªkb xg Pvjy Kiv nq G j UvsMvBj, bvqvlvjx I Lyjbv Z cvbju cö R± nv Z bqv nq `yt gwnjv I wkï `i g a webvg j cövwubhy³ Lvevi weziy Kiv nq Ges gvu RbmsL vi 45% Rb K ikb c wzi bu Iqv K Avbv nq cö Z K MÖv g weï cvbxq R ji Rb webvg j bjk c mieivn Kiv nq bvix cybe vmb evw MVb Kiv Ges gwnjv `i Kg ms v bi e e v M nxz nq K wl ^vaxbzv hy i ci MÖvg ch v q 22 j i ewk K lk cwievi K cybe vmb Ki Z nq Zv `i K wl hšcvwz I Ab vb K wl welqk gšj KvVv gv wbg v Y mnvqzv`v bi cvkvcvwk bvggvî g j Ges webvg j K wl DcKiY, exr, mvi, KxUbvkK Jla mieivn Kiv nq n«vmk Z g j 40 nvrvi kw³pvwjz jv wjd&u cv c I 2900 wu Mfxi I 3000 AMfxi bjk c emv bv nq 73 m bi g a B Õ 72 m bb webvg j ev bvggvî g j AwaK dj bi Rb avb exr weziy Kiv nq 16,125 Ub. cvu exr 454 Ub I Mg exr 1,037 Ub GQvovI cvwk vbx Avg ji FYMÖ K lk `i Dci Rvix Kiv 10 j i Dci mvwu wd KU gvgjv cöz vnvi K i Zv `i mkj e Kqv FY my`mn gvd K i `qv nq 25 wenv ch š Rwgi LvRbv wpiz i iwnz Kiv nq K wlcy we kl K i avb, cvu, ZvgvK I Av Li b vh gj cövwßi j ÔcÖvBm mv cvu Õ ev bb Zg gj eu a `qv nq Mixe K lk `i ik bi e e v Kiv nq Zv `i Q j g q `i webv ez b I mikvwi Li P - 11 wk vi e e v Kiv nq PÎ msl v 1975 m bi 15 AvM i c e f wgnxb K lk `i msl v wq jv 35 fvm H f wgnxb K lk `i g a Lvm Rwg cö`v bi e e v nq 100 wenv Rwgi wmwjs wba vwiz nq ^vaxbzvi mgq 30 j Ub Lv` NvUwZ wq jv Pvwl Rwgi GK Z Zxqvsk wq jv Abvev`x e½eüzi mikvi Abvev`x Rwgi Avev` I Lv` NvUwZ Kwg q Avbvi Rb bvbvfv e K lk `i mgm v mgvavbk í AwZ `ªZ c` c I cwikíbv MÖnY K ib Ges MÖvgwfwËK Kg mpx NvlYv K ib evsjv `k K wl Dbœqb ms vi Aax b wzb ai bi mp cökí ev evwqz nq 1 kw³ PvwjZ cv c, 2 Mfxi bjk c, 3 AMfxi bjk c I mp cökí ` k GB kw³ PvwjZ cv c cök íi `ªZ DbœwZ nq m b hlv b cv ci msl v wqj 11 nvrvi mlv b m b Zv e w c q `uvovq 36 nvrv i Gi d j m Pi AvIZvaxb Rwgi cwigvy 1970 m b 26 j GKi _ K 1975 m b 36 j GK i DbœxZ nq ^vfvwekfv eb Lv` Drcv`b e o hvq mv ji Zzjbvq mv j ivmvqwbk mvi 74%, cvkvi Jla 40%, DbœZ exr e envi 25% e w cvq K wl M elyvi Dci we kl iz Av ivc Kiv nq wek evrv i ivmvqwbk mv ii `vg eû Y e w c ji m Abymv i evsjv ` k mv ii `vg e w Kiv nqwb 1974 mkv j BDwiqv, cuvk, wu.gm.wc mv ii `vg gy cöwz wqj gvî 20 UvKv, 15 UvKv, 10 UvKv wkí ^vaxbzv hy i mgq cvwk vbx evwnbx, AevOvwj wkícwz I cökvmwbk Kg KZ viv hy Awbevh civrq eys Z c i wk í wb qvwrz PjwZ gjab, gj evb hšvsk G `k _ K cwðg cvwk v b cvpvi K i `q GKBmv _ vqx m c` KjKviLvbv gwkbcî A K Rv wksev aÿsm K i i L hvq ZvQvov GBme wkí KviLvbvq AevOvwj `i ekx PvKzix wq jv ^vaxbzvi Ae ewnz c i

13 mvwe K A _ B msk U c o GB me wkí KviLvbv APj n q c o AwZ Aí mg qi g a GB aÿsmcövß APj wkí cöwzôv b mikv ii ZË veav b Drcv`b cöwµqv ïi nq Õ73 m bi Zzjbvq wpwb, mzv, e Ges BwÄwbqvwis `ªe vw`i Drcv` b h D j L hvm e w j Kiv wm qwqj m b mb cöeyzv ervq _v K, Drcv`b ev o 12% wg j ˆZix mzv I e e w nq cö_g 9 gv m 11% Ges 3% GQvov KwZcq `ª e i Drcv`b DrmvnRbKfv e e w cvq, Gi g a Lv` km, wbdrwcö U, Pv, mvb Kj, ˆe`y wzk Kejm& I Zvgvi Zvi BZ vw` wqj cöavb `ªe gj cwiw wz 1974 mv j wek A_ e e vq gy`ªvùxwz Zxeª AvKvi aviy K i hvi cöfv e DbœZ wek mn mkj ` ki `ªe gj AZ š `ªZMwZ Z e w cvq 1970 mv ji Zzjbvq 1975 mv j Av R w Ubvq mkj fvm c Y i `vg e w cvq 11 Y, wpwj Z 26 Y, Kvwiqv Z wzb Y, e U b wø Y 1974 mv ji deªqvwi gv m wek evrv i M gi `vg 1972 mv ji Zzjbvq Pvik Y e w cvq _vbj vû 1971 mv j AvšR vwzk evrv i PvDj weµq Ki Zv cöwz Ub 130 Wjvi, Zv 1974 mv ji gvp gv m e w c q `uvovq 600 Wjv i ^vfvwekfv e hy we Avg`vbxKviK `k wnmv e mv j evsjv ` ki fvm c Y i `vg e o hvq 1974 mv ji Ryb n Z 1975 mv ji Rvbyqvwi ch š gj e w cvq, Rvbyqvwii ci _ K gj n«vm cvq XvKvq 1974 mv ji RyjvB gv m gvuv wm PvD ji cöwz m ii gj wq jv 4 UvKv, A ±ve i e w c q `uvov q 7 UvKv Z e deªqvwi-ryb gv m GB gj K g mi cöwz 6 UvKvq b g Av m 14 AvM Õ75-G G m `uvovq 3.75 cqmv 1975 mv ji deªqvwi _ K Ryb ch š GB mg q XvKv kn i PvDjmn mkj cö qvrbxq fvm c Y i `vg µ gb n«v mi w` K `Lv hvq wkš e½eüz mkj cöwzeükzvi gvkvwejv K i GwM q M Qb gvî mv o 3 eq i 11 nvrvi KvwU UvKvi aÿsm ci ci Av iv 3 nvrvi KvwU UvKvi Dbœqb `uvo Kwi qwq jb 1975 mv ji AvM i g a wzwb evsjv `k K RvwZmsN m`m c`, KgbI qj&_ m`m c`, IAvBwm mn 14 wu AvšR vwzk ms vi m`m c`, 221 wu iv ó«i ^xk wz, wk ívrcv`b I K wl Drcv` b fvimvg G b w` qwq jb bzzb wk v e e v cöez b K ib we`y r, R vjvwb I hvmv hvm e e vi DbœwZ ` L wek AevK n q Q mv ji ev iv gšmy g 22 jvl 49 nvrvi Ub Pvj Drcvw`Z nq hv mv ji P q 29 nvrvi Ub ewk Gi Av M Drcv`b nq 34 jvl Ub Lv` km A_ vr Lv` k m f m wm qwqj evsjv `k eb vi c ve bi gzb e½eüz wm vš wb qwq jb, ww m ^ i NvlYv ` eb `k Lv ` ^qsm cy Avi GmgqB Zvi Dci cwikíbv gvzv ek P ovš AvNvZ nvbv nq ^vaxbzv ciezx evsjv `k K Movi Rb e½eüz gvî mv o wzb eqi mgq c q Qb G mg q e½eüzi bz Z vaxb mikvi A_ bwzk Kg KvÛ K cwipvwjz K i Qb `yõwu fv M cö_gzt cybe vmb I cybm Vb Ges wøzxqzt Dbœqb G mg qi g a nvww R eªxr I ˆfie mzzmn 567 wu mzz wbg vy I givgz, 7wU bzzb dwi, 1851 wu ij IqvMb I hvîxevnx ewm, 460wU evm, 605wU bšhvb I 3wU cyiv bv wegvb e `i Pvjy K i Af šixy buiqvk cybt cöwzôv Kiv nq GQvov gvbb D vi I ms vi K i PUªMÖvg I gsjv e `i Pvjy Kiv nq cvwk vbx `i cwiz ³ e vsk, exgv I 580 wu wkí BDwbU RvZxqKiY I Drcv`b g K i jvl jvl köwgk-kg Pvixi Kg ms v bi e e v Kiv nq cömwzkxj msweavb cöyqb, g`-ryqv, nvdwr- Nvov `Šomn mg Bmjvg we ivax Kg KvÛ wbwl KiY, Bmjvgx dvd Ûkb MVb I gv`ªvmv evw cöwzôv, cweî nr cvj b mikvwi Aby`vb cö`vb, IAvBwm ms vi m`m c` jvf wqj e½eüzi D j L hvm c` c fviz _ K div 1 KvwU jv Ki cybe vmb I ` ki Af š i 3 KvwU wqbœgj gvby li Lv` ms vb, 3 gv mi g a fvizxq ˆmb `i diz cvvv bv, gyw³ hv v `i KvQ _ K wecyj cwigvy A wdwi q bqv, gyw³hy wbnz 30 jvl knx` cwievi K Avw_ K mvnvh, 2 jvl wbh vwzz gv- ev bi `vwqz MÖnY, gyw³ hv v Kj vy Uªv I bvix cybe vmb evw MVb, cöv_wgk wk K `i mikvix Kg Pvixi gh v`v cö`vb, wek we` vj qi Rb MYZvwšK Aa v `k cöyqb, Wt Kz`iZ-B-Ly`v wk v Kwgkb MVb, RvZxq Rxe bi me i I mikvwi Kg Kv Û evsjv fvlv cöpjb, 11 nvrvi bzzb cöv_wgk we` vjq vcbmn zj, K jr, gv`ªvmv, gmwr` cybtwbg vy, BmjvwgK dvd Ûkb cöwzôv, cöwz _vbv I BDwbq b ^v K `ª vcb, ` ki wewfbœ A j wpwkrmv gnvwe` vjq I nvmcvzvj wbg vy Ges A vqx ^v Kgx `i vqx PvKz ii gh v`v`vb, RvZxq mbvevwnbx, wegvb evwnbx I bševwnbxmn cöwzi v evwnbx K RvZxq gh v`vq cybm Vb, Kzwgj vq ` ki cö_g mvgwik GKv Wgx vcb, cywjk, wewwavi, Avbmvi I emvgwik cökvm bi AeKvVv gv M o Zvjv, cvwk v b AvUK 4 jvl evovwj K ` k wdwi q G b cybe vwmz Kiv, K qk jvl cvwk vwb K diz cvvv bv, evovwj RvwZ I fvlvi gh v`v e w Ges RvwZms N e½eüzi evsjvq cö_g fvly `vb, RvwZms Ni m`m c` I `yb kzvwak iv ó«i ^xk wz Av`vq, fvi Zi m ½ mxgvš Pzw³ Ges dviv vi cvwb e Ub Pzw³ Z evsjv ` ki Rb 44 nvrvi wkd mk cvwbi e e v- Gme Kvh µg wqj e½eüz mikv ii Abb mvd j i D`vniY - 12

14 Bu`yi gv gb P `ª Avgv `i evmvq Bu`yi GZ e o M Q h, Avi wkqy ZB UKv hv Q bv Zv `i mvnm ` L AevK n Z nq Pv Li mvg bb, hyy Î ˆmb ` ji mypzzi c` c AMÖmi niqvi g Zv Iiv Ny i eovq, `qvj Avi g Si KvY e q e q Zi-Zi K i Qy UvQywU K i hlb mb wbw` ó c _ AvKw K Kvb wec` G m nvwri nq, A_ vr Kvb ev ev Kvb fvix wrwbmcî mlv b c_ AvM j e m, ZLb muv Abvqv m UzK K i e q Zviv P j hvq wkš iv Î AviI fq¼i GB we kl mgquv Z Zv `i Kvh Kjvc Avgv `i Pv Li mvg b ey ov AvOzj `wl q ïi n q hvq N ii h K qklvbv fvov K ivwmb Kv Vi ev, K ivwm bi A bk cyi bv wub, K qkuv fvov wcuwo Avi wkqy gvwui wrwbmcî Av Q, mlvb _ K AbeiZB LyU-LU, Uzs-Uvs BZ vw` bvbv ik gi kã Kv b Avm Z _v K ZLb GUv Abygvb K i wb Z Avi evwk _v K bv h, GK SuvK by R `n Ac`v_ Rxe H K ivwmb Kv Vi ev i Ic i GLb iv Zi Avmi Ly j e m Q hvb nvk, I `i Zvobvq Avwg DË ³ n qwq, Avgvi PvL Kcv j D V Q fvewq I `i AvµgY Kievi Ggb wkqy A _vk ji muv GL bv Kb h_v v b cö qvm Kiv n Q bv? GKUv Bu`yi-gviv KjI Kbvi cqmv bb? Avwg Avðh n ev bv, bvi _vk Z cv i Avgvi gv wkš Bu`yi K e ov fq K ib ` LwQ GKwU Bu`y ii ev PvI Zuvi Kv Q GKUv fvjy Ki mgvb cv qi KvwQ w` q M j wzwb f q Pvi nvz `~i w` q m i hvb Bu`y ii MÜ c j wzwb mš n q I Vb, I `i hgwb fq K ib, Zgwb N YvI K ib Ggb A b Ki _v K Avwg Ggb GKRb K Rvwb whwb mvgvb GKUv Ku Pv `L jb fqvbk wkd o I Vb Avevi Ggb GKRb KI Rvwb huvi gvkomv `L jb f qi Avi Aš _v K bv Avwg wb RI RuvK `L j `vi Y fq cvb QvU ejvq Avwg hlb Mi i g Zv kvš Ges AeyS wqjvg, ZLb cövqb gvgv evwo hzzg, we klz Mfxi el vi w`kuvq ZLb mgy `ªi g Zv we Z - 13 we ji wfzi w` q h Z h Z el vi R ji M Ü Avgvi eyk f i G m Q, QB-Gi evb i G m R ji mxgvnxb we vi ` L Avwg AevK n q P q i qwq, kvcjv dzj nv Zi Kv Q c j wbg gfv e U b Zz jwq, KL bv Dcyo n q nvz Wzwe q w` qwq R j, wkš ZLwb Avevi Kewj g b n q Q, GB eyws Kvg o w` jv!... Avi f q-f q Agwb nvz Zz j wb qwq mlv b wm q hv `i m ½ Avwg wg kwq, Zviv Avgvi ^ köyxi bq e j AvcwË Kievi Kvb KviY wqj bv, Aš Z m ikg AvcwË, Avk¼v ev cökœ Avgvi g b KL bv Rv Mwb! mb Q j ejvq eüziv gv V Mi Piv Zv Zv `i gv_vi Pzj wj RjR Nv mi g Zv `xn Ges jvj P, Mv qi io ev`vwg, Pv Li ioi ZvB, cv wj A ^vfvwek mi -mi, gvslvb w` q aby Ki g Zv euvkv, ci b GKLvbv MvgQv, nv Z GKUv euv ki jvwv, AvOzj wj jvwvi Nl Y k³ n q M Q Zv `i gyl Ggb Lvivc, Avi e envi Ggb Ak xj wqj h, Avgvi

15 wfzi h myß hšeb eva wqj, Zv A bk mgq D ËwRZ n q DV Zv, A_P Avwg Avgvi ^ köyxi ms v i Zv gy L cökvk Ki Z cvizzg bv Zviv Avgv K wb q VvUªv KiZ, Avgvi gyl jvj n q hz Zv `i g a GKRb wqj hvi bvg fxg, m GKw`b Lvjv gv Vi bzzb Rj _ K GKwU cökvû RuvK Zz j muv nv Z K i Avgvi w` K P q nvm Z-nvm Z ej j, ÔmyKz, Zvgvi Muv q Quy o gvi ev?õ fxg wn-wn K i evkvi gz nvm Z nvm Z ej j, ÔGB w`jvg, w`jvg...õ mw` bi K_v Av Rv g b c o, fx gi mvn mi K_v fve Z Av Rv AevK jv M A b Ki Ggb ^fve _v K--- hgb A b K Ku Pv `L ji fq cvq Avwg Ku Pv `L j fq cvb b e U, wkš RuvK `L j f q wkd i DwV Gme QvULv Uv f qi g~ j ey R vqv ixwzbxwzi Kvb cöfve Av Q wkbv ej Z cvwi b GK_v Av MB e jwq h Avgvi gv-i Bu`yi `L j `vi Y fxz n q c ob, ZLb Zuv K mvgjv bvb `vq n q I V Bu`yi h Kvco KvU e mw` K bri bv w` q ZLb Zuvi w` KB bri w` Z nq ewk GKevi ZuviB GKUv Kvc oi bx P Kgb K i Rvwb b GKUv Bu`yi AvU K wm qwq jv m _ K- _ K Kej cvjvevi Póv KiwQ jv, Qov bv Kvc oi Ici w` q mb cöqvm có Pv L c o gv cuvp nvz `~ i m i wm q fvov Mjvq wprkvi K i ej jb, ÔmyKz, mykz Õ cö_g Wv K DËi bv `Iqv Avgvi GKUv Af vm ZvB DËi w` qwq GB f e Pzc K i ibjvg ÔÔmyKz? mykz?õ Gevi DËi w`jvg, Kb? gv Zvi njy`-evuvq iwob kxy nvzlvbv Qov bv Kvc oi w` K a i PvL eo K i ej jb-ôib ` vl Õ Avwg wei³ njyg Bu`y ii R vjvqcövy IôvMZ n e Avi Kx! GZ Bu`yi Kb? cig kî wk Kej AvgivB Avwg KvcoUv miv Z hvw Q, Agwb gv PuwP q DV jb, Avnv awim b, IUv awim b Õ Ô L q dj e bv Zv!Õ ÔAvnv, evnv`ywi `Lv bv PvB-B Õ Ôgv, Zzwg bv fxzz Õ Bu`yiUv AbeiZ cvjvevi Póv KiwQj ejjvg, Av Qv gv, evev K GKUv Kj Avb Z ej Z cvi bv? Kvbw`b `L e Avgv `i ch š KvU Z ïi K i w` q Q Ô&Avnv g i Kx n e? A eva cövy, K_v ej Z cv i bv Zv! Avi Kj Avb Z cqmvb ev cv eb Kv_vq? gvõi Mjvi ^i wkqygvî KvZi n jv bv, Kvb we kl K_v ej Z n ji Zvi Mjvi ^i Ggwb AKvZi _v K Ges AZ š ms c kl n q hvq kl niqvi ci Avi GK wgwbui wzwb mlv b _v Kb bv wzwb Agwb P j M jb GKUv Bu`yi-gviv Kj wkb Z cqmv jvm e, GUv Avgvi Av M g b wqj bv Zv nõ j Avwg ejzzg bv KviY GB ai bi K_vq Ggb GKUv we kl Ae vi Qwe g b Rv M hv Kej GKUv mxgvnxb gi f wgi gzb gi f wg ZI A bk mgq Rj g j, wkš -G gi f wg Z Rj wgj e, Ggb AvkvI Kwiwb GB gi f wgi BwZnvm Avgvi ARvbv bq Avgvi cv qi bx P h evwj Pvcv c o Q, h evjykyv Av kcv k Qwo q Av Q, Zviv wdm&-wdm& K i mb BwZnvm e j Avwg gb w` q ïwb Ávb niqvi ci _ K AvVv iv eqi eqm Aewa G wb q Av evj-zv evj A bk f ewq, wkš Av evj-zv evj fvebv gw i nv U KL bv wewµ nq bv Ck ii cöwz m `n Ges wek vm, `yb-b cöpzi wqj, ZvB Ck i K K ò e j bvgkiy K i W KwQ, n K ò, G c w_exi mevb K hv Z G Kev i eo jvk K i w` Z cvwi Zgb ei Avgv K `vi iex `ªbv _i Ôcik cv_iõ KweZv c o f ewq, Bm, GKUv cikgwy hw` czzg m ½ m ½ A bk jvk K mwz B wr Ám K i e mwq ÔAv Qv, cikgwy cv_i AvRKvjI jv K cvq? Kv_vq cviqv hvq ej e?õ Avwg hlb QvU wqjyg, Avgv `i e nr cwiev ii jvk wji wbg j ` n ZL bv A_ nxbzvi QvqvUzKz c owb ey R vqviv Ri fvo bi w`b ZL bv e vckfv e ïi n q hvqwb ïi bv niqvi Avwg GB gv b K iwq h, ZL bv A bk Rb Ki cömvwiz g bi AvKv k - 14 Zvi Q ji fwel r iy K i Mfxi m ` ni D `ªK nqwb Avgv K AvkÖq K ib Kg Avkv Rš wb qwqj A_P m me Avkvi kvlv-cökvlv GLb Kv_vq? Avwg ej Z wøav Ki ev bv, m me kvlvcökvlv Zv Qovqwb, eis gvwui M f vb wb q Q GKUv mywe a n q Q GB h, cvwievwik ^ QvPvwiZvi A ±vcvm _ K invb cviqv M Q, Avwg GKUz wbwiwewj _vk Z c iwq wkš wbwiwewj _vk Z PvB jb wk Avi _vkv hvq? Bu`y iiv Avgvq cvmj K i Zzj e bv? Avwg ivr `L Z cvb GKUv K ivwmb Kv Vi ev ev fvov wu bi wfzi Xz K Iiv AbeiZ Uzs-Uvs kã Ki Z _v K, xy n ji AweiZ Ggb AvIqvR Ki Z _v K h AbwZKvj c ib muv GKUv weköx m½x Zi AvKvi aviy K i Ges m ½ m ½ ïay Avgvi Kb A b KiB welg weiw³i KviY n q `uvovq GKUv KzKzi hlb KuwK q KuwK q Av Av Kvu` Z _v K, ZLb muv KD mn Ki Z cv i? Avwg Aš Z Kwi b Agb nq hlb GKUv weköx kã ax i ax i GKUv weköx m½x Zi AvKvi aviy K i ZLb muv Amn bv n q hvq bv Bu`yi wji Kvh KjvcI Avgvi Kv Q mikg GKUv weiw³i KviY n q `uvwo qwqj Avi GKw`b gv wprkvi K i W K DV jb, ÔmyKz! mykz!õ e jwq Zv cö_g Wv KB DËi `Iqvi g Zv KwVb ZrciZv Avgvi bb gv Avevi AvZ ^ i WvK jb, ÔmyKz?Õ Avi Z Zxq Wv Ki A c v bv K i wb R K gvi Kv Q h_vixwz vcb K i Zuvi A½ywjwb ` k hv `Ljyg Zv Z hw` wew Z nevi KviY _v K ZeyI wew Z njyg bv `Ljyg, Avgv `i K wpr-avbv `y ai fvowu GKcv k nuv K i Avgvi w` K P q Av Q Avi ZviB cvk w` q GKUv mv`v c_ ˆZwi K i GK cökvû Bu`yi `ª Z P j Mj GLv b GKUv K_v e j ivwl, Kvb we kl Lei ï b Kvb we kl D ËRbv ev fvevš i cökvk Kiv Avgvi ^fv e bb e jb evievi cögvwyz n q M Q Kv RB GLv bi Zvi Awfbq n e bv, G K_v ejvb evûj `L Z cjyg,

16 Avgvi gvõi cvzjv Kvgj gyllvwb Kgb GK Mfxi kv K cvûzi n q M Q, PvL `ywu Mi i Pv Li g Zv Ki Y, Avi hb cùc Î K qk duvuv Rj UjUj Ki Q, GLywb Ku ` dj eb `ya hw` we kl GKUv Lv` n q _v K Ges Zv hw` wb R `i Avw_ K Kvi Y KL bv `yj f n q `uvovq Ges muv hw` AK vr Kv bv Kvi Y cvk wj Z cöiy Kivi A hvm nq, Z e AK vr Ku ` djv Lye Avð h i e vcvi bq gv Agwb Ku ` dj jb, Avi Avwg Pzc K i `uvwo q ibjyg, Ggb GKUv Ae vq Pzc K i `uvwo q _vkv Qvov Avi Kvb DcvqB bb gvõi Q jgvby li gz duywc q duywc q Kvbœv Avi wewb q-wewb q K_v Avgvi Pv Li ` wóc_ K A bk`~i ch š cömvwiz K i w` jv, AviI Mfxi K i Zzj jv Avwg `L Z cjyg AvKv k ga v ýi m~h cöpzi AwMœel Y Ki Q, bx P c w_exi a~wjkyv AviI ewk AwMœelx Avgvi ü` qi ZI cy o-cy o LvK n q Mj GKwU bxj DcZ KvI `Lv hvq bv, `~ i R ji wpýgvîi bb, Rjš I bb, gixwpkvi w` q Q duvwk fvejyg ^vgx we ekvb `i Ag~j MÖš ivwr Kv_vq cviqv hvq? köxivgk òi Dc `kvewj Ag~j mgmö gvbe-mgv Ri Kj vyeªzx köxaiwe ` c w_exi Ab Zg köô gnvcyi l (ZL bv fvezzg bv wøzxq mvgªvr ev`x hy KL bv ïi n e) Avgvi gylfw½ wpš vkzj n q Gj, nvuz wu c Ui Kv Q G b KzKz ii g Zv ï q Avwg fve Z jvmjyg, Ggb Kv bv Dcvq bb hv Z GB wek wz _ K gyw³ cviqv hvq mü vi ci evev G jb, LeiUv ï b Ggb fve `Lv jb bv hv Z g b nq wzwb nzf ^ n q M Qb A_ev wkqygvî `ytwlz n q Qb, eis ZvovZvwo ej Z Avi Ki jb hw`i ZvovZvwo K_v ejvuv Zvi Af vm bq, Ô ek n q Q, fv jv n q Q Avwg Av M _ KB f e i LwQjvg Ggb GKUv wkqy n e Av i, gvby li Rvb wb qb UvbvUvwb, `ya L q Avi Kx n e e jv!õ `L Z cjyg, evevi gylwu hw`i ïk bv Zey cöpzi Nv g ˆZjv³ `Lv Q, Mv qi fvix RvgvwUI Nv g wf R N ii wfzi MÜ Qwo q w` q Q Ggb GKUv wech qi c ii Zvi GB AweK Z-cÖvq fve ` L Avwg Avk njyg GB f e h, wz hv n q Q n q QB, Zvi Av jvpbvq Ggb GKUv Ae v hvi Kvb cwiez b bb eis GKUv g Mvj hv Mi m~îcvz n e, Zv _ K invb cviqv Mj, Lye kxmwmi Avi Avgvi gvbwmk AebwZ NU e bv wkš evev wkqy Y c ib myi e`jv jb : Zvgiv c j Kx? Kej d wz Avi d wz `qv K i Avgvi w` K GKUz PvI Avgvi kixiuv wk Avwg cv_i w` q ˆZwi K iwq? Avwg wk gvbyl bb? Avwg GZ L U gwi Avi Zvgiv Iw` K d wz Z g Z Av Qv! msmv ii w` K GKevi PvL Ly j PvI? bb j wu K _vkvb `vq n e Õ Avgvi Kv Q evevi GB ai bi K_v gvivík g b nq Zuvi GB ai bi K_vi cq b A bk ivm I AmwnòzZv mwâz n q Av Q e j Avwg g b Kwi mg qi c` ci m ½ ^ ii DËvcI e o h Z jvmj Avwg kw¼z n q DVjvg Avi K qk wgwb Ui g a B GB KwVb DËß AvenvIqvq h A yz bmœzv cökvk cv e, Zv Z Avgvi j¾vi Avi mxgv-cwimxgv _vk e bv Ggb Ae vi m ½ Avgvi GKvwaKevi cwipq n ji Avgvi Mv qi Pvgov Zv Z cyi n q hvq wb, eis AvksKvi KviY AviI h _ó cwigv Y e o Q h c w_exi m ½ Avgvi cwipq Zvi e _ Zvi gvslv b GB bmœzvi ` k AviI GKwU e`bvi KviY Qvov Avi wkqyb bq evev ej jb, ÔAvi ZK K iv bv ejwq GLvb _ K hvi, Avgvi mygyl _ K hvi, `~i n q hvi ejwq Õ ïb Z cjyg, Gi c i evevi Mjvi ^i ivwîi wb äzv f O evgvi g Zv d U co jv ÔZzwg hv e? GLvb _ K hv e wkbv e jv? Mwj ZzB Avgvi Pv Li mvg b _ K? kqzvb gvmxõ... evev weoweo K i AviI K Zv Kx ej jb, Avwg Kv b AvOzj w`jyg, evwj ki g a gyl Muy R c o ibjyg GKwU Amvo g Z `n n q, Avgvi PvL d U Rj ei jv, wech qi c _ ewa Z n ji Avgvi g bi wkïwu AvRš h wk v MÖnY K i G m Q Zv Z Ggb Kvb K_v jlv wqj bv g b n jv hb AvR GB cö_g wech qi gyn~z wj Pig cönix m R Avgvi `vo Mvovq Kov bvo Q Av M Ggb `wlwb ev ïwbwb Zey Avgvi Abyf wzi GB wk v Kv Ì K G jv? ej Z cvwi Avgvi GB wk v AwZ Pzwc- Pzwc Rš jvf K i Q, gvwui c w_ex _ K m Ggbfv e k vm I im MÖnY K i Q hv Z Uz kãi nqwb dz ji myevm hgb wbtk ã cvlv Qwo q _v K Zgwb Ii Pv Li cvlv `ywui wbtk ã GB A yz Ljvi Av qvrb Ki Z Qv owb AviI ej Z cvwi Avgvi g bi wkïi euvpevi ev eo nevi BwZnvm hw` Rvb Z nq Z e dz ji m ½ Zzjbv Kiv Avgvi P j wkš mb wk v AvRKvj w` j KB? eis AviI Kg nxbzvi bvgvš i n jv, Avgvi KuvPv kix ii nvz `ywu K U fvwm q w` jv R j, `yb PvL K ev ckzj K i wkqy Yi Rb Kvbv K i w`j Avwg Kx Kie? Avgvi wkqy Kivi Av Q wk? ÔkqZvb gvmx, ewi q hv!õ Avevi f m G jv A yz K_v wj Gme Avwg ïb Z PvB b, Zey ïb Z nq evzv mi m ½ LvwZi K i Zv f m Avm e, Rvi K i Kv bi wfzi XzK e; Avgvi `ye jzvi my hvm wb q Avgvi g bi gvwu Z m Rv i jvw_ gvi e Ôhv ejwq Õ Mvjgvj AviI LvwbKUv e o Mj wkqy c i gv ev úv Qbœ ^ i WvK jb, ÔmyKz! mykz!õ wvk ZLywb DËi w` Z j¾v n jv, fq Ki jv, Zey Av ejjvg, Ôe jv?õ gv ej jb, Ô`iRv Lvj Õ f q f q `irv Ly j w`jyg, fq n jv GB f e h, Gevi A bk wepv ii m ylxb n Z n e, hv ïb ZI fq cvb wvk ZviB mvg b GK M xi wepvicwz n q mg D ËRbv K k~ b wemr b w` q ivq w` Z n e wkš hv f ewqjyg Zv Avi n jv bv gv N ii wfzi Xz KB VvÛv g Si Ici - 15

17 AvuPjLvbv c Z ï q co jb cvzjv cwi Qbœ kixilvwb eu K GKLvbv Kv i AvKvi aviy Ki jv Kgb Amnvq `Lv jv I K QvU ejvq hv K c w_exi g Zv wekvj f ewq, Zv K Ggbfv e ` L GLb K Zv xyrxex I Amnvq g b n Q hv K e nëg f ewq, m GLb K Zv z`ª, m GL bv ˆkke AwZµg Ki Z cv iwb e j g b n PQ Avi Avwg K Zv e nr, i ³i PÂjZvq gvsm ckxi ` pzvq, wek c` c KZ D¾ j I gnr, H nwi Yi g Zv fxi QvU ` ni i³ cvb K i GKw`b Rxeb MÖnY Ki ji AvR Avwg K Zv kw³gvb Avgv K KD Rv b? GgbI Zv n Z cvi Zv, AvR jû bi Kvb BwZnvmweL vz BDwbfvwm wui Kwi Wv ii ey K wek eq ii hyek mykzgvi Mfxi wpš vq cvqpvwi Ki Q, A_ev Ljvi gv V cöpzi bvg K i mkj mncvwvbxi ` wó AvKl Y K i Q, A_ev wîk eq ii bxjbqbv Kvb LvwU Bs ir gwnjvi axi M xwi c` c fxi i g Zv AbymiY K i GKw`b Zvi ` ni Qvqvq e m cög mâvi Ki Q Ggb Zv n Z cvi Zv, Zvi mvbvwj Pzj, `xn c ve Z PvL ` ni mšif- Avnv K mb Bs ir gwnjv? m GLb KB...Avi mb ^Y vf ivrkzgvi mykzgv ii gv H VvÛv g Si Ici mvgvb Kvco wewq q ï q GLvb _ K K Zv QvU Avi K Zv Amnvq g b nq GK A_ nxb M e eykuv cök Zi K i Avwg GKevi gvi w` K ZvKvjyg WvKjyg Ôgv? Igv?Õ Kvb DËi bb Mfxi wb äzv f½ K i Kvb fmœ bvixkú Avgvi Kv bi `irvq G m AvNvZ Kij bv Nywg q c ob wb Zv? ciw`b AvenvIqvi MfxiZv wkqy gvî `~i n jv bv gvõi Ggb A ^vfvwek bxiezv ` L Avgvi QvU fvb- ev biv cöpzi Av viv c q M Q `L Z cvw Q Zviv bmœmvî n q h _ Q wepiy Ki Z jvmj zjnxb QvU evbwu Zvi wbz Kvi Af vmgz cögkzmygv xy GK cökvû Dcb vm wb q e m Q, Ab w` K PvBeviI mgq bb mw`b A bk iv Z mviv evwo Mfxi auvqvq f m Mj, mk ji bvk-gyl w` q Rj ei Z jvmj, `g eü n q Gj QvU fvb- evb `i Lvwj gvwu Z c o Nygy Z ` L ivbœvn i wm q wr Ám Kijyg, ÔGL bv ivbœv nqwb, gv?õ Pv Li R j wf R Dbv bi wfzi cövyc Y duy w` Z w` Z gv ej jb, Ôbv GLb Povw Q? ÔGZ `wi n jv Kb?Õ gv Pzc K i ib jb eys Z cvijyg mb cyi bv Kvmyw ` eys Z cvijyg, G wrwbm mn R Gov Z PvB ji mn R Govevi bq, Ny i-wd i G m Pv Li mvg b `uvovq, cvk KvUv Z PvB j nvz P c a i, Kvb ik g Gwo q M ji nvz Zz j WvK Z _v K GB WvKvWvwKi BwZnvm K hw` AvMv Mvov wjwce Kwi Z e mvivrxeb wj LI kl Ki Z cvie bv, KD cvi e bv Zv Z KZ wj GKB ik gi wpî MjvMwj K i cvkvcvwk G m `uvov e, Avi mšwlb cvv Ki weiw³fvrb n e Avwg Zv Rvwb cvvk köyx Kviv? Zuv `i g bviäb Ki Z n j KvbœvKvwUi b vkvwg Pj e bv, wksev wkqy wjl ji UvKvi wnmveuv K mh Zœ Gwo q h Z n e ev nvwmgy L eiy Ki Z n e hgb Avgvi evev A bk mgq K ib-cöpzi Afv ei wpî KI GK `vk wbk e vl v w` q cig Avb ` Nvo euvwk q nvm Z _v Kb wksev hgb Avgv `i cvovi cökvû MvudIqvjv iw Zgkvq K ib-n i AwZ ïk bv x Avi GKcvj Q j g q `i Afz³ i LI c _-Nv U ivrv-dwri g i Av mb ev Avgv `i cöm Kg Pvix g`b g~b Zvi w`bwu K Dcev mi wzw_ e j MY K i, KL bv cùvmb K U e m wbgx wjz Pv L `yb k³ `xn evû w` q eyk Pvcov Z Pvcov Z Ck i K mkix i W K Av b Ggb nq GQvov Avi Dcvq Kx? ^ M i c_ i n j ga c _ G m `vuovb, Rxeb Avgv `i Kzw MZ Ki ji Rxeb K cöpzi Ae njv Kwi, cök wzi KivNv Z Wv³v ii e`bvg MvB, A_ev D evû mbœ vmx n q Ck ii Avivabv Kwi Gme ` L Avwg GKw`b wm vš K iwqjyg h, `yt Li mgy `ª hw` KD Mjv ch š Wz e _v K Z e Zv GB ga weë köyx ga we Ëi bvg Ki Z wm q hv `i wrnÿvq Rj Av m mw`b Avwg Zv `ib GKRb n qwqjvg eüz K GK auvqv U inm gq fvlvq wpwv wjljyg, ÔGiv K Rv bv? Giv c w_exi köô mš vb e U, wkš bv L q g i h dzj Abv` i ïwk q S i c o gvwu Z, Giv ZvB Giv ˆZwi K i Q evmvb, A_P dz ji kvfv ` L bv c Ui wfzi m~up wea Q cöpzi, wkš wf vcvîi bb cwinvm! cwinvm!...õ HwZnvwmK e vl vi AÁZvq wb Ri g b h Kíbvi mša M o Zzjjyg, Zv Z wb Ri g b-g b cöpzi cwiz ß njyg h DcevmK k weaeviv Zv `i m g g q `i ˆ`wnK cöwzôvq msmvi hvîvi c_ e q e q Kvb ik g KvjvwZcvZ Ki Qb, Zv `i Rb Ki Yv hgb n jv, g b-g b cy Rv Ki Z jvmjyg AviI ewk wkš m me wb Ki e vcvi ki Zi g Ni g Zv hgwb G mwqj Zgwb wg k Mj gm Ri g a RvqMv hw`i GKUz c qwqj, ewk w`b _vkevi VvB n jv bv AvR fvewq Avgv K gyw³ w` q M Q, bb j GK Am c~y m¼xy c w_exi m ½ cwipq n q _vkz, ZLb m fvebv wb q g b-g b cwiz ß _vkzzg e U, wkš MwZi wei PjZzg, GK fxly cöwzwµqvi we l RR wiz nzzg Ggb w` b GK Ajm ga v ýi m ½ Avwg mvsnvwzk cö g c o Mjvg mb `ycyiwu K hv fv jv j MwQj Kej gy L ej j Zv h _ó ejv n e bv mw`b hzuzkz AvKvk K `L Z cjyg Zvi bxj K GZ Mfxi g b n jv h Pv Li Ici K hb kxzj R ji cö jc w` q w`j fvebvi iv R cvqpvix K i Avwg Avgvi gxgvsmvi mxgv š G m cšuqjyg mb ga v ý, mlv b ivljyg ` p cöz q AvKv ki bxwjgvq `yb PvL K wm³ K i Avwg `L Z cjyg PIov iv vi cv kmvwi mvwi cökvû `vjvb, Zvi cöwz K my mej gvby li c` c, wmuwo Z bvbvikg Ry Zvi AvIqvR, g q-cyi li wgwjz wprkvi-aÿwb c w_exi c _-c _ ewjô `yqv i nvbv `q, ewjô gvbyl cöme K i, Avwg `L Z cjyg B jkwuªk, Avi UwjMÖvd Zv ii AiY, UªvKUi Pj Q gv Vi ci gvv cvi n q-aeva Rwg K f O-Pz i ` j-gyp o, mvbvi dmj - 16

18 Avb `i Mvb Mvq, Avi h š i Nl Y I gvby li nl aÿwb Z GK Ac~e msmx Zi m wó n jv GK`v h evzvm gvwui gvby li cöwz Dcnvm K i wecyj AUªnvwm n m Q, mb evzv mi nvz AvR KiZvwj `q Mv Qi cvzvq cvzvq KD ïb Z cvq? hviv kv b Zv `i bg vi...zvb Ajm ga vý K gayizi g b n jv `Ljyg GK bmœ `n evjk iv vi gvslv b e m GK B Ui UzK iv wb q Mfxi g bv hv M AvuK Kl Q Kvb evwo _ K cpv gv Qi MÜ ewi q Q ek, m½xzwccvmyi emy iv Mjvq Mvb kvbv hv Q nvi gvwbqvg mn hv M GB Amg q, iv` cöpû n ji nviqv w` Q cöpzi, I evwoi GK ea~ iv vi K j GBgvÎ øvb K i wbr ey Ki Zx²Zv K cö`k bi cöpzi AeKvk w` q mskzwpz ` n evwoi fzi XzK jv, `ywu gryi KvbiK g LvIqv-`vIqv m i Kqjvgwjb e k Avevi `Šo w` Q G ` k eo gayi j M Q--Aek Kvb ey R vqv wpîk ii wpiš bx wpî e j bq G wpî hgb Avivg `q, Zgwb cxovi `q Avgvi fv jv j M Q GB iyxq w`bwu Z GK ˆeÁvwbK eyw i ivr Z LvwbKUv cvqpvwi Ki Z c iwq e j PgrKvi! PgrKvi! A bk iv Î Bu`y ii DrcvZ Avevi ïi nj Iiv wub Avi Kv Vi ev `vcv`vwc ïi K i w`j, exi` c Pv Li mvg b w` q N ii g S AwZµg K i `vi Y Dcnvm Ki Z jvmj ivbœv kl K i G m gv mkj K WvKvWvwK ïi K i w` jb, ÔI i g UzÕ, I i Qwe, I i bvi, IV, evev IV Õ g Uz D VB cövyc Y wprkvi Avi K i w`j Qwe hw`i GZ Y Zvi Dcb v mi Ici Dcyo n q cowqj, GLb eb-ub d j PvL ey R ï q coj ÔI i Qwe, L Z Avq, Lvwe Avq!Õ evievi Wv KI Qwe Uz kãwu K i bv gv fmœ K Ú ej jb, ÔAvgvi Kx `vl ej?õ Avgvi Ici ivm Kwim Kb? Mwie n q Rš v j...õ gvõi PvL QjQj K i DV jv, Mjv Ku c Mj Avwg ivm K i ejjyg, ÔAvnv, I bv L j bv Lv e, Zzwg I `i `vi bv?õ ga ivwîi BwZnvm AviI we qki GK Aby P K Úi k ã nvvr R M DVjyg ïb Z cjyg evev AwZ wbæ ^ i WvK Qb, ÔKbK, I KbK, Nygy Qv?Õ evev gv K WvK Qb bvg a i fvix PgrKvi g b n jv, g b n jv evev K Avgvi eqm wdwi q w`jyg Avi Avgvi cöwz fv jvevmv Kvgbv Ki Z jvmjyg Zuvi KvQ _ K hyek mykzgvi GKw`b Zvi eš KI Ggwb bvg a i WvK e, wprkvi K i W K cö Z KwU Ni Ggwb m½x Z cöwzaÿwbz K i Zzj e ÔKbK? I KbK?Õ cöšpv KbKjZv A bk Y ch š Kvb DËi w` jb bv, Kvbevi KuwK q DV jb, Kvbevi Dt-Avt Ki jb Avwg Gw` K i wbtk v m wbæmvgx njyg evwj ki wfzi gyl u R nvwi q hvevi Kvgbv Ki Z jvmjyg j¾vq Avi³ n q DVjyg, kixi w` q Nv gi eb v QyU jv Iw` K ga ivwîi Puv` D V Q AvKv k, c w_exi Mv q K GK mv`v gmwj bi Puv` wewq q w` q Q, m ½ G b Q VvÛv mªv Zi g Zv evzvm, Avgvi N ii mvg b wfwlix KzKzi `i mvgwqk wb`ªvgqzvi GK kxzj wb äzv weivr Ki Q wkš gv S gv S I evwoi Qv ` wb`ªvnxb evbi `i A có MvOvwb kvbv hvq ga iv Zi cönix Avgvq Nyg cvwo q ` e KLb? Ae k l cöšpv KbKjZvi bxiezv fvo jv, wzwb Avevi Avcb gwngvq D¾ j n q DV jb, Aí GKUz NvgUv U b Kvc oi cöpzi ˆ`N w` q wb R K fvjfv e Av Qvw`Z Ki jb, Zvici GK Awkw Zv beea~i g Zv axi c` c AMÖmi n Z jvm jb A½f½xi mâvj b h m½x Zi m wó nq, mb m½x Zi Avqbvq Avgvi Kv Q mg có n q DVj Avwg j Kijyg `yb Rvov cv qi fxi có AvIqvR Av Av evzv mi m ½ wg k hv Q A bk iv Î evev b b my i Mvb MvB Z jvm jb; PgrKvi wgwó Mjv envjvi g Zv kvbv hv Q mb Mv bi Ljvq Av jvi KYv wj AviI mv`v n q M Q, g b nq GK wekvj AUªvwjKvi mwc j wmuwo e q- e q mb Mv bi ilv cvm ji g Zv Ny i eov Q kl ivwîi evzvm Ac~e ø n - 17 PÎ msl v gš i n q G m Q GKUv KvK ivrkvi g Zv W K D V Q evev K Mvb MvB Z AviI ï bwq e U wkš AvR Ki g Zv Ggb gayi I Mfxi Avi KL bv ïwbwb Zuvi g `y-m xi Mv b AvR ivwîi c w_ex hb Avgvi Kv Q bz n q Mj Zvici Avwg Nywg q cojyg ciw`b Kvi cövy Lvjv nvwm Z Nyg _ K nvvr R M DVjyg nvwmi Hk h evwoi BU wji Kvuc Q evev ej jb, ÔcwÛZ gkvb, I cwûz gkvb DVzb? Avi KZ Nygy eb? mkv j bv DV j eo jvk niqv hvq Kx? DVzb? Avwg A bk K ô PvL g j P q `Ljyg, KLb fvi n q M Q evevi øngq K_vq Avwg KL bv nvwm b, Kgb ev a, h _ó eqm n q Q wkbv, GK Kzwo eqi Zv cwi q Pjjyg gkvwii `wo Lyj Z Lyj Z evev ej jb, Ôc w_ex Z hz MÖU gb `K Z cv Q, mk ji fv i IVevi A f m wqj Avgvi evev, gv b Zvgvi VvKzi`viI Ggwb A f m wqj Avgiv hz fv ib DwV bv Kb, D VB ïb Z czzg evb ii N i ZvgvK LvIqvi kã n Q Ggb Aa emvqx bv n j Avi GKUv Rxe b AZ Rwg-Rgv AZ UvKv-cqmv K i h Z cv ib wzwb Zv meb i L wm qwq jb, AvgivB wkqy ivl Z cvijyg bv wkš DVzb cwûz gkvb, hviv Nyg _ K `wi K i I V Rxe b Zviv KL bv DbœwZ Ki Z cv i bv AZUv gvzeÿix mn nq bv, Rxe b GKw`b gvî mkv j D VB evwo-my jvk gv_vq Zz j Qb mg evwouv Lywki evrbvq gylwiz n q DVj Iw` K g Uz mjy b Pzj QuvUvevi Rb cqmv PvB Z ïi K i Q, N UvLv bk c ii cqmv bv c j g S Z AvQvo L q Zvi ^ i Kuv` e bvi c -c evk K i mk ji g bviäb Kivi Póvq Av Q Qwe GB gvî Zvi Dcb v mi c ôvq bvwqkvi kqb N i bvq Ki Awfhvb ` L g b-g b cyjwkz n q D V Q evev `vi Y Kg e n q DV jb, GNi-

19 INi cvqpvwi Ki Z jvm jb GK mgq evev Avgvi Kv Q G m ej jb, Ô Zvgiv w_ qvwiuv evi K iq fv jvb, wkš y Kvh Kix n e bv, AvRKvj Ime fv jvgvbywl Avi Pj e bv GLb KvR n jv jvwvi wnujv ii jvwv, eys j cwûz gkvb?õ Avwg g b-g b nvmjyg evev hv e jb Zv Ggbfv e e jb h g b-g b ek Av gv` Abyfe Kiv hvq Zuvi Kx Rvwb Kb aviyv n q Q, Avgiv me fv jvgvby li `j wb Ri L q c ii wpš v Kwi, ï gyl n q kxzj Rj weziy Ki Z PvB, wb Riv ^M Pz Z, A_P c ii ^M jv fi c_-avwe v i gë Avevi ej jb: Ô Zvgv `i ivwkqv Kej mvayivb Rš w` q Q, Amvay `qwb, Kej gvi L q gi e jwjb Zv g eo mvay wq jb, hgwb Uj i wq jb wkš Iuiv jvwvi m ½ cvi eb wk? K bv bq Õ ej Z B Qv nq, PgrKvi! Ggb ^KxqZv, Ggb bzzbz Avi Kv_vI Pv L c o Q? Ggb K i Avgvi evev Qvov Avi KD ej Z cv ib bv, GUv Rvi K i ej Z cvwi wzwb GKevi hv ej jb Zv fzj n ji Zv _ K GKPzj KD Zuv K miv e, Ggb e½-mš vb f -fvi Z `wl b GK wnujvwi ` Zvi gyl D¾ j n q DV jv wkš GKgvÎ Avkvi K_v GB h, Gme e vcv i wzwb gv UB wmwiqvm bb, GKevi hv e jb wøzxqevi Zv ej Z A bk `wi K ib bb j Avgvi Rxeb AwZó n q DVZ ˆcZ K AwaKv i AbycÖvwYZ n q wzwb Zvi Ace envi Ki Zb m `n bb Iw` K Kg e gv K `L Z cvw Q Mfxi g bv hv M wzwb Zuvi KvR K i hv Qb, Kv_vI GZUzKz ` wócvz Kivi mgq bb hb Kuv ai Ici `yb MvwQ L oi g Zv Pzj Gwj q c o Q, Zvi Ici w` qb Nb-Nb NvgUv U b w` Qb, ci b GKLvbv RxY Kvco, dm v cv- `y Uv R ji AZ vpv i Z-we Z wekxy n q G m Q cq b cq b bvi Ny i eov Q Avš R vwzk ivrbxwz Q o evev Gevi N ivqv ˆeV K hvm w` jb bvi K W K ej jb, Ôbvi, evev, Zvgvi Kx PvB e jv? bvi Zvi QvUª- QvUª fvov `uvz wj ei K i Abvqv m e j dj jv ÔGKUv gvui-evbk mv R Uiv Kgb my `i fu& fu& K i Ny i eovq, bv evev? wkš g Uzi wkqy eyw ïw n q Q m nvvr cq b wd i gyluv bx Pi w` K wb q Kvgv bi g Zv n q ej j, Ôevev GB ` v Lv?Õ `L Z cviqv Mj, Zvi cqbuv wq o G Kev i Z-we Z n q M Q evev nv nv K i n m DV jb, ej jb, Ôevt ek Zv n q Q, g Uzeveyi hv Mig, Gevi _ K `ywu Rvbvjv n q Mj, ek Zv n jv Gevi _ K û û K i Kej evzvm Avm e Avi hv e, PgrKvi, bv?õ g Uz mkj Î wu-wepz wz fz j eyw gv bi g Zv n m DV jv: bvi Zvi fvov `uvz ei K i AviI ewk K i nvm Z jvm jv, evevi m nvwm Z hvm w` jb Avgv `i mvgvb evmv GK Amvgvb nvwm Z b P DVj, g& g& Ki Z jvmj nvmjyg bv Kej Avwg ïay g b-g b Dc fvm Kijyg fvejyg Avb `i GB wbg j gyn~z wj hw` `xn vqx nq Z e Lywki Avi Aš _v K bv gvbyl gvbyl n q I V evevi ciezx Awfhvb n jv ivbœvn i GKLvbv wcuwo c Z `qv j Vm w` q e m nvwmgy L evev ej jb, AvR Kx ivua e Mv?Õ gyl wdwi q ARmª n m gv ej jb, ÔZzwg hv ej e Õ evev K Gevi Q jgvbywl Z c q emj- ÔAvwg hv eje, wvk Zv? ewj, ivua e gvsm, cvjvi, `B, m `k? ivua e PvUwb, P Pwo, i B gv Qi gy ov? ivua e? ivua e AviI Avwg hv ej ev?õ ÔI gv Mv, _vk, _vk Avi ej Z n e bv Õ gv `yb nvz Zz j gv_v bvo Z jvm jb, wlj-wlj K i n m DV jb e vcvi ` L bvi `Š o Mj, `yr bi w` K `ybevi P q Zvici gv K gypwk nvm Z ` L ej j, Ôgv Mv, Kx n q Q? Agb K i nvmq Kb? evev Zvgvq KvZzKzZz w` q Q?Õ ÔAv i bv i bv, AZ cvkvwg Ki Z n e bv Lj Z hv-ôeuv nvz Zz j gv evb ii w` K `wl q w` jb - 18 GKUz cök wz n q evev Avevi ej jb, ÔAv Qv, Zvgv K hw`b cö_g `L Z wm qwqjyg mw` bi K_v g b c o?õ GKUzI wpš v bv K i gv ej jb, ÔAvgvi Ime g b-u b bb ÔAvnv, we ji av i gv V mb h Mi Pivw Q j?õ gvõi PvL eo n q Mj-ÔIgv, Avwg Kx fïi jvk bb Mv h g q jvk n qi gv V-gv V Mi Piv ev?õ ÔMi Piv bvuv Kx Aciva? `ikvi n j GLv b- mlv b GKUz b o- P o w` j `vl nq? Avmj K_v Zvgvi meb g b Av Q, B Q K ib Kej hv-zv ej Qv Õ nu v Mv nu v, me g b Av Q, me g b Av Q Õ g `y n m evev ej jb, Ô bškv _ KB `L Z cjyg we ji av i K GKwU g q `uvwo q Av Q AÜKvi iv Î GKwU gvî `xcwklvi g Zv bškv _ K b gi `Ljyg, mb g q Zvi RvqMv _ K GKUzKzI m i `uvov Q bv ev cvwli g Zv evwoi w` K D o P j hv Q bv, eis Avgv `i w` K mvrvmywr P q Av Q, AcwiwPZ e j GZUzKz j¾v bb, Kv Q wm q `Ljyg wvk hb `ex cöwzgv, Lvjv gv V R ji av i, gvwb q Q ek, Mfxi el vqi gvbv e Zvici GK fvov Pqv i e m fvov cvlvi evzvm L q hv K `Ljyg m-i mb GKB g q wkš Gevi evev, j¾vezx jzvi g Zv j¾vq G Kev i gvwui m ½ wg k hv Q? evev nv-nv K i cövy Ly j nvm Z jvm jb K Zv Y c i ej jb, Ô Zvgvi Kx PvBej j, bv?õ ÔAvgvi R b GKLvbv ivbœvi Kvco G bv Õ jvj i Oi? Ônu v Õ Zvici Kvi R b Kx G bwq jb Lei ivwlwb, wkš y wb Ri Rb QÕAvbv `v gi GK Rvov PwU G bwq jb ` LwQ gvî QÕAvbv `vg evev G wb q A bk Me K i Qb, wkš G Kev i KuvPv Pvgov e j KzKz ii Avk¼vI K i Qb KzKz ii K_v Rvwb b, Z e K qkw`b c ib Ry Zv Rvovi GK cvwu Kv_vq

20 A` k n q Mj KD ej Z cv i bv Avðh ciw`b `ycyi ejv iji q-bqv W i Ici w` q h Z h Z Kvi Wv K gyl wd i ZvKvjyg `wl kkai WªvBfvi, nvz Zz j Avgvq WvK Q GLv b BDwbqb Ki Z G m Avgvi G Kev i cö_g Avjvc n qwqj GB kkai WªvBfv ii m ½ mw`b m ½ Kg iw wek bv_ wqj ZLb M xifv e kkai e jwqj, Ô `Lyb wek evey, mv qe mw`b Avgvq W KwQj Õ Ô Kb?Õ Ôkvjv e j wkbv, WªvBfvi, BDwbqb Q o `vi, bb j gyw j n e ejwq ï b grvruv Rei Lvivc n q Mj gy Li Ici e j Gjyg, mv qe Avgvi B Q Avwg BDwbqb Kie Zzwg hv Ki Z cv iv Ki GB e j ZLywb wvk GBfv e P j Gjyg Avmevi fw½uv `Lvevi R b kkai nu U A bk `~i ch š Mj, Zvici Avevi h_v v b wd i Gj Avgvi cö_g AwfÁZvq mw` bi ` k wu PgrKvi j MwQj Avgvi GB ga v ýi UªvKUi- ^ cœi wfz cvkv Ki Z Avi Kijyg mb w`b _ K GK_v ejvb evûj h, BwZnvm hgb Avgv `i w`k bq, AvwgI BwZnv mi w`k wbjyg Avwg nvz cömvwiz K i wbjyg RbZvi w` K, Zv `i Dò Awfb ` b Avwg ab njyg Zv `ii ab ev`, hviv Avgv K Avgvi GB AmnvqZvi eüb _ K gyw³ w` q M Q ab ev`, ab ev` meveªz bq, gvbezv bq, ^v_ cizv A_P köô D`viZv wb q GK K vwš nxb ˆeÁvwbK Abykxjb Avwg kka ii Kv Q Mjyg kkai ej j, ÔDVzb Õ m Avgv K Zvi BwÄ b DwV q wb jv Zvici GKUv wewo nv Z w` q ej j, ÔLvb, mykzgvi evey Õ we K ji w` K GKUv M v Oi m ½ `Lv Ki Z Mjyg GKUv wgwus A v iä Kievi K_v wqj Iiv Avgvi w` K KD ZvKv jv, KD ZvKv jv bv A`~ i BwÄ bi muv muv kã n Q c q Umg vb- Mvbvi `i wprkvi Avi ûbwmj kvbv hv Q Bqvwmb GZw`b c i QywU _ K wd i Q `Ljyg Avgv K ` L KvR _vwg q ej j, ÔIiv Kx ejwqj Rv bb?õ n m ejjyg, ÔKx?Õ ÔejwQ jv Avcwb GKUv e vwi vi n jb bv Kb?Õ mk j nv nv K i n m DV jv, AvwgI nvm Z jvmjyg gu& my i `ª M xifv e ej j, Zvgvi Kv Q Avgv `i Avi GKwU wb e`b Av Q, Bqvwmb wgtv Avgiv mevb wg j Puv`v Zz j Zvgvq B z j cov Z PvB Õ Gevi nvwmi cvjv AviI Rv i KvR d j mevb e m co jv Bqvwmb i M ej j, Ôevt evt evt, Lvwj VvUªv, Avi VvUªv, bv? Pvi U cqmv w` qb Lvjvm, bv? Pvi U cqmv w` jb wec e n e bv? wec e AvKvk _ K co e, bv?õ GKUz kvš n q Bqvwmb k l GKUv Mí ej j MíwU n Q GB : m Gevi evwo wm q Zvi Muv qi Pvlx `i GKUv ˆeV K hvm w` qwqj mb ˆeV K h jvkuv e³ Zv K iwq jv m nvvr Zvi w` K P q ej j,- fvb Bqvwmb, Zvgv `i ILv b BDwbqb bb? Bqvwmb eyk Vz K ej j, Avjer Av Q Ges m ½ m ½ eyk c KU _ K GKLvbv iwm` ei K i w` jv jvkwu ZLb fqvbk Lywk n q e jwq jv, Zzwg h Avgv `i Kg iw, fvb Bqvwmb Zzwg h Avgv `i Bqvwmb ZLb wep Yi g Zv n mwq jv Ô`ywbqvi mevb GiKg GK RvU n Q, Avi AvgivB Kej Pzc K i e m _vk ev, bv? Pvi U cqmv w` jb Lvjvm, bv?õ ej Z ej Z Bqvwm bi Ng v³ gyl AviI D¾ j n q DV jv, wkš ci YB Avevi m Kv R j M Mj, Mfxi g bv hv M VK& VK& kã K i KvR Ki Z jvm jv Avwg wd i Gjyg mvg ev `i Me, Zvi B cv Zi g Zv Avkv, Zvi mvbvi g Zv dmj ey K K i Avwg wd i Gjyg GLb mü v n q Avm Q wsiws i evzv mi m ½ kw-ni _ K Zj Avi KuvPv Kqjvi auvqvi MÜ Avm Q ek Avwg euv w` K kw-gi Ni i L c_ AwZµg Ki Z jvmjvg GKUz GwM q `wl jvb bi Ici A bk wj BwÄb `uvwo q Av Q, g b nq Mfxi a v b e m Q hb - 19 PÎ msl v Avgvi Kv Q I `i gvby li g Zv cövygq g b n jv GLb wekövg Ki Z e m Q I `i Mv qi g a KZ ik gi nvo, KZ KjKâv, gv_vi Ici IB GKwUgvÎ PvL, wkš KZ D¾ j gvbyl I `i m wókz v nvwm bb, Kvbœv bb, Kej Kgx i gz ivm Ggb weivu c_ Pj Z Pj Z Avgvi kix i Kgb GKUv ivgvâ n jv Avwg nzf n q Zv `i gvsmvnxb kix ii w` K nuv K i P q ibjyg Zvici mü vi AÜKv i evmvq wd i Gjyg K qkw`b c i Kv bv Mfxi cözz l GKwU Bu`yi-gviv Kj nv Z K i Avgvi evev iv vi gvslv b `uvwo q evkvi gz nvm Z jvm jb `vi Y Lywk Z bvi Avi g UzI `yb AvOzj a i evb ii gz jvdvw Qj K qk wgwbu c i AviI A bk Q j c j G m RyU jv GKUv KzKzi `uvov jv G m cv k Dcw Z Q j `i g a hviv mvnmx Zviv KD jvwv, KD eo eo BU wb q emj iv vi av i e vcvi Avi wkqyb bq, K qkuv Bu`yi aiv c o Q

21 me fvizxq cö vc U RvZxqZvev`x Av `vjb kvnv`r nv mb L `Kvi (c~e cökvwk Zi ci) \ cuvp\ `keüz wpëiäb `v mi g Zz i ci e½j c v± APj n q c o bzvrx myfvlp `ª emyi bz Z ^ivr cvwu i Kg m~px Z ˆec wek cwiez b N U GQvov Amn hvm Av `vjb wmz Ges wljvdz Av `vjb e _ nevi ci fvize l wn `y gymjgv bi g a ci c ii cöwz we Øl I Awek vm e w cvq Gw` K me fvizxq ivrbxwz Z wn `y gnvmfvi gz mv cö`vwqk ivr bwzk `j wn `y Rbmvavi Yi ` wó AvKl Y K i mviv ` k mv cö`vwqk m c K i AebwZ N U G mgq Ks MÖm I gymwjg jxm bz e ` cybivq wn `y-gymjgv bi g a HK M o Zzjvi Póv K ib mvj 20 gvp w`j x Z gynv ` Avjx wrbœvn&i mfvcwz Z gymjgvb `i GK m jb AbywôZ nq GB m j b KwZcq k Z gymjgvb `i c _K wbe vpb e e vi cwie Z hš_ wbe vpb e e v g b bevi cö ve M nxz nq GUv Òw`j xi gymwjg cö veó bv g cwiwpz GB m j b M nxz cö v ei cöavb kz jv n jv-ògb k Z Zuviv K `ªxq I cöv `wkk cwil`mg~ n hš_ wbe vpb cö_vq ivrx h, (K) wmüz K GK c _K cö ` k cwiyz Ki Z n e; (L) DËicwðg mxgvš cö `k Ges ejywp vb K Ab vb cö ` ki mggh v`v `Iqv n e; (M) cväve I e½ gymjgvb `i cöwzwbwaz RbmsL vi wfwë Z n e Ges (N) K `ªxq cwil ` gymjgvb `i cöwzwbwaz gvu msl vi GK Z Zxqvs ki Kg n e bv Ó 8 ejv evûj, gyn ` Avjx wrbœvi GB Ôw`j xi gymwjg cö veõ G 1906 mv j AvMv Luvi bz Z wmgjv Wcy Uk bi `vwei cöw Z 1909 mv ji g j wg Uv AvB b gymjgvbiv c _K wbe vp b h myweav fvm K i AvmwQj Zv Z vm K i hš_ wbe vpb g b wb q cyicywi RvZxqZvev`x ` wófw½ MÖnY K iwq jb Aek kz vax b gyn ` Avjx wrbœvn&

22 hš_ wbe vpb g b bqvq gymwjg jxm bzv `i g a gzv bk `Lv w` qwqj hv nvk, gyn ` Avjx wrbœvi bz Z Ôw`j x gymwjg cö veõ MÖn Yi ga w` q Ks MÖm I gymwjg jxm ci c ii KvQvKvwQ Av m Ges wn `y-gymwjg wg jwg k KvR Kivi my hvm m wó nq 1927 mv ji g gv m wbwlj fviz RvZxq Ks MÖm Aby gv`b K i GQvov mvbgb Kwgkb eqku Av `vj bi ga w` q gymwjg jxm I Ks MÖ mi g a m c K i Dbœqb N U D j L, fviz mwpe wgr g U Ges MfY i Rbv ij jw Pgm dvw hš_ fv e GKwU fvizxq kvmbzvwš K ms vi wi cvu ˆZix K ib GUv Òg U Pgm& dvw ms vió wi cvu bv g cwiwpz GB wi cv U i wfwë Z 1919 mv ji fviz kvmb AvBb cöyqb Kiv nq GB AvBb KZ`~i Kvh Ki n q Q Zv AbymÜv bi D Ï k 1928 mv j deª qvwi gv m e wuk mikvi fvi Z mvbgb Kwgkb cöiy K ib fvizevmx GB Kwgk bi we ivwazv K ib HK e fv e kvmbzš ipbvi D Ï k 1928 mv ji deª qvwi Z Ks MÖ mi Avnev b w`j x Z GK me `jxq m jb AbywôZ nq GB m j b wn `y gnvmfv I wkl jxm bz e ` Ks MÖm KZ K Aby gvw`z kz vax b gymjgvb `i hš_ wbe vpb g b bevi cö v ei we ivwazv K i Zv `i Abgbxq g bvfv ei Kvi Y Av jvpbv e _ n q hvq ÒA_P w`j xi gymwjg cö veõ Ks MÖm MÖnY K iwqj e jb gymwjg jxm me `jxq m j b hvm`vb K iwqj Ó mv j 1 RyjvB qi g a fvi Zi fwel r msweav bi g~jbxwz Lmov cö Z Kivi Rb gvwzjvj bni i mfvcwz Z GKwU KwgwU MwVZ nq GB KwgwUi wi cvu ÔÔ bni wi cvu Ó bv g cwiwpz GB wi cv U fvi Zi ^vqz kvmb, `vwqz kxj mikvi cöwzôv I cövßeq `i fv Ui wfwë Z wbe vp bi wel q i Z w` q wbe vpb m c K KwZcq mycvwik Kiv nq b ni wi cv U i D j L hvm w`k n jv-ò(1) fvize l i me Î hš_ Ges wgkö wbe vpk gûjx _vk e; (2) cöwzwbwa mfvq ( K `ªxq AvBb cwil`) Kvb msiw Z Avmb _vk e bv; Gi GKgvÎ e wzµg n e gymjgvbiv hme cö ` k msl vjny mlvbkvi gymjgvb Ges DËi cwðg mxgvš cö ` ki Agymjgvb `i cöwzwbwa Z i Î GB RvZxq msi Y n e gymjgvbiv hme cö ` k msl vjny Ges DËi cwðg mxgvš cö ` ki msl vjny Agymjgvb `i RbmsL vi nv ii m ½ K Vvifv e mvgäm i L gymjgvb ev Agymjgvb hlv bb Zuv `i Avm bi e vcv i msi Y `Iqv n e mlv b Zuviv AwZwi³ Avm bi Rb I cöwzøw ØZv Ki Z cvi eb (3) (K) cväve I e½ ` k Kvb m cö`v qi Rb Avmb msi Y Kiv n e bv; (L) cväve I e½ `k Qvov Ab vb cö ` k RbmsL vi wfwë Z gymjgvb msl vjny `i Rb Avmb msi Y Kiv n e Ges Zv `i AwZwi³ Avm b cöwzøw ØZv KiviI AwaKvi _vk e; (M) Abyiƒcfv e DËi-cwðg mxgvš cö ` k Agymjgvb `i Rb Avmb msiw Z ivlv QvovI Zuv `i AwZwi³ Avm b cöwzøw ØZv Kivi AwaKvi `Iqv n e; (4) GB Avmb msi Y e e v `k eq ii wbw` ó mg qi Rb _vk e; (5) Avw_ K e vcv i cö qvrbxq Z`š K i bevi ci wmüz K ev ^vb _ K c _K GKwU cö ` k cwiyz Kiv n e (6) DËi-cwðg mxgvš cö `kmn Zver bzzb cö ` k cyivzb cö `k wji gzb kvmb e e v cöewz Z n e Ó 10 j Yxq, Ô b ni wi cvu Õ, G Ks MÖm KZ K Aby gvw`z gymjgvb `i hš_ wbe vpb e e v g b bevi Ôw`j xi gymwjg cö veõ Gi cöwzdjb N Uwb GB wi cv U Ôw`j xi gymwjg cö veõ AMÖvn Kiv n q Q gymjgvbiv Abyfe K ib GB wi cv U Zv `i ^v_, we ep welq I AwaKvimg~n mwvkfv e Zz j aiv nqwb, Gi d j gymjgvbiv b ni wi cvu cöz vl vb K ib 1928 mv j 22 ww m ^i KwjKvZvq b ni wi cv U i Dci Av jvpbv I RbgZ MÖn Yi Rb me `jxq m jb nq GB m j b gynv ` Avjx wrbœvn `vex K ib- Ò(K) K `ªxq AvBb mfvq gymjgvb cöwzwbwa `i msl v GK-Z Zxqvs ki Kg n e bv (L) b ni wi cv U i cö vwez cövßeq fvuvwakvi ^xk Z bv n j cväve I evsjvi cöv `wkk AvBb mfvq RbmsL vi wfwë Z Avmb cv e Z e `k eqi ci Gi cybwe epbv Kiv h Z cv i (M) ev`evkx me gzv _vk e cö `k wji nv Z, K `ªi nv Z bq Ó 11 m j bi AwaKvsk gymwjg cöwzwbwaiv wrbœvn&i GB `vwei cöwz mg_ b Rvbvb wkš me `jxq m j b wrbœvn&i Kvb `vweb M nxz nqwb - 21 PÎ msl v b ni wi cvu wb q gymjgvb `i g a e vck cöwzwµqvi m wó n qwqj b ni wi cvu MÖnY I er b wb q gymwjg bz e `i g a gzv bk `Lv `q GQvov gymwjg RbgZ wqj GB wi cv U i wec b ni wi cv U Ôw`j xi gymwjg cö veõ M nxz bv niqvq wrbœvn&i bz Z gymwjg jxm h hš_ wbe vpb g b wb qwqj m my hvm nvzqvov n jv myzivs GK_v my có h, gynv ` Avjx wrbœvn& RvZxqZvev`x ` wóf½x MÖnY K i 1927 mv j Ôw`j x gymwjg cö veõ MÖn Yi gva g gymjgvb `i nvz _ K c _K wbe vp bi h A Lwm q wb qwq jb. b ni wi cv U Ks MÖm KZ K Aby gvw`z mb w`j xi gymwjg cö ve AMÖvn K i cybivq i Ykxj gymjgvb mvgš bzv `i nv Z c _K wbe vp bi mb A Zz j `qv n qwqj b ni wi cvu cöm ½ PŠayix LvwjKz¾vgvub wj L Qb, Òwn `y bz Z Zuv `i wcöq welq hš_ wbe vpb cöez bi my hvm nvivj Ges Gi cöwz köxhy³ wrbœvi bz Z vaxb gymwjg jxm cö_ g 1927 wlª v ãi 20 gvp AvbyMZ cökvk K iwqj I ciezx Kv j KjKvZvq AbywôZ wbwlj fviz gymwjg jx Mi Awa ek bi wm vš M nxz n qwqj fvize l i wn `y hyekiv hb gymjgvb `i fviz wefvr bi Rb `vqx Kivi c~ e Zuv `i mb mgqkvi bz e `i GB weivu åvwš m ^ Ü wpš v K ib Ó 12 G m ^ Ü ivg Mvcvj wj L Qb, ÔÔ b ni KwgwU Ges me `jxq m j bi mvg b GK Dfqm¼U `Lv w`j t wîkrb gymjgvb bzvi dgy jv K hw` GK mycöwzwôz Ges AcwieZ bxq Z_ wn m e ^xkvi K i biqv nq Zvn j wn `y-gnvmfv I wkl jxm KZ K eqk Ui mgm v `Lv `q Avi gymwjg dgy jv hlb eo ekx nj jx Mi wrbœv Mvôxi e³e ZLb wn `y gnvmfv I wkl jx Mi eqk Ui SuywK wb q jvf wk? Ks MÖm H dg yjv B Zvc~ e ^xkvi K i wb ji Zvi bzviv dgy jvi cöwz AvbyMZ AwePj ivl j m jb f O hz KviY cöwzwbwaiv cöpûfv e Zvi we ivax wqj AvR GZw`b c i hlb NUbv N U hvevi ci weá mvrv mnr ZLb g b nq h wn `y gnvmfvi Qvchy³ wekí hvi b vqkv m Z Aš wb wnz ZË gymjgv bi Kv Q fimv RbK cözxqgvb n Z cv i bv Zv MÖnY Kivi cwie Z

23 m jb f O hvevi SuywK biqv eyw gëvi cwipvqk nzó 13 gymjgvb bz e `ii ZLb mgm v wqj G m ^ Ü kvn& gvnv ` byi j Bmjvg e jb, Ògymjgvb `i K ZLb ^ ^vaxbzv I AwaKvi cöwzôv Ki Z mwz mwz GKB mv _ wîgylx msmövg Ki Z n qwqj Zv `i K e wuk kw³i wei msmövg Ki Z n q Q msmövg Ki Z n q Q e wukiv P j hvevi mv _ mv _ hv Z gymjgvbiv wnš`y `i Øviv wb cwlz bv n Z cv i Zvi Rb GKB mv _ `kxq A`~i`kx GK köyxi ag vü `i wei I ag vü `i Dc`ªe µgk MŠY n ji kl ch š gymjgvb `i ^vaxbzv I AwaKvi cöwzôvq wn `y bzv `i Pig GK u qwg, we ivwazv AviI mwµq n q D VwQj GB GK u qwg bvbvfv e Kiv n q Q mwu GK Abe` wnsmª cö Póvi BwZnvm e wuk wezvo bi mg q h Awbevh Kvi Y wn `y-gymjgvb bz Z `yb gi Z `uvwo qwqj Zvi GKK `vq- `vwqz wpikvjb enb Ki Z n e Ks MÖmx I Ab vb wn `y bzv `ib Ó 14 \ Qq\ PÎ msl v gymwjg jx Mi hš_ wbe vpb g b wb q mv cö`vwqk mgm v mgvav b wrbœvni h cö Póv wqj b ni wi cv U w`j xi gymwjg cö ve cöz vl v bi ga w` q Zv e _ n q Mj gymwjg jx Mi GKvsk wrbœvni hš_ wbe vpb g b bevi cöej we ivax wqj i Ykxj mvgš gymwjg bz e ` Ges hš_ wbe vpb we ivax gymwjg jx Mi GKvsk 1928 mv ji 31 ww m ^i b ni wi cvu wb q Av jvpbvi Rb me `jxq gymwjg m jb Avnevb K ib wrbœvni bz Z vaxb gymwjg jxm GB m j b hvm`v bi cö ve cöz vl vb K ib GQvov GB m j bi ZvwiL Ggb fv e Kiv n qwqj hv Z wrbœvncš xiv G Z hvm`vb Ki Z bv cv i hv nvk, AvMv Luv bi mfvcwz Z AbywôZ GB m j bi M nxz cö ve jvi D j L hvm n jv -(K) fvize l i fwel r kvmb e e v hy³ivó«xq ai bi n e (L) cö `k wji c~y ^vqz kvmb _vk e (M) K `ªxq AvBb mfvq gymjgvb `i Rb GK-Z Zxqvsk Avmb msiw Z _vk e (N) K `ªxq I cöv `wkk AvBb cwil ` gymjgvb `i Rb i vke Pi e e v Ki Z n e (O) msweav b gymjgvb `i Rb m š vlrbk i vke Pi e e v bv niqv ch š c _K wbe vpb e e v envj _vk e (P) msweav b mikvwi PvKwii ÎI gymjgvb `i Rb Avmb msi Y Ki Z n e b ni wi cv U i MÖnY I er b wel q gymwjg jx Mi bz e `i g a gz f` `Lv w` qwqj ga cš x `i cö Póvq wrbœvn&i bz Z vaxb gymwjg jxm Ges kdx bz Z vaxb gymwjg jxm cybivq GKwÎZ nq G mgq gyn ` Avjx wrbœvn K gymjgvb `i Rb me RbMÖvn GKwU cö ve ck Kivi `vwqz `qv nq 1929 mv j 28 gvp w`j x Z gymwjg jx Mi m j b fvi Zi fwel r msweavb ipbvi cöm ½ gymjgvb `i ^v_ i vi Rb gyn ` Avjx wrbœvn HwZnvwmK Ô PŠÏ `dvõ `vwe DÌvcb K ib GB `vwe jv n jv- 1. fvize l hy³ivó«xq ai bi kvmb e e v cöez b Kiv n e 2. mkj cö `k K ^vqëkvmb `qv n e 3. K `ªxq I cöv `wkk AvBb mfv Ges wbe vwpz cöwzôvbmg~ n msl vjny `i Rb Dchy³ msl K cöwzwbwai e e v _vk e 4. K `ªxq AvBb mfvq gymjgvb `i Rb GK-Z Zxqvsk Avmb msi Yi e e v Ki Z n e 5. mv cö`vwqk Mvôx wji cöwzwbwaz ez gv bi gzb c _K wbe vp bi gva g n e Z e h Kvb mgq h Kvb m cª`v qi hš_ wbe vpb e e v MÖn Yi AwaKvi _vk e 6. fwel Z evsjv, cväve I DËicwðg mxgvš cö ` ki mxgv cwiez bi cö qvrb n j, Zv Ggbfv e Ki Z n e hv Z gymjgvb `i msl vmwiôzv ervq _v K 7. mkj m cö`v qi ag cvj bi c~y ^vaxbzv w` Z n e 8. K `ªxq ev cöv `wkk AvBb mfvq Kvb m cö`v qi wzb PZz_ vsk m`m Kvb wej, cö ve ev Zvi Ask we k li we ivwazv Ki j Zv cöz vnvi Ki Z n e 9. wmüz K ev ^vb cö `k _ K c _K K i Avjv`v cö `k Ki Z n e 10. DËi-cwðg mxgvš cö `k I ejywp v b Ab vb cö ` ki gz kvmb ms vi Ki Z n e hvezxq mikvwi I vbxq ms vmg~ n Kg Pvix wb qv Mi Î gymjgvb `i Rb h_v hvm Avmb msi Yi e e v ivl Z n e 12. gymjgvb `i ag ms wz I e w³mz AvBb msi Y Ges wk v, ms wzi, e w³mz AvBb I `vze cöwzôvbmg~ ni Dbœq bi e e v Ki Z n e 13. K `ª I cöv `wkk gwš mfvq GK-Z Zxqvsk m`m gymjgvb `i ga _ K wb qvm Ki Z n e 14. cöv `wkk AvBb mfvi m wz Qvov K `ªxq AvBb mfv msweav bi Kvb cwiez b Ki e bv wrbœvn PŠÏ `dv `vwe DÌvcb m Z I gymwjg ivr bwzk bz e `i g a HK vwcz nqwb b ni wi cvu MÖnY I er bi cö kœ Zv `i g a gzv bk Zxeª n q D VwQj 1929 mv j RyjvB gv m RvZxqZvev`xiv ÔÔb vkbvwj gymwjg cvwu -Ó bv g GKwU bzzb ivr bwzk `j MVb K iwq jb Z e GB `jwu msmwvz nevi c~ e B Gi wejywß N UwQj w`j xi gymwjg cö ve MÖn Yi ga w` q Ks MÖm I gymwjg jx Mi g a hš_fv e KvR Kivi h cwi ek m wó n qwqj, bn&i wi cvu K K `ª K i mb cwi ek ervq _vkj bv Gici _ K fvize l wn `y gymjgv bi ivrbxwz `ywu ^Zš avivq cöevwnz n q Q MvÜxRx fvize l i ^vqz kvm bi cwie Z c~y ^vaxbzvi `vwe Z AvBb Agvb Av `vj bi WvK `b 1930 mv ji gvp gv m AvBb Agvb Av `vjb ïi nq mikvi AvBb Agvb Av `vjb K gvkv ejv Kivi Rb `gbbxwz MÖnY K ib mikvi gnvív MvÜx, RInijvj b ni, myfvlp `ª emy cögyl bzv `imn mviv ` k eû bzvkgx K MÖdZvi K i mikvwi wn me g Z lvu nvrvi Avi Ks MÖ mi wn m e cupvëi nvrvi AvBb Agvb Av `vjbkvix K MÖdZvi Kiv n qwqj D j L, gymwjg jxm AvBb Agvb Av `vjb K wn `y `i Av `vjb we epbv K i, GB Av `vj b Ask bqv _ K weiz _v K hv nvk, mvbgb Kwgk bi wi cvu wb q Avjvc Av jvpbv K i fvi Zi fwel r

24 msweavb ipbvi wel q 1930 mv ji b f ^i gv m e wuk mikvi jû b GK Mvj Uwej ˆeVK Avnevb K ib Ks MÖm GB ˆeVK eqku K i gymwjg jxm, wn `y gnvmfv, wkl jxm cöf wz ` ji bzv ˆeV K hvm `b GB ˆeV K gymwjg bzviv 1927 mv ji cö v ei wfwë Z hš_ wbe vpb g b wb q GKUv mg SvZvq DcwbZ n Z Póv K ib wkš gnvmfv I wkl jxm bzviv evsjv I cväv e gymjgvb `i Rb msl vmwiô Avmb msi Yi we ivwazv K ib Zv `i we ivwazvi Kvi YB g~jz ˆeV K Kvb HK gz cöwzwôz nqwb 1930 mv j e wuk mikv ii mv _ ivr bwzk `j jvi Av jvpbv e _ nevi ci me fvizxq ivrbxwz Z APj Ae vi m wó n jv, ZLb mš vmev`x `i ZrciZv cybivq e w cvq Kbbv wbqgzvwš K ivrbxwz hlv b wei, mš vm mlv b cvq MwZ G mgq evsjv ` k cybivq mš vmev`xiv mwµq n q D Vb Z e GZw`b wec ex `i Kvh µg g~jz A msmön, evgv nvgjv, WvKvwZ, ß nz v, jyúb BZ vw` bvmkzvg~jk Kv Ri g a mxgve wqj ZLb G jv Av`k wec ex KvR e j we ewpz nz Gevi wec exiv Bs ir mikv ii mv _ cöz msmöv g AeZxY nb gvóvi`v m~h m bi bz Z 1930 mv ji 18 GwcÖj PUªMÖv gi A vmvi jyúy Kiv nq wec ex `i D Ïk wqj nvvr Avµgb K i cökvmb K wekj K i w` q Aíw` bi Rb n ji GKwU wec ex mikvi cöwzôv Kiv wec exiv PUªMÖv g ^vaxbzvi czvkv D Ëvjb K i, wkš Zv `i GB werq wqj ^í vqx PUªMÖv g wec ex ì Kg KvÛ msmwvz n qwqj Abykxjb mwgwz I hymvš i mwgwzi m`m `i mwnsm Kvh µ gi avivevwnkzvq ÔÔPUªMÖvg wec ei bvq m~h Kvš mb Ii d m~h m bi evox wqj PUªMÖvg Rjvi bvqvcvov MÖv g c~e e ½i gymwjg ^v _ i cwicš x e½f½ i` Av `vj bi j MwVZ hymvš i bvg mš vmx ` ji wzwb GKRb bzv wq jb m~h mb m ú K köx my cökvk ivq Zuvi Ôwe `ªvnx fvizõ eb Z wj L Qb, Ò1923 mv j wec ex `i Øviv Avmvg e½j ij Kv vbxi UvKv jywúz nevi ci m~h mb I Zvi K qkrb mnkgx AvÍ Mvcb K ib Ó wkš wkqy w` bi g a B Zviv D³ WvKvwZ m ú K MÖdZvi n q gvgjvi wepv i cögvy vfv e gyw³ jvf K ib gyw³i ci wzwb Avevi AvÍ Mvcb K ib köxgwz Kz ` cöfv mb Zvi Kviv wz eb Z wj L Qb-ÔÔew¼g, wkevrx, köx Aiwe ` Nv li gzv` k i Abymvix wq jb m~h mb Zuvi k vmvb wqj e `gvzig Ó e `gvzig k vmv bi mv _ Kvb mr gymjgv bi m ú ³Zv wk Kv bvw`b wqj? BwZnvm ej Q e `gvzig k vmv bi Rš n qwqj ag vü wn `y RvZxqZvev` _ K Ó 15 mš vmev`x Kvh Kjvc wqj e wuk we ivax G Z Kvb m `n bb, wkš Zv `i RvZxqZvev`x a vb-aviyv ag wbi c wqj bv, Zviv wn `y RvZxqZvev ` wek vmx mš vmvev`x `i D Ïk m ú K fvi Zi wel vz Kgy wb bzv Kg iw gvrddi Avng `i Dw³ Òevsjv ` ki mš vmev`x Av `vj bi D Ïk wqj, wn `y ivr Z i cybtcöwzôv Ó16 mš vmev`xiv gymjgvb `i K Zv `i D Ïk nvwm ji c _ evav g b KiZ G cöm ½ me fvizxq Ks MÖm mfvcwz gvijvbv Aveyj Kvjvg AvRv` e jb, ÔÔmZ ej Z wk wec eev`x `jmg~n ZLb gymwjg we ivax ZrciZvq wjß wqj...wec eev`xiv gymjgvb `i fvi Zi ^vaxbzvi c _ KuvUv ^iƒc fve Z ïi K i myzivs G c _i Ab `k KuvUvi g Zv G KuvUv KI mg~ j Dc o dj Z n e e j Zuviv w i K i wbj Ó 17 fvi Zi ^vaxbzv Av `vj bi bv g wn `y RvZxqZvev ` wek vmx mš vmev`xiv e wu ki wei mš v mi c_ e Q wb qwqj hviv mš vmev`x `i fvev`k wn `y RvZxqZvev ` wek vmx, hviv ivrbxwz Z mwnsmzv, fq-fxwz m wó BZ vw` bxwz Z wek vmx, Zv `i Kv Q mš vmev`xiv exi wn m e MY n eb, GUvB ^vfvwek wkš RvZxqZvev`x PZbvi cv_ K i Kvi Y, A_ vr hviv wn `y RvZxqZvev ` wek vm K i bv, Zviv hw` G `i K wb q Me eva bv K ib, Zv gv UB A ^vfvwek bq ^ `kx I mš vmev`x Av `vj b evovwj gymjgvb Ask MÖnY K i wb ÒA_P weªwuk we ivax GB mwnsm msmövg evovwji RvZxqZvev`x Av `vj bi BwZnv m GK MŠi ev¾ j Aa vq evovwji BwZnv m cö_gev ii g Zv ` ki ^vaxbzvi Rb giyrqx RvZxq exiiv ^ `kx Av `vj bi mg q Avwef ~Z n qwq jb wkš evovwji BwZnv mi Uªv RwW zw`ivg, m~h mb, Abš wmsn, jvkbv_ ej, Zvi Kk i `w `vi, webq-ev`j-`x bk, cöxwzjzv, Kíbv cögyl h- `kwui ^vaxbzvi Rb mk msmövg I cövy DrmM K iwq jb Zv - 23 evsjv `k bq, fviz Ó 18 e Zt agx q RvZxqZvev`x PZbvMZ cv_ K i Kvi Y wn `y gymjgv bi wgwjz RvZxqZvev` wksev `k I fvlvwfwëk evovwj RvZxqZvev` PZbv, Zv `i Av `vj b wqj Abycw Z mš vmev`x `i Kvh Kjv ci cöwz wbqgzvwš K Av `vj b wek vmx ivr bwzk `jmg~ ni mg_ b wqj bv GQvov mš vmev`x `i wn `y RvZxqZvev`x fvev` k i Kvi Y Zv `i Kvh µ gi cöwz AvMv MvovB gymjgvb `i Kvb mg_ b wqj bv Gid j evsjvi msl vmwiô gvby li mg_ b mš vmev`xiv jvf Ki Z cv iwb GRb e wuk mikvi mš vmev`x `i mn RB `gb Ki Z m g n qwqj \mvz\ PÎ msl v 1930 mv ji 30 ww m ^i Gjvnvev ` AbywôZ gymwjg jx Mi evrmwik Awa ek b Wt Kwe gyn ` BKevj GB Dcgnv ` k e wuk KgbI qj _i fz i A_ev evb i GKwU gymwjg ivó«mv bi cö ve K ib GK mgq hvi gy L D PvwiZ n qwqj, ÔÔmviv Rvnvb m Av Qv wn `y vb nvgvivõõ ZvuiB gy L D PvwiZ n jv gymjgvb `i Rb c _K ivó«cöwzôvi cö ve ga hy M A_ vr gymwjg Avg j wn `y vb ej Z fvizel K evsvb nz µ g wn `y kãwu fš MvwjK cwip qi mv _ agx q cwipq aviy K i, wn `y RvwZ ev m úö`v q cwiyz nq AvaywbK hy M A_ vr Bs ir Avg j wn `y RvZxqZvev `i wekvk N U G mgq wn `y RvZxqZvev`xiv wn `y ag vej ^x `i GKwU ^Zš RvwZ wn m e Zz j a ib Ges Gi wecix Z gymjgvb `i g a gymwjg RvZxqZvev`x aviyvi wekvk N U G m ú K myiwrr `vm ß wj L Qb, ÔÔfvi Zi AwaKvsk gvbyl wn `yrvwzi Aš f ³ I wkqy gvbyl c _K RvwZi Aš f ~³, GgZve vq hv `i K c _K RvwZ e j wn `y RvwZaviYvi evb i `uvo Kwi q ivlv n jv Zv `i mvg b Kvb& c_ Lvjv wqj? Kx e j Zviv AvÍcwiPq w`z? h A _ wn `yiv ^ `kx m-a _ Zviv ^ `kx bqt h A _ Bs iriv we `wk m A _ Zviv we `wk bq Zvn j Zviv KZw`b IBiKg AvÍcwiPqnxb Ae v Z wn `y RvwZ Kíbvi evb i fvize l i gvwu Z `uvwo q _vkz? wn `y RvZxqZvev`xiv

25 huv `i K c _K K i w` qwq jb Zuv `i g a e nëi Ask wqj Bmjvg ag vej ^x AZtci Awbevh fv e Bmjvg ag vej ^x fvizxqiv wb R `i GKUv c _K RvwZ e j Kíbv Ki Z ïi K i wn `y RvwZZË ev`xiv GKgvÎ ag KB RvwZi wfwë wn m e we epbv K i Qb, wkš fvize l i gymwjg RvwZZË ev`xiv a g i m ½ f Mvj KI hvm K i Qb, Zuviv e j Qb h fvize l i fš MvwjK Awfe w³i g a emevmkvix gymwjgiv GK ^Zš RvwZ Ges c i GB wfwë Z ^Zš iv ó«i `vwe DÌvwcZ nq hyw³ w` q NUbvi ci úiv wepvi Ki j cvwk vb m wói cq b fvizxq gymwjg `i Ae`vb c i hvwrz nq, Kbbv cvwk v bi cö_g wfwë iwpz nq wkw Z ga weë `i wn `y RvZxqZvev ` A ^vfvwek wµqvi A ^vfvwek cöwzwµqvb Awbevh Ges A ^vfvwek wµqv-cöwzwµqvi mø env i my hvm-müvbx Bs iriv Î wu iv Lwb Ó mv j Mfb i Rbv ij jw AviDBb (Irwin) I MvÜxRxi g a GK Av cvm Pzw³ ^v wiz nq MvÜxRx AvBb Agvb Av `vjb cöz vnvi K i bb m eqi m Þ ^i gv m jû b wøzxq Mvj Uwej ˆeVKI mv úö`vwqk cöwzwbwa Z i cö kœ e _ n q hvq MYZš n jv msl vmwi ôi kvmb, fvize l msl vmwi ôi kvmb gv bb n jv wn `y ag vej ^x `i kvmb G Î gymjgvb `i c _K wbe vp bi cwie Z hš_ wbe vpb e e vq AvBb mfv Z gymjgvb `i Rb Avmb msi Yi `vex Kiv n q Q gymjgvb `i GB `vex hlb D cw Z n jv, ^vfvwek fv eb gymwjg bz e ` ZLb gymjgvb `i Rb c _K ivó«cöwzôvq Drmvnx n q Qb Ges gymwjg RvZxqZvev`x PZbv µ gb cöej n q D V Q evsjvi gymjgvbiv gymwjg RvZxqZvev `i mb Rvqv i wb R `i RvwZmËv K fvwm q w` q Qb gzvi Rb B ivrbxwz, wkš mb gzv cvevi my hvmb hw` bv _v K Zvn j wk mi ivrbxwz? Bs ir we`v qi ci wn `y msl vmwiô ^vaxb fvi Z gymjgvb `i ivr bwzk AwaKvi I gzv jv fi my hvm KZUv _vk e mb cökœb kl ch š gyl n q D VwQj fvize l RvZxqZvev`x Av `vj bi Î wn `ygymjgv bi mgm v RvZxqZvev`x PZbv K `ye j K i d jwqj ÔÔ...fvi Zi RvZxq Ks MÖ mi A bk RvZxqZvev`x bzv hiƒc mv úª`vwqk gvbwmkzvi D DV Z cv ibwb, Zgwb cv ibwb Kvb Kvb gymwjg bzv gymwjg mv úª`vwqkzvev `i D DV Z Ae vwu wqj RvZxqZvev`x `i c Pig M vwbki; Pig civr qi Ó 20 Z_ I m~î wb ` k t 1 K.Gg. ivbqdwïb Lvb, evsjv `k BwZnvm cwiµgv, c ôv-650, (1993, Lvb eªv`vm G vû Kv úvbx, XvKv 2 PŠayix LvwjKz¾guv, cv_i q Uz cvwk vb, (1961, jsg vbm MÖxb, jv nvi), c ôv-43 D Z : ˆk jkkzgvi e `vcva vq,wrbœv: cvwk vb bzzb fvebv, c ôv-30, (wgî I Nvl cvewjmvm, KjKvZv) 3 Wt gyn ` Ave`yi iwng, Wt Ave`yj gwgb PŠayix, Wt G.we.Gg gvngy`, Wt wmivryj Bmjvg, evsjv ` ki BwZnvm, c ôv-477, XvKv 4 Wt câvbb mvnv, wn `y-gymjgvb m úk t bzzb fvebv, c ôv-193, (wek ex v, KjKvZv) 5 Wt câvbb mvnv, c~ e v³, c ôv Aveyj gbmyi Avng` Avgvi `Lv ivrbxwzi câvk eqi (wøzxq LÛ) c ôv- 27, (1989, m Rb cökvkbx wjwg UW, XvKv) 7. Wt câvbb mvnv, wn `y-gymjgvb m úk t bzzb fvebv, c ôv D wz wp ýi fzi -AvZvDi ingvb I jwjb AvRv`-fvlv Av `vjb, A_ bwzk cuf wg, c ôv-86-87, (BDwbfvwm wu cöm, XvKv) 8. kixd Avj gyrvwn`, Kv q`-b-avrg wrbœvn-bûvwwm Bb BbUviwcÖ Ukb, Kv q`-b-avrg GKv Wgx, KivPx, 1981 D Z: ˆk jkkzgvi e `vcva vq, wrbœv: cvwk vb bzzb fvebv, c ôv-48, (wgî I Nvl cvewjmvm, KjKvZv) 9. ˆk jkkzgvi e `vcva vq, c~ e v³, c ôv ivg Mvcvj, BwÛqvb gymwjgm, c ôv- 201, (Gwkqv cvewjwks nvdr, ev ^vb) D Z: ˆk jkkzgvi e `vcva vq, c~ e v³-c ôv iv R `ªcÖmv`, BwÛqv wwfvb WW, c ôv-130, (wn `& wkzvem& ev ^vb D Z: ˆk jkkzgvi e `vcva vq, c~ e v³-c ôv PŠayix LvwjKz¾vgvu, cv_i q Uz cvwk vb, (1961, jsg vbm MÖxb, jv nvi), c ôv-94 D Z: ˆk jkkzgvi e `vcva vq, c~ e v³, c ôv ivg Mvcvj, BwÛqvb gymwjgm, c ôv- 204 D Z : ˆk jkkzgvi e `vcva vq, c~ e v³, c ôv kvn& gvnv ` byi j Bmjvg, Òwe Z- _ K ez gvbó, ˆ`wbK BbwKjve, werq msl v, 10 Rvbyqvwi, 1997 XvKv 15. Avwidzj nk, ÒwgwWqv AvMÖvm bi Ke j AvgivÓ, ˆ`wbK BbwKjve, 10 Rvbyqvwi, 1997 XvKv 16. D Z: Ievq`yj nk mikvi, ÒbvUK wbqk bvuk bqó, ˆ`wbK BbwKjve, 20 ww m ^i, gvijvbv Aveyj Kvjvg AvRv`, fviz hlb ^vaxb nw Q jv, c ôv-30 D Z: Ievq`yj nk mikvi, c~ e v³ 18. Be b AvRv`, ÒevOvwj RvZxqZvev `i fwel ró, gynv ` Rvnv½xi m úªw`z, RvZxqZvev` wezk, (1987, BDwbfvwm wu cöm wjwg UW, XvKv), c ôv myiwrr `vm ß, fvizel I Bmjvg, c ôv , (1991, ww,gg, jvb eªix, KjKvZv) 20. Lv `Kvi gvnv ` Bwjqvm, gywreev`, c ôv-529, (mvg cökvkbx, XvKv)

26 gxr v AvwRRv B`&wi mi ÔAvgvi Rxeb K_vÕ ˆmq` wrqvdj nk RbvwšK _ K cökvwkz n q Q AvwZKv ekzj Lvbg Gi AbywjL b wgr v AvwRRv B`&wi mi Avgvi Rxeb K_v wgr v AvwRRv B`&wim G ` ki cöl vz cömwzkxj mvsevw`k KvRx gvnv ` B`&wim Gi x Z e wzwb Zuvi mviv Rxe bi Kg Øviv wb Ri cwipq ØvivB G ` ki gvby li Kv Q m v bi cvîx n q Av Qb QqwU mšvb wb q Zuv `i cwieviwui Kv Q G ` ki MYZvwšK I cömwzkxj Av `vj b RwoZ bzv I Kgx iv h KZUv FYx Zv e j kl Kiv hv e bv mvsevw`kzvi RM Z KvRx gvnv ` B`&wim GKwU wkse`šxzzj bvg wzwb 1927 mv j KvigvB Kj K jr _ K øvzk cv ki ci wkqyw`b mikvix PvKzix K i c i P j Av mb mvsevw`k RM Z mvsevw`k wn m e wzwb ˆ`wbK K lk, behym, wgj vz, B Ënv`, ˆ`wbK Bbmvd, ayg KZz, hymevyx, ce `k I msev` cwîkvq KvR K ib mvg ev `i Av` k wek vmx KvRx B`&wim wq jb mkj evgcš x bzv Kgx i GKRb AwffveK Ges Zuvi cwievi wqj Zv `i GKUv AvkÖq j 1940 mv j wzwb weevn K ib AvwRRv B`&wim K AvwRRv cövwzôvwbk wk vi w`k _ K Aí wkw Z n ji mgvrzš I mvg ev `i Av`k K G Kev i m úb fv e AvÍ Ki Z c iwq jb Zuvi GB wpšv I gbb MV b cö_g Rxe b Zuvi gv Ges ciezx Rxe b ^vgxi cöiyvi K_v Zuvi eb q wzwb D j L K i Qb Zuv `i evmvq cv qi ajv c owb Ggb Kvb cömwzkxj I evgcš x bzv wq jb bv hlb ZLb, mg q Amg q GmKj bzviv Avm Zb Zuv `i evmvq Mvcb mfv Kiv ev LvIqv `viqv Kivi Rb AvwRRv B`&wim nvwm gy L mkj Sw Sv gjv mn Ki Zb G cöm ½ wzwb D j L K i Qb, Òwb ew`z cövy KwgDwb Kgx `i K Lye wbku _ K `Levi, Zuv `i fvebv jvi mv _ cwiwpz nevi my hvm Avgvi n q Q Gu `i mvwbœa K Avwg Avgvi mšfvm e j g b K iwq G `i AvwZ _qzv Kiv K Avwg cweî eªz g b K iwq Ó KvRx B`&wi mi cwievi 1947 mv ji Av M 10 eqi wq jb KvjKvZvq Zuv `i KvjKvZvi evmvi wqj Kwe, mvwnwz K, ivrbxwzwe` `i wgjb vb Zuv `i evmvq hviv Avm Zb Zuv `i g a AvwRRv B`&wim hv `i bvg D j L K i Qb Zv `i g a Kíbv hvkx, MxZv gylvwr, Mvjvg KzÏym, Mvcvj nvj`vi, ew¼g gylvwr, Kwe mykvš, i gb wgî, Bjv wgî, ûgvqyb Kwei cögyl Ab Zg AvwRRv B`&wim fviz wefvmce Ges 1947 mv ji ci msnwuz mv úö`vwqk `v½vi K_v D j L K i Qb G me `v½vi g a 1946 mv ji AvMó gv mi `v½v wqj me P q gvivík 1946 mv ji 16 AvM gynv ` Avjx wrbœvn cvwk vb `vexi mg_ b WvB i± A vkkb W ev cöz msmªvg w`em NvlYv K ib mw`b we Kj _ KB j M hvq i³ qx `v½v nv mb knx` mvniviqv`x wq jb ZLb evsjvi gyl gšx AvwRRv B`&wim `v½v cökg b nv mb knx` mvniiviqv`x i f wgkvi K_v D j L K i Qb Ges ZrKvjxb cwîkvq mvniviqv` xi f wgkvi cöksmv Kiv nq e ji Zuvi eb q wj L Qb wkš BwZnvm ch v jvpbvq GK_v ejv hvq h, mvniviqv`x H `v½vi `vq-`vwqz - 25 Gov Z cv ib bv wrbœvn bvwrgdwïb P µi WvB i± A vkkb W-i gj D Ïk wqj gymjxg jx Mi ckx kw³ cö`k b Kiv GgbwK H w`b KvjKvZvq AbywôZ Rbmfvq bvwrgdwïb NvlYv K iwq jb h, gymwjg jx Mi WvB i± A vkkb Bs ir `i wei bq, wn `y `i wei mvniviqv`x AvRxeb wrbœvn I bvwrgdwï bi c wbj ¾ `vjvjx K i Qb Zv `i K Lykx Kivi Rb mvniviqv`x H w`b mviv evsjv ` k mikvix QywU NvlYv K ib GUv wqj `v½vi mc D vbxi kvwgj 1940 mv ji jv nvi cö v e fvi Zi ce I cwðg cöv š gymjgvb msl vmwiô AÂj wb q GKvwaK ivó«mv bi K_v ejv n q Q mb cö v e cvwk vb kãwu ch š wqj bv A_P wrbœvni Pµv ši mn hvmx n q mvniviqv`x jv nvi cö v ei ms kvabx G b ÔStateÕ kã emvb mvniviqv`x i G nb AvPiY h AgvR bxq Aciva 1971 mv ji NUbvi ga w` q Avgiv Zv jv Lv Rxeb w` q Dcjwä K iwq ev½vwj `i wei mvniviqv`x i MYwe ivax f wgkv cvwk vb cöwzôvi cii Ae vnz _v K AvwRRv B`&wi mi wzk_vq evqvbœi GKz ki cöm½ ^vfvwekfv eb G m Q KvRx B`wim GB Av `vj bi mc AvMv MvovB m ú ³ wq jb 21 k deªqvwi cywj ki wj Z iwd Ki gv_vi Lywj D o hvq wzwb mvsevw`k Avgvbyj nk K w` q gv_vi Lywj D o hviqv iwd K i Qwe Zv jb hv AvRI Avgiv ` L wkd i DwV `yt Li welq AvR nvrv iv Ôfvlv ˆmwbKÕ Gi fx o KvRx B`wi mi bvg KD DPviY K i bv 21 k deªqvwii ci Av `vj bi A bk

27 bz e ` MÖdZvi nb m mgq Mvc b Zuv `i evwo Z Avm Zb Ave`yj gwzb, MvwRDj nk, Awj Avnv` Gi gz fvlv Av `vj bi cö_g mvwii bz e ` AvwRRv B`&wi mi jlvq 1954 mv ji hy³d«ui wbe vpb, evievi cö ` k mikvi cwiez b, hy³d«u f ½ hviqv, KvMgvix m jb, AvIqvgxjxM f ½ b vc MVb BZ vw` cöm ½i D j L Av Q 1955 mv ji 7-10 deªqvwi ch š 4 w`b AbywôZ KvMgvix m j b AvwRRv B`&wim hvm`vb K iwq jb G _ K eysv hvq Zuvi i ³i m ½ ivrbxwz wg k wm qwqj 1966 mv j 6 `dv Av `vjb, AvMiZjvi lohš gvgjv I EbmË ii MYAv `vj bi c_ e q ïi nq GKvË ii ^vaxbzv hy Avi G hy PjvKv j KvRx B`wi mi cwievi h KZUv wec`rbk Ae vq wqj Zv mn RB Aby gq Zuv `i cwiev ii mk j Kvb bv Kvb fv e gyw³hy mvwgj wq jb gyw³hy PjvKv j Zuv `i GK g q Wvt Zvgvbœvi we q nq 23 Ryb we qi ciw`bb ^vgxmn wzwb iiqvbv nb gyw³hy hvm w` Z G cöm ½ Avi GKRb bvixi K_v D j L Ki Z nq wzwb wewkó brijmxwz wkíx kvnx` mvgv` wzwbi GKvËi mv j we qi iv ZB ^vgxmn cvwj q hvb gyw³hy hvm `qvi D Ï k Avgvi Kv Q G `i K g b nq Ghy Mi cöxwzjzv AvwRRv B`&wim Zuvi wzpviyvq cvwk vbx evwnbxi ee izvi A bk NUbv D j L K i Qb m m ½ D j L K i Qb hy PjvKv j wzwb, emg mywdqv Kvgvj Ges cö dmi wmqvmywïb (GKvË i knx`) wkfv e gyw³ hv v `i mvnvh K i Qb m K_v gyw³hy Kv j AvjZvd gvngy`, knx`yj vn Kvqmvi, Aa vck wmqvmywïb cögy Li g Zz Zuvi g b Mfxi ilvcvz K i Zviv mk jb wq jb KvRx B`wi mi cwiev ii m` m i gz dir Kgy wb m švl ß K KvRx B`wi mi evmvq M n wk K wn m e wbhy³ Kiv nq wzwb wq jb mb cwiev ii mšvb `i gv vi gkvb ÔweÁvb ms wz cwil`õ msmv bi m ½ hy³ _vkvi Kvi Y AvwgI m švl ßi m ½ Nwbó wqjvg GK mg qi Zz Lvo evgcš x m švl ßi kl Rxe bi K qk eq ii jlv AZ š nzvkve ÄK g Zz i K qk eqi c e XvKv wek we` vj qi AvaywbK fvlv Bbw wud U h w`b wzwb wøzxq wek hy i aÿsmh Ái Rb wnujvi Ges vwjb K mgvbfv e Acivax ej jb mw`b _ K Zuvi m ½ Avi hvmv hvm ivwlwb kl `Lv `wl Zuv K g Zz i ci m K_v g b n j AvRI Kó cvb ÔAvgvi Rxeb K_vÕ G ` ki ivrbxwzi lvu eq ii GK Rxeš PvjwPÎ wgr v AvwRRv B`&wim GB lvu eq ii BwZnv mi ïay cöz `kx bb, Gi cöwzwu NUbvi mnhvîx Ggb msmövgx bvix Avgv `i mgv R weij Zey ïay Zuvi Dcw wzb Avgv `i Kv Q GK weivu cöiyv GB gwnqmx bvix K jv Lv mvjvg KvRx B`wi mi cwiev ii AZ š Nwbó wq jb m švl ß 1956 mv j Rj - 26

28 Ny P hvk me Ašivj Rvnvbviv AviRy GZUzKz euvav, GZUzKz Avovj ivle bv AvR, K_v w` jg, G mv ewm `uv n wbweo KvQvKvwQ, A bk Zv n jv jy KvPzwi, ˆK kv ii KvbvgvwQ Ljv Gevi mv½ n e `L Kx wecyj KviKvR ` ni fuv R fuv R, gnvdrme euvwk evrvq- ` ni B `ªRv j ci Z ci Z Kx Ljv Rv M, Aa i Mvjvc dvuvi gë bkv jv M, Drme gyli ivwî G Kvbevmi mvrvq! G mvbv Av iv Kv Q cövy f i ` L bb Avevi IB h eo AvikxUvq wew ^Z Avgiv `yõrb- KZ Pbv IB PvL gyl, Zey meb bzzb ` L ` L mva g U bv G A kl `Lvi! jmœ hw` G m _v K Ny P hvk me Ašivj `yõr b `yõr bi ey K euvp ev h AbšKvj! G Kgb eu P _vkv L `Kvi Ave`yj vn& Avj kixd GLb Avgvi evm ^cœ Avi ^cœf ½i mi we `yi g a fvm me mgq cöwzc n q hvq `ye j fvjevmv jv Rxe b nvbv `q AvZZvqxi gz hv nevi bq ZvB n q hvq wbqwz V j wb q hvq Rxe bi kl cöv š mlvb _ K wd i Avmevi Rb hzuzkz fvjevmvi cö qvrb Zv-Kx mwâz Av Q G nƒ` q! Zzwg fvj bv evm jb eys Z cvwi fvjevmv Kx Zzwg Kv Q bv Uvb jb Abyfe Kwi Pz ^ Ki AvKl Y Kx G Kgb Rxeb! G Kgb fvjevmv! G Kgb eu P _vkv! - 27

29 Mix ei cv k `uvov bv AvwQ Avjx Avn& g` Avgvi `yb nv Z `yb we li euvkx Ab vq iv a duvmxi g  D V AvwgI nvwm-nvwm Avi nvwm hgb nvm& Qb, zwaivg, bvbv fvb, wzzzgxi Avi Suvmx wbtk ã MvB Mvb-gvbe gyw³i Mvb-i vq wbh vzx Zi m vb Mv bi Zv o, Mv bi S¼v i abyi AvNv Z cökw úz RR wiz kvl Ki cvlvb cövy-awbe vi euvkxi my i, ivwmyxi ú k RbZvi zägb b P DVyK fxlg So e M Qy U PjyK Pviw`K mv Pvi Avwg `v š -Avwg fj Uqvi Avgvi `yb nv Z `yb we li euvkx, Ab vq iv a wek mvnmx- `ye ji cv k `uvwo q Avwg MvB gyw³i Rq Mvb Avwg PvB bxwznxb gvby li ` kw³i Aemvb; hgb P q Qb, M q Qb bri j, mykvš, bjmb DBbx g Ûjv, cv ejv bi `v Avi wmwrävi mgv b mgvb Avgvi evukx Z IV Q myi, IV Q S¼uvi, cöwzkö Z RbZvi cv k-`uvov bv Avwg, euvkx nv Z AvgiY û¼uvi - 28

30 K qkwu fvbivm gvbe ` ni hk r ev wjfv i cö`vn m wói Rb `vqx G jv n Q G, we, wm, ww Ges B cwimsl v b `Lv M Q, ` ki cövß eq `i g a 80 _ K 90 kzvsk e w³ Rxe bi Kv bv bv Kv bv mg q G Ges B fvbiv m Avµvš n Qb GB gyn Z Gm.Gd.wW ^v evz v Hepatitis fvbivj ncvuvbwum ev RwÛm ` ki cövq 8 kzvsk e w³i ` n we fvbiv mi RxevYy i q Q eqtcövß cövq 1 kzvsk e w³i ` n i q Q ncvuvbwum wm fvbivm Avi G fvbivm ewk nvbv w` Q wkï `i ` n we k G fvbivm GBWm-Gi fvbivm _ K 100 Y ewk - 29 ncvuvbwum Kx? RwÛm I ncvuvbwum m ú K wkqy K_v ncvuvbwum n Q wjfv ii cö`vn RwÛm n Q A bk wjfvi iv Mi GKwU j YgvÎ mpivpi h Kvi Y RwÛm `Lv `q Zv n Q fvbivj ncvuvbwum G Qvov wcë_wj ev wcëbvjx Z cv_i

31 ev K vývi _ KI RwÛm n Z cv i Kv bv A ^vfvwek Kvi Y i ³i jvwnz KwYKv jv `ªZ f O h Z _vk ji RwÛm nq Kvb ncvuvbwum fvbivm wkfv e Qovq? ncvuvbwum G Ges fvbivm GKBfv e Qovq ˆPÎ-ˆekvL gv m A_ vr MÖx Kv j ev eb vi ci weï cvwbi AcÖZzjZv _v K Avµvš ivmxi gjgî Lvev ii cvwb Z msµwgz n q G jv Qov Z cv i Ab w` K ncvuvbwum we Ges wm fvbivm Qovevi aib GK ikg hgb-msµwgz i³ mâvjb, msµwgz B ÄKk bi myp I wmwiä e envi, Avµvš gv qi _ K Mf mšv bi, ivmxi gy Li jvjv, exh ev hšbim, kix ii h Kv bv wbm Z im _ K Giv msµwgz n Z cv i Z e gkvi Kvg o fvbivm jv Qovevi Kv bv mywbw` ó cögvy bb ncvuvbwum fvbivm Avµvš ivmxi cwiywz Kx? Avm j we I wm fvbivm Avµvš RwÛm n Q RwUj Z e we fvbivm Avµvš ivmx `i 80 _ K 90 kzvsk m úy my n q hvb 10 _ K 20 kzvs ki Î fvbivmwu kix i _ K h Z cv i ZLb G `i KvRB n Q wjfvi Kvl jv K bó Ki Z _vkv G `i g a Avevi 1-2 kzvsk ivmx RwÛm _ K Zvr wykfv e gviv h Z cv ib GB Ae vwu K e j dvjwg b U ncvwuk dbjy i 8 _ K 18 kzvs ki ` n we I wm fvbivm eske w Ki Z _v K G `i GKwU Ask 2 _ K 4 eq ii g a wjfvi wm ivwmm Ges wjfvi K výv i Avµvš nb, hvi cwiyvg n Q g Zz KD KD we Ges wm fvbivm mviv RxebB e q eovb Giv mgv R I cwiev i ivmwu Qov Z _v Kb A_P wb R ewk wzmö nb bv ` k fvbivm wby qi e e v Av Q wk? G, we, wm fvbivm wby qi e e v i q Q Z e B fvbivm wby qi e e v bb, hv cvk ezx A bk ` kb Av Q wkš cöpwjz A eávwbk AcwPwKrmv, KweivRx, nvwgic vw_, M y Kv Ri cvwb, Wv ei cvwb, Av Li im, cvzvi im, Mjvq gvjv `qv, dwk ii iwk, bv K Pzb, Svo fvo-duyk BZ vw` cix v-wbix v K i G jvi YMZ gvb cögvwyz nqwb wpwkrmv Ges Lvevi ivmx K wekövg w` Z n e wpwkrmkb wba viy Ki eb weköv gi gvîv Gme ivmxi Ggwb ZB zav g `v ewgewg fve, K vwški Ae v _v K A bk gv- evb njy` w` q Lvevi w` Z Pvb bv A_P G mgq ivmxi iwp Abyhvqx njy` gwip jeymn hv M ^vfvwek ivbœv Kiv Lvevi L Z `qv DwPZ g b ivl eb ivmx hz L Z cvi e ZZB `ªZ Zvi wjfv ii DbœwZ n e ncvuvbwum fvbivmrwbz ivm _ K euvp Z n jhîzî cvwb cvb Kiv eb bv Lvjv Lvevi Lv eb bv Lvevi cvwb AšZ 30 wgwbu a i UMeM K i dzwu q VvÛv K i Z eb Lv eb Zv Z K i me fvbivm aÿsm nq Z e K vwi bkb ev cvwb weïw KiY ewo Z GBme fvbivm aÿsm - 30 nq bv MÖv gm Ä wudei q ji cvwb Lv eb MÖv g cöwzwu evwo Z m vwbuvwi j vwuªb _vkv Riwi hlv b mlv b gjgî Z vm Ki eb bv Amy n j B ÄKkb `evi mgq wwm cv Rej wmwiä e envi Kib Zv m e bv n j Kuv Pi wmwiäwu 30 wgwbu dzuš cvwb Z dzwu q Z eb e envi Ki eb kix i i³ mâvj bi c e i ³i fvbiv mi cix v jv Kwi q b eb Avµvš ivmxi mv _ IVvemv, gjv gkv, LvIqv-`vIqv, Nwbó I e w³mz mvnp h Avmv wbivc` bq hw`i ÔwmÕ fvbiv mi wukv GLbI Avwe Z nqwb, ÔweÕ fvbiv mi wukv ` k mn RB cviqv hv Q wukv bqvi Av M Avcbvi i³ cix v Ki Z n e hw` GBPweGmGwR b MwUf nq, RwÛm ev wjfv ii Ab Kv bv AmyL bv _v K, Z e Avcwb wukv wb Z cvi eb Z e fvbivm i ³ Xz K M j Avgiv GLbI Amnvq KviY G Î wpwkrmv n Q wukv Ges A vw UewW mivg BwgD bv M vweiwjb `qv Hepatitis B ncvuvbwum we iv Mi wpwkrmv `xn gqv`x (µwbk) ncvuvbwum we-gi Kv bv wpwkrmv bb e j A b Ki aviyv G aviyv cvm Kiv AvaywbK Wv³v ii KvQ _ KI A b K c q _v Kb A bk ivmx K ej Z ï bwq Wv³vi mv ne e j Qb HBs-Ag-Positive GUv Zgb wkqy bv Ges GRb wkqy Kivi bb ev `ikvi bb wkš cök Zc Dc iv³ Dc `k jv Av `Š mwvk bq

32 µwbk ncvuvbwum we GKUv gvivík AmyL Avµvš ivmx `i fvm 20 eq ii g a wjfvi wm ivwm m Avµvš nq Avevi A bk wjfvi K vývi, wjfvi dwjdi, c U cvwb Rgv Ges i³ewgi gva g A b KB gyzz gy L cwzz nb ZvB GB AmyLwU K nvévfv e bqv DwPZ bq Dchy³ mg q wpwkrmv Ki j kzkiv fvm ( Î we k l 65 fvm ch š) jvk GB AmyL _ K gyw³ c Z cv i µwbk ncvuvbwum we Gi wpwkrmvi gyl D Ïk n Q, iv Mi µgwekvk K evavmö Kiv Ges Gi `xn gqv`x wzkvik w`k jv K eü A_ev gš i K i `qv Gi mwvk A_ nj ncvuvbwum we fvbivm K AKvh Ki Ae vq wdwi q Avbv, wjfv ii Z K m Y fvj Kiv ev Kwg q Avbv, wjfv i dvbeªvm wumy Rgvi cöwµqv K cöwznz K i wjfv ii wzkvik ivm jv VKv bv ez gv b DbœZ we k ek K qkuv Ilya ncvuvbwum we Gi wpwkrmvq e eüz n Q G jv n Q B Uvi dib, j vwgfzwwb, d vgmvb K vwfi, GwW dwfi ww cfvweªj, _vb gvwmb Avjdv BZ vw` Z e B Uvi dib Ges j vwgfvweªb GB `ybwu IlyaB `ywbqvry o e vckfv e e eüz n Q B Uvi dib B ÄKkb wnmv e ivmx K `qv nq ivmxi ivm cybwe k l Yi ci 4 gvm _ K 1 eqi ch š wvkgz Ilya cö qv M fvm ivmx ivmgy³ n Z cv ib B Uvi dib B ÄKk bi d j ek wkqy ivmx mvaviy Ae v _ K e vckfv e cvk cöwzwµqv Z fzm Z cv i Aí msl K ivmxi Î GUv mn bvi Ki Z cv i B Uvi dib B ÄKkbwU KLb Ges Kvb Î e envi Ki Z n e Zvi wek` we k ly ivmx K bv w` j wn Z wecixz n Z cv i, we kl K i hv `i wjfv ii Kvh gzv A bk K g G m Q MZ 4-5 ermi a i j vwgfzwwb bv gi ewowu wek evrv i ncvuvbwum we-gi wpwkrmvq e eüz n q Avm Q GB IlyawUi A bk myweav Av Q GUv gy L LvIqvi GKwU Ilya Ges B Uvi di bi P q A bk Kg `vgx cvk cöwzwµqvi B Uvi di bi P q A bk Kg, Z e m Y mgm v gy³ bq wvkfv e cö qvm Ki j 1 eq ii wpwkrmvq kzkiv fvm ivmx ivmgy³ n Z cv ib hw`i GKwU AwZwbw` ó köyxi ivmx `i `xn gqv`x (2-3 eqi) wpwkrmvi d j fvm ivmxi ivmgyw³i m vebv Av Q j vwgfzwwb e env ii Î myweavrbk welq nj, hme Î µwbk ncvuvbwum we Gi wpwkrmvq B Uvi dib e envi SuywKcY mme Î j vwgfzwwb e envi Kiv h Z cv i `xn w`b Ilya e env ii d j fvm ivmxi kix i fvbiv mi KvVv gvmz cwiez b nq, d j Ily ai Kvh gzvi jvc cvq ZvQvov Jla e Üi c i I PjvKvjxb wkqy ivmxi wjfvi dwjd ii Avk¼v `Lv `q B`vbxs cîcwîkvq j vwgfzwwb m ^ Ü ek wkqy Qv UvLv Uv cöwz e`b cökvk n q Q ev n Q cö ZKvix Kv vwb jvi djvi K i ïaygvî Jl ai fv jv w`k jv Zz j a i Q wzkvik w`k jv I Ace env ii mgm v jvi K_v D j L n Q bv d j mvaviy gvbyl GgbwK Wv³vi `i g a JlawU m ^ Ü åvš aviyv m wó n QB GB cwi cöw Z JlawUi Ace envii j Kiv hv Q PÎ msl v Z e Dwj wlz Jla `yõwu Avjv`v Avjv`v cö qvm bv K i GK Î cö qvm Kiv h Z cv i B`vbxs M elyvq `Lv hv Q h `ywu Jla GK Î e envi Ki j kzkiv 30 fvm ivmx ivmgy³ n Z cv i hv c _Kfv e 2wU Jl ai Kvh gzvi P q ewk Dc iv³ eûj cöpwjz GB Jla `ywub GLb wjfvi weklá `i gva g e vckfv e cö qvm n Q Z e c e i D j wlz Jla jv Qvov Ab jvi e envi AZ š mxgve Ges A bk Î m jv M elyvi ch v q Av Q g b ivl Z n e µwbk ncvuvbwum we Gi wpwkrmvi Rb Jla jvi A bk cvk cöwzwµqvi Av Q ZvQvov wpwkrmv hv Z Kvh Kix nq mrb cy v½ cö qvmwewa Rvb Z n e DbœZ `k jv Z GB Jla jv ïaygvî wjfvi we klá `i gva g e envi Kiv n Q me kl Avwg Rvbv Z PvB µwbk ncvuvbwum we GKwU gvivík AmyL Z e Avµvš gvby li f O covi Kv bv KviY bb ez gv b GB iv Mi Kvh Kix hme Ilya jv cviqv hv Q, mwvk I myôz Jla cö qv Mi gva g A bk ivmx Zv ZB ivmgy³ n Z cv i G jvcvzvwofv e GB Jla jvi e envi hv Z bv nq mw`k _ K Wv³vi, ivmx, Jla Kv vwb Ges m e vcwi mikv ii mswk ó KZ c i mzk ` wó w` Z n e - 31

33 Gm.Gd.wW iƒc ˆkjx { } gkv ci ïi Z fv jv K i gyl ay q cwi vi Kib Gici 5-10 wgwbu GKwU AvBm wkde N l wbb eid Nlvi ci Z K K VvÛv Ges ZvRv Ki Z ˆZjv³ Z K G vw ªb R U e envi Kib Ges hv `i Z K ï _ K ^vfvwe Ki g a Zviv Uvbvi e envi Kib gkv ci Av M IqvUvi ebrw& g qðvivbrvi e envi Kib el vkvj Avlvp gvm mvivw`b SzgSzg e wó el vfzz mevib wcöq el v hb MÖx i cölizvi k l cökvwši cik el vi Uvcyi Uzcyi kã gb K fxly fv e `vjv w` ji, Avgv `i Z K Avi Pzj hw` ZZLvwb mvov bv `q, Zv AevK n eb bv G mg q evzv m Rjxqev i cwigvy G Zv ekx e o hvq h, Z K Ges Pzj n q h Z cv i wpuwp U, m uvz mu Z, cövynxb Avi ï el vi AvMg b mkj eqmx m PZb g qiv Zv `i Z K I Pz ji D¾ jzv I PKP K `xwßgqzv wb q DwØMœ n q c ob hw`i MÖx i Zxeª `ve`vn _ K gyw³ `vb K i, Z_vwc el vkvj Avgv `i my I mej Z Ki cöwz GK ai bi P v jä Qz o `q GB el vq wkfv e Z K I Pz ji hzœ wb Z n e Ges gkv c, cvkvk evqvb q, Lvevi MÖn Yi Î Kvb e vcvi jv K iz w` eb Gmg wb q ej Qb wel vz iƒcpp v I mš `h we k lykvix KvwbR Avjgvm Lvbt w b Kqvit cöwzw`b `yõevi Z Ki aiy Abyhvqx wk bwrs, Uvwbs Ges g qðvivbwrs Ges mßv n `yõevi dwmqvj Œve w` q G dvwj qkb Kib Avjdv nvb Wªvw G vwmw (AHA) mg dm Iqvk Z K K me _ K ekx ZiZvRv K i, hw`i w` b GKev ii ekx e envi - 32 bv Ki jb fv jv nq cöwzevi gyl aviqvi ci Z Ki m~²iü«(pores) jv K eü Kivi Rb Ges Z Ki wcgbp (ph) e v jý K wvkvvk ivlvi Rb Uvwbs Kib Z Ki b vpvivj A qj K i v Kivi Póv Kib; GRb Gw U-dvsMvj A_ev cviwddgw& mvc e venvi bv K i wwc cvi w b wk brvi e envi Kib Avcbvi Z Ki mš ` h bzzb gvîv hvm Ki Z GB el vfzz ZI cöwzgv m GKevi K i dwmqvj Kib

34 KvwbR Avjgvm Lvb ^vfvwek _ K ï Z K mviv ivz `y ai mi Ges KvuPv njy` jvwm q ivl j Z K n e UvbUvb, ` p Kivi cvkvcvwk Z K cö qvrbxq g qðvivbrvi hvmv e Z K K ^v v¾ j ivl Z Avcwb cvukv cu cu A_ev cvukv Kjv PU K jvmv Z cv ib ˆZjv³ Z Ki Rb jeyi im, Pv ji ov Ges K qk dvuv Mvjvc Rj GKmv _ wgwj q c vk evwb q e envi K i `L Z cv ib e wói cvwb j M PzjKvwb n j 100 MÖvg LuvwU bvi Kj Z ji mv _ 5 MÖvg Kc ~ig, wbgcvzvi im I KuvPv njy` wgwj q e env i DcKvi cviqv hv e G mg q Ringworm GKwU mvaviy mgm v G mgm v _ K gyw³ c Z Zzjmx cvzv I wbgcvzv evuv Ges GKUz jeb wgwk q Avµvš v b w` b wzb/ Pvi evi jvmvb nqvi Kqvit cöwz GKw`b cici fv jv gv bi k v y w` q Pzj av eb Ges KwÛkbvi e envi Ki eb frv Pz j (Pz ji Mvovq A_ev gv_vi Z K bq) KwÛkbvi jvwm q wkqz Y A c v K i ay q wbb; G Z Avcbvi Pz j evowz D¾ jzv hvm n e Ges Pzj KzuK o hv ebv wbqwgz gvmvr Kiv eb G Z K i Avcbvi Pzj I gv_vi Z K LykwK Ges G RvZxq mkj mgm v _ K wbivc` _vk e Av½y ji AMÖfvM w` q ax i ax i gv_vi Z K gvmvr Kib nv Zi Zvjy e envi bv KivB fv jv mßv n AšZ `yõevi nqvi gvmvr Kiv bv DwPr GB muz mu Z, R jv, Av`ª I wm³ FZz Z Pzj cov Kgv Z Ges KzwÂZ n q hviqv iva Ki Z Awjf A qj Mig K i Gi wfz i K qk dvuv wfuvwgb B-K vc wgwj q gvmvr K i `L Z cv ib GB mg q wbw` ó GKwU k v y Ges KwÛkbvi e envi Kib Ges nqvi cö cvizc Gwo q hv eb Póv Kib QvU K i Pzj K U ivl Z h_v m e mnr mij Pz ji vbj Kib A bk ekx mvrv bv MvQv bv Pzj g v br Kiv ek RwUj, GKevi wf R M j - 33 Avevi cybivq Pzj Av Mi g Zv K i evuavi Kómva hw`i frv, wb šr Pz j Av Mi Kiv vbj Avi fv jvi `Lv e bv GB FZzi me _ K Kvh Kix vbj n jv cwb UBj Kiv m e n j wbqwgz nbv wuªu g U Kiv eb Pzj frv Ae vq i L ` eb bv, A_ev frv Pzj eu a ivl eb bv G Z K i LykwK n Z cv i el vi G w`b jv Z Pzj cov Kgv Z `yõpvgp K i AvgjwKi uov, Avgjv, wkkvkvb, wwg I UK `B wgwj q e envi K i `L Z cv ib k v y I KwÛkwbs k l Avav gm ( Mvm ji Rb e eüz) cvwb Z `yõpv PvgP gay, `yb Kvc Pv qi wjkvi Ges GK PvgP cvwz jeyi im w` q Pyj ay q djyb; Pzj _vk e SiS i gkvct gkv ci ïi Z fv jv K i gyl ay q cwi vi Kib Gici 5-10 wgwbu GKwU AvBm wkde N l wbb eid Nlvi ci Z K K VvÛv Ges ZvRv Ki Z ˆZjv³ Z K G vw ªb R U e envi Kib Ges hv `i Z K ï _ K ^vfvwe Ki g a Zviv Uvbvi e envi Kib gkv ci Av M IqvUvi ebrw& g qðvivbrvi e envi Kib dvd Ûkb bv jvwm q nvjkv K i cvdwvi e envi w` qb er ˆZix Kib nvjkv ^Q jvbu eªvdb, ebr A_ev wc¼ wµg AvB-k v Wv jvmv eb cvzjv K i GKUvb cwýj AvB-jvBbvi Ges GK-`yB cö jc IqvUvi cöd gvmkviv jvwm q wbb big g vu wjcw K A_ev wc¼ ev eªvdb k Wi cvzjv wdbwd b wjc M m jvmv bv h Z cv i

35 G mg qi gkvc nvjkv Ges LvwbKUv ^Q n jb `L Z fv j `Lv e el vkv ji gkvc Mvp Ges D¾ j n j Zv ay q wm q Qwo q hviqvi m ebv _v K IqvUvi cöd dvd Ûkb (GKvš cö qvr b), wjc jvbbvi, gvmkviv, AvB jvbbvi Ges Qwo q hv ebv Ggb wjcw K e envi Kib AvB- eªv K kc `Iqvi Rb bv Gu K _ªwWs Kib Ges KvRj ( Kvnj) K kxzkvj ch š DwV q ivlyb Avcbv K hw` e vk e envi Ki ZB nq, nvjkv i Oi wµg e vk hgbt wc¼, wcp A_ev eªvdb Kvjv ii e vk jvwm q fv jv K i e Û Kib gk-avc ïii Av M Ges gk-avc Zvjvi Rb wk brvi e envi Kib cvkvk-cwiq`t PÎ msl v cvzjv eyb bi mywz, wgkª mywz A_ev cwjbvbjb Kvc oi cvkvk cib Aek iqb, wkdb, µc, R R U A_ev wm éi KvcoI ci Z cv ib; Gme Kvco wf R M j A_ev Kv`v j M M j ay q wb Z cv ib, mn RB ïwk q hv e wkqz is hgb MÖ, WvK bwf e y, vb e y, wwc ebr, Awjf MÖxY, cj Awjf, WvK Awjf, gf, fv qv ju, j v fûvi, mx e y, mx MÖxY, cj K v gj A_ev µxg, BwÛ Mv, wcp, jvbu Kcvi, jvbu cvc j, cj jgb, jgb B q jv, kv`v BZ vw` el vkv ji Rb Av`k GQvovI Ab vb Mvp Kvjvi hgb eªvdb, bwf e y, iw, gib, Awjf BZ vw` is jvi e Q wb Z cv ib GB FZz Z kvox A c v mv jvqvi-kvwgr g v br Ki Z ekx Avivg`vqK n e Wwb gi Kvco Gwo q M j fv jv nq, G jv el v Kv ji Rb bq GB FZz Z QvZv Ges ibb KvUI d vk bi iz cy Ask kv`v A_ev Ab vb nvjkv is `ªZ bvsiv n q hvq; mrb grvi grvi Kvjv ii QvZv Ges ibb KvU wbb Pvgovi m v Ûj A_ev nvb wnj Ab mg qi Rb Zz j ivlyb d vwý PUK`vi Kvjvidyj cvzjv m v Ûj cib nu wc¼, bwf e y, iw Ges A iä Kvjv ii m v Ûj AvKv ki GB gb Lvivc Kiv w`b jv Z Avcbv K Avb ``vqk cöiyv hvmv Z cv i ekx K` gv³ v b cv qi Av½yj jv XvKv m v Ûj cib G Z K i Avcbvi cv qi bl Ges wkdwukjm& i v cv e GQvovI GB FZz Z wbqg K i cwkwkdi Kiv Z cvi j fv jv nq eo, PIov wwrvb bi Pzwo Ges Svjv bv, Kvjvidzj Kv bi `yj Avcbvi mvwe K mv Ri mv _ ek gvbv e Lv` vf vmt gbgy»ki eilvi A Svi aviv MÖx i Zxeª `ve`vn _ K gyw³ w` ji GB mg q bvbvb ai Yi Lv` msµvš ivm hgb dzw cqrwbs, Wvqwiqv, K jiv BZ vw` iv Mi cöv`y fve `Lv w` Z cv i wzzv Ges G vw ªb R U mg mewr Lv eb Ges wewfbœ ai bi VvÛv Lvevi hgb evwj, eªvdb ivbm Ges he L Z cv ib wbz ˆbwgwËK Lvev i cö qvr bi Zzjbvq wkqzuv ekx Av`v Ges cuqvr Lv eb GB mg q Avgv `i cwicvk Zš h nzz `~e j n q hvq, m nzy wewfbœ ai bi M vmxq Lvevi bv L Z Póv Kib iv vi cv ki wewfbœ ai bi Lvevi cwinvi Kib; GB mg Lvevi ^v m Z bq wkg, UvUKv `B, wli, gw_, cvwb, UvUKv d ji im BZ vw` Lv eb UK, fvrvfywr, Lye ekx Mig Ges gkjv`vi Lvevi Lv eb bv Nvj L Z cv ib; G Z nrg kw³ e w cvq, Avevi Lvevi LvIqvi Av M jeyi i m wpwb wgwj qi L Z cv ib; G Z nrg gzvi ev o, kix i kw³ hvmvq, KÝwU ckb `~i K i Ges gw K mej K i kkv L Z cv ib, kkv GB FZzi Rb fv jv; G Z i q Q dmdivm Ges Avqi Yi wewfbœ Dcv`vb dzuv bv cvwb Lv eb Lvevi-`vevi me mg q X K ivl eb Ges evwm Lvevi Lv eb bv GB FZzi me P q eo mgm v n jv dvsmvj Bb dk&kb evzv m Rjxq ev i cwigvb e o hviqv Z bvbv ai bi dvsmvj Bb dkkb niqvi SzuwK _v K hvi `iƒy bvbv ai bi ^v mgm v `Lv `q Avi ZvQvov e wói cvwb R g hlv b mlv b gkvi esk e w n Z cv i, hv _ K g v jwiqv, W½y mn Ab vb ivm `Lv w` Z cv i GwU g~jz Qovq frv Rvgv-Kvco Ges Ry Zv _ K Avgv `i kix ii me _ K SzuwKc~Y vb n jv evûg~j, KzPuwK Ges cv qi Av½y ji ga ez x vb el vkv jb Avgv `i Z K i vk Ges wcm g Ukb niqvi SuywK me P q ekx _v K GB FZz ZB ˆZjv³, cövynxb, wbr xe Ges Amy ˆewk ó i Z K Lye ekx `Lv hvq ZvB el vkv ji GB Awfmsi Zv _ K gyw³ cviqvi Rb Z K PP v I cwi vi-cwiqbœzv, Kk web vk I cwiph v, cvkvk-cwiq` Ges Lv` MÖn Yi DbœZ I h_vh_ wbqg cö qvrb mn hvwmzvq t kvigxb AvK&Zvi d vkvwë ggevi t cvi mvbv Bbw wudu Ad wedwu GÛ jvbd vbj - 34

36 GK wqj ivrcyî Zvi bvg Awg Ges Ab iv R GK wqj ivr Kb v hvi bvg KYK Zv `i GKw`b `Lv nj ZLb _ KB `yrb `yrb K Lye cq ` K i Zvici ivrcyî GK w`b ivrkb v K we qi cö ve w`j cö ve ï b ivrkb vi evev Lywk n q we q Z ivwr n jb ivrkb vi we qi Lei ivrgn j Qwo q co j ivr Lywk Z f i Mj ivrcyî I ivrkb vi we q m bœ nj Zuviv my L kvwš Z emevm Ki Z jvmj mviv iv R ivrv ej Z cvmj ivrv wqj eyw gvb I fvj gvbyl ZvB iv R i gvbyl ivrv K fv jvevm Zb Ges m vb Ki Zb `yb eqi ci Zuv `i GKwU Q j mšvb nj ivrv I ivyx Q j K Lye Av`i I mœn Ki Zb Q ji bvg ivlv nj bqb me cörviv bqb K Lye Av`i Ki Zb ivrcyî bqb K 5 eqi eq m z j fwz Kiv n jv ivrcyî cov jlvq Lye fvj Ki Z _v K cö_g kªyxi me jv cix vq cö_g vb AwaKvi K i ivrcyî my Li wvkvbv gv: AvkwdK ingvb Zvi K wzz `wl q wøzxq kªyx Z D V ` k Afve `Lv w` q Q z j hvevi c _ Abvnvixiv AvµgY Ki Z cv i ivyx ivrcyî K evb i h Z `qbv bqb QvU gvbyl m wkqz ey S D V bv bqb eyw gvb ZvB Rvb Z cvi jv h G mgq MvUv ivr Ges ivrgn j Lye wec` e wó bv nevi Kvi Y K lkiv avbmn Kvb dmj djv Z cv i bv ` k `ywf j M hvq hvq fve A bk w`b ci cöpzi e wó nj mviv ivr Lykx Z f i Mj cörviv Avb ` Pvlvev` Ki Z _vk jv `L Z `L Z ivrcyî 25 eq i cv `q wzwb GLb hyek ivrv ZLb cövq e ivrv fve jb Q jwu K iv R i fvi bqb K w` q w` eb wkš ivrcyî Zv iv R i wkqzb wp bbv ZvB A bk cörv bqb K ivr Nywo q `Lvi Rb AvMÖn cökvk Ki jv bqb Av MB e j Q h ch šz ivr Pbv-Rvbv n e bv ZZw`b wzwb `vwqz wb eb bv cörviv ivrv K e j, Zviv ivrcyî K Zv `i Q ji - 35 P qi ewk fv jvev m ivrcy Îi Kvbiƒc Amyweav n ebv f e ivrv AbygwZ `b bqb wpš v K i Avi fv e G my hvm nvzqvov Ki ebv Gevi Zvi ïi nj mviv iv R Ny o `Lvi cvjv ivrcyî Nvovq miqvi n jb mdim½x n jv A b KB ivr Ny o `Lv wk GZ mnr- w`b, mßvn I gvm kl n q Mj `ybgvm j M hvq Zv `i ivrv ivyx wpšvq Aw i Zuviv Rvb Z cvi jb bqb I Zuvi m½xiv Lye Avb `B Zv `i KZ e cvjb Ki Q wbr ivr `L Z `L Z KLb h Zviv Ab iv R Xz K Q Zv eys ZB cv iwb mxgvšz cönixiv Zv `i a i d j ivr `iev i Zv `i nvwri Kiv nj ivrcy Îi Pnviv ` LB ivrv Zuvi eüz Awgi K_v g b co jv AvšZR vwzk dviv g G K Ac ii mwnz Lye fve R b wqj mvrv w` e wk ivrv-bqb K e j evevõ Zzwg wk Rb G mq? Zvgvi evevi bvg Kx? bqb cövy wd i cj m Zvi cwipq w`j Ges

37 Kxfv e I Kb GLv b G m c o Q Zv R b ivrv Lywk n jb Zv `i mkj K e `x bv K i cövmv ` Lvevi e e v Kiv nj ivrkb v P `ªveZx evevi wepvi `L Z G mwqj e `x `i mvrv I KvivMv i cvvv bvi e` j G Zv RvgvB Av`i `L Q ivyx gvi Kv Q P `ªveZx P j Mj ivrcyî bqb ` k wd i hvevi AbygwZ PvIqvi Av MB ivrkb vi Pv L PvL c o hvq GK bri ` LB Aš i fv jvevmv R M hvq ivrkb vi gb _ K ivrcyî K fzj Z cvi Qbv wkš K_v wkfv e n e--- `yrbv `yr bi g bi fvebv GK n q M Q mdi m½xiv Nvov wb q wbr ` k wd i Avmvi Rb cö Z bqb Nvovi Kv Q Mj wkš Nvov DV Z Pvqbv Ah_v wej ^ n Q ivrv ej jb evev AvR bv nq _ K hvi ivrkzgvix ^qs Lvevi cwi ekb Ki Z _v K nvvr Uwej _ K Mjvm c o hvq bq bi cv q cv K U hvq ivrkzgvix i³ _vgv Z wb Ri iygvj w` q euv a Avi AkÖycvZ K i cvwb I i³ wg k `yr bi g a fv ei mzz m wó nj Kzgvixi Kvi Y bq bi cv K U hviqvq wb R K Acivax fv e Kzgvi wb R K fvm evb g b K i Kzgvi Zv K Rxeb mw½bx Kivi cö ve `q G K_v P `ªveZxi gv evevi Kv b hvq Zuviv Lywk n jb bqb e j kz nj GKwU Avgvi evev-gv cq ` Ki jb we qi ZvwiL Kiv hv e AvMvwgKvjB iibv w`e evwo wd i G m gv-evevi Kv Q me K_v ej j Zuviv GK K_vB ivwr Q ji cq ` n jb Zuv `i cq ` h nzz mvivrxeb ZvivB msmvi Ki e P `ªveZxi evev gvi Kv Q jvk cvvv bv nj ZvwiL avh Kiv nj gnvaygav g we q n q Mj kzkz gvby li Lvbvwcbv nj Gevi be ` wëi nvwbgy bi e e v nj ivrv nvwbgyb k l iv R i `vwqz bqb K eyws q `evi wm vš wb jb bqb-p `ªveZx nvwbgyb K i wd i Avmvi mgq cw_g a GKRb Q j K Kuv` Z `L jb Kx n q Q Zvgvi? Zzwg Kuv`Q Kb? Avwg LyeB zavz MZ `ybw`b a i cvwb Qvov wkqyb LvB bvb Ggb K i nvu Qv Kb? Zvgvi Pv L Kx n q Q? Avwg Icv i hve wkš LqvgvwS cqmv Qvov wb ebv Icv i Kb hv e? KviI Kv Q P q Lve Zvgvi gvevev bb? evev Av Q wkš m `viqvq avb KvU Z eû`~ i M Q Avgvi eqm hlb `yb eqi ZLb Avgvi gv gviv M Q Avgvi bvg igv evevi bvg gjq mr gv Av Q m L Z `qbv Pvi eqi eq m AvgMvQ _ K c o GK cv f ½ M Q I GK PvL Kvbv n q M Q G K_v jv ï b bqb I P `ªveZxi gvqv nj GB 8 eq ii Q j wk my `i Pnviv A_P cöwzeüx n q c o Q Zviv ej jb mwk Zv `i mv _ hv e- GB K_v ï b Q jwu ivwr n q hvq P `ªveZx Zvi Kv Q _vkv wkqz Lvevi w` jb Q jwu Zv L q Mv q kw³ cj Zv `i mv vkv GKRb K evrv i cvvv jb kvu -c v U wkbvi c i jvkwu P j Av m b`x Z igv K mœvb Kiv bv nj mœvb k l igv K Zuviv evwo wb q G jb jlvcov klv bvi Rb z j w` jb ivrv Awg Amy Ae vq gviv M j bqb wmsnvm b e mb ivrv n qb bqb cöwzeüx `i Rb nv Z Kj g KvR Kivi Rb GKwU KvwiMwi cöwzôvb ˆZwi K ib igv mlv b gvg evbv bvi KvR wkl Z _v K `yb eqi c i cöwzeüx igv ivrv K e jb Avwg wb RB GKwU gv gi KviLvbv Pvjv Z PvB ivrv Lywk n jb igv AviI 10 Rb K gv gi Kv R jvwm q `q Zviv wewfbœ `vkv b gvg epvi Rb mieivn K i cöwzeüx n qi wb R ^vej ^x n q hvq m msmvi Movi ^cœ ` L mvsmvwik g q Kwj K we q K i KwjI ^vgxi Kv R mgq c j mvnvh K i Zv `i Kvj Ry o Av m my `i dzudz U GK Q j Q ji bvg iv L cö`xc KviLvbv _ K wd i Avmvi mg q nvvr igvi mwnz Zvi evevi `Lv nj Q j K ` L evev nvdgvd K i Ku ` d j evev K Kuv` Z bv Ki jv igv Avwg KviLvbvi gvwjk n qwq gv Kgb Av Q wrávmvq Rvb Z cv i m Lye Amy igv evev K e j Pj gv K wb q Avwm AvR _ K Zvgiv Avgvi Kv Q _vk e Zvgiv gv evev `yr b cö`xc Zvgv `i `v`y fvb K wb q Ljv K i mgq KvUv Z cvi e gjq wd i cviqv Q j KB cjbv eis cy msmvi I my Li wvkvbv cj - 36

38 d«k U gv U wcr&rv Gm.Gd.wW ivbœv ˆkjx wcr&rv ebr 1/2 iwmwc Awjf I qj 1/4 Kvc wcr&rv mm 1/4 Kvc U g Uv, gvsvwi 8wU imyb, eo Kvl 4wU Iwi M bv 2 Pv PvgP jey ^v` Abyhvqx 1 wcr&rv eb Ri Lvwgi w` q cvzjv iwu e j nvjkv Zj gvlv bv ewks Uª ev wcr&rv w Œ bi Dci ivl 2 iwui Dci Pviw` K mgvbfv e Zj wqwu q `vi wcr&rv mm gvlvi 3 U g Uv (cvkv mim Ges ZvRv U g Uv e Q wkb e) ay q cvwb SivI U g Uv 1/2 mwg (1/4 BwÂ) gvuv úvbmki imybi úvbm K i KvU 4 iwui Pviw` K 1 mwg (1/2 BwÂ) Lvwj i L gv S U g Uv mgvb K i mvwr q ivl U g Uvi Dci Pviw` K imyb Qwo q ivl Dc i jey, Iwi M bv Ges me k l Zj wqwu q `vi 5 Mig I f b 2100 m: (4250 dv:) Zv c 10 wgwbu ek Ki j ivl Z n e iwui Lvwj Ask ev`vwg i Oi n jb bvwg q wb Z n e 6 I fb _ K bvwg q wcr&rvi Dc i K qkwu ewmjcvzv wewq q ivl cyw`bv, a b, cuqvr ev imy bi h Kv bv GKwU meyr i Oi cvzv w` j `L Z my `i Ges L Z fv jv jv M d«k U g Uv wcr&rv Z U g Uv mvrvevi Av M iwui Dci wkqy cwbi KzwP wqwu q w` Z cvi - 37

39 fwr Uej wcr&rv wcr&rv ebr 1 iwmwc wcr&rv mm 1/2 Kvc grv ij wpr, úvbm 1/2 Kvc K vcwmkvg, dvwj 8 UzKiv cuqvr, KzwP 1/4 Kvc euvavkwc, Szwi 1/4 Kvc MvRi, Szwi 2 Uwej PvgP guikuywu, wm 1/4 Kvc eªvkwj, UzKiv 1/3 Kvc mjvwi, KzwP 1 Uwej PvgP cvm wj, KzwP 1 Pv PvgP U g Uv, úvbm 1wU Iwi M bv 1 Pv PvgP MvjgwiP 1/4 Pv PvgP fvrv ïkbvgwip, Muyov 1. I f b 2000 m: (4000 dv:) Zvc `vi 2. iwmwc Abyhvqx GK N Uv c i wcr&rvi Lvwgi dz j DV j GKevi g _ `yõfvm Ki cö Z KfvM Lvwgi w` q eo i wu ej 3. i wui Dc i wcr&rv mm gvlvi mgvb K i wkqy cwbi wqwu q `vi cwb ii Dc i K vcwmkvg, cuqvr, euvavkwc, MvRi, eªvkwj, guiïuwu Qwo q `vi mewri Dc i Iwi M bv, MvjgwiP, ïk bvgwip I jey wqwu q `vi gv S Ges wzbw` K U g Uvi úvbm emvi wcr&rvi Dc i 1 Uwej PvgP mqvweb Zj ev Awjf A qj wqwu q `vi evwk cwbi wqwu q `vi 4. Mig I f b wgwbu A_ev wcr&rv bv niqv ch š ek Ki wcr&rv bvwg q wkqy Iwi M bv, fvrv gwi Pi uov wcr&rvi Dci wqwu q `vi Mig cwi ekb Ki - 38

40 wgu wcr&rv Lvwgi ˆZwii Rb t C 1 Pv PvgP wpwb 1 Pv PvgP gq`v 1 Kvc uov `ya 1 Uwej PvgP Zj 2 Uwej PvgP wwg 1wU cvwb cwigvy g Zv jey ^v` Abyhvqx Uwcs ˆZwii Rb t gvs mi wkgv 1 Kvc cuqvr, KzwP 2 Uwej PvgP Av`v, evuv 1/2 Pv PvgP imyb, evuv 1/2 Pv PvgP KuvPvgwiP 1wU Zj 1 Uwej PvgP Mig gmjv uov 1/4 Pv PvgP U g Uv mm 1/3 Kvc Iwi M bv 1/2 Pv PvgP ewmj 1/2 Pv Pvg gq`v 2 Pv PvgP cwbi ( gvrv ijv) 1/2 Kvc K vcwmkvg, úvbm Awjf A qj 1/2 Uwej PvgP Mvj gwip uov cwigvy g Zv 1. jey ev ` Lvwg ii me DcKiY wgw s ev j wb q wgwbu g_ C i KvR Avi n j Aí Aí Zj w` q g_ X K 1 N Uv ivl 2. KovB q gvsm Av`v, imyb, Zj, jey I 2 Uwej PvgP cvwb wgwk q Pzjvq w` q bvo X K gvsvwi Avu P wm Ki cvwb ïuwk q wkgv wm n j Mig gmjv, Mvj gwip, KuvPvgwiP, Iwi M bv, ewmj w` q 30 m KÛ fvr U g Uv mm wgkvi gq`v wqwu q `vi wkqy Y b o P o bvgvi VvÛv Ki 3. wcr&rvi Lvwgi gvuv iwui g Zv ej wcr&rv Uª mvgvb wmör K i iwu ewm q nvz w` q P c Uªi mgvb Ki KvuUv PvgP ev Qywi w` q gv S Ges Pviw` K wq`ª Ki 4. iwui PviwKbv i 2 mwg PIov K i duv bv ww gi cö jc `vi 5. ww gi Ask ev` w` q gv S wkgv mgvb K i ivl gvrv ijv wpr úvbm K i wkgvi gv S Ges Pviw` K emvi U g Uv I K vcwmkvg úvbm w` q mvrvi wkqy Iwi M bv, ewmj wqwu q `vi me k l Awjf I qj wqwu q `vi 6. Mig I f b 2500 m: Zv c wgwbu ek Ki fvrv ïkbvgwi Pi uov w` q mv _ mv _ cwi ekb Ki - 39

41 evovwji MYZvwšK wpšvaviv; m v`k: Abycmvw` cökvkk: BZ vw` cökvk, 38/3 evsjvevrvi, XvKv 2010 c ôv 488, gj : cuvpk câvk UvKv ez gv b Avgv `i RvwZ nvrv iv mgm vq RR wiz cömwzkxj Kv bv kw³i wekvk n Q bv ivr bwzk w`k w` q RvwZ AwZevwnZ Ki Q GK AÜKvivQbœ mgq MYZvwšK ivó«e e vq _vkvi cwipq wksev MYM ši Kv bv Abykxjb Rxe b bb RbM Yi cövz vwnk Rxe b I MYZvwšK AvPiY I Mfxi wpšv-fvebv KgB Av Q my MYZvwšK wpšvaviv hlb wejyß n Z P j Q ZLb evovwji MYZvwšK wpšvaviv kxl K GB m vw`z MÖš wui cökvk GK iz cy NUbv evsjv ` ki MYZš c _ hvîvi Rb iz cy bzzb wpšvi D š l GB MÖš mnvqk n e e j g b nq G K_v mz h, MYZš wel q evovwji wpšv- PZbv wkqyuv G Mv ji Abykxjb gv UB G Mvqwb Abykxjb bv niqvi d j evsjv ` k MYZš ev ezvi k cvqwb ïaygvî A hšw³k Aev e Av em iƒ cb _ K M Q MYZ ši wbe vpb me ^ aviy, ivr bwzk `j jvi DQ Lj AvPiY, mvgwik kvmb, Riix Ae v I `ybx wz Avi we `wk kw³ K Avf šixy e vcv i W K Avbv BZ vw`i d j evsjv ` k MYZš e nz nq MYZš K ivó«e e vq I mgvrrxe b cö qvm Ki Z M j cö qvrb Abykxj bi Abykxjb nj hymcr wpšv I KvR AbykxjbB MYZš K mdj K i GiB g a KD KD RvZxq cî-cwîkvq gz cökvk K i ev MÖš MÖš mgv jvpbv w`j Avd ivr wj L MYZš m K wpšv cökvk K i Qb wpšvi ˆewkó we epbv K i ejv hvq, KD KD ïay wpšvi Rb wpšv K i Qb, KD KD wb Ri wpšv Øviv cvv Ki fz ii mëv K mg Kievi Póv K i Qb, Avi Lye Kg msl K jlk wpšv K K g iƒc `evi Rb wpšv K i Qb GB wzbavivi wpšv Qvov evsjv `k I cwðg evsjvi ZzjbvgjKfv e h jv fvj jlv m jvb GB MÖ š m v`k e Q wb q Qb evsjv ` k MYZš cöez b Gme wpšvi KZUv `ikvi muvb Avgvi we ep evovwji MYZvwšK wpšvaviv MÖš wu ZwÎkwU cöe Üi mskjb Gi g a GKwU cöeü ÔevOvwji AMYZvwšKZvÕ m v` Ki wb Ri jlv cöeüwu `xn G Z wzwb evovwji AMYZvwšK gvbmcöeyzv Z_v MYZ ši mxgve Zvi fzi w` q m vebvi mî müv bi Póv K i Qb mvw`i Drm M i bgybvwu wfbœagx GB wfbœagx Zvi ga w` q evovwji MYZvwšK AvMÖ ni ^iƒc I m vebv iƒckvwköz n q Av Q evovwji I evsjvi cövy I Rxe b h b`x jv Zv `i MwZc _i g Zv nvk MYZ ši MwZ GB Av em MYZšbv gvby li Rb Av e Mi Aej ^b nvk evsjv ` ki g Zv cvðvz c` ` k MYZvwšKPP v my I ^vfvwek MwZ Z G Mv Q bv MYZvwšK wpšvii i q Q bvbvgywlzv wewfbœzv gjz ` wófw½i `kfv Mi ci cvwk vwb kvmbvg j GKwU wbw` ó f -LÛ K wn i MYZvwšK wpšvi D š l I Gi gyw³hy i ga w` q Zvi cwimgvwß N U MZ cövq Pvi `kk a i evsjv ` k MYZvwšK ms wz m wó nqwb Ges evsjv `k - 40 KL bv cöz fv e KL bv c iv fv e mvgwik kvm b _ K Q GgZve vq evovwji MYZvwšK wpšvavivi cwipq Zz j aivi Rb MÖš m v` bi g Zv `iƒn KvR m v`k nv Z wb q Qb hv Zuvi RvZxq `vwqz ev ai cwipq GB MÖ š ey R vqv MYZš I me nvivi MYZš wb q GK c k jlvi cvkvcvwk ga cš x jlv jvi h_v_ vb c q Q MYZ ši cövwzôvwb Ki Yi mgm v I mgvavb wel q GB mskjbmö š i Kv bv Kv bv cöeü we kl D j L hvm wkš Zvic ii g b nq ev ezv wfwëk wzb avivi (AvIqvgx, wegbwc, RvZxqcvwU ) ivrbxwzi gj vqbwfwëk jlv hvm Ki j fv jv nz Avgvi g b n q Q, MÖš wu Z gi`y` Avng` I Av iv `y-gkr bi jlv hvm Ki j fv jv nz cðvrc` ` k kögrxex `i MYZ ši mgm v Ges ey R vqv `i MYZ ši mgm v GKiKg bq Kb bq Zvi e vl v w` q Qb e`iwïb Dgi Zuvi cöe Ü wkš wzwb gvk mxq `k bi KZvwe K_vi g a B mgvav bi c_ Luv Rb hv evsjv ` ki ejvq ev em Z nq bv e j Kvh Î mydj e q Avb Z cv i bv hzxb mikvi Zuvi cöe Ü mwz Kvi ey R vqv MYZš cöwzôvi Dcvq wb ` k Ki Z wm q eyw Rxex `i wcqyuv bi cöm½wu Zz j a i Qb hv iz cy Ges mgv Ri me P q eo Z h eyw Rxex `i wb q wzwb fv eb Zuviv Aek B kvmk köyxi eyw Rxex evsjv ` ki ejvq kvmk köyxi eyw Rxex `i wpšv RbM Yi MYZ ši cwicš x GB eyw Rxex `i cöavb AskB gvwk b hy³ivó«i BD ivcxq BDwbq bi mek iƒ c wek I Kg Zrci Zuv `i f wgkv evsjv ` k ey R vqv

42 MYZš cöwzôvii AbyK j bq ivrbxwz Qvov Kvb RvwZ Av_ -mvgvwrkmvs wzk DbœwZ AR b m g nq bv ivrbxwzi my cövwzôvwbk iƒc ZLbB `vbv eu a DV e hlb ivr bwzk `j jvi g a `k cög, ^vrz eva I me Rbxb Kj vb eva ` piƒc jvf Ki e e w³rxeb _ K ivó«xq Rxeb ch š MYZvwšK ms wz M o DV j MYZ ši cövwzôvwbkiyi m e n e RbRxeb Aek B ivrbxwzcöfvwez evovwji MYZš me P q ewk nuvpu Lvq Zvi ivr bwzk `ye jzv K K `ª K i ivrbxwzi `ye jzvi Kvi Y eûeqi evovwj civaxb _ K Q wkš RbM Yi g a MYZvwšK AvMÖn memgq wqj d j mn RB Zv `i K MYZ ši bv g Av emvc y Z Kiv m e n q Q Av em K A bk bzv Kv R jvwm q evovwji RvZxq Rxe b A bk gnr AR b m e K i Qb ïay MYZ ši Abykxj bb NvUwZ _ K M Q GwU gjz bzv `ib e _ Zv RbMY KI `vwqz wb Z n e ez gv b evsjv ` k mvgªvr ev`wbf i AvwacZ ev`x `i ivó«xq e vcv i AwaK mn hvwmzvgjk AvMÖn `Lv bv Ges ivrbxwz K ïayb gzv jv fi cöwz hvwmzvq ch ewmz Kiv MYZ ši GKgvÎ j e j cöpvi Kiv n Q fvume ^ MYZš w` q MYZvwšK ms wz ev MYZšvqb KL bvb m e bq fvuvfzwu MYZ ši Dcv`vb I Dcvq mg ni GKwU gvî Ab Dcv`vb jv K Ae njv Kivi d j meb e _ nq msm`xq MYZ ši ms wz m wói ga w` q msm`xq MYZš cöwzwôz n Z cv i MYRvMiY Avi ivr bwzk bz Z i mw`qv msm`xq ms wz m wói eo Dcvq GB mw`qvi eo Afve evsjv ` k evsjv ` k MYZ ši cövwzôvwbki Y msm`xq MYZ ši bwzevpk cöfveb ewk ivr bwzk ms wz I cökvb ms wz m wói e _ Zv H msm` K wn ib AvewZ Z n Q Z e msm `i cq b Av Q ivr bwzk `j h jv K MYZ ši K_v ejv n ji MYZ ši Abykxjb bb evsjv ` k MYZ ši PZbv iƒc w` Z m g nq bv, KviY K wlcöavb evsjv ` k K lkiv MYZvwšK msmöv gi mv _ GKxf Z n Z cv i bv ivrbxwz kni Kw `ªK gvby li g a B mxgve K lk `i wpšv- PZbv LyeB cðvrez x ivr bwzk msmvb jv fv Ui I fv Zi AwaKvi Av`v qi bv g Zv `i K e envi K i gvî myweav Av`vq K i bq ga weë köyx MYZ ši cöwzôvwbki Yi Av ikwu eo evav nj ivr bwzkfv e gšxcwil` h bxwz wba viy K i _v K, cökvmwbk Kg KZ viv Zvi ev evq bi `vwqz wb q köd wbw Œq _v K ivr bwzk Kg KZ v `i mv _ cökvmwbk Kg KZ v `i m K I mylg bq AwaKvsk Î `Lv hvq Df q wg j `ybx wz K DrmvwnZ Ki Q d j mgvrrxeb mšvmkewjz n q co Q RbRxe b DrKÚv DwØMœZv e ob P j Q Avng` kixd, GgvRDwÏb Avng`, gvneye ingvb, gyn ` nvweeyi ingvb, Kexi PŠayix Gu `i wpšvq ` wófw½i cv_ K _vk ji jlvq Gme welqb cövavb c q Q Ave`yj n Ki Ô bz Z I MY PZbvÕ cöeüwu ez gvb cöm ½ ewk cövmw½k g b nq hw`i GUv jlv n q Q EbmË ii MYAfz Ìv bi wvk c i-zlbkvi ev ezvq wmivryj Bmjvg PŠayixi `ywu cöe Üi g a cö_gwu Z wzb `k Ki MYZ ši iƒc I cök wz Av jvwpz n q Q mim fvlvq Avi AciwU Z i q Q ZvwË K Av jvpbv Avng` Qdvi Ôevsjv ` k MYZvwšK kvfvhvîvõ cöe Ü evsjv ` ki MYZ ši cövwzôvwbki Yi mxgve Zvi welq jv Zz j aivi cvkvcvwk evsjv ` ki ivrbxwzi wkqy cöavb ˆewkó wb ` k K i Qb Gm Avwgbyj Bmjv gi jlvq evsjv ` ki MYZšvqb cöm½wu M elyvgjk cöwµqvi ga w` q GwM q Q Ges MYZvwšK ms wzi wekv k wzwb e emvqx-wkícwz `i mn, GbwRI I eyw Rxex Mvôxi iz cy f wgkvi vbwu Z Rvi w` q Qb W. Gm G gv jk MYZš cöwzôvi evav jv D j L K i Qb gbryij Avnmvb Lvb ey R vqv MYZ š cuywrev`x mgv Ri ^iƒc Ges cvkvcvwk ey R vqv ivrbxwzi MYZvwšK kvmbe e vi m¼u I e _ Zvi wpî Zz j a i Qb gwd`yj nk Zuvi cöe Ü MYZ ši cö qv M ev ezvi w`kwu we epbvq G b Qb hv iz cy gvnv ` Avwidz¾vgv bi cöeš wu Z MYZ ši mgm v LwZ q `Lv n q Q Ges mvgªvr ev`x `i mv _ ey R vqv `i AvuZv Zi my hv M Kxfv e AvMÖvmb e o P j Q, cöeüwu Z Zvi R jš D`vniY Zz j aiv n q Q ingvb mvevnvb MYZ ši weez b I jv Av jvpbv K i Qb iex `ªbv _i wpšvq MYZ ši ^iƒc wb q Av jvpbv K i Qb Avng` iwdk wkebvivqb ivq RbmvaviY K myms Z Kievi ga w` q MYZš K ` pgj Kivi K_v f e Qb wzwb eyw Rxex `i f wgkvi iz wb ` k K i Qb k vgj Pµ ezxi jlvq ey R vqv MbZ ši mxgve Zv I me nvivi MbZ ši e vl v i q Q k vgj PµeZx QvovI huviv me nvivi MYZ ši K_v e j Qb ev köwbmsmöv gi werqvwfhvb K ^vmz Rvwb q Qb Zvu `i jlvq wpšvi cwiqbœzv I e³ e i ózv j Yxq e³ e i cwiqbœzvi mv _ evsjv `k I evovwji ivr bwzk ev ezvi e eavb _vkvq Gme wpšv ev e cöwzdwjz - 41 PÎ msl v niqvi c _ evavi m ylxb nq Zv m Ë I ejv hvq ivr bwzk wpšvi DrKl mva b jlv jv iz cy G jv wb q ev em Z fwel ZgyLx Av jvpbv-mgv jvpbv `ikvi evsjv ` k ivr bwzk wpšvi weåvwš, cöv qvwmk ivrbxwz Z bmœ-myweavev` I cðvrc`zv cöwzgyn Z RbM Yi RxebhvÎvi m½x n q Av Q DËi Yi m vebvnxbzvi cwiywz Z mgvr I ivó«xq Rxe b hlb Pig Abv v I nzvkv weivr Ki Q mb mg q evsjv ` k K RbM Yi MYZvwšK ivó«iƒ c M o Zvjvi j Aveyj Kv mg drjyj nk ev egylx RbKj vygylx cöávwbm Z GKwU cö ve Dc vcb K i Qb Zuvi jlvwu Z wbw` ó mg q wbw` ó j wb ` k I cwikíbvb MYZ ši Aej ^b Kg cwikíbv K ev evq bi Rb `ikvi mywbw` ó Kg c wz Kg c wz Abykxj bi Dci wbf ikxj Abykxjb Ki Z M jb AwfÁZvi ga w` q bzzb bzzb Kg c wz I Kg cwikíbv `ikvi nq j, Kg cwikíbv I Kg c wz MYZvwšK iv ó«i GKwU wekvkkxj c wz hv m wókxjzvi ga w` q AMÖmi nq mw`k _ K AvUvk `dv: evsjv ` k Avgv `i gyw³ I DbœwZi Kg bxwz m wókxj GKwU cwikíbv I Kg c wz hv evsjv ` k RbM Yi MYZ ši cöwzôvi gjbxwz Z cwiyz n Z cv i Dchy³ bz Z c j n q DV Z cv i AvUvk `dv, e½eüzi Qq `dv ev fvmvbx nk Gi GKzk `dvi g Zv Kvh Ki I RbwcÖq RbM Yi MYZvwšK ivó«wbg v Yi mywbw` ó nvwzqvi n q DV Z cv i GB e³e Z e Zuvi e³e wb q wfbœgz _vk Z cv i Z e Av jvpbv-mgv jvpbvi ga w` q g ZK m e evsjv ` k MZvbyMwZK avivi evb i RbM Yi MYZvwšK aviv huviv Kvgbv K ib Zuv `i Rb GB jlvwu Z i q Q ch vß wpšvi Dcvq fwel Zi evsjv `k wbg v Y GB MÖš m K kl K_v n jv, mgv jvpk `i KÆi` wói Avov j GB MÖš wu Z wkqy wkqy wpšv i q Q h jv cvv Ki MYZšfvebv K mg Ki Z Ges wpšvkw³ K RvwM q Zzj Z m g MÖš wu wek cvvk `i Mfxifv e wpšv Ki Z DrmvwnZ Ki e e j Avkv Kwi GB MÖš cöqv m h_v_ gn Ë i cwipq Av Q GB MÖ š Ašf ³ nqwb, MYZš m K DrK ó Ggb Av iv A bk jlv evsjv ` k Ges cwðg evsjvi jlk `i Kv Q evsjv ` k MYZš wekv ki cö qvr b m jv wb q cökvwkz n Z cv i Av iv GKwU MÖš MYZš m K me v½xy Av jvpbv wb q cökvwkz n Z cv i me v½xy MÖš evsjv ` k MYZvwšK wpšvi PP v wekvkkxj _vk j Zv me Rbxb Kj v Yi KviY n e

43 j` gwk bi KvwiMi gby wgqv G Gg gvzv ni nv mb QvU GKwU Kv Vi Uz ji Ici `uvwo q g bv hv Mi mv _ wewfbœ hšvsk ˆZwii KvR Ki Q gby wgqv eqm eqi n ji m Zzjbvq gby wgqv ek Lv Uv ZvB gvwjk j` gwk bi gwmm mn R bvmvj cviqvi myweav _ gvc gz UzjwU evwb q w` q Q gby wgqv K eqm I MV b Acwic n ji gby wgqv B Zvg a mwvk gvc Svcmn hšvsk ˆZwii Kv R ek cvi`kx n q D V Q gvwjk KzÏym wgqvi mv _ K_v e j Rvbv Mj GwZg Q j gby wgqvi Kv_ vi Avkªq bb GK Q j GK g q K wb q Amnvq gv nvwjgv emg `vkv bi Ab GK Kg Pvixi cwip q Zvi evmvq G m Q nvwjgv emg K g m ivbœvi KvR cvb q w` q Qb wzwb QvU g qwu K QvU ev bi evmvq w` q Q Avi G Q jwu `vkv bi dzu digv ki cvkvcvwk wkqy wkqy KvRI wkl Q Z e KzÏym wgqvi Aby hvm nj, eq mi Zzjbvq Q juv kvixwik Mo b eo n Q bv ZvQvov Zvi wkqy AmyL-wemyLI i q Q gv S gv S GjvwR i Kvi Y mviv kixi dz j hvq ZLb Kvb KvR Ki Z cv i bv ewm q ewm q LvIqv Z nq ÔwK Avi Kie-Mix ei Q j Zv d j w` Z cvwi bv, Wv³vi KweivR eû `wl qwq-wkqyb Kv R Av mbv ez gv b nvwgic vw_ L q wkqyuv fvj Av Q Rvbvb gvwjk KzÏym wgqv Kzwgj v Rjvi cöz š GKwU MÖv g gby wgqv `i evwo evwo ej Z wkqyb bb evev Rvgvj nv mb eû w`b Av MB evwoi kl wf UUzKz wewµ K i evwo Qvov n q Qb bvbvi evwo GKB MÖv g niqvi myev ` gby wgqviv Kv j f `ª - 42

44 bvbvi evwo hvq bvbvi evwoi Ae vi fv jv bq Rb -Rb vši _ KB gby wgqviv `wi`ª Zvi `v`v I bvbv `wi`ª wq jb e j gby wgqviv Zv `i evev-gv K `wi`ª wn m e c q Qb Ges wb R `i Rb I `vwi `ª i eovrv j Ave ZvB Zv R b i ci _ KB Zv `i `yõgy Vv Abœ hvmv bvi wbiši cö Póv G eq m gby wgqvi j` gwk bi KwVb KvR fv jv jvmvi K_v bq Zvi GLb Ljv-ayjv Avi we` vj qi Abykvmb g b jlv cov Kivi K_v wkš gby wgqv m my hvm _ K ewâz mv j evsjv `k cwimsl vb ey iv KZ K cwipvwjz RvZxq wkï kªwgk Rwic Abyhvqx evsjv ` ki gvu mv o wzb KvwU wkïi g a 49 j wkï wewfbœ ai bi wkï kª g RwoZ Z e 1991 mv j BDwb md cwipvwjz GK Rwi c `Lv M Q 14 eq ii Kg eqmx evsjv ` ki cövq 63 j wkï Kvb bv Kvb wkï kª gi mv _ RwoZ G mkj wkïiv M n, ˆZwi cvkvk wkí, IqvK mc, wbg vy LvZ, evm I U cv njcvi, wewo KviLvbv, iv vi cv ki Pv qi `vkvb, Pv evmvb I Ab vb K wl Kv R wb qvwrz wkï kªwgk `i Î AwaKvsk mgq j Kiv hvq Zv `i Kvb ezb wba viy Kiv nq bv gvwjk c _ K ejv nq Av M KvR wklyk, Zvici KvR ` L ezb wba viy Kiv n e Gfv e GKRb wkï eq ii ci eqi KvR K i hvq wkš Zv `i Kvb cvwikªwgk `Iqv nq bv Avi w` ji bvg gvî `Iqv nq G Î LvIqv civi LiP K gryix wn m e a i biqv nq evsjv ` ki wkï kªwg Ki GKwU D j L hvm Ask SuywKcY wkï kª g RwoZ G mkj SuywKcY wkïkªg wbim bi j evsjv `k mikvi wewfbœ Kg mwp cvjb K i Avm Q m cöwz mikvi evsjv ` k SuywKcY Kv R wb qvwrz wkï kªg-wbimb (3q ch vq) kxl K GKwU cökí Aby gv`b K i Q kªg I Kg ms vb gšyvj qi AvIZvq gvu 63 KvwU UvKv e q XvKv g ÆvcwjUb GjvKv, bvivqymä, mvfvi, KivbxMÄ, U½x, dwi`cyi, MvcvjMÄ, PÆMÖvg, g UªvcwjUb GjvKv, K evrvi m`i, e ov, iscyi, cvebv, câmo wkí GjvKv, Lyjbv wmwu K c v ikb, ewikvj wmwu K c v ikb I wm ju wmwu K c v ikb GjvKvq cökíwu ev evwqz n e cökíwu ev evq bi gva g SzuwKcY Kv R wb qvwrz câvk nvrvi wkï K SzwKcY KvR _ K cöz vnvi K i DcvbyôvwbK wk v I e wëgjk cöwk Y `Iqv n e evsjv ` ki msweav b ` ki mkj wkïi ^v, cywó Ges wk v wbwðz Kivi wb ` kbv i q Q wkï AwaKvi wbwðz Kivi Rb mikvi RvZxq wkï bxwz cöyqb K i Q RvwZmsN wkï AwaKvi mb ` evsjv `k ^v ikvix cö_g mvwii `k ZvQvov evsjv `k 2001 mv j AvBGjI Kb fbkb bs- 182 Z Aby ^v i K i Q Gi d j wba vwiz mg qi g a SuywKcY Kv R wb qvwrz wkï `i SuywKcY KvR _ K cöz vnv ii eva evakzv i q Q PÎ msl v Ab vq I AgvbweK niqv m Z I evsjv ` ki wecyj msl K wkï SzuwKcY wkï kª g wb qvwrz KvgjgwZ AeyS wkï `i cöwz GwU eo ai bi AwePvi wkïiv AvMvgx w` bi fwel r Zv `i K mwvkfv e M o IVvi my hvm K i `Iqv iv óªi cvkvcvwk Avgv `i mk ji ˆbwZK `vwqz SuywKcY wkï kªg wbim b mikvi cö Póv Pvwj q hv Q Z e G Î Avgv `ii KiYxq A bk i q Q hviv QvÆ GKwU AeyS wkï K ïay jv fi Avkvq SuywKcY Kv R wb qvwrz K i, cök Z A _ ZvivB eo Acivax ZvB ïay `vwi`ª I Amnvq Z i my hv M Avgiv hv Z Kvb wkï K Zvi Rxe bi Rb gvivz K SuywKcY Kv R wb qvwrz bv Kwi mwub ndk Avgv `i mk ji kc_ Zvn jb Kej gby wgqvi gz KvgjgwZ wkïiv gvbyl wn m e e o IVvi my hvm cv e - 43

45 evsjv ` k DcvbyôvwbK wk vi ev evq bi KŠkj gv: Avey Zv je wgqv fwgkv evsjv `k Lye QvU flû A_P 15 KvwU jv Ki evm 15 eqi ev Zvi ewk eqmx e w³ `i g a gvî 48.8% wkw Z ^vaxbzv AR bi `xn w`b c ii Avgiv Kvw Z j cušqv Z cvwiwb mvsweavwbk eva evakzv I AvšR vwzk eva vevakzv _vkv m Z I cöv_wgk wk vq cö e ki eqmx wkïiv we` vj qi 5g kªyx ch š cvv bv K ib cövq 49% S i c o hvq Zv `i K DcvbyôvwbK wk vi gva g mv izv nvi e w mn Rxeb ` Zv I RxweKvq bi hvm Zv I ` Zv klv bvi Kv R DcvbyôvwbK wk v ey iv wewfbœ ev evqbkvix emikvwi ms vi gva g K i _v K DcvbyôvwbK wk vi gva gi Avgiv Kvw Z v b cušqv Z cvwi bvb hv `i Rb DcvbyôvwbK wk v Zv `i AvMÖn m wó Kivi cq b h mg KŠkj cö qvm Kiv `ikvi Zvi nq Zv wkqzuv NvUwZ Av Q GbGdB wk v_x `i AvMÖnx K i Zvjv wkš `Lv hvq Zv `i wk v `vb c wz AvbyôvwbK wk vi gz DcvbyôvwbK wk v c wz Z Flexibility way Kxfv e Kvh Ki Kiv m e Zv wbiƒcy Kiv `ikvi DcvbyôvwbK wk v ev evq b cvv`vb c wz, mgqmwp, vb wk K-wk v_x Ges DcKiY cªf wz e env i AvbyôvwbK wk vi gz cöpwjz - 44 Av Q ez gvb mikv ii A½xKvi 2014 mv ji g a kzfvm mv izv AR b Ki Z n j cöpwjz KŠkj X j mvrv Z n e GbGdB g vwcs wi cvu 2009 Abymv i 15+ eqmx 3 KvwU 73 j 50 nvrvi jvk GLbI wbi i GB wekvj Rb Mvôx K wbi i i L RvZxq Dbœqb Kiv m e bq gvbm Z wk vµg DcvbyôvwbK wk v ev Zevq bi Î GbGdB cwjwm Z Lvc LvIqv bvi Póv Kiv n q Q wkš framework Gi g a

46 Flexibility Avbv cö qvrb mßv n Kej 6 w`b K vm n e bv Gi P q Kg w`b n e Ges wk v `v bi mgq wk v_x `i Pvwn`v gvzv ek Ki jb h _ó bq Kv m i cwiwa, wk vµg, wk vµg Dbœqb, DcKiY mieivn cöf wzi Dci cwikíbv I ev evq bi c` c bqv `ikvi Quality ervq ivlvi wel qi iyz `qv cö qvrb wk v K `ª, wk K, wmggwm cöf wzi Kxfv e YMZ gvb ervq ivlv hv e miƒc cöwk Yi e e v Kiv `ikvi GKvwaK Dc Rjv/ BDwbq b cvbjwus K i Feedback cviqv M j fwel Z wkfv e GbGdB Kvh µg Pvjv bv hv e Zvi w`k I `k b cviqv hv e AvbyôvwbK I DcvbyôvwbK wk vi ez gvb Ae vi Dbœqb KŠkj GK KvwU Avwk j wkï cöv_wgk we` vj qi wk v_x Avevi GB cöv_wgk wk v kl bv niqvi Av MB AmsL wk v_ x S i co e Zzi mv i Áv b DÏxß Kiv n qwqj Lye ^í mg q Z e mwu wqj Av `vjb Avgv `i ` ki mv izv K Av `vjb wn m e MÖnY Ki Z n e cöv_wgk z ji Kvb GKwU K GbGdB Kvh µ gi Rb e envi Kiv h Z cv i jvwb s m Uvi K K vmni g b Kiv h Z cv i h nzz mlv b Le ii KvMR, iwwi, wuwf, `vev Ljvi miävg _vk e MÖv gi gvbyl Aemi mg q NFE c wz Z wk v MÖn Yi my hvm c Z cv i G Î MÖv gi wbi i gvby liv Aemi mg q gšwjk wk v AwZ mn R Ges Avb `i mwnz MÖnY Ki Z cvi e gvî wzb eq ii g a Kxfv e kzfvm mv izv AR b Kiv hv e mb KŠkjmgn ei Kivi Rb wpšv Kiv `ikvi wewuwf/ h Kvb P v b j DcvbyôvwbK wk vgjk Abyôvb cöpv ii e e v Kiv LyeB cö qvrb G e e vi cö qvrb I iyz me gn ji Rvbvi Rb c_ bvuk _ K ïiy K i mkj ai bi gwwqvi mnvqzv bqv Riywi NFE cövmöv gi Rb iwwi I wuwf Z wkqyuv mgq eivï bqvi e e v Kiv h Z cv i G Î wuwfi h Kvb P v b ji wbe vnx `i mwnz hvmv hvm Kiv `ikvi wk v_x `i gv_vwcqz e q Kgmn 6 gv m wk v`v b mdjzv Avm Z cv i GKRb wbi i K 280 N Uv Comprehensive wk v `Iqv n j mv i n Z cvi e mv izv I Ae vnz wk vi mgqmwp Bb dc Avg ji Kiv wk vµg Kgb n e, K jei KZUv n e, KvwiMix wk v KZUzKz n e BZ vw` m c K we epbv K i mv izvi msáv hwu NFE Policy- Z Av Q Zvi m ½ Compromise Ki Z n Z cv i 16-18wU gšyvj qi AvIZvq NFE Kvh µg i q Q Kv RB Flexibility Gi me P q eo welq jv n Q, wk vµg, vbxq wk v I ms wz, Rjevqy, j vû gvk, Rxeb ` Zv I Rxeb e vcx wk v BZ vw` Kvb ai bi wk v K `ª n Z cv i Avi wegbgdb Gi fwgkvb ev Kx n e mw` K bri w` Z n e G wel q wegbgdb Gi wk ai bi `vwqz cvjb Ki Z n e Zv wbiƒcy Kiv `ikvi NFE cwipvjbv Kivi Rb Kvb Wvbvi bv _vk ji Pj Z cv i ^vej ^x e w³, emikvwi e vsk, K c v iu e vsk Ges cö Z K Dc Rjv mikvwi Awdm Av Q Zv `i K `vwqz `Iqvi e e v _vk Z cv i cwðg evsjvq vbxq mikvi Gi nv Z gzv cö`vb K i GbGdBi Avkvbyiƒc dj cviqv M Q h mg emikvwi ms vi UKwbK vj hvm Zv Av Q Zv `i hw` wm jkkb `qv m e nq Zvn j fv jv dj AR b Kiv hv e ZvB e j bvg me ^ weªd Km GbwRI K mg_ b Kiv hvq bv Cost of learner gvî 500/- UvKv n jb ` mnvqk/ wk K cviqv mnr n e bv KwgDwbwU K m PZb Kivi Rb wzbwu welq LyeB iyz c~y : <> m PZbZv Kivi gvbm (Awareness) <> Kv Ri m ½ m ³ KiY (Engagement) <> wb Ri KvR fvev (Ownership) AvbyôvwbK wk vi wekvk ev mnvqzvkvix DcvbyôvwbK wk v welqwu m K mkj K eys Z n e AvbyôvwbK wk vi wcq b hiƒc `k b Av Q Z`ªyc DcvbyôvwbK wk vqi `k b Av Q cövq `yb`k KI PZbv cvv cy K m yy cwiez b nqwb GB wk vµg gšwjk wk vq e eüz n Zv wkš GB DcKiY wcgjwm ZI wk v_ x `i Rb Pvjy i q Q A_P c wzmz Df qi cv_ K i q Q DcvbyôvwbK wk vi wk v_x `i AvMÖn m švlrbk bq Z e Kb m švlrbk - 45 PÎ msl v bq Zvi KviY Lyu R ei Ki Z n e wk K, mycvifvbrvi `i Pvc `qv nq A_P wk v_x iv K `ª mgqgz Dcw Z n Z Pvq bv eqi eqmx hviv AvbyôvwbK wkï `i gz bq Zv `i Ávb, eyw, Rxeb ` Zv wkky `i P q A bk ewk Zviv Zv `i Kv Ri mv _ wk vi wgj nq Zv Lyu R cvq bv GRb Zviv AbvMÖnx Gme mgm v wbimbk í 4wU welq `Lv `ikvi (1) Sustainable : NFE Ki Z n j Follow-up `ikvi mikvi Ges mykxj mgvr K GwM q Avm Z n e ((2)) Contact hours : wk Ki b~ bzg cöwk Y `qv nq ZvB mgm v mgvavb nq bv cöwk Y w` q wk K `i gv V Qvov n q _v K wk v_x `i wbw` ó cwigvy Abykxjb Kivi cö qvrb Av Q Z e Zvi Flexibility _vkvii `ikvi Av Q (3) Flexible delivery : GUv effective delivery Kivi Rb cöwk Y w` Z n e wk K hw` fv jvfv e wk vi welqe iß Ki Z cv ib Zvn j Zuvi wk v_x MY fvjfv e wk v MÖnY Ki Z cvi e (4) Popular Curriculum : Rxeb Nwbô wk v KvwiKzjvg cöyqb Ki Z cvi jb Zv RbwcÖq n Z cv i Rxeb I RxweKvi mv _ msmwz i L DcvbyôvwbK wk v X j mvrv Z n e Flexibility gwnjv I cyil `i Rb Pvwn`vgZ mvrv Z n e wk v K `ªi AeKvVv gv bv _vk ji NFE Pj Z cv i Flexible delivery e e vq GgbwU n Z cv i h wk v K `ª 10 Rb wk v_x + 10 Rb Av M ev c ii wmd U Zv `i myweavrbk mg q wk v MÖn Yi Rb Avm Z cv i Z e wk K K Full time _vk Z n e Avi Gi wcq b KvR Ki Z cv i fvj ezb ^xk wz I mgqgz gvwmk ezb cö`vb GLb h cwigvy m vbx Zv `i K cö`vb Kiv nq Zv w` q fv jv cvv `vb Avkv Kiv hvq bv hw` ` I BQzK cöv_wgk wk K K LÛKvjxb cov bvi `vwqz `qv hvq Zvn j fvj djvdj cviqv h Z cv i NFE Kvh µ gi mdjzvi Rb

47 DcvbôvwbK wk v e y iv Z Capacity Building AZ š Riywi ez gvb mikv ii wbe vpbx A½xKvi 2014 mv ji g a `k _ K kzfvm wbi izv `i Kiv GgwWwR, BGdG, wcavigmwc, GbwcG-2 cöf wz agreement hvpvb Kiv `ikvi 2006 mv ji GbGdB cwjwm 2010 mv j cvkk Z wk vbxwz Abymv i KZUv m ³ Zv ch v jvpbv Kiv `ikvi Aek ^ ^ cöwzôv bi wbr ^ cwjwm mikvwifv eb cöyxz n q _v KZvi c ii m jv ev e cö qvm Kivi wbwg Ë wewfbœ Dcv q hgb we klá `i mgš^ q Kg kvjv, mfvi gva g Kiv nq Ges cökvmwbk gšbvj qi Aby gv` bi Zv ev evqb n q _v K AwfÁZv djcömy Kivi Rb ` Zv I hvm Zv Ges mvg_ cöz fv e KvR Ki Z cv i ` Zv Kg nv RvMÖZ K i Ges K g i djvdj UKkB Ki Z m g nq Av_ -mvgvwrk I ivr bwzk cö vc U cökí MÖnY Kiv `ikvi Avgiv Kv `i Rb cökí be Zv `i K_v gv_vq ivl Z n e Avi GRb PvB mwvk cwikíbv mwvk cwikíbv Kivi m ½ PvB mikvwi Kg KZ v `i ` Zvi Dbœqb GbGdB GgAvBGm GLb ch š wegbgdb- Z bb GQvov ez gv b GB cöwzôv b GbGdB Kvh µ gi Rb Rbej LyeB AcÖZzj cvpu eqi, 10 eqi ev 15 eqi Kxfv e GbGdB Kvh µg cwipvjbv Kiv n e Zvi cwikíbv Kiv `ikvi mkj KvR hv Z mdjfv e AR b Kiv hvq Zvi Dci `xn gqv`x cwikíbv Kiv RvZxq Pvwn`v wbiƒcy Kivi gz mvg_ I hvm Zv Ges mb mv _ nv Z-Kj g KvR Kivi ` ZvB n Q Capacity building criteria Gi wby vqk wegbgdb mikvwi cöwzôvb ZvB mnkvwi cwipvjk _ K gnvcwipvjk ninv gkv e`wj n q _v Kb Gi d j ` Zvi Yv Y w wz ivlvi c e B bzzb Kg KZ v `i AvMgb N U wk vµg cwikíbv, wk vµ gi Dbœqb, cöyqb Ges cö qvm cöwzwu ÎB LyeB UKwbK vj Ges AwfÁZv,` Zv I K Vvi mwnòzzv G ai bi Rbej m wói Rb cöpzi cöwk Yi `ikvi nq evsjv ` k AvbyôvwbK-DcvbyôvwbK Dfq mªv Zi wk vµg K i _v K mikvwi Kg KZ viv hw`i evb ii KwZcq welq we kl Ái mnvqzv bqv nq RvZxq wk vµg I cvv cy K evw Ges DcvbyôvwbK wk v e y ivi AvIZvq wbr ^ Kg KZ v hgb M elyv Kg KZ v I we klá Ges mnkvix cwipvjk Bwbwkqvj ii Kg KZ vi Ae vb Av Q Zuv `i Øviv GZ wekvj Kg KvÛ m v`b Kiv m e bq wbr ^ Kg KZ v `i K jei e w I c `vbœwzi e e vmn cöwk Yi e e v Kiv `ikvi h mkj Kg KZ v cöl Y G m ` Zv AR b m g Ges AvMÖnx Zv `i e`wj bv Kiv ev c `vbœwz n ji mgc ` wdwi q Avbv DcvbyôvwbK wk vq wkw_jzv ivlv Flexibility we epbv Kivi Rb mgq, vb,wk v_ x msl v, KvwiKzjvg Ges j AR bi Rb RbM Yi mv _ Avjvc Av jvpbvi gva g GKgZ n q KvR Ki Z n e wekvj wbi i Rb Mvôxi Pvwn`v Abymv i cwikíbv Ki Z cvi j Kv Ri j I D Ïk mdj n e hmkj we klá Rxe bi mv _ Nwbô wk vµg cöyqb Ki Z cv ib Zuv `i AwfÁZvB e j w` e GbGdB wkfv e m bœ n e cöm½µ g ejv hvq mikvi 100% mv izv AR b Kivi h A½xKvi K i Qb Zv ci Yi Rb Flexibility Aek `ikvi mv izv Ggb GK wrwbm hv a i ivlvi Rb e e v Ki Z n e Flexible hzb Kiv nvk bv Kb Contact Hour Aek B wba viy Ki Z n e GKRb K lk Zvi Rxe bi AwfÁZvq K wl mskªvš wewfbœw`k Rvb Z cv i Ges ev e Rxe b m jv cö qvmi Ki Z cv i hgb dmj KLb ivcb Ki Z n e KLb cvwb w` Z n e Ges Kvb mgq dmj KZ b Ki Z n e BZ vw` fvj Rv b k m i ivm Rxevby webó Kivi Rb Pesticide Medicine cö qvm Kxfv e Ki Z n e Zv Rv b bv ZvB Zv `i K nv Z Kj g wk v w` Z n e mv izv AR bi mdjzvi wel q wbkviv qv I Zzi i D`vniY MÖnY Kiv h Z cv i zj, K jr I wek we` vj q coyqv wk v_x `i mv i Kv R jvmv bv n qwqj ZvB Zuviv mdj n qwqj GKRb wk v_x mßv n 3/4 w`b wk v K `ª Dcw Z _vk Z cv i mv izv ` pkiy Kivi Rb 2/3w`b fvjfv e covi my hvm h _ó n Z cv i DcvbyôvwbK wk vi KZ jv MvBwWs wcöwýcj i q Q hgb, mevi Rb wk v, wgwjwbqvg W fjc g U - 46 Mvj, GbwcG-2, GbGdB cwjwm, GbGdB g vwcs Ges ez gvb mikv ii A½xKvi Gme welq jv we epbvq i L DcvbyôvwbK wk v Kvh µ gi gjgš niqv DwPZ AvVviwU gšyvjq GbGdB Kvh µ gi mv _ RwoZ i q Q Zv `i m ½ Avjvc-Av jvpbvi gva g Kxfv e GbGdB Kvh µ gi mdjzv Avm e Zvi Dcvq Lyu R ei Ki Z n e wd ì jvwb s m Uvi cwi`k b Ki j `Lv hvq h A bk wk v_x i Dcw wz Kg ïaygvî mgq wbev P bi Rb A bk wk v_x Dcw Z _vk Z cv i bv wk v_ x `i myweavrbk mgq K cövavb w` Z n e B `v bwkqvq gvevbj K vm bqvi e e v Av Q Mvwo, bškv,cvnvo/ wujvq, MvQ Zjvq hlv b wk v_ xi cq ` mlv bb mnvqk Dcw Z _vk eb Z e G Î mve wyk mnvqk K wb qvwrz ivlvi gz m vbx/ ezb Aek B wbwðz Ki Z n e cökí cwipvjbvi Rb hz cwigvy A_ LiP jvm e ZZUzKzB wbav iy Kiv cö qvrb cök í Kg K i ev RU aiv n j hw` KvR mwvkfv e m bœ bv nq Zvn j mwu half done n Z cv i G Z A_ AcPq Qvov Avi wkqzb bq evrvi `i Abymv i Ges Kg wfwëk cökí cöyqb Kiv `ikvi mnvqk-mnvwqkv I mycvifvbrvi `i ezb/m vbx Kg w` j Kvw Z j cšuqv Z cvi e bv mb `i e e vmn AvbyôvwbK wk vq cö e ki my hvm _vkv mv izv AR bmn ` Zv jv AR bi Rb accreditation Gi e e v Ki Z n e Gi cöw Z wk v_ xiv GbGdB MÖvRy qk bi ci wk vi gj mªvzavivq fwz niqvi my hvm cv e hv `i eqm 13/14 Zviv lô kªyx Z fwz i my hvm cv e Z e AvbyôvwbK mgvcbx cix vq hvm Zv mv c Zv n e hv `i eqm ewk n e Zv `i K f Kkbvj we` vj q fwz i my hvm _vk e Ges GLv bi AvbyôvwbK wk vi gzb cöwz hvwmzvgjk cix vq DËxY n Z n e Gfv e bvn j accreditation Gi Kvb gj _vk ebv Accreditation Gi c e mgzv vck KvwiKzjvg cöyqb I ev evqb Kiv AZ š cö qvrb BKzB f jý KvwiKzjvg cöwzwôz n j mgfv e AvbyôvwbK wk v _ KI DcvbyôvwbK wk v MÖn Y KvbB evav _vk ebv c vivjvj GWy Kkb

48 cöwzôv Ki Z cvi j wk vi `yqvi e w cv e Gi cök ó D`vniY cvk ez x `k _vbj vû Ggb Ae v m wó cö_ g cöv_ wgk i ch š Kiv Avi GUv Kivi f~wgkv wb Z n e cöv_wgk I MYwk v gšbvj qi Ges DcvbyôvwbK wk v e y ivi cöv_ wgk i Kivi c i evsjv `k Db y³ wek we` vj qi mnvqzv MÖnY Kiv h Z cv i c vivjvj GWy Kkb cöwzôv Ki Z cvi j eqm, mgqi vb f` cöf wz d w wewjwui Kvi Y DP wk v AR bi Øvi Ly j h Z cv i GbGdB Kvh µ g `ywu welq cöavb DcRxe n Z cv i GKwU nj wk vi Av qvrb Ab wu wk v`vb wk v K `ª, cvv`v bi mgqmxgv KbUªv± AvIqvi I wklb mvgmöx cöf wzi m ev P e envi Kivi Î bri `Iqv cö qvrb Dcw wzi nvi Kg n jb h K `ªi cvv`vb e e v fvj bq Zv ejv hv e bv GbGdB Gi mwnz RwoZ mkj e w³i Commitment Acwinvh hw` ivr bwzk A½xKvi ev evqb Kivi BQv _v K Zvn j 6 gv mi g a GKRb wk v_ x K mv izvi me jv ` Zv AR b Kiv bv m e n e mnvq Ki m vbx I cöwk Y cöwz K `ªi Rb cöwz wkd U 30 Rb wk v_x Av Q (cöwzwu K `ª 2wU wkdu GKwU gwnjv Ab wu cyiyl) m vbxi cwigvy evwo q `qv Aek B DwPr Drmvn I DÏxcbv Avi `vwqz kxj mnvqk/ mnvwqkv ˆZqvi Kivi gz ewy Z iƒ c Kiv n ji fvj djvdj cviqv h Z cv i cöwz wk v_x eve` 500/- UvKv A_v r 6 gvm c i gj vq b h KqRb wk v_x cvk Ki e m Abyhvqx A_v r 1Rb cvk Ki j 500/- UvKv Ges 10 Rb cvk Ki j 500x10=5,000/- UvKv Ges 30Rb cvk Ki j 500x30=15,000/- UvKv m vbx `qv hvq cöwzwu wk v K `ª _ K h KqRb cvk Ki e m KqR bi wecix Z UvKv `qv n e Z e Kvb wk v_x cvk Ki Z e _ n j mnvqk Zv K we kl bri w` q cov jlv Kwi q cybivq gj vqb Ki e Ges cvk Ki j cöwz wk v_x eve` 500/- UvKv nv i m vbx cv e wk v_xi gj vqb di gu K `ªxq fv e ˆZix K i Zv mieivn Kiv `ikvi gj vq bi MÖwWs Abyhvqx w j Uªwbs G wk v_x i bvg evqvb Kiv n e Dc Rjv chv q Dc Rjv Pqvig v bi bz Z BDGbGdBwm Kvh µg ev evqb Ki e Ges Dc Rjv Z vqx KvVv gv m wó K i Zvi gva g gwbuwis Kivi e e v Kiv n e Ges hw` Kvb mgm v `Lv `q Zvn j BDGbGdBwm Gi gwbuwis wi cvu wb q Av jvpbv K i Zv mgvavb Ki Z n e DcvbyôvwbK wk vi mdjzv GbGdB Kvh µgwu ïi _ KB flexible wbq gb evsjv ` ki wewfbœ v b KvR Ki Q wugjgg 1996 mv j ïi nq Ges Gi mdjzvi n qwqj wbi imy mv izv AR b K iwqj Ges hvi d j mv izvi nvi 63% n qwqj wk v_x `i mwnz Avjvc Av jvpbvi gva g Pjgvb Pvwn`v wfwëk wk vµg I Rxeb ` Zv Ges RxweKvq bi UªW jv evqvb Kiv m e n e gšyvj qi wewfbœ kvlv Awdm Dc Rjv chv q Av Q Ges hviv GbGdB Kvh µ gi mwnz RwoZ Zv `i K wb q Av jvpbvi wfwë Z Avgiv ciezx c` c MÖnY Ki Z m g ne Gme Kv R wewfbœ wgwwqv iz cy fwgkv cvjb Ki Z cv i 1998 mv ji wugjgg Gi d j hlv b mv izvi nvi 63% G `vwo qwqj mlv b 2010 mv j Kg c 90% _ K 95% niqv DwPr wqj eis e w bv c q gvî kzkiv 51 fvm mv izv AwR Z n q Q DcvbyôvwbK wk v Î Afvebxq mvdj AR bi d j AvšR vwzk ^xk wz ^iƒc evsjv `k 1998 mv j BD b v mv izv c`k jvf K i GbGdB welqwu K mdj cök íi j I D Ï k i mv _ wgj i L ev evqb Ki Z nq mdjfv e cwipvjbv Kivi Rb Flexibility hw` AviI `ikvi nq Zvn j Intensive fv e ch e Y Kivi `ikvi Av Q B Zvg a `o eqi mgq P j M Q gvî wzb eqi mvg b i q Q Gi g a wekvj msl vk wbi i `i mv izv AR b Kiv bv ek KwVb bzyb cökí Pvjy Ki Yi Rb `vzv ms v GLbI cviqv hvqwb e j Rvbv M Q hw` mikvwi A_ vq b bzzb cökí cwipvjbv Kiv m e bv nq Zvn j Wvbvi `i GB cök íi j I D Ïk Rvbv bvi c_ ei Ki Z n e mikvi I Wvbvi `i g a mgš^q Kiv `ikvi LÛ Kvjxb wk K w` q GbGdB Gi Kvh µg cwipvjbv Kiv m e bq GbGdBi gšwjk wk vmn UªWwfwËK cöwk Y AR bi ci ` k RxweKvq bi c_ Ly j hv e GgbwK we ` k wm q hv Z PvKwi c q RxweKv - 47 PÎ msl v wbe vn Kivi my hvm cv e ` k evrvi gylx I we `k gylx GbGdB wk vµg _vkv Acwinvh Avi Gm ei Rb Aek B MvUv ` k G&bGdB Kvh µg MÖnY Kiv Riwi GbGdBi gva g RxebwfwËK I Kg gylx wk v MÖnY Ki Z cvi jb GB wekvj wbi i RbZv gvbe m ` cwiyz n Z cvi e mikv ii A½xKvi ev evq bi KŠkj mikv ii A½xKvi 2014 mv ji g a evsjv ` k KD wbi i _vk ebv A_ vr mv izvi nvi kzfvm n Z n e mikv ii GB A½xKvi ciy Kivi Rb h _ó D ` vmx n Z n e Rxeb ` Zv Av Mi Zzjbvq A bk ewk n q Q gvevbj dvb hvmv hv Mi Î AfZce Dbœqb Ki Z m g n q Q nvii, cvnvo I Pi GjvKvq nvvr eb v nq, GB mgq cöpzi km bó nq nvii GjvKvq GLb dmj Zgb bó nq bv KviY gvevbj Gi gva g Lei cšuqv Q e j cöwz iva e e v MÖnY Ki Z m g n Q dmj Wy e hviqvi Av MB K l Kiv gvevbj Uz gvevbj Lei c q cö qvrbxq e e v MÖnY Ki Z cv i NFE K Sustain Ki Z n j Competency base n Z n eges G wel q Kvb bgbxq e e v bv K i GgbwK UvKv Kg LiP K ii bq eis NFE Gi gvb I MyYv Y ervq ivlvuvb eo KvR MÖvg M Ä Leisure time KvUv bvi RvqMv LyeB Kg ZvB cövqk `Lv hvq A bk jvk iv vi QvU QvU `vkv b Pv I cvb Lvq Ges wuwf, iwwi ` L Avi hviv mv i Zviv vbxq cwîkv c o mgq e q K ii Zv `i A bk mgq nv Z _v K wk v K `ª wuwf, iwwi I Le ii KvMR wbqwgz cvvv j A bk djcömfv e GbGdB Kvh µg m bœ Kiv m e n e Avkªqb cök íi D`vniY MÖnY Kiv hvq mlv b we zu I Lye Aí UvKv `qv n Zv bv v Lvevi Avkvq mlv b jvk R bi Dcw wz Af v m cwiyz n q wm qwqj ZvB cöiyv I cölyvi gva g ermi eqmx wbi i `i Avbvi `vwqz mkj mv i e w³e M i mikv ii c GKKfv e GB i`vwqz cvjb Kiv m e bq GbGdB Kvh µ gi mdjzvi cq b `ikvi mikv ii cvkvcvwk ev evqbkvix ms vi mw`qv I ^QZv Avi G Kv Ri bz Z w` Z n e cöv_wgk I MYwk v gšyvjq Ges DcvbyôvwbK

49 ey iv K me cöavb KvR n Q wbi i Rb Mvôxi Pvwn`v gvzv ek wk vµg cöyqb Kiv gvbe m ` wbg v Y ev e wfwëk cökí MÖnY Kiv `ikvi evrvi wfwëk ev Perspective plan Dci wfwë K i GbGdB Kvh µg cwipvjbv Ki Z cvi jb mdjzv Avm e eqm A bk eo Class Interval Avjv`v K i cvv`v bi e e v Kiv hvq wkbv Zvi Rb Second thought `ikvi DBNFE,DC,UNO Øviv NFE m b fv e m bœ Kiv m e bq eis Community I vbxq mikvi Z_v BDwbqb cwil` K m ³ K i Ges Zv `i nv Z `vwqz I gzv cö`vb Ki j mdjzv AR b n e Public Private Partnership cöz q K AviI Rvi`vi Ki Z n e AvVviwU gšyvj qi GbGdB msµvš Kvh µg i q Q, ZvB Zv `i Kvh µg Kgb Pj Q Zv `i DcKiY Kgb Ges wk v cö`vbmn wewfbœ welq m K Rvbvi Rb cövmg Gme gšyvj qi mv _ hvmv hvm vcb Ki Z cv i AvšZ:gšYvjq GKwU KwgwUI Av Q hw` wm všz nq Zvn j Zv `i K wb q mfv Kiv h Z cv i GbGdB Kvh µg K mdj Kivi Rb vbxq mikv ii mwnz m ³ Kiv Acwinvh G KvRwU Kivi Rb Avšt gšyvj qi mfvq wm vš MÖnY Kiv `ikvi RvZxq Pvwn`v wbiƒcy I vwqz Zv 2014 mv ji g a kzfv M mv izv AR bi Rb Awej ^ cökí cöyq bi Rb K vwe bu I msm ` Dc vc bi e e v Ki Z n e Wvbvi bv c ji e m _vkv DwPr n e bv mikv ii A _ Ges cökí cwipvjbv Ki Z evav _vkvi K_v bq ` ki AMwYZ gvbyl wewfbœ ms vq i q Q Zuv `i KvQ _ K A_ cviqv h Z cv i mikv ii m `i Afve _vk ji wk v Î eivï `Iqvi gz A_ Aek B Av Q GbGdB Kvh µ g mdjzv Avb Z cvi j evsv hv e Avgv `i D ` vm KZUv mdj n q Q GbGdB Kvh µg K wkfv e Sustain Kiv hv e Zvi Dcvq ei n e z`ª cwim i e nr Kvh µg K Ave bv i L AviI eo dviv g Av jvpbv Kiv DwPr NFE Mapping G eqi eqmx 3.73 KvwU wbi i K mv i K i Zvjvi Rb Av `vjb Kiv cö qvrb GB e nr Kvh µg K mdj Ki Z cvi j ez gvb mikv ii A½xKvi ev evqb n e DcvbôvwbK wk v e y iv KZ K cökí cöyqb I Kvm m K aviyv Rvbv M Q cöv_wgk I MYwk v gšyvj qi gva g DcvbôvwbK wk v e y iv wzb nvrvi KvwU UvKvi Dc i e q n e Ggb `ywu cökí Rgv w` q Q hv cwikíbv Kwgk b Rgv Av Q GB `ywu cök í (61+3) 64wU Rjvq gšwjk wk v I Ae vnz wk v cö`vb Kiv n e GB cökíøq cvk n j evsjv ` k 3.73 KvwU wbi i Rb Mvôxi mv izv AwR Z n e gšwjk wk vi gva g Zv `i K wb q h wk vµg cöyxz n e Zv n e wzb gv mi Avi Ab vb wk v hv K RxweKvq bi A_v r UªW wfwëk wk v n e mwu 6 gv mi Avgv `i ` k A bk wbi i e w³ Av Qb A_P Zv `i cöhyw³mz ` Zv Av Q KejgvÎ Zv `i K c wzmz cöwk Y w` Z cvi j RvZxq Dbœq b Zv `i ` Zv K Kv R jvmv bv m e n e ivrwg x, KvVwg x, B jkwuªwkqvb, iwwi wuwf givgz Kivi UKwbwkqvb A b KB wbi i wkš Zv `i gav Av Q Zviv RxweKv wbev n Ki Qb Gme jvk `i K gšwjk wk v w` Z cvi j UªWwfwËK wk vi gva g Zviv AviI kvwyz n e mikvi KZ K M nxz c` c cöv_wgk I MYwk v gšyvj qi ZË veav b ez gv b me e nr wk v Kg mwp cö vwez wcbwwwc-3 ev evwqz n j mv izvi nvi kzfvm cušqv bvi cvkvcvwk wk vi YMZ gvb e w cv e GKB mv _ ez gv b wewfbœ cök íi gva g AvbyôvwbK Ges DcvbyôvwbK wk v Kvh µg cwipvwjz n Q ez gvb mikv ii mg q myweavewâz, S i cov Ges DcRvwZ wkïiv cöv_wgk wk v MÖn Y AwaKZi myweav cv Q wbi izv `ixki Y mikv ii cvkvcvwk emikvwi msmvb, RbcÖwZwbwa Ges wmwfj mvmvbwui fwgkv AZ š iyz cy mvaviy RbM Yi AskMÖn Y 2014 mv ji g a B mk ji Rb wk v Kg mwp ev evqb Kiv m e n e g g ez gvb mikvi A½xKvive G j, Avgv `i mk ji cö Póv Av iv Rvi`vi Ki Z n e evsjv ` k ez gvb Rjv f ` hlv b h ai bi UªW evrvi wfwëk Pvwn`v _vk e Rwi ci gva g m jv MÖnY Kivi gvbm MÖnY Kiv n q Q mikvi ` ki `vwi`ª cxwoz GjvKvi wkï `i we` vj qi mv _ m ³KiY, S i cov iva, Dcw wz e w,wk vi YMZgvb cöf wz mp Ki Dbœq b `ycy i wuwdb, mkj Mixe Q j- g q K Dce wë cö`vbmn mkj wk v_x K cöwz eq ii ïiy ZB bzzb eb mieiv ni Kvh µg MÖnY K i Q ez gvb mikvi wk K `i cö Yv`bvi e e v, cö qvrbxq cöwk Y cö`vb, wewfbœ kªyxi we` vj qi wk K `i ezb ˆelg `ixkiy I mvgvwrk gh v`v e w i j KvR K i hv Q GZØ ZxZ, ` ki cöv_wgk wk vi AwaKZi my hvm m cömvi Yi j we` vjqwenxb MÖv g we` vjq vcb, mkj cöv_wgk we` vj q cövk-cöv_wgk kªyx I GKxfyZ wk v Kvh µg Pvjymn RÛvi ˆelg `ixki Yi cö qvrbxq c` c MÖnY K i Q cöv_ wgk wk vi YMZ gvb Dbœq bi j 2009 mvj _ K câg kªyx Z wk v mgvcbx cix vi e e v Kiv n q Q G Î me gnj _ K BwZevPK mvov cviqv M Q mikv ii cö Póvi cvkvcvwk wk K, AwffveK, RbcÖwZwbwa, GbwRI cöwzwbwa, Kg KZ v-kg Pvix, mgvr Kg x, we` vjq e e vcbv KwgwU, ivrbxwzwe`mn `jgz wbwe k l mkj K M nxz mkj Kvh µg K m yy fv e mdj Ki Z GK hv M KvR Kivi Rb wewfbœ KwgwU MVb Kiv n q Q Avcvgi RbmvaviY K wbi izvgy³ evsjv `k M o Zvjvi Rb mwµq Kivi Rb mikvi B Zvg a wk vbxwz cvm K i Q mv izvi nvi evovevi Rb mikvwi D `v M I cwikíbv i q Q- mvsweavwbk eva evakzv Ges AvšR vwzk A½xKv ii cö vc U mikvi Ômevi Rb wk võ wbwðzkiy Z_v `k _ K wbi izv `~ixki Yi Rb wemz `yb`kk hver e vck Kvh µg MÖnY K i Avm Q G cöw Z RvZxq Kg cwikíbv-1 G 2000 mv ji g a : (1) cöv_wgk we` vj q fwz i nvi kzkiv 95 fv M DbœxZKiY, (2) QvÎx fwz i nvi kzkiv 94 fv M DbœxZKiY, (3) cöv_wgk wk v - 48

50 ch v q S i covi nvi kzkiv 30 fv M bvwg q Avbv, I (4) eq mv izvi nvi kzkiv 62 fv M DbœxZKi Yi j gvîv wba viy Kiv n qwqj we kl K i eq wk v Kvh µ gi D `v M I djvdj- Bb dc cök íi gva g gvu j wbi i K mv izv cö`vb Kiv nq DcvbyôvwbK wk v Kvh µg ev evq b mvdj RbK Ae`vb ivlvq Bb dc K 1995 mv j DcvbyôvwbK wk v Awa`ß i iƒcvši Kiv nq G Awa`ß ii AvIZvq DcvbyôvwbK wk v cökí -1, 2, 3 I 4 bvgk PviwU e nr cökí ev ZevwqZ nq G PviwU cök íi gva g gvu 1 KvwU 61 j 55 nvrvi wbi i K mv i Kiv nq wri-gbwri-gi mgwš^z cö Póvq Dwj wlz cökímg ni AvIZvq cövq 1 KvwU 80 j wbi i K mv izv cö`vb Kiv nq mv izv Kg mwpi G mvdj RbK ev eq bi djköwz Z 2002 mv j ` k mv izvi nvi 54.8%-G DbœxZ nq(cövmg-2002) ` k mv izv we v i G wekvj AR bi m vbrbk ^xk wz ^iƒc evsjv `k ÒBD b v mv izv cyi vi 1998Ó jvf K i Ae vnz wk v ch v q wk v_x i Pvwn`v, vbxq evrvi Pvwn`v I vbxq ch v q cöwk Yi myweav hvpvb ce K mkj wk v_x i Rb wewfbœ ai bi Avqe w gjk UªW cöwk Yi Av qvrb i q Q UªWwfwËK AvZ Kg ms v bi Ges wk v_x `i cö qvrbxq FY myweav cvevi Rb mswk ó Kg m~wp ev evqbkvix GbwRI, wewfbœ mikvwi I emikvwi mev cö`vbkvix ms vi mv _ ms hvm vc b cö qvrbxq e e v MÖnY Kiv n q Q ` Rbkw³i Rb mv izv Ab Zg kz, G wel q mikvwifv e Awfevmx kªwgk `i Rb D ` vm i q Q B Zvg a wcgjwmbgbpww-1 I 3 cök íi gqv` kl n q Q cªwzwu K `ªi wk v_ x `i Rb wba vwiz wk v DcKiY h_vmg q msmön, mieivn Ges wbe vwpz wk v_x `i K 9 gvm e vcx mv izv DËi I Ae vnz wk v cö`vb mv izv Kvh µg ev evq b vbxq mikv ii Ask MÖnY wbwðz Kivi cwikíbv i q Q, hgb gvv ch v q wcgjwmb Kvm ev evq b wbe vwpz GbwRI K mvwe K mn hvwmzv cö`vb Ges GwRIÕi Kvh µg cwiex Y I gj vq bi Rb Rjv DcvbyôvwbK wk v e y iv KvR Ki Q ZvQvov, Dc Rjv I Rjv ch v q wbe vwpz GbwRI K mvwe K mn hvwmzv cö`vb Ges GbwRIÕi Kvh µg cwiex Y I gj vq bi Rb Dc Rjv cwil` Pqvig v bi bz Z Dc Rjv DcvbyôvwbK wk v KwgwU Ges Rjv cökvm Ki bz Z Rjv DcvbyôvwbK wk v KwgwU i q Q mikvi wewfbœ ch v q KwgwU MVb K i Q Gme KwgwU Z Ašfz ³ Av Qb mgv Ri wewfbœ ii bz e ` I Rjv I K `ª ch v qi mikvwi emikvwi Kg KZ ve ` G cök í Zv `i m ³Zv I mn hvwmzvi j wewfbœ KwgwUi MVb I Kvh vejx Dc vcb Kiv n jv cök íi Kvh µg ev evq bi Rb wb œv³ KwgwU jv i q Q 1 Ae vnz wk v K `ª e e vcbv KwgwU 2 Dc Rjv DcvbyôvwbK KwgwU 3 Rjv DcvbyôvwbK wk v KwgwU gjavivi cvkvcwk AvbyôvwbK wk vewâz bvmwik `i DcvbyôvwbKfv e wk v cö`v bi e e vi Pvjy i q Q ez gv b DcvbyôvwbK wk v ey ivi AvIZvq Ògvbe Dbœq bi Rb mv izv DËi I Ae vnz wk v cökí-2õõ Ges Òkn ii Kg Rxex wkï `i Rb gšwjk wk v cökí (2q ch vq)ó kxl K `ywu cökí Pvjy i q Q GbGdB g vwcs 2009 Abymv i evsjv ` k eqi eqmx wbi ii msl v cövq 3 KvwU 73 j GB wecyj wbi i Rb Mvôxi wbi izv `ixki Yi j AvMvgx eqimg n ev evq bi R b AviI ek KwU cökí nv Z bqv n q Q Avkv Kiv hvq vbxq RbcÖwZwbwa, wk K, wk v_x, wk v mswk ó Kg KZ v I Rbmvavi Yi mwµq cö Póvi gva g Avgv `i Afxó j AR b m e n e we` vjq Mg bvc hvmx mkj wkï K 2011 mv ji g a we` vj q Avbv Ges wk vpµ kl bv K i A_ vr S i cov ivak í MZ 10/08/10 Zvwi L cöavb wk K gvwmk mgš^q mfv evsjv ` ki mkj Dc Rjvq AbywôZ nq GB mfvq cöv_wgki MYwk vgšyvj qi mkj Kg KZ v Kvb bv KvY Dc Rjvq Dcw Z wq jb cöavb wk KMY ` pfv e A½xKvi K i Qb h Zviv Gi mdjzv Avb eb DcvbyôvwbK wk v Kvh µg K mdj Kivi Rb wb gœ KwZcq mycvwik cö`vb - 49 PÎ msl v Kiv n jv: mv izv I Ae vnz wk vi mgqmwp Ges wk vµg I Pjgvb PZbv-1,- 2-3 Bb dc Avg ji Ges m mg qi cö vc U Kiv wk vµg Kgb n e, K jei KZUv n e, KvwiMix wk v KZUzKz n e BZ vw` m K mgq, vb, Kvj hvpvb Kiv `ikvi NFE K Sustain Ki Z n j Competency base n Z n e m Î Kvb bgbxq e e v bv K i GgbwK UvKv Kg LiP K ii bq eis NFE Gi gvb I MyYv Y ervq ivlv Flexibility we epbv Kivi Rb mgq, vb, wk v_ x msl v, KvwiKzjvg Ges j AR bi Rb RbM Yi Pvwn`v wel q R b cwikíbv Kiv cö qvrb wk v K `ª wk v_x iv Zuv `i cq `gz h Kvb mg q Avm Z cv i Z e wk K K Full time _vk Z n e Avi fvj ezb I mgqgz gvwmk ezb cö`vb Ki Z n e KvwiKzjvg K RbwcÖq Ki Z n e Flexibility gwnjv I cyiyl `i Rb Pvwn`vgZ Rxeb I RxweKvi mv _ msmwz i L DcvbyôvwbK wk v ev evqb c wz X j mvrv Z n e. GbGdB Gi mwnz RwoZ mkj e w³i Commitment Acwinvh 6 gv mi g a GKRb wk v_x K mv izvi me jv ` Zv AR b Kiv bvi e e v Ki Z n e h mkj we klá Rxe bi mv _ Nwbôfv e RwoZ Ges AwfÁ Zuv `i Øviv wk vµg cöyqb Kiv NFE Kvh µ gi Gi we epbvi w`k jv n Q, wk vµg, vbxq wk v I ms wz, Rjevqy, Rxeb ` Zv I Rxeb e vcx wk v DcvbyôvwbK wk vi KZ jv MvBwWs wcöwýcj i q Q hgb, mevi Rb wk v, wgwjwbqvg W fjc g U Mvj, GbwcG-2 GbGdB cwjwm, GbGdB g vwcs Ges ez gvb mikv ii A½xKvi G welq jv DcvbyôvwbK wk v Kvh µ gi gjgš niqv DwPZ GbGdBi mkj KvR hv Z mdjfv e AR b Kiv hvq Zvi Rb `xn gqv`x cwikíbv MÖnY Kiv cö qvrb G Rb RvZxq Pvwn`v wbiƒcy Kivi gz mvg_ I hvm Zv AR bi Rb cö qvrb Capacity building GbGdB cwikíbvi mv _ wcavigmwci, GbwcG- 2 Ges m` cvmk Z wk vbxwzgi mv _ mvgám ivl Z n e

51 AvVviwU gšyvjq GbGdB Kvh µ gi mv _ RwoZ i q Q Zvu `i m ½ Avjvc- Av jvpbvi gva g GbGdB Kvh µ gi mdjzvi Dcvq Lyu R ei Ki Z n e Zv `i Kvh µg Kgb Pj Q Zv `i DcKiY Kgb Ges wk v cö`vbmn wewfbœ welq m c K Rvbvi Rb cövmg gšyvjq K Zv `i mv _ hvmv hvm Ki Z n e gšyvj qi wewfbœ kvlv Awdm Dc Rjv chv q Av Q Ges hviv GbGdB Kvh µ gi mwnz RwoZ Zv `i K wb q Av jvpbvi wfwë Z c` c bqv hvq G Î GbGdB Rjv mnkvix cwipvjk iz cy fwgkv cvjb Ki Z cv i GbGdBi gšwjk wk vmn UªWwfwËK cöwk Yi ci ` k GgbwK we ` k PvKwi c Z cv i mb ai bi GbGdB Kvh µg MÖnY Kiv Riywi Pjgvb cök íi AvIZvq Aí UvKvq wk v K `ª wbgv Y K i Kvb cövwzôvwbk vqx KvVv gv cöwzôv Kiv m e bq cöv_wgk z ji Kvb GKwU K GbGdB Kvh µ gi Rb e envi Kiv h Z cv i ivrwg x, KvVwg x, B jkwuªwkqvb, iwwi wuwf givgz Kivi UKwbwkqvb A b KB wbi i wkš Zv `i gav Av Q Zviv RxweKv wbev n Ki Qb Gme jvk `i K gšwjk wk v w` Z cvi j UªWwfwËK wk v K AviI kvwyz Ki Z cvi e Ges RvZxq cöe w i cwigvy m cömviy n e GKRb wk v_x mßv n 3/4 w`b wk v K `ª Dcw Z _vk Z cv i mv izv ` pkiy Kivi Rb 2/3w`b fvjfv e covi my hvm h _ó n Z cv i wk v K `ª wuwf, iwwi I Le ii KvMR wbqwgz cö`vb Ki j djcömfv e GbGdB Kvh µg m bœ Kiv m e eqm A bk eo Class Interval Avjv`v K i cvv`v bi e e v Kiv hvq wkbv Zvi Rb Second thought `ikvi Community I vbxq mikvi Z_v BDwbqb cwil` K m ³ K i Ges Zuv `i nv Z `vwqz I gzv cö`vb Ki j mdjzv AR b n e GbGdB Kvh µg K mdj Kivi Rb AwP ib h Kvb Dc Rjvq mivmwi Flexibility delivery mechanism Pvjy Kiv m e n e MÖv gi `wi`ª wk v_x `i Bb mbwuf `qv cö qvrb NFE Kvh µ gi iz I cö qvrbxqzv K Avcvgi RbmvaviY K evsv bvi Rb GUv K Av `vjb wn m e MÖnY MYRvMiY m wó Ki Z n e Ges G Î RbM Yi Kv Q cªkv ki Kv R wewfbœ wgwwqv K e env ii e e v Ki Z n e Dcmsnvi: evsjv ` ki mv izv cwiw wz I ez gvb Ae v e vl v Ki Z n j KwZcq welq cwijw Z n e, hgb- evsjv ` ki ^vaxbzv AR b cövq Pvi `k Ki KvQvKvwQ A_P mv izvi nvi 2008 wewegm Abymv i 52.49% hlv b 1974 mv j wqj 26.8% Ges 1991 mv j 32.4% ez gvb mikv ii AsMxKvi 2014 mv ji g a wbi izv gy³ Kiv n e GB A½xKvi AZ š mg qvc hvmx evsjv `k GKwU NbemwZcY Dbœqbkxj `k Adziš cövykw³i AwaKvix GK wekvj RbmsL v i q Q Avgv `i 2001 m bi Av`g ïgvix Abymv i gvu RbmsL v cövq KvwU evsjv ` k DcvbyôvwbK wk v Kvh µg AvbyôvwbK wk vi cvkvcvwk AZ š cö qvrb mv izvi nvi Avkvbyi~c fv e Kb evo Q bv Zv `Lv `ikvi mv izv we v i eûgylx c` c MÖn Yi cii ez gv b mviv we k mv izvi nvi nzvkv e vãk ch v q i q Q RvwZms Ni we k ly Abyhvqx ez gv b mvivwe k 776 wgwjqb wbi i i q Q Ges cöwz 5 Rb eq jv Ki 1 Rb wbi i we k GLbI 75 wgwjqb wkï we` vj qi evb i i q Q Ges eûmsl K wkï AwbqwgZ I Wªc-AvDU n q Q we k i 35 wu ` k mv izvi nvi 50% Gi bx P mviv we k i gvu wbi ii 85 % evm K i 35wU ` k evsjv ` k mv i mgvr wbg v Y ez gvb mikv ii Ae vb wby q ejv hvq-evsjv ` ki msweav b wk v K mkj bvmwi Ki gšwjk AwaKvi wn m e ^xk wz w` q Q Ges iv óªi Dci wb gœv³ `vwqz Ac b K i Q (K) GKB c wzi MYgyLx I mve Rbxb wk v e e v cöwzôvi Rb Ges AvB bi AvIZvq wba vwiz i ch š mkj evjk-evwjkv K A ezwbk I eva ZvgjK wk v`v bi Rb (L) mgv Ri cö qvr bi mwnz wk v K m½wzcy Kwievi Rb Ges mb cö qvrb wm Kwievi D Ï k h_vh_ cöwk YcÖvß I mw`qv-cö Yvw`Z bvmwik m wói Rb, (M) AvB bi Øviv wba vwiz mg qi g a wbi izv `~i Kwievi Rb Kvh Ki e e v - 50 MÖnY Kwi eb mv izv Kvh µ gi Î mikvi I emikvwi Kvh µ gi mgš^q KZUv-miKvi Ges wewfbœ Dbœqb mn hvmx ms vi mn hvwmzvq ` ki wbi i RbMY K mv izv Ávb cö`v bi j KvwU UvKv e q 4wU Dbœqb cökí Rvbyqvwi 1996, Ryb 1995, Rvbyqvwi 1996 Ges GwcÖj 1997 mv j MÖnY Kiv nq G jvi g a DcvbyôvwbK wk v cökí-1, 2 I 3 Gi Kvh µg emikvwi cöwzôvb (GbwRI)-i gva g Ges DcvbyôvwbK wk v cökí-4 Rjv cökvm bi bz Z ev evwqz nq Dc iv³ cökímg~ ni gva g 1.78 KvwU wbi i e w³ gšwjk mv izv Kg m~wpi AvIZvfz³ nq mv izv Kvh µg ev evq b vbxq mikv ii Ask MÖnY wbwðz Kivi Kvb cwikíbv i q Q, hgb gvv ch v q wcgjwmb Kvm ev evq b wbe vwpz GbwRI K mvwe K mn hvwmzv cö`vb Ges GwRIÕi Kvh µg cwiex Y I gj vq bi Rb Rjv DcvbyôvwbK wk v ey iv KvR Ki Q ZvQvov, Dc Rjv I Rjv ch v q wbe vwpz GbwRI K mvwe K mn hvwmzv cö`vb Ges GbwRIÕi Kvh µg cwiex Y I gj vq bi Rb Dc Rjv cwil` Pqvig v bi bz Z Dc Rjv DcvbyôvwbK wk v KwgwU Ges Rjv cökvm Ki bz Z Rjv DcvbyôvwbK wk v KwgwU i q Q mikvi wewfbœ ch v q KwgwU MVb K i Q Gme KwgwU Z Ašfz ³ Av Qb mgv Ri wewfbœ ii bz e ` I Rjv I K `ª ch v qi mikvwi emikvwi Kg KZ ve ` G cök í Zv `i m ³Zv I mn hvwmzvi j wewfbœ KwgwUi MVb I Kvh vejx Dc vcb Kiv n jv cök íi Kvh µg ev evq bi Rb wb œv³ KwgwU jv i q Q 1 Ae vnz wk v K `ª e e vcbv KwgwU 2 Dc Rjv DcvbyôvwbK KwgwU 3 Rjv DcvbyôvwbK wk v KwgwU DcvbyôvwbK wk vi mdjzv, cö qvrbxqzv Ges iz Dcjw i mgq G m Q ZvB G K mrxezv `v bi Rb PvB e vckfv e RbMY K Rvbv bv mvgvwrk D` y Kivi gva g cö qv MB GB Kvh µ gi kzfvm mdjzv Avm e

52 g mvc Uwgqv gvbe mf Zvi Avw` jxjvf wg kx Zi GK mkv j m h v`q n Q ek eo GKwU jvj mh Dw`Z n Q m h v` qi wvk GB mpbvj Mœ Avjdv, weuv, I Mvgv `yb fvb I GK evb kh v Z vm K i Ni _ K ewo q G jv ek kxz kxzuv eo ekx KbK b ZvB wzb fvb evb Mv Mig Kivi Rb m h i gy LvgywL n q mvwi eu a `uvov jv nvvr Avjdvi gv_vq GKwU Lqvj Pvc jv DËi w` K `Šo w` q m mh Uv K AwZµg Ki e hgb wpšv Zgb KvR w` jv GK QyU ek wkqy`i hvevi ci m `L jv mh Uv K wkqy ZB AwZµg Kiv hv Q bv Kx Avi Kiv m `Šo _vgv jv wkš Kx Avðh m `uvov bvi mv _ mv _ mh I `Šo _vgv jv G fvebv Zvi ek fvj jvm jv wej ^ bv K i m Zvi Av Mi RvqMvq wd i G jv Gevi Mvgv ejj mh K AwZµg Kivi mvg_ Zvgvi bb GB `L! Avwg mh K AwZµg KiwQ GB e j m `w Y w` K w` jv QyU, wkš bv mh K AwZµg Ki Z cvij bv KviY wvk Avjdvi gzb Mvgvi ÎI GKB NUbv NUj Ges m wd i G jv Zvi c e i Ae v b, wkš Iiv nvj Qvovi cvî bq, Iiv mh K AwZµg Ki eb Gevi `yrbb Lye Rv i w` jv QyU, GKB mv _ DËi `w Y `yb w` K wkš Avðh mh UvI GKB mv _ `yr bi mv _ `yb w` K w` jv QyU GKB mv _ `yb R bi mv _ `yb w` K? G-Kx f Zz o NUbv Z e mh Uv Avevi f Z bq Zv? KviY GKgvÎ f Zi c B Ggb wkqy Kiv m e ZvB f Z f Z e j Zviv `yrbb weuvi Kv Q G m `uvovj f q Iiv ZLb _i_i K i Kuvc Q mh inm (GKwU ˆeÁvwbK Mí) Gg G Kv `i weuv GB e j I `i Afq w` jv mh Av jv `q Zvc `q Avi Zvi Rb B c w_ex Z Avgv `i m wó, m h i Av jv Zv cb ex R A¼z iv`mg nq, Mv Q Mv Q dzj dv U, dzj a i Avi Gi Dci RxeK j eu P _v K Kvb f Z Gfv e gvby li DcKvi Ki Z cv i bv KviY f Ziv memgq gvby li wz Kivi Kv RB e Z e Kx `ezv! bv Zv n Z cv i bv, KviY `ezviv Zv wb R `i bz Z I KZ Z wb q AšK j n e gvby li mev Kivi mgq Zv `i Kv_vq? wkš mh Zv Zv bq mevb Zvi KvR, mevb Zvi ag wbiwewqbœfv e Rx ei Rb wb ew`z cövy nu v mh hw` `ezvi bv nq Z e Ggb f Zz i NUbv Kb? Avjdv I Mvgv hlb f q _i_i K i Kuvc Q ZLb weuv m h i w` K ZvwK q fve Q n mh Rvwb bv Kx Zvgvi inm, Ggwb fvevš ii GK ch v q GKwU eo cvwl Zv `i gv_vi Dci w` q D o µ g QvU n q kl ch š w`m š nvwi q M jv Ggb mgq Zvi g b GKwU fv ei D`q nj Z e wk mh A bk ` i ` i _vkvi Rb Zv K QvU `Lv Q Ggwb GK fvevš i Zvi gv_vq GKUv wm vš P c emj Zvr wykfv e m Avjdv I Mvgv K e j DVj, kvb, mh Uv c w_ex _ K nqz A bk eo wkš A bk ` i _vkvi Rb Zv K Lye QvU `Lv hvq Avi GRb B ` k Z: Gme f Zz i NUbv NU Q GKB mv _ GKvwaK gvbyl K AbymiY Ki Q Ges GKB mv _ DËi I `w Y w` K Qy U hv Q GZUzKz mh K wkqy ZB AwZµg Kiv hv Q bv BZ vw` GB K_vq Avjdv I Mvgvi gb _ K wkqyuv fq K U hviqvq Zviv D V `uvovj Ges GKB mv _ `yrbb e j DVj - 51 n mh! Z e GB wk Zvgvi inm hw` ZvB nq Z e mi fvj AZ:ci Zviv weuv K cökœ K i emj mh h c w_ex _ K A bk eo Zvi wk Kvb mnr hyw³ Av Q weuvi gv_vq GKwU mnr hyw³ L j Mj mwz B Zv GKwU mnr hyw³ Av Q? weuv ejj mh hw` GZ QvUB nz Zvn j GZUzKz mh GZeo GKUv c w_ex K Kx K i Av jvwkz I DËß K i? hyw³uv Avjdv I weuvi g b aij Gevi wzbrb GKmv _ e j DVj, c qwq! c qwq! c qwq! n mh Zzwg Avgv `i Kv Q aiv c o MQ Zzwg Kvb f Z bi, `ezv bi, Zzwg mh Zzwg Avgv `ib mh Zzwg Avgv `i wczv, KviY Zvgvi Av jv I Zvc kw³ ZB Avgv `i Rš Avi c w_ex Avgv `i gvzv, KviY c w_ex Avgv `i Abœ, e I evmf wg hvmvq AZ:ci Iiv wzbrb mh gv K bg vi w` q nv Z nvz a i N i wdij Avi hvevi ejvq MvBj GKwU Mvb Òfv jv _ Kv fv jv i Lv wczv Avgiv ZvgviB mšvb Zvgvi Zv cb Rxeb c qwq Zvgvi Av jvb Rxeb aviv Zvgv K K i kz cöywz Zvgvi Kv QB Kwi wgbwz Zzwg Ki Avgv `i ab fv jv _ Kv! fv jv i Lv Zzwg Avgiv ZvgviB mšrb

53 bzzb mvwn Z i AwfhvÎv wkebvivqy ivq MZ K qk eq i cövq `o kvi g Zv evsjv cwîkv ` LwQ hv `i cökvkk `i aviyv m jv wjuj g vmvwrb `yb evsjv wgwj q GB ai bi cwîkv m ez nvrvi Lv bk n Z cv i Kx we kl A _ Giv ÔwjUb g vmvwrbõ mwu wkš wvk Kiv mnr bq AvKv i Ly ` ev xykvq ev ^ívqy? G `i fz i Kv bv Kv bv cwîkv j ^v- PIovq cögvy mvb Ri PvB Z eo Kv bv Kv bvwu ek cyóecy (A_ vr cöwz msl v `o kv/`y kv c ôvi g Zv mk jb h ^í vqx Zv-I wvk bq Kv bv Kv bv cwîkv wek eq ii PvB ZI ewk mgq a i ewi q Avm Q Zvn j Kb Giv wb R `i wjuj g vmvwrb fv e? Ggb wk ˆewkó Av Q hv mvaviyfv e G `i wpwýz K i? Avwg wb R `xn Kvj wjuj g vmvwr bi mv _ cöz fv e hy³, m v`k wn m e e U, jlk wn m e e U cvvk, mgv jvpk, jlk Ges m v`k f wgkvq wewea cöz AwfÁZvi wepvi K i wjuj g vmvwrb m K Avgvi g b h weivu aviyv M o D V Q Zvi wkqyuv Avfvm w`b Kx Kx j Y _vk j GKwU cwîkv K Kv bv g ZB wjuj g vmwrb fvev hvq bv, cö_ g m K_v ejv `ikvi 1. h cwîkvi gyl D Ïk cwîkv _ K A _ vcvr b mwu wjuj g vmwrb bq, mwu evwywr K cwîkv (hw`i me e emv qi g Zv mwu M Yk Iëv Z cv i) 2. h cwîkv MYg bviä bi D Ï k cökvwkz ( mev D Ïk mdj nvk ev bv nvk) mwu wjuj g vmvwrb bq 3. h cwîkv Kv bv ivr bwzk ` ji Øviv cwipvwjz, Zvi cvvk msl v hz KgB nvk mwu wjuj g vmvwrb bq 4. h cwîkv Kv bv ckv`vi Mvôx ev msmv bi gylcî mwu wjuj g vmvwrb bq 5. weávc bi Avq Ges /A_ev L vwzgvb jlk `i KiYvmÄvZ ipbvw`i Ic i h cwîkvi Aw Z Ges cöpvi wbf i K i mwu wjuj g vmvwrb bq bv-gi K_v n jv,- Gevi nu v-gi w`kuv `Lv hvk 1. MZvbyMwZK bq, RbwcÖq bq, mvdj Kv x bq, c ô cvly jvjyc bq, G Kev i wbr ^, gšwjk wkqy K_v Awfbe iƒ c cökvk Kievi Zxeª Afxáv _ KB wjuj g vmvwr bi D e h cwîkvq Mvov _ KB ^KxqZvi wpý bb Zv wjuj g vmvwrb n Z cv i bv GB ^KxqZv - 52 m v` Ki n Z cv i, cwîkvi mv _ hy³ wkqy jl Ki n Z cv i, welqe Z Ges/A_ev ipbvbxwz Z _vk Z cv i, wkš Avw` _ KB ó _vkv `ikvi h wjuj g vmvwr bi f wgkv n jv cix vwbix vi, c_ wbg v Yi, D ve bi, Avwe v ii, we `ªv ni, hše bi, cöwzôvbkv -ci iv jvkvpvi BZ vw`i PŠnwÏ cwi q AwfhvÎvi 2. jvkmvb wjub g vmvwrb gv ÎiB wbqwz KL bv jvkmv bi eo Ask cvlv Yi fvi bq GKRb, KL bv cvuprb we ` k ` LwQ wewfbœ dvd Ûkb, AvU m KvDwÝj, wek we` vjq cöf wz cöwzôvb wbe vwpz wjuj g vmvwrb `i wkqy wkqy A_ mvnvh K i _v K ï bwq G- ` k AbyMZ cî-cwîkv K mikvi wkqy K i `q GB mvnvh bqv m½z wkbv muv Ab cökœ, wkš cwîkvi Puv`v ev wewµ eve` Avq _ K h wjuj g vmvwrb Pvjv bvi e q n q I V bv GUv cövq mywbwðz weávcb, Aby`vb, MÖvnK `i Kv Q Av e`b BZ vw` Dcv q `bv guvevi Póv Pj Z cv i wkš Zvi Ic ib wbf i Kivi A_ wjuj g vmvwr bi PvwiÎwe jvc djz hgb gšwjkzv Zgwb ewnmvexcbv wjuj g vmvwr bi mvgvb j Y

54 3. wjub g vmvwr bi AwaKvsk jlk- jwlkv eq m ZiY Ges mvwn Z bevmz cöwzwôz I RbwcÖq cî-cwîkv jv Zv `i cq `mb bq e ji e U, mb me cîcwîkvq cö ek jvf KwVb e ji e U, ZiY jlk- jwlkviv wjub g vmvwrb evi K i Ges Zv Z j L G Kev i `y-gkwu e wzµg ev` w` q Kv bv h_v_ wjuj g vmvwrb K qk eq ii ewk Uv b bv Zvi KviY hviv wjuj g vmvwrb j L Zv `i fz i kw³ mvg_ _vk j K qk eq ii fz i cöwzwôz cwîkv jv ZB Zv `i jlv e iv Z _v K Avi hgb Zv `i hšeb dz ivq Zgwb Zv `i Kv Q wjuj g vmvwr bi cö qvrbi dz ivq K qk eqi wjuj g vmvwr b jlv cökvk K ii hviv ^xk wz cvq bv Zv `i fz i ewkifvm jlvi c_ Q o Ab c _ P j hvq Z e GKUv wjuj g vmvwrb eü n j Av iv cuvpuv wjuj g vmvwrb e ivq-zviy Zv Kv bv we kl cör š i GK PwUqv m wë bq wkš eskvbyµ g evwywr K cwîkv Pj Z cv i, wjuj g vmvwrb P j bv djz ^KxqZv, cix vcöeyzv, ewnmvexcbv, ZviY, ci i wegylzv, we vf-we `ªvn-GmeB wjuj g vmvwr bi mvaviy j Y hme cwîkvq Gme j b `L Z cvb bv, Zviv AvKv i QvU n ji wjuj g vmvwrb e j MY Kwi bv hviv A g, jvfx, wnmvex, hviv kw³gvb I weëev bi PvgPv, hviv Aw Zvwenxb AbyeªRx Zv `i c wjuj g vmvwrb ei Kiv a ózv AvaywbK evsjv mvwn Z i D Øvab N U GK Amvgvb wjuj g vmvwr bi m Î ^ ` k-we ` k cwîkvmvwn Z i BwZnv m e½`k b cövq Zzjbvnxb ew¼ gi cöej I eûgylx cöwzfv GB cwîkvi fz i cökvk jvf K iwqj GB cwîkvi m Î wzwb evsjv M` mvwn Z iƒcvši Avb jb cwîkvi cvvkmsl v ewk wqj bv, ew¼g wb R GB cwîkv ewk w`b Pvjv Z cv ibwb wkš Aí mg qi fz i wzwb h gvb ˆZwi K i w` q M jb AvR ch š Zv AbwZµvš iex `ªbv_I wjuj g vmvwrb ei K i Qb wkš Zuvi m vw`z cwîkv jv Zzjbxq Kv bv Av jvob Zv jwb e½`k bi c i evsjv fvlvq mwz Kv ii D j L hvm wjub g vmvwrb n jv meyrcî cwîkvq iex `ªbv _i we i DrK ó jlv ewi q Q e U, wkš GwU K PvwiÎ w` qwq jb cwîkvi m v`k cög_ PŠayix iex `ªbv _i mgkv j wzwbb GKgvÎ evovwj mvwnwz K whwb iex `ªbv_ K ch š wpšv Ges vbj Dfq ÎB cöfvwez K iwq jb A_P ZuviI cvvk Mvôx wqj LyeB mxgve ; Ges h _ó jvkmvb w` q G cwîkvi K qk eq ii fz i D V hvq Avgvi ZiY eq m `yb cöavb wjuj g vmvwrb wqj KweZv I cwipq cö_ gwu K Acwimxg cöh Zœ `xn Kvj a i ei K i G mwq jb ey `e emy mb mgqkvi eû Awew`Z bexb Kwe GB cwîkvi m ÎB cökvwkz I cöwzwôz nb wkš KweZv cwîkvii cvvk wqj wbzvš Aí hz`i Rvwb jvkmvb w` qb ey `e emy GB cwîkv ei Ki Zb Avi myax `ªi gy L ï bwq Zuvi m v`bvkv j cwip qi cökvk eve ` ek K qk nvrvi UvKv jvkmvb n qwqj mb jvkmvb guv Zb Zvi wczv nx i `ªbv_ `Ë c i cwipq Kgy wb `i nv Z P j hvq, Ges bv Zvi PwiÎ bv Zvi gvb wkqyb ervq _v K wjuj g vmvwr bi wfzi w` qb evsjv mvwn Z Avgvi wb Ri cö ek N U eq m wkqyuv eo Avgvi GK eüz wq jb Agj ß z j wk KZv Ki Zb, Acic Lvjvwm Uvjvq Aeva hvzvqvz wqj `kx Uv b AvwnZ wp Ë wbiši fve Zb Kx K i evsjv mvwnz -ms wz Z wec e NUv bv hvq GKevi wvk Ki jb crvi evrv i GKwU cöeü cwîkv ei Ki eb, hvi cöwzwu cöe Ü _vk e Ges Roev`x wpšvi cöv¾ j e vl v cwîkvi bvg w` jb evwjmä GB cwîkvi cö_g cöeüwu wqj gy³gb c`v_ weávbx gnbv` mvnvi be wn `y `i hyw³cögvywegyl nvgeovb K wzwb cöejfv e AvµgY K iwq jb Agj ßi AvMÖ n Avwg GB cwîkvq G ½jm-Gi Roev`x ˆec wek mgvr`k b wb q wjwl Agj Zvi c ii Av iv ek K qkwu wjuj g vmvwrb ei K ib avi `bv K i K qk msl v ei n Zv Zvici wkqyw`b ïay zj Avi Lvjvwm Uvjv wkqy i hvmvo n j bzzb D` g Avevi GKwU cwîkvi Avwef ve Agj Aek ew¼gp `ª, cög_ PŠayix, myax `ª A_ev ey ` ei av i Kv Q cšuqvevi g Zv m v`k ev mvwnwz K wq jb bv wkš MZvbyMwZ Z Zuvi wez òv wqj AvšwiK, cix v-wbix vq Zuvi AvMÖn wqj cöej, mvwn Z i cöwz Zuvi fv jvevmv wqj ec ivqv Ges ewnmvex ZiY eq m Zuvi mvwbœa wen b wjub g vmvwr bi PwiÎ Ges mgm v Avgvi Kv Q m ez ó n Zv bv Kv iv Zvqv v bv-k i wb Ri - 53 K_vwU wb Ri g Zv K i jlv GUvB wqj Zuvi m v`k-cökvkk wn m e g U«v Avi GB Av`k wb q weávcb A_ev c ô cvlk hvmvo Kiv h AwZ KwVb KvR, Ag ji AwfÁZv _ K mwu wkqyuv eys Z cvwi Pwj ki `k K Avwg cöavbz Bs iwr ZB wjlzvg evsjvq wkqy cöeü wj LwQ cwipq-g MwK i mepvb Z DrK ó bvu Ki Abyev` K iwq ce vkvq Kv bv Kv bv wjuj g vmvwr b wj LwQ m v` Ki Aby iv a µvwš, bzzb jlv, Ø Ø BZ vw` cwîkvq Avgvi wkqy jlv i q M Q hv AvR ch š AMÖwš Z câv ki `k Ki Mvovq cvbkcvovq `Lv Mj ek K qkrb jlk cowk wn m e evmv eu a Qb Avgv `i eqm ZLb wzwi ki mvgvb wb P `ªZ eüzz M o DVj em Z jvmj Nb Nb AvÇv w i n jv Avgv `i g bi g Zv GKwU mvwnz cwîkv ei Kiv hvk ÔAvgv `i g bi g ZvÕ wjlwq e U, wkš hw`i Avgv `i ZrKvjxb eüz Z Kv bv frvj wqj bv, Avgv `i G KK R bi cöeyzv wqj G KK w` K Z e hlv b Avgv `i g bi wgj wqj mwu n jv MZvbyMwZ Ki cöwz Avgv `i wegylzvq Ges ^KxqZv K ^xk wz `evi AvMÖ n djz cwîkv GKwU ewi qwqj, Z e U Kwb wkš cvbkcvovi mb eqi jv wqj Awek vm ik gi cövyeš, wbg rmv, hšebwefvwmz nq Zv mb eqi jvi Kvwnbx KD GKw`b wjl eb mb emš Drm ei `ycy i Avexi Qwo q c _ c _ emy iv Mjvq Mvb, Adziš Pv qi AvÇv, kliv Z Mi i Nyg fvwo q AvwZ_ Av`vq, P Ui _wj Z DËgv½ Ave Z K i gv_vq mv b WuvUvi gykzu jvwm q evwr i L cvov cwiågy L vcv `i cvj vq c o kvš, mywe epk gvbyl `ii wkwâr L vcv U fvefw½ cvbkcvovi mb eüz `i g a wq jb MŠixk¼i fuªvpvh Ges Zvi x myiƒcv, MŠiwK kvi Nvl, wegj Ki, bx i `ªbv_ PµeZx, b i `ªbv_ wgî Ges Zvi x kvfbv, `e`vm cvvk, bvivqb PŠayix, Aèvb `Ë, AiY fuªvpvh, MxZv, Avwg Ges Av iv A b K m švl Nvl c i hvm `b Avm Zb m švl Mv½ywj Avi iv R k i wgî KL bv KL bv (we kl K i emš Drm e) Abœ`v gybmx, GK Avaevi Zvivk¼i cwîkvi bvg n jv DËimix; m v`k wn m e wbe vpb Kiv n jv bvivqy PŠayix Avi Avgv K ZLb K_vUv g b nqwb, c i g b n q Q, eüziv wbðq f ewp šb Avgv `i `yõrb K e QwQ jb hv Z `yb

55 wecixz gvb mi m v` Ki gvslv b Zuv `i wb R `i AvÍcÖKv ki h _ó AeKvk _v K cwîkv cökv ki Av MB ek wkqy jlv G m Mj GB eüz Mvôxi cövq mk jb jlk Ges KDB ZL bv ch š jlk wn m e cöwzôv cvbwb Avgv `i wbqwgz ˆeVK emz Ny i Ny i G KKR bi evwo Z hme jlv cviqv M Q m jv Hme ˆeV K cov n Zv Zvici Av jvpbv Ges cwi ek wkwâr cvbvnvi I wekö vjvc Avgv `i G D ` v M M wnyxiv Drmvnx mg_ K wq jb µ g Avnv ii c` jv AvÇvi eo AvKl Y n q DVj ïi Z wqj gywo Avi wrjvwc; ax i ax i jywp gvsm, ivr fvm, `B mn hv M gby kl ch š ivrkxq n q I V hw`i m mg q Avgiv mk jb wqjvg nq Lye Aí gvb bi Aa vck, bq Rvb vwj, Kivwb A_ev ekvi, wnmvexcbv ZL bv cö ek K iwb Avgv `i m v`bvq DËimixi gvu QwU msl v e ivq Avgvi g b c o Avwg wb R mepvb Z Pg K D VwQjvg GK mkv j AvÇvq wegj K ii ÔBu`yiÕ MíwUi cvv ï b m ez GwUB weg ji cö_g D j L hvm jlv wegj wqj hgb jvryk, Zgwb ivmv; Zv K mvg b G bwqj MŠi x-cyil `i g bi Mvcb Av jv Avuav i hme fq-fvebv, Kvgbv, mskq cöevnx weg ji jlvq ZLbB m wel q my Aš` wói cwipq wg jwqj DËimixi H msl v jvi GKwUiI Kv bv Kwc GLb Avgvi Kv Q bb DrK ó jlv nq Zv ewi qwqj, wkš QÕmsL v ZI cwîkvwui Kv bv PwiÎ M o I Vwb ønekz Abœ`vk¼i, ey `e, Rxebvb `, Awgq PµeZx, myax `ª, weòz ` cö Z KB H cwîkvq wj LwQ jb wkš huv `i AvÍcÖKv ki ZvwM ` GB cwîkvi Rš Zuviv Zv `i jlvi wfzi w` q K`vwPr ^KxqZvi cwipq w` Z c iwq jb Gw` K QvcvLvbvq `bv evowqj, KvMR Kbevi UvKv hvmvo nq bv wu. K bv g h mü`q cökvkkwu wq jb Avgv `i LuywU wzwb Ujv Z ïi Ki jb Avgv `i eüz Z Q` bv-nu ji cwîkv cökv ki Drmv n fvuv coj eqiv š DËimix D V Mj c i eüz AiY fuªvpvh GB cwîkvi cybi¾xeb NwU q Avg Zz wbqwgz mwu cökvk K ib Zuvi g Zv Aa emvqx m v`k cökvkk `yj f weávcb msmö ni e vcv i Zuvi we kl wbcyyzv wqj wkš m mg q Avwg fvize l i evb i, Ges Ai Yi mv _ cöxwzi m K _vk ji GB cybi¾xwez cwîkvi mv _ Avgvi g bi m K wqj bv AiY wq jb ^ `kx HwZ n i GKvš AbyivMx bvivqy PŠayixi mv _ Zuvi wqj A bk ewk gvbm ˆbKU, mvwnz Rxe b, gbylx m K h wek bvmwikzv K Avwg we kl gj w` q _vwk, Zuviv mwu K wervzxq we epbv Ki Zb GB AwfÁZvi cövq wzb `kk c i wrávmv ˆÎgvwmK ei Kwi GwU gyl Z cöeü cwîkv; Mvov _ KB RvbZvg Avw_ K jvkmvb Govevi Kv bv Dcvq bb huviv wbwðz jvkmv bi Kviev i AskfvM n Z ivwr Ggb K qkrb wem» eüzi mn hvm gjvi d j GwU ei Kiv m e nq GLb cwîkvi eqm ev iv cwi q Z ivq c o Q evovwj cvvk mgv R wkqyuv AvMÖn m wó Ki ji jvkmvb gv UI K gwb ^vfvwek wbq g Gev i we`vq bevi mgq f ewq wb Ri jlvi Kv R cy ivcywifv e wd i hve wjuj g vmvwrb hyer bi KvR Avgvi `ng b g` bv R g _vk ji Pz j cvk A bkw`b n jv a i Q Mvov ZB wj LwQ evsjv fvlvq m ez nvrvilv bk cwîkv ei nq hv `i wjub g vmvwrb ejv nq G `i mekõwu Avwg `wlwb e U, wkš `o kvi g Zv cwîkvi Kv bv-bv Kv bv msl v hzœ K i c owq AwaKvsk cwîkvi Kv bv PwiÎ ev gvb bb nq Zv `yõgkwu DrK ó ev gšwjk jlv _v K, evwk jlv wbpzgv bi, ˆewkó nxb AwaKvsk cwîkv ZB m v`k I jlk `i Ici PvjvwK cxov `q KjKvZv _ K DrK ó wjuj g vmvwrb ei Kiv h `ytmva n q D V Q Zvi A bk KviY Av Q GKwU/`ywU Kvi Yi D j L Kwi Mvo ZB e jwq, huviv Kv bvikg idv bv K i wb Ri K_vwU wb Ri g Zv K ib wjl Z Pvb, ZuvivB cök Z wjuj g vmvwr bi hvm jlk Zuv `i jlv _ K A_ vmg bi Avkv cövq bb, cöwzôvi m vebvi mxgve ez gv b KjKvZv _ K A bk ˆ`wbK, mvßvwnk, cvw K I gvwmk e ivq ˆ`wbK jv Z bvbv ik gi Kjvg _v K GB cwîkv jvi g a A bk jv _ KB jlvi Rb Kg ewk cvwiköwgk g j wek eqi Av MI AL vz, AÁvZ, AeÁvZ ZiY jlkiv we `ªvnx cöwzb vm wb q wjuj g vmvwrb ei Ki Zb GB we `ªvnx g bvfve Zuviv ek wkqyw`b ervq ivl Zb nq Zv Zv `i jvf Kg wqj, A_ev Aívqv m cövwßi my hvm A bk mxgve wqj jlvi Rb cvwiköwgk w` Z cv i Ggb cî-cwîkvi msl v Kg wj L Avw_ K ^QjZv AR b wqj AZ š KóKi GLb AwaKvsk ZiY jlk Mvov _ KB Póv K ib Gme ˆ`wb K, mvßvwn K, cvw K jlv Qvcvevi jlv Qvcv n j ïay A_ cövwß N U bv, Kv bv cöfvekvjx cwîkv KZ c i bkbr i co j fv jv gvb bi PvKwi, L vwz, cyi vi BZ vw` gjevii m vebv _v K Z e Gm ei Rb `vgi w` Z nq wjl Z nq PURjw` digv qwm jlv µ g ^vaxbfv e wb Ri g Zv K i jlvi Af vm I mvg_ jvc cvq Lye Aí mg qi g a B wjuj g vmvwr bi jlk dšz n q hvb, c o _v K ekse` gmxrxex e emv`vi cî-cwîkvi Qov bv Rvj GKai bi wec`, Ab wec` zj-k j Rwek we` vj q wk vi `ªZ AvcRvZ wpikvjb wjuj g vmvwr bi jlk-cvvk, m v`k, cökvkk, we`»r bi fz i mxgve we`»rb `k _ K wejyß nqwb, wkš wwwmöavix `i msl v h nv i evo Q Zvi PvB ZI `ªZ nv i wk vi gvb wb P b g hv Q µgea gvb cvvk-cvwvkviv h ai bi jlv cq ` K i Zv cöpzi cwigv Y jlv Ges Qvcv n Q Gme AMwYZ mv o ewîkfvrv cwîkvi wf o wjuj g vmvwr bi c m ve cvvk-cvwvkv `i ` wó AvKl Y Kiv µ gb `ytmva n q D V Q cwîkvi weávcb `evi mvg_ Zv `i bb Lye Kg MÖš vmvi ev zj K jr wjuj g vmvwr bi MÖvnK A_P Qvcvi LiP, KvM Ri `vg, WvKgvmyj meb e o P j Q wjuj g vmvwrb huviv ei K ib Zuviv ewkifvm ÎB wbæ-ga weë N ii ZiY-ZiYx hw` zj-k jr-wek we` vj q wk vi gvb gvuvgywu ervq _vkz Zvn j Avkv Kiv hz wjuj g vmvwrb `i c ekwkqy mü`q cvvk-cvwvkv gjv m e ez gv b GUv g b nq `yivkv Zey Ae vi Kv Q nvi bv-gvbvi fz ib gbyl Z i Ab Zg cwipq wjuj g vmvwr bi c _ evav-wecwëi K_v R bb G Kv R huviv bvg eb Zuv `i cöavb m ^j Zuv `i ^KxqZv, AvÍcÖKv ki AvMÖn cvi cwik cöxwz I mn hvm Ges kl ch š gvby li ïfeyw Z Av v hyekv j Gme Y G Kev i `yj f bq Avi wjuj g vmvwrb ZvB gyl Z hyekv ji KxwZ - 54

56 Gm.Gd.wW msev` QvÆ mvbv gwb Pnvivi w` K ZvKv jb gvqv jv M Zvi eqm gvî 8 Rš _ KB `ywu nvz bb MvjvK wzi k vgjv e Y i Mv qi is wgwó GKwU g q bvg Zvi mvwbqv Av³vi WvK bvg mvwbqv evev kvnv`vr nv mb w`b gry ii KvR K ib Avi gvzv AvKwjgv emg KvR K ib A b i evwo Z Zvi gv evev I 5 fvb evb mk jb _v Kb mvfvi e vsk K jvwb Z _vkv ej Z evsvq gvwj Ki RvqMvq KvbiKg wu bi PvjvNi DwV q mlv bb Zvi evev gv qi fvb evb `i wb q KvbiKg Rxeb hvcb Avi mvwbqv kvixwikfv e cöwzeüx niqvq Zvi AvkÖq wg j Q m vj fkb di w` wwr vwfs bvgk cöwzeüx AvkÖ g GLv b m z j cov jlv Ki Q cov jlvq Zvi ek g bv hvm 2 wu nvz bb Zv Z wk? 2 wu cv, 2 wu PvL Av Q Av Q 1 wu my mwµq gv_v G ZB m gnvlywk m wókz vi Kv Q mrb B m hb K ZÁZv ^xkvi Ki Q 2 wu cv w` qb m j L Zvi cv qi jlvi ek my `i I ó Mv bi MjvI ek wgw cov g b ivl Z cv i Ges gyl we` vi fvj AbyKib wcöq, Kvb wrwbm GKevi `L jb Zv Zvi Avq Z G m hvq cv w` q my `i AvU K i GKv Aemi mg q m cv I gy Li mvnv h iszzwji gva g g bi gvaywi wgwk q bvbvb Qwe AvK Z cv i wbwg lb Zvi Kv Q Rvb Z PvIqv nj Ñ cökœt Zzwg Kgb AvQ? m wgwó n m DËi w`j Avwg fvj AvwQ cökœt m vj fkb di w` wwrvwf s GB AvkÖ g Zvgvi Kgb jv M? Avgvi fvj jv M cökœt Kgb fvj jv M? Avgvi fvj jv M GLv b Avgvi A bk Ljvi mv_x Av Q Zv `i mv _ Avwg Mí K i, L j, wuwf ` L mgq KvUvB Avwg GLv b z j cov jlv Ki Z cvwi cökœt Zvgvi gv evevi Rb Lvivc jv M bv? bv, Avgvi gv evevi Rb Lvivc jv M bv Kvib Avgvi gv Avgv K G AvkÖ g gv S gv S G m `Lv K i hvq ZvQvov GB AvkÖ gi Avqv hviv Av Qb Zviv Avgv K gv qi g Zv øn K ib cökœt Zvgvi eo n q wk Kivi BQv? Avwg cov jlv K i eo n q PvKwi Kie Avwg PvKzwii UvKv gv evev K w`e cökœt gv evevi Kv Q hlb wq j ZLb Kgb wq j? gv evevi Kv Q fv jvb wqjvg wkš Lvivc jvmz ZLb hlb Avgvi mv _ Av kcv ki Kvb gv evev Zv `i mšvb `i Avgvi 2 wu nvz bb e j Avgvi mv _ Lj Z w`z bv, wgk Z w`z bv GgbwK K_v ch š ej Z w`z bv Zviv g b KiZ Avgvi h nzz nvz bb ZvB Avgvi mv _ wgk j Zv `i mšvb `i Kvb wz n Z cv i Avi GLb Avwg GB cöwzeüx AvkÖ g AvwQ GLv b mevb cöwzeüx ZvB m ikg - 55 mgm vq fzmwq bv cökœt eo n j Zzwg wk AvkÖg Q o P j hv e? bv, Avwg GB AvkÖ gb PvKzwi Kie GUvB Avgvi BQv cökœt Zvgvi wk Kvb wpwkrmv n Q GLv b? n v, GLv b Avgv K cv qi _ivwc `qv nq GLb Avgvi cv Av Mi P q A bk fv jv GLb nvu Z cvwi Z e mvgvb mgm v Av Q Av Av fv jv n q hv ev cökœt GB AvkÖ gi cöwzôvzv K Rv bv? Pv L Qj Qj cvwb Avi gylfiv nvwm w` q Avevi DËi w` jv- m vi! A_ vr bvwmi Di ingvb wmbnv m vi KB eysv jv Zvici wkï gyl _ K ei n q Gj wkqy mnr mwz K_v m Rvbv jv GB AvkÖ g Avgv `i A bk Lvevi `qv nq, wpwkrmv `qv nq Avqv `i KvQ _ K gv qi fv jvevmv cvb AvkÖ gi mk jb Avgv K Av`i K i QvU ev bi gz Avgvi Kvb Afve bb, `ytl bb Avj vn hb m v ii fv jv K ib