gvbezvev `i cöe³v Aa vck wkebvivqy ivq ( )

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1 Online version at 1 gvbezvev `i cöe³v Aa vck wkebvivqy ivq ( )

2 m úv`kgûjx Kvgi ¾vgvb evjvk Lvwj` gcbyïxb cö Q` wbqvr Avn g` Asï AjsKiY kviwgb nk ZË veav b Avey bv mi Avj Rv q`x (mrxe) IqvwRn& Avj nvmvb ivrxe Av. b. g. jyrdzj Kwei g~j : 5 (cvup) Wjvi cªkvkkvj 25 k AvM, 2008 hvmv hvm Shekor_melb@yahoo.com.au Shekor1414@yahoo.com.au Online version- 2

3 Avgv `i K_v P j M jb wbf ZPvix evovjx gbxlx, wk vwe`, `vk wbk, mvwnwz K I gy³ wpš vi cöe³v, gvbezvev`x Aa vck wkebvivqy ivq 26 k deª qvix 2008 kvwš wb KZ b wzwb `n Z vm K ib Zvui eqm n qwqj 87 eqi Ô kkoõ-gi GB msl vwu YRb v evovjx Aa vck wkebvivqy ivq K wb ew`z 1921 mv ji 20 k Rvbyqvix KjKvZvi GK m Rbkxj cwiev i Zuvi Rb gv-evev `yõrbb wq jb mgkvjxb mvwnz v½ bi AZ š bg: ^ e w³z wzwb Bs irx mvwnz wb q KjKvZv wek we` vj q covïbv K ib 1945 mv j wzwb KjKvZv wmwu K j R Aa vcbv ïi K ib hše b wzwb wec ex Gg. Gb. ivq-gi ms ú k Av mb Ges gvk mxq `k b `x v bb AKv j Gg. Gb. iv qi g Zÿ n j wkebvivqy ivq Zuvi i i Rxeb `k b I gvk mxq Ø Øev` Q o ÔRadical Humanism gzev` GwM q wb j hvb Ges Avg Zz GB gzev` cökvk, cöpvi I cªmv i wb R K wb qvwrz iv Lb Aa vck wkebvivqy iv qi Rxe bi GKwU `xn mgq K U Q gj evy -G 1963 mv j wzwb gj evy wek we` vj qi Department of Oriental Studies G hvm `b Ges 1981 mvj ch š mlv b wk KZv K ib ` k wd i wek fvizx wek we` vj qi iex `ªfe bi cwipvj Ki `vwqz bb ZvQvov, 1980 mvj _ K wzwb GKwU DrK ó mvwnz cwîkv ÔwRÁvmvÕ m úv`bv K ib International Humanist and Ethical Union Gi mv _ wzwb `xn Kvj RwoZ wq jb c w_exi wewfbœ bvgkiv wek we` vj q wzwb Visiting Professor wn m e Lecture w` q Avš R vwzk L vwz jvf K ib Zuvi iwpz MÖ š i msl v 50 wui I AwaK D j L hvm MÖš mg~nt Kwei wbe vmb I Ab vb fvebv, bvq Ki g Zÿ, mvwnz wpš v, gšgvwqzš, Radicalism, I have seen Bengal s Face, In quest of Freedom A study of the life of M. N. Roy, Bengal Renaissance: The first Phase Ges ÔGandi, India & World. Ô kk oiõgb msl vq Aa vck wkebvivqy iv qi wzpviy K i Qb eüz A vb `Ë, myü` evinvbdwïb Lvb Rvnv½xi, `ÕyRb cªv³b QvÎ I mnkg x W: Mvjvg gyiwk` I A ªwjqvb Kwe Marian Maddern Ges Zuvi ønab Av gwikv cöevmx Kwe nvmvb Avj Avãyj vn AvkvKwi Avcbv `i fvj jvm e W: Avby gynv ` wkqyw`b Av M gj ev Y i gbvk wek we` vj q Db y³ Lbb, LwbR m ú` I evsjv ` k we `kx wewb qvm cöm ½ GK mwgbv i Lvjv gjv e³e Zz j a ib wewfbœ Avgwš Z M elk, mgvrkg x, QvÎ-wk K I wgwwqvi mvg b mlv b D V Av m evsjv ` ki dzjevwo Kqjv Lwb I Gwkqv GbvwR cöm½i GKB wel q W: Avby gynv `i GKwU M elyvag x jlv AbymwÜrmy cvvk `i Rb G msl vq ms hvwrz n jv ^vaxbzv Ëvi evsjv ` k wkípp vq h De i exrzjv Zix n qwqj Ges AwgZ m vebvgq GK`j ^cœevr K lk wk íi mb f~wg Z mvbv dwj qwq jb, GK GK K i Zuviv mevb AKv j S i hv Qb Aš :nxb GB kehvîvq me kl kvwgj Kwe Lv j`v Gw`e PŠayix, Kwe mg~`ª ß I Yx bvu Rb Avãj vn& Avj gvgyb Av jvi c_hvîx GBme gavex gvbyl Avgv `i AvMvgxi c_pjvq cöiyv n q _vkyk- GB cözxwz GQvov G msl vq i q Q Ave`yk kvky ii ig K_b, ek KÕwU QvUMí, GK Q ZiZvRv KweZv, QvU `i cvzv I msmvb msev` BZ vw` AvkvKwi Avcbviv Dc fvm Ki eb 3

4 m~pxcî cöeü Rxebe vcx GKwU mvabvñ A vb `Ë 5 Memories of SNR Ñ Marian Maddern 9 e wzµgx gbxlx wkebvivqyñ Mvjvg gyiwk` 11 wkebvivqy iv qi wpš vñ evinvbdwïb Lvb Rvnv½xi 15 GKRb gbxlxi we`vqñ nvmvb Avj Avãyj vn 16 In Janus' Footsteps Ñ Adib Khan 18 Pvgovi is bq g bi isñ w`ji ev kvnvbv 22 cöhyw³ Db y³ Lbb, LwbR m ú` I we `wk wewb qvmñ Avby gynv ` 24 ig ipbv imbviwmk evovwjñ Ave`yk kvkzi 29 QvUMí AvZ nz vi MvQ Ñ ekxi Avj& njvj 31 Avgv `ii Agjvw`Ñ Zi b fævpvh 36 cvmj Ñ Iqvwmg AvwZK wk kvi 38 ågbkvwnbx GUv Kv bv Mí bq - Rwmg gwj K 40 KweZv Kj¼ Ñ Lv j`v Gw`e PŠayix 45 Awdm QywUi ci - myeªz AMvw b Mv gr 45 mzz Ñ Aveyj nvmbvr wgëb 45 ` v ki jvwm Ñ Kvgi ¾vgvb evjvk 46 fyj Ñ Avn g` kixd ïf 46 Avgvi fv jvevmv Ñ Lvwj` gcbywïb 46 e wówein Ñ bvwn` Lvb 47 mvuizvj Ñ IqvwRn& Avj nvmvb ivrxe 47 eüz Avgvi Ñ wjwckv `vk 47 Sivmg qi Mvb Ñ mygb Zzinvb 48 QvU `i cvzv The Evolution of Jonotar Rongoshala - Nodee Zaman 49 msmvb cwiwpwz I qóvb wiwrqb evsjv zj Ñ G KyÏym mvc` 51 4

5 Rxebe vcx GKwU mvabv A vb `Ë wkebvivqy ivq cöqvz n jb 2008 mv ji deª qvwi Z Avgv `i `yõr bi wfzi cwipq I NwbóZv MZ kz Ki Pwj ki `k Ki gvsvgvws mgq _ K Avgiv `yõr bb ZLb behyek gvb e `ªbv_ iv qi wpš v - avivi AbyivMx wq jb wzwb AvwgI cwiwpz n Z P qwqjvg mb wpš vfvebvi m ½ mb m~ ÎB Avgv `i cwipq N U wewaeüfv e KvbI ` ji mf Avwg nbwb KLbI NwbôZv N UwQj GKvwaK Mvôxi gvby li m ½, mb mšnv` KLbI fv Owb iyxq bzv `i wfzi we klfv e `yõr bi m ½ Avgvi e w³mz cwipq nq `ÕyR bb Avgvi P q eq m A bk eo, Zey eüzfv e Avgv K MÖnY K iwq jb Gu `i GKRb RqcÖKvk bvivqy, Ab Rb gvb e `ªbv_ ivq RqcÖKvk K KvQ _ K `Levi my hvm Avwg c qwqjvg wkebvivqy wq jb gvb e `ªbv _i NwbôZi gvk mev` Q o `ÕyR bb DËxY nb begvbezvev ` mb DËi Yi mgqb Iu `i m ½ Avgvi hvmv hvm Zvici gvb e `ªbv_ eu PwQ jb gvî K qk eqi wkebvivq Yi m ½ Avgvi Aš i½zv _ K hvq AvRxeb, A_ vr gvuvgywu Qq `kk Ry o Zuv K iy K ib wkqy K_v ejwq g Zÿ i wkq i `uvwo q, Rxebe vcx GKwU mvabv K hb Avgiv fy j bv hvb GB Avkvq KvbI mvgwqk Av e Mi D`&Mvi AvR Avgvi D Ïk bq, eis A c vk Z vqx wkqy cökœ, GKwU gbbkxj gvby li wkqy fvebv, hv Z i v cvq muvb AwaK Ri wi GB wek vm wb qb msw ß Av jvpbvq cö ek K iwq e j ivlv fvj h, wkebvivq Yi mvgwmök wpš vi Dc vcbv Avwg Kie bv GKv ji wkqy mgm vi m ½ hy³ K i Zuv K iy KivB D Ïk, fwel Zi gyl P q 2000 mv j cökvwkz wkebvivqy iv qi GKwU cöeümsmö ni bvg, Ôwe ekx we `ªv ni ci úivõ jlk wb R GB ci úivib mg_ K, wzwb we`ªvnx Gici Awbevh fv e cökœ I V, wk mi wei wkebvivq Yi eyw wrwbmwu AvZ kw³ib Askwe kl, GKvš wbr ^, e w³i cök wzcö`ë m ú` we k i wbqg K gvbyl e w³ PZbvi Aš M Z hyw³i mvnv h eysevi Póv K i weávbx Avðh n q j K ib h, we k i wbq gi m ½ hyw³i wbq gi wgj AvQ we `ªvn? GB cö kœi GKUv DËi Av Q huv mnr I mij, Z e eo ewk mij we `ªvn Aek Amvg I Kzms vi, Ab vq I `yb xwzi wei GB meb Avgv `i mgv R wu K Av Q Ggb Mfxi Zi g Zv, Ggb K`h fv e, mg we ekx gvby li wepv ib huv cöej cöwzev `i hvm GBfv e ej j wkebvivq Yi wpš vi wewkózv wkš aiv c o bv Zuv K we klfv e evsevi c IB DËiUv ZvB h _ó bq AviI wkqy hvm Kiv Avek K Zuv K Avjv`vfv e wp b bevi Rb Ab vq I Amv g i wei wb Ri wpš vfvebv I hyw³zk wzwb hfv e MVb K i Qb Zv Z wkqy ˆewkó Av Q GB msmwvz `k bi A bkuv G m Q gvb e `ªbv _i wpš vi RMr _ K Kv_vI Avevi mb aviv _ K m PZbfv e GKUz `~ i m i G m wzwb hvm K i Qb Zuvi wfbœ wpš v GB me wg j ˆZwi n q Q Zuvi wewkózv wkebvivqy ivq e j Qb, Zuvi wpš vi MwZ Ô mªv Zi wei Õ AviI wbw` ófv e wzwb wj L Qb; ÒmgKvjxb `yb evsjvi wkw Z mgv R h wzbwu mªvz me PvB Z cöej g b nq Zvi GKwUi bvg ag civqyzv, wøzxqwui bvg ^RvwZcivqYZv Ges Z ZxqwUi bvg gvk mcivqyzv... Avwg GB wzb avivib wei Ó Zvici AviI hvm K i Qb; Ò h nzz e wbôv, hyw³wbôv, Av`k wbôv I e w³mz `vwqz ev ai cöwzôv I cömvi Avgvi Kvg m Kvi Y Avwg GB mekwu mªv Zi we ivax Ó (we ekx we`ªv Mi ci úiv) wîg~lx GB wei Zvi aiy _ KB wkebvivq Yi wpš aviv K wp b wb Z nq Zuvi m ½ Avgiv mevb mngz ne Ggb bq Z e h-me cökœ wzwb Zz jwqb, h-me wmüv š cš Q Qb, Zv wb q hyw³zk Pvwj q hviqv Ri wi ^vaxb I gy³ mgv Ri Rb, gbbkxjzvi wekv ki Rb GKUv Avek K wkebvivqy hv K bvg w` q Qb Ôag civqyzvõ I Ô ^RvwZcivqYZvÕ Zvi cöfve i q Q Avgv `i cövq mk ji wfzi ÔgvK mev`civqyzvõ ZZUv e vck bv n ji, e½xq wkw Z mgv R Zvi cöfve GKKv j bmy wqj bv wkebvivqy wb RI Zuvi hše bi GK c e gvk mev `i cöwz úózb AvK ó n qwq jb mb mg qi AviI A b Ki g ZvB gvb e `ªbv_ I wkebvivqy ciez xkv j gvk mxq `k b _ K ewi q Av mb GB wb Œg Yi c_uv Zuv `i cwiyz wpš vfvebv K ey S wb Z A bkuv mvnvh K i G wel q `xn Av jvpbvi Aemi GLv b bb ms c ejv hvk 5

6 gvk mxq `k bi bvg `Iqv n q Q Ø `g~jk ev Øw ØK e ev` Roev`x wepv i gvby li wpš vi RMr I ms wzi MVY I cwiez b wba vwiz nq mgvr Rxe bi e MZ wfwëi Øviv AviI we klfv e Drcv`b e e v I Drcvw`Kv kw³i ZË gvk mxq we k l Y vb c q Q GB we k lyx c wz Z mgvrweáv b GK bzzb w`mš Ly j hvq Z e Gi mxgve ZvI `ª Z aiv c o ms wz I ivrbxwzi Ici Av_ bxwzk Ae vi cöfve Av Q e U wkš BwZnv mi MwZi Ici ivrbxwz I ms wzi wbr ^ cöfvei i Z c~y gvk mxq `k b GK_vUv A ^xk Z nqwb, wkš h _ó ^xk wzi cvqwb mgmvgwqk NUbv _ KB GB K_vUv gvb e `ªbv _i g b µ g eo n q D VwQj `yb wek hy i ga ez x Kv j Drcvw`Kv kw³i aiyavi Y Rvg vwbi m ½ Bsj vû-av gwikvi eo ik gi YMZ cv_ K wqj bv A_P wî ki `k Ki Rvg vwb Z AwawôZ nj Ggb GK ivrbxwz I ms wz, hvi m ½ Bsj vû- Av gwikvi MYZvwš K e e vi cö f` AMªvn Kiv GK wec¾bk åvwš we ki `k Ki kl cöv š mviv abzvwš K `ywbqv ZB GK Avw_ K msku `Lv w` qwqj mb wech q _ K cöavb KvbI abzvwš K `kb gy³ wqj bv wkš wewfbœ ` k GB msk Ui gz`k MZ cwiyv g wqj we i cv_ K cöwzwôz gvk mev`xiv mvgªvr ev` i ZË w` q GB e vcviuv e vl v Ki Z P q Qb bvrwmev `i D ei GB e vl v wk h _ô? gvb e `ªbv_ Aek B mvgªvr ev `i wei wq jb Av K kvi wkš bvrwmev` wel q cöpwjz gvk mev`x e vl v gv bbwb wzwb weªwuk MYZ š i m ½ wnujv ii me MÖvmx ˆ ^iz š i cv_ K K wzwb ïayb cyi bv mvgªvr ev `i m ½ DVwZ mvgªvr ev `i weev` e j we epbv Ki Z cv ibwb we k l Yi GB wfbœ avivq wkebvivqy `uvwo qwq jb gvb e `ªbv _i cv k weev`x GB wepv ii aviv wkš bvrwmev `i e vl v Z mxgve _v Kwb Zvi we Z wz N U Q AviI eû`~i Avw_ K e e vi m ½ ivrbxwz I ms wzi m úk, A_ev Ab fv e ej Z M j, mgvrrxe bi e MZ wfwëi m ½ ˆPZ b i RM Zi Av`vbcÖ`v bi e MZ wfwëi m ½ ˆPZ b i RM Zi Av`vbcÖ`v bi cök wz wb q cybwe Pv ii cö qvrb Aek B ^xkvh begvbezvev ` ejv nj, hgb cvðvz RM Z ZgbB cövp ` k gvby li gyw³i msmöv g gbb I `k bi wbr ^ i Z gvb Amv g i bvbv iƒc Av Q mvgvwrk Amv g i GK we kl iƒc Avgvi cöz Kwi fvi Zi RvwZ f` cö_vq RvwZ f `i `ÕywU cwiyvg we klfv e D j L hvm hviv RvwZ f ` Af š Zv `i cöv_wgk AvbyMZ ` pfv e ^vrvwzi cöwz wkebvivq Yi fvlvq Gi bvg ^RvwZcivqYZv ^RvwZ K AwZµg K i e nëi mgvr I gvbe Mvôxi cöwz KZ e eva Gi d j evavcövß nq ^RvwZi cöwz c cvwzë K Avi Ab vq e j eva nq bv fvizxq msweav b mv g i NvlYv Av Q, RvwZwfwËK ˆelg wbwl ejv n q Q wkš G ` ki mgv R GB ˆelg B Af š ixwz KejgvÎ AvB bi Rv i GB Af vm K AwZµg Kiv hv e bv mrb cö qvrb wpš vavivi gšj cwiez b cövpxb ci úivi wei GB cwiez bi cöqvm K we `ªvn ej j AZz w³ n e bv Avgv `i mgvrg bi wkqy Mfxi cöz qi wei B GB we `ªvn K_vUv AviI GKUz wek`fv e ejv `ikvi RvwZ f` wn `y mgvr K ïay LÊ LÊ K iwb, D PbxP f`v f` ` pfv e cöwzwôz K i Q GB f`v f `i mc kv cöyqb K i M Qb DuPzRv Zi gvby liv cöpvwiz n q Q ag xq gzev` I we f`g~lx mvgvwrk weavb Rb vš iev` GB ik gib GK gzev` hvi wei wkebvivqy ivq AZ š mie Rb vš iev `i cöfv e mvaviy wn `y wek vm Ki Z wk L Qb h, e w³i GB R b mvgvwrk Ae vb wba vwiz nq c~e R b K Z m`mr K g i Øviv kv wewnz KZ e Kg GB R b cvjb Ki j cir b DbœZZi Ae v bi Avkv _v K, GUvB wn `y ag xq ci úivi Dc `k GB Avkvq eyk eu ab ag civqy wn `y GB R b Zuvi mvgvwrk Ae vb webv cöwzev ` g b bb Rb vš iev ` AvwkªZ GB wek vm G ` k wbæe Y i gvby li wfzii Mfxi cöfve d j Q GiB d j Amvg wpwýz GB mgvr e e vi wei Z Yg~j i cöwzev` `~e j _ K M Q ag civqyzvi wei Ï wkebvivq Yi cöwzev `i cöavb KviY GBLv b Luy R cviqv hv e huvi a g i cöwz Abyi³ Zuviv GB me hyw³ gvb Z ivwr bb Zuv `i wfzi A bk KB e j h, mgv R h- Ab vq Pj Q Zvi g~ j Av Q a g i wekvi, ï ag muv bb a g i GB wekvi K cöwz iva Kivi Rb cy ivwnzzš wkš mwµq nqwb Avevi ivrbxwzi Î cwiwpz evgcš x `j wji GB e vcv i D ` vmx bq GB Ae vq eyw i gyw³i mc I mvgvwrk Amv g i wei Ï huviv jovb Pvjv Z Pvb, Zuv `i cöwzev` I msmövgx Av `vjb Mn o Zzj Z n e ag xq cöwzôvb I `jxq ivrbxwzi evb i _ K gb e `ªbv _i GB wm vš I `jxq ivrbxwzi evb i _ K, gb e `ªbv _i GB wm vš wkebvivq YiI hyw³m½z g b n q Q Roev ` w Z _ KB Guiv GB wm vš MÖnY K i Qb 6

7 cö qv Mi Î GKUv ZK Zey AgxgvswmZ _ K M Q h KvbI gy³z Av `j bb wkqy cökœ AgxgvswmZ _v K Aa vwz K ` wófw½ Z vm bv K ii wkqy gvbyl I KvbI KvbI cöwzôvb AvRI Amv g i we ivwazv Ki Z cö Z Avevi Ggb wbixk iev`x bzvi Av Qb huviv Kvh Z Ghy MI ^vaxbzv I mv g i mc bb hyw³ I Ava vwz KZvi wfzi m ú K i cökœuv AZGe _ KB M Q GB ZK Uv PjyK, G Z evavcövß bv n q cöwzwôz Amv g i wei Awnsm Av `vjb Pvwj q hviqvuvb cöavb K_v wkebvivqy wb R NvwlZfv e wbixk iev`x mb m ½ wzwb D`viZ š i GKUv we kl cöz q D j L hvm fv e g b wb qwq jb Ô gšj gvbezvev`õñ G wek vm vc bi cii Zuvi g b cwiyz eq m GKUv Avðh mskq `Lv w` qwqj gšj gvbezvev` evk wui wfzib wk GKUv ^we iva jywk q bb? gvbezvev ` GKUv J`v h i myi Av Q, gšj Z wkš GKUv DMÖZvi AvksKv _ K hvq mzk _vkv Avek K hv Z gvbezvev` GB DMÖZvq Avµvš bv nq Z e Ava vwz KZv wel q Mfxi msk q eva wkebvivqy KLbI Z vm K ibwb mskq I J`v h i Uvbvc o b hyw³wbô gvbezvev `i eybu ˆZwi nq Øvw ØKZvB PZbv K MwZ `vb K i Øv Øi Gw`KUv n Q fv ei Ø `, Avf š wik Øv ` Øvw ØK Roev ` Ab GK mvgvwrk Ø Øi K_v we kl fv e ejv n q Q, kªyxø Ø kªyxø Øi ZË K mzk fv e MÖnY Kiv Avek K G wel q gvk mxq we k l Yi Am ú~y Zvi K_v AvR we vwizfv e ejv wb cö qvrb ev e ` wó Z `L Z M j cöwzwu DbœZ abzvwš K mgv RB kªyx Z kªyx Z ^v _ i msnvz Av Q Avevi mn hvwnzvi cö qvrbi i q Q ^v _ i Ø Ø K A ^xkvi Ki j fyj n e Avevi Zv K GKgvÎ mz e j a i wb ji wec` Av Q Avw_ K i GB msnvz I mn hvwmzvi e Ëvš A b K e j Qb wfbœ GK ii welqwu e vl v Kiv m e kªyxwfwëk Øvw ØK Z Ë i wec` m ^ Ü Avgv `i mkz K i `Iqv n q Q gvb e `ªbv _i cwiyz `k b ZrKvjxb KwgDwb ` ki AwfÁZvi m ½ GB mgv jvpbvi ms hvm Av Q HwZnvwmK ` wó Z Gi i Z ^xkvh wnujv ii Rvg vwb Z DrKUfv e cökvk c qwqj DMÖ RvZxqZv e`i GK fqski iƒc GB AwfÁZv _ K GKwU mvaviy m Z cš Q hviqv m e gvbervwzi KvbI Askwe k li MvôxeÜ iƒc K wbtkz AvbyM Z i Avm b emv j, ^vaxb mgv Ri Aw Z KB wecbœ Kiv nq mgwói c~rvq ZLb e w³i ^vaxbzv K wemr b `Iqvi Î cö Z nq mv_ K MYZ š i wfwë Z Av Q e w³gvby li wkqy gšj AwaKv ii ^xk wz mgwóc~rvi hy_eü D ËRbvq GB MYZvwš K AwaKvi AKvZ i c``wjz nq GB ` k AvaywbK K j Avgiv bvbvfv e evievi ` LwQ a g (A_ev Aa g ) AvwkªZ mv cö`vwqkzv GB AgvbweKZviB ` óvš me nvivi GKbvqKZ š cviqv M Q mgwóc~rvi wfbœ GK iƒc gzvwjáy `jxqzvi m ½ hy³ n q G hy M GUv n q D V Q åvš cömwzev `i cöavb D`vniY MvôxeÜ AvbyM Z i welquv BwZnv mi AviI we Z Z cuf~wg Z vcb K i `Lv hvk gvbe mgv Ri hvîv mskxy e Ë _ K e nëi e Ëi Awfgy L eû DcRvwZ wg j M o I V RvwZ bvbv RvwZ wgwjz n q gnvrvwz eû `e `ex K AwZµg K i `Lv `q G Kk iev `i aviyv G Kk iev ` wek vmx wewfbœ m cö`v qi wfzii msnl N U Q evievi MvôxMZ mskxy Zv K AwZµg Kiv KwVY nq bvbv Kvi Y Mvôxe Rxeb GK w` K ipbv K i e w³ Z e w³ Z mn hvwnzvi Î Ab w` K _ K hvq, wfbœ mg~ ni cöwz m `n I we iv ai cöwzb vm wew Qbœ e w³i wfzi KvR K i GK AmnqZv eva, MvôxMZ msnwz K Avkªq K i e w³ jvf K i msne wbivcëvi Avk vm A_P mv cö`vwqk AvbyMZ n Z cv i bv kvwš I wbivcëvi vqx wfwë mn hvwmzvi KvbI mskxy e ËB kl ch š h _ô bq e nëi mn hvwmzvi c_ a i gvbyl K cušq Z nq gvbezvev ` GB DËi Yi c _ MvôxRxe bi cö qvrbxqzv Aš^xK Z nq bv wkš PZbvi weez bi KvbI GK ch v q hgb e w³gvbyl DcRvZxqZvi mxgvbv Qvwo q hvq, ZgbB µ g µ g mv cö`vwqk mskxy ZvI hyw³i wepv i wbzvš AMÖvn V K gvbezvev`xi wepv i e w³ Z i Aš nxb wekvkb kl j Mvôxwe k li cöwz AvbyMZ hlv b GB wekv ki c _ evav mlv b mb evav K AwZµg KivB hyw³i K_v wkebvivq Yi fvlv Z Gevi G_vUv ejv hvk- Ô i bmuvm I gvbezš Õ bv g cöe Ü wzwb wj L Qb: ÒcÖ_ g e w³ wb R K Mvôx _ K ^Zš K i `L Z k L; Zvic i µ g m Zvi ^Kxq e w³z dzwu q Zv j; Ges cwi k l GB wekv ki c _ m ˆewk KZv AR b K ió Avevi hvm K i Q: ÒgvbeZš GKB m ½ wek gvbwek Ges e w³ Kw `ªK wek gvbwek, KviY `kkvj RvwZe Y i KvbI cövpxi gvbyl m ^ Ü Zvi AvMÖn K e nz Ki Z cv i bv e w³ Kw `ªK, KviY Zvi mg cöqv mi K `ªxq D Ïk e w³gvbyl K wekwkz Kiv Ó 7

8 e w³i wekvk K GBfv e gvbezvev`x wpš vi K `ª vcb Kiv n qq wkebvivqy GB cöm ½ i bmuv mi HwZn K iy K i Q mb HwZn K G ` ki wpš vfvebvq mh Zœ vb `Iqv Avek K, GK_v wzwb wek vm Ki Zb Avevi e ev`x we k l Yi Niv Uvc _ K ewi q welquv ey S biqv Avek K i bmuv mi bvq Kiv Kvb kªyxi gvbyl wq jb, Zuviv msl vq KÕRb wq jb, muv cöavb K_v bq Zuviv Ggb wkqy g~j ev ai avik I cöe³v wq jb ^vaxb mgv Ri vcbvq I wekv k hv AZ vek K Avgv `i mgv R GBme cöz q `ye j, Gi D¾xeb I cömvi cö qvrb, GB K_vUvB we klfv e iy ivlvi hvm i bmuv mi BwZnv mi LuywUbvwU Z bv wm qi, GB msµvš g~j fvewu e ³ Kiv hvq g~j eva ej Z gvbezvev`x Rxeb`k b hv wkqy evsvq, we k i m ½ e w³i m úk ev` w` q Zvi KvbI wkebvivqy gvk mxq e ev` KI h _ô g b K ibwb Zuvi mc I wec GKwU K_vB ejv P j; wzwb Kvh Z Ck i ev ai AvmbwU k~b K i mlv b mš `h eva K vb w` qwq jb e vl vb m ú~y nq bv hyw³-we ek- mš `h eva, GB g~j Î qi K_v we epbv K i `Lv hvk eyw wrwbmwu AvZ kw³ib Askwe kl, GKvš wbr ^, e w³i cök wzcö`ë m ú` we k i wbqg K gvbyl e w³ PZbvi Aš M Z hyw³i mvnv h eysevi Póv K i weávbx Avðh n q j K ib h, we k i wbq gi m ½ hyw³i wbq gi wgj Av Q G hy Mi GK gnvb gvbezvev`x iex `ªbv_, GB K_vUv ^ Qfv e ey SwQ jb ZuviB fvlvq K_vUv AveviI ejv hvk; Òeyw i wbq gi m ½ GB we k i wbqgi mvgäm Av Q... GB K_v R b Z eb Avgiv AvZ kw³i Dci fi w` q `uvov Z c iwq Ó hyw³i bvbv i Av Q KvbI GK i muv ^v_ eyw i mnvqk ï hyw³i hvm we e Ki m ½ ï hyw³ Z wea Z we e Ki Mfxi Dcjwä, Avgvi myl hgb Kvg mk ji mylb ZgbB Kvg GB Abyf~wZ wkš e w³ib Abyf~wZ A_ vr, we ek GKw` K e w³i wbr ^ PZbvi Aš M Z ïfeyw i m ½ hy³, Ab w` K GB ïfkvgbv we k i cöwz cömvwiz mš `h eva hyw³ K LÇb bv K ii Zv K AwZµg K i hvq GLv bi e w³ Ges we k i wfzi GKUv ` p m ú K i K_v G mb c o Kwe AZ š e w³mz Av em K Zuvi Kv e we k i Kv Q wb e`b K ib wkebvivq Yi Rxeb`k b wkí I mvwnz GKUv eo vb AwaKvi K i Av Q gvb e `ªbv_ K GLv b wzwb AwZµg K i M Qb, gvk mxq e ev` KI h _ó g b K ibwb Zuvi ^c I wec GKwU K_vB ejv P j: wzwb Kvh Z Ck i ev ai AvmbwU k~b K i mlv b mš `h eva K vb w` qwq jb mb mgvrb wkebvivqy P qwq jb, hlv b hyw³, we ek I mš `h ev ai wekv ki c _ mg evav `~i n e GUvB Zuvi Af š Av`k ev` G K gvb Zv w` jb Zuv K iy Kiv c~y nq (cvw K `k cwîkv _ K mskwjz ) 8

9 Memories of SNR Marian Maddern I first saw Sibnarayan Ray in 1964, in the first year of my undergraduate Arts course at the University of Melbourne. I had decided to major in English and Fine Arts, with a sub-major in French. Needing to select one additional first year subject I picked Indian Studies 1 out of the handbook because I had been reading a little about Indian philosophy, and because the subject description seemed interesting. By such small choices lives can take new directions... By the end of that year I was determined to continue with Indian Studies 2 and 3, and when Bengali was introduced in, I think, 1966 I embarked on the three-year Bengali course as well. SNR was the head of the Indian Studies Department, which in 1964 was fairly new and very small the staff consisted of SNR himself and one other lecturer, Dr Joseph Jordens. But between them these two covered a wealth of material, lecturing on Indian philosophy, religions, history and art, the Indian Renaissance, modern Indian thought, and (in English translation) Sanskrit and Bengali literature. In that first year SNR taught a unit on the Indian Renaissance, which took in general historical background, Moghul and British conquests, social and political and cultural changes, the notion of Renaissance in both Europe and India, and the role of such figures as Rammohan Roy, Syed Ahmad Khan and Rabindranath Tagore. Many years later SNR spoke of those early exciting years of Indian Studies at the University of Melbourne. Certainly they were exciting for me, and, I am sure, for my fellow students. I remember well the sense of windows opening, the vistas through them of rich cultural differences, and the light which they let in illuminating my own culture in new and thoughtprovoking ways. SNR lectured always from memory, and as one vitally interested in what he was communicating. His knowledge and experience was impressive and sometimes rather daunting. I remember him beginning the first lecture on a later unit, on Indian art, by saying something like If I could assume that you knew anything of Western art my task would be easier. But Nevertheless, in tutorials he would always welcome contrary arguments or opinions and was always ready to encourage and discuss them. Not only that he was, when not teaching or at meetings, usually to be found working in his office, and would instantly put down his pen and pay full attention to a student who came to ask a question or put some idea to him. I know this, since I not infrequently took advantage of this generosity not fully realizing, I fear, how full his time was. Certainly he never made me feel this. When I became an M.A. student (in Indian Studies, of course) SNR offered me a part-time tutorship in Indian Studies. And in the course of studying Bangla, I was beginning to try my hand at translating some of the poetry which was part of the course including some by Jibanananda, Amiya Chakravarty, and Rabindranath. SNR took us for the third year Bangla classes, and I remember that as we started to work from Rabindranath s Sanchayita he told us that that we would come to treasure that book... We, in fact, consisted of me and one other student the only two of the first cohort to enrol in Bengali 1 who continued on to Bengali 3. And, sadly, no third year of Bengali was offered the following year, due to funding cuts; and thereafter the Bengali course was reduced to one year. Until that point, the Department had grown, with the addition of Bangla, and of post-graduate courses, and of some new staff. But to achieve this had, I believe, always been a struggle. As a tutor I became aware of the increasing time and effort SNR had to put in to defend the department s funding, and even continuation. He was always against hagiography, and the writing of no-fault accounts of the dead. So perhaps he would not object to my saying that he did seem to me to have a strongish streak of autocracy (in a non-aggressive way) in his management style, a disinclination to engage in rounds of departmental meetings to discuss alternatives and arrive at a consensus on how things should be done. But though this approach does have dangers and drawbacks, I have come to have some sympathy with it. Meetings and 9

10 committees can so often absorb time and effort which could arguably be better spent. And given the time SNR had to put in at meetings at the University level, I suspect that without his autocracy within the department he would not have had the time to spend on the encouragement of individual students for which I am so grateful. And of course he had his own projects. As I was working on my M.A. thesis, which I had decided would be on translating Bengali poetry, SNR, again most generously, invited me to collaborate with him on an anthology of modern Bengali poems in English translation. (This came out as I Have Seen Bengal s Face, recently reissued as The Mask and the Face.) This helped to open more windows for me. He introduced me to the work of a number of poets, and indeed encouraged me to correspond with some of them. We were working on the book when the struggle for East Bengali independence finally resulted in the birth of Bangladesh, too, and I remember poems arriving for him from poets caught up in this turmoil (such as Syed Ali Ahsan and Shamsur Rahman), and how moving I found them. SNR was always prepared to help me to understand references or turns of phrase or vocabulary which I found difficult, and to discuss the poets backgrounds and influences. He was of course a poet himself and poetry was dear to his heart. I remember him saying once that one of the things which had moved him away from Marxism was his ineradicable love of some of the writing which Marxism classified as decadent. Another of his loves was that of trees and flowers, mountains and rivers, and all the beauties of nature. He and his wife Gita lived for the last of their years in Melbourne in a house in the suburb of Bulleen, a house which had a large garden, with a big old willow tree in it, and he told us that it was this tree which had made him decide to buy the house. To this house, as well as to the one they had lived in earlier, SNR and Gita regularly invited students, friends, poets, artists and visitors for salon-type evenings of conviviality, poetry readings, discussion, appreciation and debate and of splendid food. (These rich evenings were, I think, an attempt to improve what SNR saw as Melbourne s rather thin cultural life.) After my M.A.SNR encouraged me to go on to work for a doctorate. I had become fascinated with Bangla as a language and was also tutoring in the single year of Bengali which was still being taught, and I decided to work on a linguistic comparison of Bangla and English. SNR agreed to act as my supervisor, and amongst my many gratitudes to him is that for the freedom he allowed me in this work, and the support he continued to give me even through periods when, though I was putting in a lot of thought, not much tangible was forthcoming. I remember, too, his warming pleasure at the external examiners positive reports. But by now, in 1980, SNR had wrestled with the question of whether to remain in Australia, or to return to West Bengal while he was still young enough, he felt, to do some good there, and had decided to return. I was among the small group of well-wishers who gathered to see Gita and SNR off at the airport with promises to keep in touch, and invitations from them to visit them in Bengal. SNR was, though resistant to some recent trends in thought (for example, post-colonial literary theory, which he considered to be obscurantist nonsense), more open than many to non-traditional ideas such as feminism. Some time later in the 1980 s both he and I, separately, were confronted by the implications of the fact that all of the poets in I have Seen Bengal s Face were men. Characteristically, he was immediately prepared to help and support me in working on a volume of modern Bengali women poets in English translation. After I had been working on this project for a while, I did, at last, make a visit in early 1993 to West Bengal to meet some of these poets, but also, and primarily, to see SNR and Gita again. I spent some time with them both at their house in Santinketan, where SNR showed me with pleasure the garden there, including the beautiful Rudrapalash tree for which he had named the house. This was the last time that I saw him, though we continued to correspond regularly. Amongst the news and the sharing of thoughts, recurring themes in his letters over these last fifteen years have been his on-going commitment to his writing projects, and both a 10

11 willingness, in increasing age, to die, and a continuing, ever-fresh joy in living. In the last letter I received from him, written from Santiniketan, which arrived after the news of his death, and which must have crossed with the last letter I wrote to him, he says: I am still hoping to work on my two final writing projects (a) my intellectual autobiography, (b) an updated formulation of my philosophy. I don t find it easy to concentrate on work for long at a stretch, but at 87 I keep myself all the time prepared for a return to the elements. Here, the garden is a great source of happiness, with flowers, birds, squirrels and even families of visiting monkeys.... I count myself fortunate indeed to have been his student, and junior colleague, and I am honoured that he called me a friend. Melbourne, June, e wzµgx gbxlx wkebvivqy Mvjvg gyiwk` we klázv Avi we kl AÁZv Ñ Df qi mnve vb GKv j A b K GLb wek we` vj qi mb` wb qi Aa -wkw Z A_ev gv_v _ K cv ch š Awkw ZB _ K hvb huviv L vz we klá wn k e, ZuvivI wb R `i GjvKvi evb i LuvR-Lei iv Lb bv Kv bv wkqzib mi Awk vib bvgvš i wkš i bmý g vb e j huviv cwiwpz wq jb, Zuviv PP v Ki Zb wewea we` vi GKRb cwic~y wkw Z Ges we`» gvbyl niqvi R b hv hv Rvbv `ikvi, Avg Zz Zvi müvb Ki Zb Áv bi c nv Ges wek m c K Zvu `i KŠZ nj wq jv Aš nxb iex `ªbv_ givi wvk Av M A¼ Kiv Avi K iwq jb wj LwQ jb wek cwipq mkv j A b KB wewpî welq Aa qb Ki Zb hgb, `ikvi bb, Zey klvi Avb `B A bk jv fvlv wk L dj Zb mb i bm Ýi gvbyliv GLb Avi ej Z M j Aewkó bb huviv Zuv `I DËim~ix wq jb, ZuvivI G K-G K wemz Kw`b Av M wkebvivqy ivqi P j M jb mwz ej Z wk, Zuvi m ½ Aemvb n jv GKUv hy Mi wzwb mvwnz, `k b, BwZnvm, wkíkjv Ñ Kx h c obwb, Kx wb q h j Lbwb Ñ Zv ejv k³ we kly e env i evovwjiv LyeB D`vi Kvbv Q j KI Avgiv cù jvpb ej Z cvwi mr b mevb K gbxlx e j AvL v w` Z w` Z gbxlx K_vUvi avi P j M Q wkš Zey wkebvivqy hv wq jb, Zv Z gbxlx Qvov RyrmB Avi Kv bv we kly w` q Zuv K evsv Z cviwqbv wzwb wq jb mwz Kv ii gbbkxjzvi cözxk wzwb AKv j P j M Qb Ñ G K_v ejv hvq bv gv UB Rvbyqvwi gv m Zuvi eqm n qwq jv 87 eqi Rb KjKvZvq wkš Zuvi wczv D c `ªbv_ we` vf ly kv x wq jb ewikv ji iv qikvwvi Rwg`vi es ki cyî wq jb GKB m ½ evsjv, B iwr Ges `k bi Aa vck Zv Qvov, wzwb evsjv, Bs iwr Ges ms Z fvlvq A bk jv MÖš ipbv K iwq jb G nb wczvi KvQ _ K wkebvivqy Q j ejv _ K ^fvezb bvbv wel qi wk v c qwq jb e ov n q fvlv, mvwnz, `k b Ges BwZnv m ` Zv AR b K ib wzwb mb m ½ Zuvi KŠZ nj ˆZwi nq wewea wel q Kej fq c Zb GKUv wrwbk Ñ cöhyw³ hgb, AvaywbK Uwj dvbi wzwb Gwo q Pj Zb Mvwo Pvjv bvi `vwqz wb Z n qwq jv Zuvi x K 11

12 wkš A Zv jv wel q AMva Áv bi _ KI Zuvi e ov Y wq jv ^vaxbfv e wpš v Kivi cöpwjz c _ Pj Z Av `Š ivwr wq jb bv wzwb Avßev K Zuvi wek vm wq jv bv mevb hv ^xkvi K i wb q Q, Zv KB g b wb Z n e Ñ Ggb aviyv wzwb ixwzg Zv N Yv Ki Zb wpiw` bi wek vm Ges g~j eva K cökœ Kivi R b h-mrmvnm `ikvi, ZvI wq jv Zuvi Ach vß cwigv Y mvaviyfv e huv `i cwûz ejv nq, Zuv `i m ½ ZvB Zuvi g Zi wgj n Zv bv GKUv ` óvš w` Z cvwi cövpxbcš x wn `y `i KvQ Miæ hgb `ezv, wkw Z evovwj `i Kv Q iex `ªbv_I Zgwb GKRb `ezv huvi mewkqzb cö kœi E aÿ wkš wkebvivqy eûevi iex `ªbv _i eû welq wb q cökœ DÌvcb K i Qb ïwpzvi bv g iex `ªbv_ h RMr GesRxe bi GKUv weivu Ask K Rvb Z Pvbwb A_ev Zvi ^v` wb Z mg_ nbwb Ñ wkebvivqy Zvi wb `v K iwq jb Zuvi we kl Y i ` ei f³iv gvi-gvi KvU-KvU K i Z o G m Qb Zuvi w` K wkš m ˆn P-Gi gy L Zuvi e³e _ K m i hviqvi cö qvrb g b K ibwb KviY, g bcöv Y AvaywbK gvbyl wn k e wkebvivqy Mvôx Kw `ªKZvq wek vm Ki Zb bv Ñ Zv mb Mvôx Kw `ªKZv iex `ªbv _i g Zv bi `ezv m c K cökvk cvk, A_ev cökvk cvk KwíZ `ezvi bv g Zuvi wb Ri bv gi Ici `y-`ywu cöavb `ezv fi K i _vk ji, a g i cöwz Zuvi wejkzj Av v wq jv bv KviY, ag I Mvôx Kw `ªKZv, me ez ûqv v ûqv ag AÜ AbymiY Qvov Avi-wKQzB bv Zuvi Kv Q eis MÖnY hvm wq jv wb Ri hvpvb Kiv mz hyw³-eyw w` q DcbxZ wb Ri wm vš e w³ ^vzš B Zuvi Kv Q kª q e wb Ri ^vaxb Ges AvaywbK ` wófw½ wq jv e jb wzwb Dfq evsjvq G hy Mi GKRb cöavb fveyk Ges wpš K n Z c iwq jb cö_g Rxe b wzwb cöwzw`b wczv K ag Kg Ki Z ` L Qb wczv MvqÎx gš cvv Ki Zb Lye fv i D V GUv Zuv K K ZvUv cöfvwez K iwq jv, ejv gykwkj wkš ciez x Kv j wzwb AvbyôvwbK a g i eüb G Kev i wqbœ K iwq jb Bn jvk Ges Pviw` Ki gvbyl Qvov Ab wkqz ZB wzwb wek vm Ki Zb bv wjwlz Ges gšwlkfv e evievi wzwb wb R K bvw K e j NvlYv K i Qb Ab `i m ½ G Î cv_ K GB h, ewki fvm jvk bvw K e j `vwe Ki ji wec`kv j K ò A_ev gnv `i bvg hc Z Avi K ib hgb, Z_vKw_Z bvw K KwgDwb ivi wbe vp bi Av M nq KvjxNv U wm q cy Rv `b, bq Zv evwo Z wgjv` covb wkebvivqy ivq m ik gi Iôme ^ bvw K wq jb bv wzwb Aek ˆ`ea g i cwie Z Zuvi hše b wkqz Kv ji R b gvk mi Bn jšwkzvi Z Ë wek vm vcb K iwq jb gvk mi `k b h Ab me `k b _ K ^Zš Ges BwZnvm wepv ii GKUv Awfbe gvckvwv, Zv Z Zuvi KL bv m `n nqwb wkš gvk mev`x `k b, Avi ivrbxwz Z Zvi cö qvm Ñ G `y qi g a wzwb HK `L Z cvbwb gvk mi bv g Mjv-KvUv ivr bwzk cš v KI wzwb mg_ b Ki Z cv ibwb Zvi Ici 1946 mv j wzwb weivu gvk mev`x ZvwË K gvb e `ªbv_ iv qi ms c k Av mb gvb e `ªbv_ Lv` mvwf qz BDwbq b KwgDwb ZvwË K wn k e we kl cwiwpz n qwq jb Z e vwj bi gvbezvwe ivax ivr bwzk cš v ` L wzwb nzvk n qwq jb KviY, Zuvi Kv Q gvk mxq `k b gvby li R b, gvk mxq `k bi R b gvbyl bq wzwb ZvB wek vm vcb K ib gvbezvq hvi bvg wzwb w` qwq jb i vwwk vj wndg vwbrg GB i vwwk vj wndg vwbr g huviv cö_g w` K `xw Z nb, wkebvivqy ivq wq jb Zuv `i GKRb Rxe bi kl ch š GB `k b wzwb AwePj wq jb gvbyl K huviv mewkqzi E aÿ Kej gvbyl wn k e `L Z cvb, Zuv `i Kv Q gvby li ag xq, ivr bwzk, AvÂwjK Ges fvwlk cwipq e ov bq wkebvivqy ivq wj L Qb h, we k I me ÎB Zuvi `k we k i me gvbyl Zuvi AvZ xq Zuvi GKgvÎ cwipq wzwb GKRb gvbyl Avš R vwzk gvbyl Zuvi GB gvbwek ` wó Ges wek v mi R b B wzwb mwz Kv ii Amv cö`vwqk D`vi GKRb gvbyl n Z c iwq jb `yb evsjvi wkw Z ga weëiv gy L cömwz Ges Amv cö`vwqkzvi K_v ej ji Zuv `i Mv q LuvPv w` Z n e bv, GKUz Nlv w` jb Pvgovi Zjv _ K mv cö`vwqkzv `uvz g j `Lv `q Zuv `i wuwk Ges `vwo ewi q c o Dfq e ½I wkw Z ga weëiv gy L mevb Amv cö`vwqk wkš Zuvi g Zv g b-cöv Y Amv cö`vwqk gvbyl `yb evsjvq Lye KgB wq jb, GL bv Lye KgB Av Qb wk v Ges m c `i w`k w` q evsjvi gymjgvbiv wn `y `i Zzjbvq wcwq q _vkvq eû wkw Z wn `yb gymjgvb `i `L Zb Zz QZvi ` wó Z nq Zv GL bv ` Lb A b K A bkuv GB Zz QZv Ges we f `i Kvi YB `k wef³ n qwq jv Zvici `kwefv Mi c ii cwðge ½i jv Kiv evsjv ` ki w` K AvMÖ ni m ½ wd i ZvKvbwb A bk w`b wkš huviv cö_g c~e evsjvi gvbyl Ges mgv Ri w` K KvQ _ K ZvKv jb, wkebvivqy Zuv `i GKRb h-kv j kvgmyb bvnvi nj K KjKvZvi wel vz cwîkvq jlv n Zv k vgmy `i nj, mb mëi `k Ki Mvov ZB wkebvivqy evsjv ` k Av mb 12

13 Ges GLv b ek K qk mßvn Ae vb K i G ` ki wkw Z ga weë mgvr Ges Zuv `i g bvfve Rvbvi Póv K ib G R b wzwb evsjv ` ki L vz-al vz eû jl Ki we i eb c owq jb m Rbkxj Ges gbbkxj Dfq ai bi ebb c owq jb wzwb Zv Qvov, wewfbœ wek we` vj q mwgbvi w` Z wm q Aa vck `i m ½ cwiwpz nb wb Ri fvebv A b i m ½ fvm K i biqvi GKUv mnrvz ^fve wq jv Zuvi mb cöiyv _ K ivr AvÇvq wgwjz n Zb wewkó eyw Rxex `I m ½ wb Ri e³e Zz j ai Zb Zuv `i Kv Q Zuv `i e³e I ïb Zb Ges Zv wb q wezk Ki Zb mb GKeviB bq, wzwb hlb KjKvZvq evm Ki Z Avi K ib, ZLb ek K qkevi evsjv ` k M Qb wewfbœ wek we` vjq Ges evsjv GKv Wwgi g Zv wewfbœ cöwzôv bi wbgš Y Ñ mwgbvi `Iqvi R b GKB fvlvfvlx Ges GKB ms wz Z jvwjz niqv m Ë I `yb evsjvi g a hvmv hv Mi h- Afve wzwb j K iwq jb, Zv Zuv K me mg q cxwoz Ki Zv wzwb ZvB `yb evsjvi eyw Rxex Ges Kwe-mvwnwZ K `i g a GKUv mzz wbg vy Ki Z P qwq jb wzwb KjKvZvi cîcwîkvq evsjv ` ki Kwe-mvwnwZ K `i m c K wj L cwðge ½i cvvk `i Kv Q Zuv `I cwipq Kwi q `Iqvi weivu `vwqz cvjb K iwq jb Gfv e wzwb IqvwjDj &vn, kvgmyi ivngvb, Avj gvngỳ, AvLZvi ¾vgvb Bwjqvm, kikz Imgvb, nvmvb AvwRRyj nk, Avng` kixd, Avwbmy¾vgvb cögyl mvwnwz K K cwðg e ½ cwipq Kwi q w` qwq jb mvaviyfv e evsjv ` ki mvwnz Ges gbbkxjzvi PP v wb qi wj L Qb evievi Zuvi GB f wgkv AmvaviY AmvaviY GB R b h, 37 eqi Av MB ag wfwëk `k c~e cvwk vb f O wm q fvlvwfwëk ^vaxb evsjv `k cöwzwôz n ji GL bv evsjv ` ki cöwz Zuvi g Zv Mfxi AvMÖn cwðge ½ Avi KviI ˆZwi n h Q wkbv, m `n Kwi Avi-cuvPRb Kx ej e, Zvi Zvqv v Ki Zb bv wkebvivqy Bs iwr mvwnz wb q AZ š fv jv djvdj K i cvk K iwq jb wzwb Zvici `y eqi Bs iwr mvwnz wb q M elyv K ib wkš PvKwi cvbwb m mg q wzwb K jr vqv i `uvwo q cwîkv dwi Ki Z Avi K ib ZvB ` L wmwu K j Ri Aa Awgq mb Zuv K Zuvi m ½ `Lv Ki Z e jb c ii w`bb wmwu K j R PvKwi n jv Zuvi Zvici KjKvZvqB KvR K i Qb cövq c b iv eqi wkš Zvi P qi ewk w`b KvR K i Qb gj evb wek we` vj q Avey mqx` AvBqze m wek we` vj q eqi Lv bk Ae vb K i h-fvizwe` v wefv Mi cëb K iwq jb, Zv KB wkebvivqy h Zœi m ½ M o Zv jb mlv b cövq wek eqi KvR K i wzwb ev ^ Ges A v gwikvqi Aa vcbv K i Qb Zv Qvov, cwðgv `k jvi Kv_vq h-wzwb AwZw_- Aa vck wn k e wbgwš Z nbwb, ejv k³ Aa vcbv-rxe b evievi wd i M Qb Bs iwr Ges evsjv mvwn Z ; BwZnv m Ges mgvrz Ë wzwb Aa vck wq jb, G Zuvi GKwU LÛ cwipq gvî Zuvi mwz Kvi cwipq GKRb gbbkxj hyw³ev`x jlk wn k e Zuvi cö_g jlv cökvwkz nq 23 eqi eq m Ñ cwipq Ges K vjkvuv wiwfd cwîkvq cö_g cöeü MÖš Ñ cöw Z Ñ cökvwkz nq 25 eqi eq m c ii eqi cökvwkz nq wøzxq MÖš Radicalism Zvici G K G K Bs iwr Ges evsjvq cövq câvkwu MÖš cökvk K ib Zv Qvov, Zuvi m cvw`z MÖ š i msl vi cövq wzwikwu Zuvi MÖš jvi Kej wk ivbv gi w` K ZvKv jb evsv hvq Zuvi AvMÖn Ges Ávb K Zv wewpî c _ avwez n qwq jv Z e cöpzi ˆewPÎ _vk ji, ˆewPÎ B Zuvi ipbvi cöavb Y bq Zuvi ipbvi cöavb Y hyw³evw`zv Ges we k ly Mi i PviwU cv Av Q Ñ G ai bi ey bvg~jk jlv K wzwb N Yv Ki Zb Zuvi jlvq Z _ i _ KI ZvB ewk _vk Zv ZË, wrávmv Zuvi jlvi Avi- GKUv g Y wq jv cóevw`zv wzwb hv ej Z PvB Zb, Zvi g a Kv bv A cózv _vk Zv bv Avi-GKUv wrwbk hv Av `Š _vk Zv bv, Zv n jv gb- RvMv bv K_v wzwb wq jb wbf xk GKRb jlk, whwb PuvPv Qvjv fvlvq w`b K w`b Ges ivz K ivz ej Z Kv bv fq c Zb bv wkebvivqy iv qi Avi-GK cwipq: wzwb wq jb GKRb GKwbô cwîkv m cv`k m cv`bv ïiy K iwq jb gvb e `ªbv_ iv qi m ½ m cwîkvi bvg wq jv i vwwk vj wndg vwb ZvQvov, 50-Gi `k K wzwb vcb K ib DËim~ix cwîkv Zuvi kl cwîkv wrávmv cwîkvi bvg _ KB evsv hvq, gvbyl hv Z MZvbyMwZK K_v jv g b bv-wb q m m c K cökœ K ib, bzzb K_v e jb, bzzb K i fv eb Ñ mb aviyv K Qwo q `Iqvi R b B wzwb GB cwîkv vcb K ib 1980 mv j Ñ ZLbI wzwb gj evb wek we` vj qi fviz-we` v wefv Mi cöavb GB cwîkvi w` K ZvKv jb `Lv hvq h, G Z cy iv bv K_vi cybive wëi P q bzzb K_vB ewk _vk Zv wzwb GB cwîkvq jlvi R b we kl K i we ` k Ae vbiz eû evovwj jlk K AvK ó K ib G Z Ggb A b K j Lb, huviv Kv bv w`b evsjvq j Lbwb ZvQvov, G 13

14 cwîkvq wkqz we `kx AevOvwj jlk- jwlkvi wj LwQ jb Ñ Zuviv h-wel q we klá mme welq wb q g b nq bv, MZ wzb-pvi `k K Ggb wmwiqvm welq wb q jlv Kv bv cwîkv Avgiv evsjv fvlvq ` LwQ G cwîkvi wzwb K qkwu we kl msl v cökvk K iwq jb ww ivwri, iex `ªbv_, briæj Bmjvg cögyl e w³ wb q Zv Qvov, `ywu we kl msl v cökvk K iwq jb evsjv `k wb q Zuvi j wq jv GB `yb msl vi gva g evsjv ` ki mvwnz Ges wpš vavi m ½ cwðge ½i mvaviy cvvk `i cwipq Kwi q `Iqv h mg q KD cwi ek msi Y wb q fve Zb bv, ZLb wrávmvi we kl msl v ei K i Qb G wel q Avwd«Kv, MYZš Ges mv cö`vwqkzv wb qi we kl msl v cökvk K i Qb e Z, G cwîkvi cö Z KwU msl vb g~j evb cöeü w` q Vvmv Ñ msmön K i ivlvi g Zv GB cwîkv Pvjv bvi R b h-mve wyk g bv hvm Ges cöqvm `ikvi, wek we` vj qi GKUv wefv Mi cöavb wn k e Zv `Iqv Zuvi c m e wq jv bv m R b 1983 mv j wzwb gj evb wek we` vjq _ K wba vwiz mg qi Av MB Aemi MÖnY K i KjKvZvq wd i Av mb Gi d j Zuv K A bk Avw_ K jvkmvb w` Z n qwq jv wkš GB wekí wzwb ^ Qvq e Q wb qwq jb wzwb wb R ej Zb h, jlvi R b wzwb ^Áv b `vwi`ª eiy K iwq jb mwz mwz A ªwjqvi Wjv ii `vg A a KiI ewk K g hviqvq, kl ch š wzwb ixwzg Zv Avw_ K m¼ Ui g a mgq KvwU q Qb G cwîkv cövq cuwpk eqi a i Pvjv bvi ci wzwb wb R mivmwi `vwqz wb Ri nv Z bv- i L Ab `i w` qwq jb ZLb _ KB wrávmvi Ae q ïi nq Zuvi wewea cwip qi g a wzwb h GKRb fv jv Kwe wq jb, m K_v Avgiv fz j hvb wkš KweZvi ga w` qb e w³ wkebvivqy cvv Ki Kv Q aiv `b e j Avgvi aviyv wk KweZv, wk cöeü Ñ me ÎB wzwb GKRb m PZb fvlvwkíx Kv bvg Z fvecökvk Kivq wzwb wek vm Ki Zb bv eis fvlvb hv Z GKUv wkíkg n q I V, mfv eb wjl Zb wzwb Zuvi fvlvq Zrmg k ãi cövpzh _vk ji, Zvi g a B Avevi `kx kã Ges Aviwedviwm kã e envi Ki Zb mme e envi Zuvi fvlv K PvLv Ki Zv, cökvk g Ki Zv e Z, Zuvi jlv co j welqe i R b Zv e UB, Zuvi fvlvi R b I PgK jv M k li w` K `k eq iii ewk mgq wzwb e q K i Qb gvb e `ªbv _i ipbvejx Ges Zuvi GKwU Rxebx cökvk Kivi R b gvb e `ªbv_ bvbv ` k evm K iwq jb Ges bvbv fvlvq wj LwQ jb mme `k _ K cîcwîkv Nu U GB ipbvejx Lyu R ei Kiv gv UB mnr KvR wq jv bv wkš wzwb GB Amva mvab K iwq jb gvb e `ªbv _i h-rxebx wzwb cökvk K ib, ZvI AZ š g~j evb m cöwz GB Rxebx kl K i GKwU AvZ Rxebx wjl eb e j w i K iwq jb Zuvi Rxeb Q jv wewpî AwfÁZvq c~y Zv Qvov, wzwb evmi K i Qb eû ` k evu ª vû iv mj, Rywjqvb nv wj, wu Gm GwjqU, Ru cj mvî, A vje U Kvgÿ, wmgb ` ev fvqvi, Avu `ª gvj iv, w db cûvi _ K Avi K i eû wel vz gvby li mvwbœ a G mwq jb wzwb Zuvi eüz wq jb myax `ªbv_ `Ë, Awgq PµeZ x, ey `e emy, Avey mqx` AvBqze, bxnviiäb evq, A vb `Ë Zuvi AvZ Rxebx kl Ki Z cvi j wecyj wek Ges mb we k i wel vz gbxlx `I Avgiv Qv Uv Rvbvjv w` q n ji KvQ _ K `L Z czvg wkš Zvi Av MB wzwb P j M jb hvevi Av MB wzwb Zuvi bk i `n `vb K i M Qb Áv bi PP vi R b Avi, DËivwaKvix `I R b wzwb Kv bv UvKvKwo i L h Z bv-cvi ji DËim~ix `i R b i L M Qb fvebvi Adziš LvivK; gvbezš PP vi A kl cöiyv, Avi Kg x Ges wpš K GK e w³ Z i AbyKiYxq ` óvš Ñ hw`i gyw³eyw Ges ^vaxb wpš vi hmxgvnxb mvnm wzwb `wl qwq jb, Zv AbymiY Kiv Av `Š mnr bq Avgvi aviyv, Zuvi mvnmx Ges MvÎQvov e³ e i R b RxeÏkvq wzwb gvb MY we i Zv jei e w³ K PwU q w` qwq jb e jb m A_ Zuvi cövc cövwzôvwbk m vb wzwb cvbwb c qwq jb Zuvi Zzjbvq A bk mvaviy gavi gvbyliv c qwq jb, huviv G vewjk g Ui gb RywM q Pj Z cv ib, Zuviv wkš cyi v ii A_ A_ev msl v w` q Kv bv mvwnwz K A_ev gbxlxi mwz Kvi ^xk wzi cwigvc Kiv hvq bv m ^xk wz Av m cvvk `I Zid _ K Kvjvš i _ K Avgvi aviyv, cövwzôvwbk ^xk wzavix gvb MY e w³iv hlb g i f Z n q hv eb, Kv ji eb vq ay q-gy Q hv e Zuv `i bvgavg, ZLbI wkebvivqy ivq eu P _vk eb AMwYZ cvv Ki g a 14

15 wkebvivqy iv qi wpš v evinvbdwïb Lvb Rvnv½xi wkebvivqy iv qi m ½ Avgvi Nwbô cwipq gj ev Y, 1965 mv j wzwb ZLb gj evy wek we` vj qi fvizwe` v wefv Mi cöwzôvzv Pqvig vb I cöavb g vwi qb gwvb Avgvi m½x, wzwb ZLb fvizwe` v wefv Mi cuvprb Qv Îi GKRb g vwi qb GLb A óªwjqvi Ab Zg mykwe, Abyev`K gj evb wek^we` vj qi fzi nu U eovw Q g vwi qb nvvr ejj, Zvgvi m ½ wk ei Avjvc Kwi q `B wke? Zzwg Rv bv bv, wke fvizwe` v wefv Mi Pqvig vb, evovwj Ges cwûz Avwg Avgvi AÁZv ^xkvi Kijvg, Av K i ejjvg, P jv hvb wkebvivqy ivq, gj ev Y, fvizwe` v wefv Mi Pqvig vb, Zv Avgvi Rvbv wqj bv wkš Zvi m ½ Avgvi mv vr Av iv Av M, Gi w` K ey `e emy Ges wzwb XvKvq G mwq jb weªwuk KvDwÝ ji Avgš Y, m` ^vaxb c~e evsjvi mvwn Z i nvjnwkkz evsvi Rb ey `e Avgv `i KweZv ïb Z PvB jb nvmvb, kvgmyi ivngvb, AvRv` Ges Avwg KweZv cojvg ey `e mnƒ`qfv e KweZv ï b mvayev` w` jb Avi wkebvivqy M xi GK ZvwË K e³e Dc vwcz Ki jb mvwnz m ^ mb wkebvivqy gj ev Y, Avi Avwg `yõgvm hver gj ev Y AvwQ, Zvi Lei Rvwb bv g vwi q bi m ½ Avwg Zvi fvizwe` v wefv M nvwri nb `wl Zv K, Uwe ji Ici cxk Z G jv g jv eb qi mvwi wngvj qi cv` ` ki wujvi g Zv, cq b wzwb Pqv i Avmxb, j ^v wzwb, wngvj qi cv` ` ki wujv jv Qvwo q Zvi g K DuwK w` Q g vwi qb Avgvi cwipq w`j, wzwb Avgv K g b Kivi Póv Ki jb Avwg Zv K mvnvh Kijvg, g b c o XvKvq mb GbKvD Uvi weªwuk KvDwÝ ji mšr b wzwb n m DV jb Ges ej jb, iv Z KvR Av Q? bb Zvn j L Z Avmyb, g vwi qb K wb q Avgvi evm v b ZLb K_v n e, AvÇv n e, Av jvpbv n e g vwi qb, Zzwg Zv Avgvi evmv Pb? b_ gj ev b, hlv b Uªvg jvbb kl n q Q fzj Kievi Rv bb Zvici wzwb GKUv eb qi fzi wbgmœ n jb Avwg Avi g vwi qb evb i ewi q Gjvg, evb i A ±ve ii iv` SK SK Ki Q AvKv k wd Ûvm wóªu ij k b g vwi q bi Rb `uvwo q AvwQ g vwi q bi cvëv bb 6Uv evrj mvzuv evrj g vwi qb G jv 8Uvq GZ `wi? Avgvi GK eüzi m ½ d vbs q wm qwqjvg AvKv k Nyi Z GZ grv! P jv, iibv niqv hvk Avgiv b_ gj evb Mvgx GKUv Uªv g D V ewm hvw Q Zv hvw Q, iv vuv kl nq bv hlv b Uªvg jvbb kl mlv b b g cwo Pviw`K Kzqvkvq XvKv wkqy `Lv hvq bv Nievwoi Kv bv wbkvbv bb g vwi qb K ewj, Zzwg evwoi b ^i Rv bv, iv Uvi bvg g vwi qb e j, bv `yõrbb wpwš Z, fqvz, GB AíãKv i Kvb w` K hve nvvr g b n jv K hb Kv_vq wprkvi Ki Q, Rvnv½xi mv ne, Rv-nv-½xi mv- n-e evsjvq KD bvg a i Avgv K WvK Q `wl, `xn `nx KD GKRb UP R j Avgv `i w` K Avm Q wkebvivqy ivq Kv Q G m ej jb, eo fzj n q Q evwoi wvkvbv bv w` q Avwg Avcbv `i evwo Z W KwQ xi Kv Q ekzwb ïb Z ïb Z Avgvi Rvb kl mb KLb _ K UP R j Uªvg jvbb _ K evwo, evwo _ K Uªvg jvbb NyiwQ wkebvivq Yi evwo Kv QB Am e Kzqvkvi Rb wkqy `Lv hvw Qjbv evwo Z cuš QB wkebvivqy x K ej jb, Rvnv½xi mv ne K wwbvi `vi Avwg IN i Avjvc Kwi Avwg ewj, Avcwb Lv eb bv? Avwg `wi ` L L q wb qwq x Avcbvi m ½ wwbvi Ki eb, Avi Ki eb Avgvi Kb v, Avgvi cyî edw` ej jb, Avcwb XvKv _ K Avm eb Rvb j digvk w`zvg XvKvB kvwo Ges im Mvj v wb q Avmvi Rb Avwg ejjvg, m Zv GLb m e bv wwbv ii ci IN i wm qwq `wl wkebvivqy cig Drmv n Av jvpbvq we fvi kövzv GKRb Rvcvwb QvÎ Avi g vwi qb welq : W jvbd Kv K e j my-rxeb msµvš Av jvpbv kl n jv ga iv Z wkebvivqy U vw W K w` jb Avwg Ges g vwi qb Ges Rvcvwb QvÎwU wd i Pwj wd Ûvm wóªu ók bi w` K [[ wkebvivqy KweZv wj L Qb, i fvi cöeü wj L Qb `k b Ges b `bzë wb q, m ú`bv K i Qb GgGb iv qi ipbvewj, ZvwjKv ˆZwi K i Qb iex `«bv _i wpîkjvi Gme m Ë I Zvi köô KxwZ : wrávmv cwîkv evi Kiv myax `«bv_ ` Ëi cwip qi ci w ^Zxq gbbev`x cwîkv : wrávmv wzwb hy³ K i Qb wrávmvq evsjv fvlvfvlx köô gbbev`x `i Ges Abyev` Kwi q Qb wrávmvq mgmvgwqk we k^i köô fveyk `i wpš v Gme wzwb K i Qb wk Ki `vwqz wb q Avgvi g b nq wzwb g~jz wk K, wpš vi g a Rxebhvcb K i Qb Ges wpš vi g a Rxebhvcb K eu P _vkvi j e j we epbv K i Qb wzwb gvk mev` _ K DcbxZ n q Qb i vwwk vj wndg vwbr g Ges i vwwk vj wndg vwbr gi g a jvf K i Qb Rxe bi mvirmvi wzwb RvZxqZvev`x wec ei we ivax wq jb, gvk mev`x wec ei mgv jvpbv K i Qb Ges K g i P q Z Ë i Î AvkÖq Lyu R Qb wkš GKUv cökœ _ KB hvq, hlb Avgiv covb Ges KvR Kwi, ZLb Zvi c _vwk wkebvivqy ivq GB cökœwui Reve `bwb ( `wbk mgkvj-gi mšr b ) 15

16 GKRb gbxlxi we`vq nvmvb Avj Avãyj vn 1. Av Av wcöq gvbyl wj P j M jb G hvîv ïi n qwq jv ûgvqyb AvRv` K w` q; gšjev`x `i cvkwek wbh vz bi wkkvi n q g Zz i Øvi _ K wd i G m Rxeb ïi Ki ji AvcvZ ` wó Z g b n jv Zv `i duv `B wzwb cv w` q wpiw` bi R b Qvo jb evsjvi gvwu I gvby li gvqv Gi c i M jb kvgmyi ivngvb hw`i Zvui g Zz wq jv ^vfvwek wkš ZrKvjxb gšjev`cyó mikvi PvB j nq Zv we ` k wpwkrmv n Zv Zvui, wkš Zv-I n q DV jv bv; n jv bv ivóªxq gh v`vq `vdb RbMY fvj e m Zvu K ïb q w` q G jb gv qi Ke i; wpiwkïi g Zv evsjv ` ki Kwe, ^vaxbzvi Kwe Nywg q ib jb gv qi Kv j wcöq gvbyl `i mvwi _ K Gic ib M jb wke`v, Aa vck wkebvivqy ivq eqm n qwq jv Zvui g Zz i R b cö ZI n qwq jb Avwk Z cv `qvi mgq _ KB wkš Zvui P j hviqvi Kgb h bv g b wb Z Pvq bv gb KóUv m ez Avgvi R b GKUz ekx KviY Gi deª qvixi cö_g mßv n dv b Zvui mv _ K_v n jv; ejjvg, ÒXvKvq hvw Q eb gjvq Avgvi bzzb eb Avcbv K cvwv q ` ev Ó wzwbi Zvui bzzb eb Avgv K cvwv q ` eb e j Rvbv jb evsjv `k I fviz _ K eb cvvv bvi AwZwi³ Li Pi K_v wpš v K i ejjvg, ÒWvKgvïj I eb qi `vg Avwg cvwv q ` ev Ó XvKvq `Lv n jv Kwe KvjxK ò ni mv _; Aek Av MB K_v n qwq jv h eb gjvq wzwb hv eb, Avgiv GKmv _ A bkuv mgq KvUv ev Kvjx`v K e jwqjvg Avgvi n q wke`v K 500 i wc w` Z wkš wk Avðh Avwg wbdbq K wd i Avm ZB ïbjvg wke`vi g Zz i msev` Kvjx`v ZLbI KjKvZvq wd i hvbwb KÕw`b c i Kvjx`vi bv ^v i dvb Ki ZB wzwb e j D V jb, Òe ov wz n q M jv!ó Avwg ejjvg, Òg b n Q Avgiv wbt ^ n q MwQ Ó RvbZvg bvw K ev ` wek vmx wke`v g Zz K KL bv fvq c Zb bv Z e me mgqb Zvui cwikíbv _vk Zv Av ik eqi evup j wk wk KvR Ki eb wzwb 2007 mv j deª qvix Z KjKvZvq kl ev ii g Zv Avgvi mv _ hlb `Lv n qwq jv ZLbI Rvwb qwq jb Zvui IBme cwikíbvi K_v AvZœRxebx jlvq nvz ` eb wbdbqk AÂ j Kv iv Kv iv e vcv i Avgv K wkqz Z_ I cvvv Z e jwq jb cöli gav I Kg ` Zvi AwaKvix wkebvivqy ivq KL bv wkqz fyj Zb e j g b nq bv wbdbq K eov bvi mgquvi Zvui g b Qwei g Zv cwi vi wq jv K qk R bi bvg a i ej jb, ÒIiv GLb wk Ki Q, Kv_vq Av Q GKUz LvuR wb q `L e Avgvi AvZœRxebx Z I `i K_vI _vkv `ikvi Ó 16 A ±vei 2007-G Avgv K jlv Zvui kl wpwv Z D j L K iwq jb, ÒbZzb `yõwu eb jlvq cy ivcywi mgq `evi B Q Av Q GKwU AvZœRxebx (evsjvq), Ab wu Avgvi ez gvb Rxeb `k b (Bs irx Z) nqz Kv bvwub mgvß n e bv 87 eqi eq m me `vb câf~ Z cöz vez bi Rb cö Z _vwk Z e c w_ex K fvjevwm Ges Avwg Avkvev`x Ó 2 wkebvivqy iv qi mv _ Avgvi hvmv hvmuv ek KvKZvjxq ejv P j beÿb `k Ki ïi i w` K, 93/94 mv j wbdbq K i Kv bv GK evsjv mvwnz Avm i Avwg GKwU KweZv cwo Avgvi avibv wq jv IB KweZvwU Ab ikg Aš Zt IB ch š jlv Avgvi KweZv _ K Avjv`v mbme w` bi Avmi wj Z Avgiv AKvZ i G K A b i jlvi Av jvpbv-mgv jvpbv KiZvg wkš Kó c qwqjvg IBw`b KviY, Avmi k l KDB Avgvi KweZvwU wb q wkqz ej jb bv Z e Avgvi K ói K_v KvD KB Rvbv bv n jv bv K qkw`b c i fvejvg KweZvwU Kv bv GKRb fv jv m úv` Ki Kv Q cvwv q `qv hvk; Ges wm vš wbjvg ÔwRÁvmvÕq cvvv bvi GKwU wpwv Ges MvUv K qk KweZv GKmv _ ÔwRÁvmvÕi wvkvbvq wke`vi eive i cvwv q w`jvg cövq QÕgvm c i h wpwvwu cjvg Zv Z jlv wq jv: Zvgvi wpwvi wkqz Ask I GKwU KweZv Qvc ev h KweZvwU wzwb Q cwq jb mwu Ab Kv bv jlv bq, Avm i cwvz Avgvi eüz I gyiweÿ `i PvL Gwo q hviqv mb ÔKó cviqvõ kãgvjv GB wq jv ïi Zvici _ K Av iv wpwvi Av`vb cö`vb, Av iv KvQvKvwQ Avmv ÔwRÁvmvÕq Av iv jlvi QvocÎ wkqzw`b c i Ôe½ m jbõ KwgwUi Avgš Y wbdbq K I G jb wzwb Rq Mv ^vgx I c~ Y `y cîx K mv _ wb q Zvui eüz cöqvz Avãyj gv j Ki eivz w` q Av ikuz Kv Q Avmvi my hvm n jv `L Z cjvg GKRb mwz Kv ii gbxlx K whwb cök Z A _ B gvbyl K m vb Ki Zb Zz Lvo ZK wez Ki c ii wzwb nvz evwo q w` Zb Kig` b Kivi R b gv Sgv S D ËwRZ n q M ji bzzb wpš v, bzzb K_v I mgv jvpbv gb w` q ïb Zb Ges Zvui cvb-cvvb I cömvp cvwê Z i MfxiZv w` q we k ly 16

17 Kivi Póv Ki Zb KvD K KL bv Ni _ K ewi q h Z `L j wzwb D V `vuwo q Qb; GgbwU GKRb wkïi cöwzi wzwb GKB m vb cö`k b K i Qb; D³ wkï ev e w³wu Zvui AcwiwPZ n ji Ômevi Dc i gvbyl mz, Zvnvi Dc i bvbõ--g h bv ZviB ev e m Z ^K wz G vwiqvq K qkw`b Avãyj gv j Ki Qv Uv g qi evmvq KvUv bvi ci wke`v wm q DV jb js AvBj v Û jvwk Lv j Ki evmvq Ges wk Avðh m vnb wq jv ZLb, h cöwz mü vq RvgvZvi (kª q Avãyj gv j Ki) Mvwo avi K i Avwg Avi gv jk gvgv Dcw Z nzvg mb evmvq mvwnz mvgvr ivrbxwz A_ bxwz `ywe Ëvqb jv úu me wel qb Av jvpbv ïbzvg wke`vi _ K g b n Zv evsjv mvwn Z i dvki jv nv Z a i `wl q w` Qb wzwb K wk fve Qb, K wkfv e mgv jvpbv Ki Qb ev Ki eb G me K_v wzwb g b iv Lbwb; wb Ri gzvg Zi i Z w` qb ` pzvi mv _ K_v e j Qb wzwb wj L Qb, ÒAvgvi wpš v Ges cökvkixwz RbwcÖq bq, Avwg hv fvwe wvk m K_vB ejvi Ges jlvi Póv Kwi, kªvzv A_ev cvvk K Av `Š Zzó Kievi Póv KL bv Kwiwb Ges Kievi Awfjvl ivwlwb Ó GBme K_v ` pzvi mv _ ejvi R b cy iv evsjv fvlvq Lye ekx jlk cviqv hv e e j Avgvi g b nq bv K Db v` MvjvMv j Mjv dvuv jv Avi K cöksmvi wz Z fwi q Zzj jv Zv j Kivi g Zv mgq I i wp Zvui wq jv bv cöwzwu gyn~z B wq jv Zvui Kv Q g~j evb, Zv K djcöm~ Kievi Póv ZvB wzwb K i M Qb AKvZ i, GKvMÖZvi mv _ ÔwRÁvmvÕ bv gi h cöeü-wbf i cwîkvwui Rb wzwb w` qwq jb, dy j-d j mw¾z K i Zvi bvi wzwb fvwm q w` q Qb evsjv mvwn Z i BwZnvm-mvM i Av av- Av av K_v ejv, fvov-fvov D PviY I gbbnxbzvi mgv ek wbf i M` ixwz _ K ewi q G m cöwzôv w` q Qb hyw³ev`x I kw³kvjx fvlv web v mi GK i Z c~y K_bcÖwµqv hv KL bvb RbwcÖqZvi gvckvwv Z hvpvb Kivi cö Póv w` q wbqwš Z wq jv bv evsjv kãfvûvi KI c~y K i Qb bzzb kã wbg v Yi fzi w` q Avevi nvwi q hviqv A bk i Z c~y PwiÎ Zz j G b h_v v b k³ nv Z ewm q w` q Qb Ab w` K ag xq Db v`bv K hgb wzwb cvëv `bwb Zgwb iex `ª c~rvc e I Av v iv Lbwb mgv jvpbvi ` wó KvY _ K Kzms vi jvi wei `vuwo q Qb mvwnwz K mzzv wb q ZvB Zvui Ô i bmvum,õ Ô ^ `k ^Kvj ^Rb,Õ Ô h Av jv K AwaK Avuavi,Õ Ô gšgvwqzš Õ BZ vw` MÖš jv n q D V Q gbb PP vi K `ª j Avgiv hgb Av jvwkz n qwq Zgwb Avgv `i g bi `irv Ly j wm q Q mf Zvi bvbvw`k _ K Qz U Avmv wecyj wpš vi iwk Z 3 KweZvI wj L Qb wzwb Abyev` K i Qb we i Q `i ï nvz wq jv Zvui g~ ji KvQvKvwQ wb q Avmvi Póv wq jv Abyev ` Ges h _ó mdjzvi `wl q Qb ÔKygvim eõ Kv e i Abyev` K i Qb Amvgvb ` Zvq; g `vµvš v Q `i mvz gvîvi `vjv i mvëxy KweZvi ^v` G b `q hlv b mshgx hvmxi Z cveb mlv b úwa Z G Kvb cöwzk j nviqvi mâv i AKv j A kv Ki kvlvq dz U I V Kzmyg m vi Av gi wkkj q ågi mvwimvwi Kv gi j L bvg, mvbvi mgv ivn KwY Kvi kv L, cjvk Kzuwo wj b Li `vm eyws e bi `ex ey K (Ôiƒcvš iõ/ Kzgvi m e/ Z Zxq mm ) wb Ri KweZv hw`i wq jv A bkuv myax `ªbv_ Abymvwi fvlvi `L j, Z_vwcI wpîkí, AbycÖvm I Dcgvi QovQwo wq jv mlv bi Awfavb mvg b bv- i L cov hvq Ggb GKwU DrK ó AvaywbK KweZv GK`v Avgv K gy» K iwq jv Av Rv hvqwb mb ^v` KwYKv mikvi K Zzwg e jwq j KvjxK ò m KŠZzK mœ n wrávmv `ß i `wl KvRKg kl K i ivz `kuvq Uwe ji wzbw` K wzbwu Pqv i wzb ey ov g` Lvq ï b ivm n qwqj, Avgv `i Zzwg ey ov ejevi K n câvk eqi n jv Avgv `i eüzzvi, kko Qov bv i i wzi Rwg Z g a Zvi M Q evbk eqi `~i `~i ` k KL bv gw Kv, KL bv ev mij kni, Zš^x Bqvivi Zx i gj evb --AwWwmi Kx ev Zzwg Rv bv Ae k l B_vKvq wdwi `wl G K G K wbwf Q `DwU wc½j hšeb wqj, `ytmvnmx fvjevmv, S o Wvbv gjv wksev mªv Zi wei mvuziv bv, Awfbq, ivrbxwz, Ljv kã Avi fvm wb q Avuavi K i Q MÖvm Av Q eüz `yõwu iw³g iv gi ^v ` nq Zv-ev wg k Av Q AvZzi Avfvm üz em š i, Pv L K òp~ov, agbx Z KUvj Dj vm (Ô Lvqve `wl më iiõ/ KwbKv mikvi K Zzwg) GBfv e evsjv cöe Üi GK gnvb kªóv Av Av KweZvi ^v`i wb q Qb AZ š ` Zvi mv _ `yõgkwu kã e wzz 17

18 Awj wlz KweZvwU ww m UªvjvB Rkb-Gi GB hy M DËiaywbKZvi Øvi Qzu q hvq wb R K wzwb KL bv Kwe wn m e Zz j ai Z Pvbwb, muvb wq jv Zvui c ^vfvwek, Z e mvwn Z i GB ÎwU ZI wzwb wmw AR b K iwq jb mv ji ga deª qvix Z KjKvZvq kl `Lv n jv wke`vi mv _ më j K Zvui `vzjvi N i XyK ZB wzwb Rwo q ai jb Zvui x, MxZv ešw`, Avgvi cwipq c qb e j DV jb, ÒK Zv ï bwq Zvgvi bvg, GB G j Ó Zvic i Kvjx`v mn hv M Av jvpbvi So QzU jv wbdbqk, KjKvZv I XvKvi mvwnz wb q Avgvi e vm _ K ei K i w`jvg Ôb Î I gvby li cö Q`Õ cvzv Dwë qb gš e Ki jb, ÒZzwg wk W ik IjKv Ui ÔIgvimÕ-Gi g Zv wkqz K i Qv!Ó Zvui cö kœ hymc_ wew Z I Avbw `Z njg wew Z G Kvi Y h Avgv `i ` ki Kv bv cöexy mvwnwz K Aš Z bexb Kv iv eb K wek L vz gnz Kv bv Kwei mggv bi g b Ki Z cv ib GUv Avgvi Kv Q wq jv bzzb Avi Avbw `Z n qwqjvg GB f e h GUv wq jv GKRb gbxlxi GK ai bi ^xk wz Avwg DËi w`jvg, Ò ZgbwUB Zv B Qv wq jv wkš GLb Zv Avi gnvkv e i mgq bq Ó mivmwi, Kv bv wøav bv K ib, wzwb ej jb, Òiv Lv Zvgvi mgq, kw³ _vk jb Kiv hvq Ó KjKvZv _ K divi w`bi Gqvi cv U i c _ Zvui evmvq Mjvg we`vq wb Z wke`v AveviI Rwo q a i mœn f i Avgvi gv_vq nvz ivl jb ZLbI Avwg eys Z cvwiwb mb wq jv Zvui mv _ kl `Lv GK eq ii gv_vq P j M jb wzwb Pv L Z L Z Pqv i njvb w` q Nywg q co jb wpiw` bi R b wbt ^ K i M jb Avgv `i A bk KB In Janus' Footsteps Adib Khan The philosopher, Diogenes, was known to have an undisguised contempt for any distinction between Greeks and foreigners. When asked what his country was, he replied: 'I am a citizen of the world', and in so doing he coined the Greek word cosmopolitan to express his thoughts on the matter. I imagine that more than two thousand years later there are many among us who share that view. The question of identity has been a complicated issue for me, long before I accidentally stumbled into writing. I have always been wary of any rigid, stereotyped characteristics that may be attributed to the word identity in a way that may compromise my notions of individualism. Undoubtedly my attitude has much to do with cultural fragmentation. There are times when I recall an interesting experience during the early 1980s, after I became an Australian citizen. It was the singular incident that set me thinking about the multiple dimensions of identity, especially when you transcend boundaries and leap across cultures. On a tram in Melbourne, an elderly lady, whose grandfather had a stint in India as a British administrator, asked me politely if I was an Indian. 'No,' I replied, 'although India is my ancestral home. My grandparents and my parents were born there, and I have relatives in Calcutta where I spent most of my school holidays.' Was I a Pakistani? 'No,' I responded, 'I was born in Pakistan, but my Australian passport doesn't say so.' 'Ah, an Australian!' The enlightened exclamation sounded very definitive in its conclusion. 18

19 'So, you were born in Pakistan but now you are an Australian citizen. A Pakistani-born Australian!' Her triumph was short-lived. I wanted to be more precise about the confusion I was creating. 'Not quite,' I said, watching her frown. 'I was born in Pakistan, but officially I can no longer claim that privilege.' There was a perplexed silence. By this time I was rather pleased with the web of mystery I had spun around my national identity. The riddle had rapidly reached a complexity worthy of the Sphinx. It was time for the grand revelation. 'I was born in East Pakistan,' I explained. 'It is now Bangladesh.' She nodded and smiled, but I sensed that the bewilderment was still there. But I had stated the truth. It really summed me up. I was born in Pakistan, with familial connections in India, had a rebirth in Bangladesh without ever believing in reincarnation, and now I was an Australian in possession of a certificate and an associated document of sixty-four pages, valid for ten years, to prove who I was. If one considers Hamlet's situation as a parallel, then his dilemma was relatively simple. He was merely crawling between earth and heaven - an uncharted distance, I shall grant him that. But one may well ask, what should such fellows as I do with the claims of four different countries tugging at me for some declaration of who I am? At any point in our lives, we can think of ourselves as relating to a number of identities - in terms of gender, age, family status and ethnicity, to name only a few. The conceptual and emotional difficulties that a migrant experiences in coming to a singular understanding of the term identity is akin to standing in the middle of a chamber of mirrors that are in constant, slow rotation. One catches glimpses of transient reflections without ever settling on a fixed image. Those of us who have reluctantly experienced displacement, or willingly shifted our cultural base, find our own private ways of locating and perceiving ourselves beyond the obvious coordinates of a street, a suburb, a town or a passport. I am no exception in this quiet search, and my vehicle of travel is writing fiction. But undeniably, as a social being, I am part of a larger scene, and I have to say that looking at the bigger picture makes me uneasy about contemporary communal attitudes regarding identity. The cultural fragmentation with which I must cope merely complicates the issue, but it also alerts me to the pitfalls of excessive and sometimes blind patriotism that is often evident, for example, in such comparatively trivial matters as sports. The alarming acceleration in technological evolution and its impact on social and cultural changes have significantly influenced the ways in which communities are insisting on defining themselves. It would seem that there is a desperate need to find historical and contemporary markers to construct a framework within which people can feel secure about their perceived values and lifestyles. Across nations there appears to be shift in the way people characterise identity. The identity of the individual is now sometimes subservient to a community's ideology of what a person should be if he or she is to have a meaningful place in mainstream society. Discourse on gender, ethnic and class identity appears to have subsided for the moment and we are caught in a mesh of aggressive nationalism that encourages a somewhat naïve and illusory view of a heroic identity. Guilt and 19

20 alienation are frequently evoked to lash individuals into an acceptance of an advanced tribal mentality, and these are often achieved by clearly defined characteristics of unacceptable non-conformity. Probably this is a communal reaction to fear, a backlash against globalisation that is perceived to be threat to national identity. I am rather uneasy by the resurgence of a myopic nationalism that can escalate into something more than just a chest-beating exercise about a community's superior virtues. There is a strong and potentially dangerous martial component in such pride. In a recent article in The Australian (April 27, 2001), Helen Irving has suggested that: The attempt to make the Anzacs stand for all Australians is part of a disturbing cultural process - seeking moral certainties in our lives and our history, and finding them in the imaginary homogeneity of the past. Indeed, there is a trend to pinpoint what is considered to be 'unaustralian'. Complementing Irving's viewpoint, Rosemary Neill, in the same newspaper on the same day, posited that 'unaustralian' was a word 'whose increasing use and abuse is suggestive of a new jingoism on the loose'. Thankfully, there is also a growing awareness that a society as diverse as Australia cannot be simply characterised by a set of traits to define us all for the sake of so-called social cohesiveness. As Irving points out, 'There is no single identity for Australians'. I do not believe that it is possible for me to wear the permanent tag of a cultural stereotype. An unqualified identification with a single, mainstream tradition would be a denial of the composite that I am. It would be futile and, indeed, undesirable to attempt to purge the cultural diversity that has shaped me. My splintered life is not entirely the result of migration. It was a natural consequence of an upbringing that was strongly influenced by history. In the 1950s and '60s, the postcolonial subcontinent was still strongly affected by the cultural and institutional legacy we had inherited from the British. For my parents it was inconceivable that I would not attend a school where English was not the language of instruction. I was sent to a Catholic school run by Jesuits. The fragmentation took place early in my life. There were parts of the New Testament to be studied at school in a subject that was absurdly titled Moral Science. We were strictly warned not to wander into the Old Testament. Some friends and I deduced that since anything forbidden had to do with girls and sex, the Old Testament had to be compulsory reading. So I read Genesis and Exodus and learned about creation and Moses, played cricket in the afternoon and returned home to face a Spartan mullah waiting to hear my reading of the Koran and teach me about the only faith he wanted me to know. In retrospect, the exposure to the historical richness of Christianity and Islam saved me from some of the prejudices of ignorance and set me on the path to cultural dualism where it was no longer possible to think about myself in terms of a single tradition. This dualistic cultural pattern was integrated into my life, as I grew older and matured. On the one side there were Homer, Virgil, Dante, Shakespeare and Milton. On the other there were the influences of The Ramayana, Mahabharata, the Moghul poets, Iqbal and Tagore. The two sides met, not in combat, but in a synthesis of ideas out of which I emerged considerably enriched in thought and feeling but without any clearly defined sense of belonging to a monocultural society. I would not have it any other way. Even at the risk of sounding excessively egotistical, the awareness of my multiplicity makes me curious about myself. What I was, what I am and what I will be are subjective speculations with no definitive answers. My writing life has merely intensified my curiosity about identity. Writing fiction was purely accidental during a period of soul searching to know why I was so restless when I turned forty. There was a growing dissatisfaction with my professional life as a teacher and boredom with the predictability of my middle-class existence in a Victorian country town. I had reached that point of lethargic 20

21 blandness where any desire for intellectual fulfilment was being blunted by an increasing indifference about the wider world. Underneath all of this was a kind of insurgency, a revolution from within that insisted I pay attention to myself. Well I made an effort to meet the real me by recording my reflections in fragmented bits of writing. A novel emerged as a residue of this attempt at self-analysis, and with it came the realisation that I was destined to occupy a kind of noman's-land, wedged between polarised cultures. My identity is simultaneously plural and mutable. There is no definitive measurement of who I am. My occupancy of a territory between the east and the west does not offer much stability. Here the earth often shakes quite violently to discourage me from developing any sense of permanence or belonging. However uncomfortable this position may be, it is by no means an arid ground for the mind to discover a multiplicity of voices and what they have to say. The migrant's voice tells me what it is like to feel a stranger and yet be at home, to live both inside and outside of one's immediate situation, to be permanently on the move, to think of one way return journeys but to realise at the same time the impossibility of doing so, since the past is not only another country but also another time, beyond the grasp of the present. It tells me about long-distance journeys and relocations, of losses, changes, conflicts, powerlessness and visions of what might have been. Well, perhaps that was a possibility until very recently. At the moment, I am in a state of transition, shifting from one room to another, planning a novel set entirely in Australia, not about migrants, but about a white Australian, a Vietnam Veteran, troubled by guilt and concerned by his lack of responsibility during the war, seeking atonement through art and a commitment to a relationship with a partially paralysed woman. And how am I responding to this slightly alien scenario that I have built into the writing landscape? Well, I am still in the same house, merely changing rooms. That sense of familiarity has not deserted me. And I figure that if a Japanese could have written a novel about an English butler, then a Bangladeshi can fictionalise a white Australian's experience. I don't have a problem with pulling down artificial barriers. That is one of the supreme advantages of not being weighed down by a single identity. Adib Khan lives and writes in Ballarat, currently P.H.D student Monash University. He is the award winning author of three novels:seasonal Adjustments (1994),Solitude of Illusions (1996), The Storyteller (2000), Home coming (2005) and The Spiral roads (2007). Adib presented a shorter version of this essay at the 2001 Sydney Writers Festival. (This Article reprinted from Australian Humanities Review.) And with it comes infinite sadness that severely tests my emotional resolve. But there is another voice, different in tone and articulating entirely different perspectives of another landscape. It speaks about new experiences, of ideas that extend my intellectual and emotional frontiers and recharges the desire to explore unknown territories. It encourages me to celebrate the richness of cultural diversity. In a sense, writing has become a residence, a place I can call home. So the question arises, in this house of writing which room do I occupy and can I be even vaguely characterised by the way I live? 21

22 Pvgovi is bq g bi is w`ji ev kvnvbv BS HL V pw hcen m ho u LR fkñ hrz B m Qa q µrz fª bh a La ll jl, La S al k j e o B R a cl ph C L cm l p k N ph l que z Hje hé š² HLSe LJ My S f Ju k he k e ph S al j e o c M Re z ïje fu p Ch e ha a h Q e f lhð SL g q uej hõhi h e O l LaSe L c M Re S e ecz N ul lw ul i š a p c -L m, qm c-h c j j e o p d leax cm k uz lw ul L l e Akb NhÑN lj L l A e Lz Bh l lw ul L l e pw L Q jðuj e b L A e Lz fðq ma d le h hõh p k L m h h c j aä Ll m L cl j TC öd lw L gpñ dhdh Ll l üfà c M A e L, Qø J Q m u z e S L e u M h Lj j e o Lc Qv p¾a ù l u R cm k uz j e o k hs h QÎ fð Z z A eél j a qju l h Afl L R s u k Ju l el¾al Qø A e Llz Qø V M l f eu k c a BaÀO a e qu z rî h n o HLS el AeÉ L V cju l Ap ÙÛ Qø I hé š²l e SlJ LmÉ Z p de L le z a h c e-dé e, jd u-pvl jñ, j e hl Z hm a AeÉ L A aµj Ll l Qø pjnð j eh pj Sl SeÉ j m h u B e exp ¾c qz MvÎe Y i L l e hšn m HL BCeS h L N l h h ( N±lhYÑ) VÊe b L m a L l ha la L lez Hlf lj ha la BCeS h L¾a aäl gpñ u j a E We e z hlw h L S he j e ol Q js l lw eu a l j el LÓc jum c l Ll a héu L lez Na pqpð ël pl j e o h m A i qa Ll qu ay Lz Q js l lw h N ÎhZÑ e u ah J j e o pjuhéu L lc k µrzz öd h c j Bl L m j e ol j T es lw e u Ap¾a ùl fðhza B R a L¾a WL euz p c j e oj A e L gé L n lw f ÒV l hl l pà a q u p e m h c j j nm M ul lw ul SeÉ q f aén L l z j e ol j e f o l M CµR m L f lz Ll l SeÉ Aaɾa q cuh e(?) LR héhp u e e Evf ca fzé e u fª bh l h S l q Slz BNÐq j e o f LV ES l L l h S l b L a L eez LE L ee L m lw gpñ Ll l Bn u, LE L ee gé L n gpñ lw L h c j h c d jn e L gl ja lw Ll l fðaé n uz gu l Hä m im h h u q u CV, ÙfÐ VÉ e HC S a u EfLlZ J BlJ La k L h S l hwµ qu z h wm c n gu l Hä m im l f n f n BSL m V i a h f e S l fðq l Q m µr k ú C nf b L Le k u p c l A øê mu b L Bp lw gpñ Ll l BÕQkÑ µ j h u q u CVz HC h fe Cc e w M h OeOe n e k µr, cm k µrz p d le j e o i h h dqu h u q u CV j M j M A øê mu l j e o H a gpñ z AbQ A øê mu l V i a h u q u C Vl h fe LM e C que, h S lj a cm k ue z p c j e ol e Sl Q js e u i he Q¾a, Qø Q lî Bm c z a l gu l Hä m im h h u q u CV Q ue z a l hlw p kñ m L f s gpñ Q js l p c i h Lj a Q uz a h p l hrl h wm c nl ja ph c n p kñ ALªfZi h LlZ halej L le z a C p m lu j j n e Y L Q js VÉ e Ll a A e L BfÐ Z Qø L lz Hh l lw hcm e ho u öe OVe h YÑa q µrz gpñ q a BNÐq h wm c nl L m h né jm HL V j u A øê mu u pcé h p Ll a Bp i h L Q W mm m z ph Mhl Mhl S e u, p m j- c u l fhñ n o lw gpñ L l µ j f W a S l a N c cmz i h HC c n ea e z lw gpñ L l µ j Q u R eec z L b u f Ju k u i h i h i h E ànàz ea e f l Qa k l a cl S p Ll aj je p u cue z i h Q ¾a nofkñ¾a ü j LC S p Ll me E ez pjpé ByQ L l p l pl ü j hm me "HLV h Ü c a f l k c l N e Ll?' ö e fðnàlîñ q p a q p a hm me- "h T R L c ø h Ü a j l j b u Mm R, hm h I µ j f Ju N m a j l i C L gpñ Ll a B j e SC 22

23 Lea j, a lf l AeÉ cl f W e l Lb i ha j; L WL h m e hm?' "p h p h Üja! HC Lb V C Bj l h e k e Bfe l eec a L m M S e u c J, h p a ac pjpé j V k hz' Lb V e u c 'S e j m q p q p Ll m fðq l, aälpwµ ¾a pjpé l k š² eiñl pj d e My S f u Be ¾ca a l z a lfl HC pü ¾a fy±r m k Bp m lw gpñ Ll l e j dy L c u LR héhp u gpñ l Pl SeÉ q f aén Ll j e ol c hñma L héhq l L l fup m V e µr Bl e µrz HLcm héhp u l L SC j e o L EáV ph BÕh p c u a cl f L Vl fup q a s eu z Bl j e oj hs BSh fð Z QVLÚc l h f e H Lh l j jl ja N m N m hn ma q u f sz A el pj u lw gpñ a c ll Lb Q js u e e Ap M hp M al L l Hph µxgz eîc ul cn L h wm c n b CmÉ ä b L Bjc e Ll lw gpñ L l µxg (c xm a e jv i m N R!) e u fðq l q Q quz EvO Va qu k I µx j f lc jn e q a k Q js l SeÉ iuwllz Mhl V lw gpñ u BNÐq cl qa n L l Rm h dquz H a Nm né jm, L m h h c j cl gpñ qju l j e h pe l hhlzz a l h dqu i h gpñ m Ll a cl Q js l lw e u La p M z Bp m L a C? gpñ j e ol a cl Q js e uj e e i N ¾a pqé L lez gpñ lw under the sun is vulnerable a C M h l c CµR ja f s Q js l lw f lhañ ej Ap hd A elz a R s gpñ Q js a p j eé c NJ pq S Q M f sz a C O eù p c hå l H e u B rf L l h m "Q js l lw A a p c qju i m euz' gpñ m Ll pw rãa f n L Ef l q u h Qa q u ö u p kñpà el R h M h f l Qa HL V R h z p kñpà el j dé j p c m Ll p kñ m L b L fð u Se u iv je " X' Bqle L lez HLC p b Q js f s u LR V q mj VÉ e Ll l Qø L lez LE LE VÉ e Ll l SeÉ i oe hé L mz a h p l hrl a p kñ pj e i h B m J cue z Bl k c cac ah J L SLjÑ h c c u p l ce e qu p kñ m L ö u h p L V u c ae a l z Bl l a? l al hm a p kñj b Le ame L Ll? a R s ph l a pjuj q he c el hm z a cl AbÑ hš fðq l a h pj ulc k Ai hz CaÉ c pjpé ( kje ph pj u p kñ L e f Ju, L l l Bh l pj ul c l e Ai h) h hqe L l héhp u fð aù el Q js VÉ e Ll l j ne p m lu j e u h S l q Slz p m lu j e u hù¹ªa B m Qe eu HM ez a h V i a, p f l j LÑ V Hje L øn el L R R VM V n fw j mj p m lu j p¾v l Q M f sz lw hcm a ENÐQä l ja hüf lll k l a cl SeÉ a a p hd q u Rz L S e La Se e Sl h s aj HC j ne l M Re? A e L øé V p pðm qp h Bd el ph EfLlZ pwnð q l Mez HV J a C q h qu a z kje h s l f n N R R Ju f LÑ a S A S e h L i l nä p V e q yv l ejñm Be ¾cl hc m VÊX j m qy V L A e L h R e u Rez H a a l a S A Se e f mj c ' V aª Ãa f ez HLV qm esü pj u(pl mc f l-l a) qy V eju, B llv qm AbÑ e al fn l c fv fðcnñez a h p m lu j ho u l aäf ZÑ fkñ hrz qm k HC j ne Q js l LÉ ¾p l hy d uz abé ho u p Qae j e o( n ra j e o hm WL q he, L le A el XNÐ d l m L f ÎL J f see, MhlJ ö eee!) A øê mu l V i J fîf ÎL u Na j pr ul B N HL V Ll Z OVe fðaér L l Rez ae V R V R V h µq l j p m lu j j n e Q js VÉ e Ll a N u Q js u jm e j e jl LÉ ¾p l Bµva quz Ruj pl j TC j Î a În hrl hu p a l jªa É O Vz jªa Él B N p h l h l p m lu j j n el hl Ü h m R, j e o L p Qae L l Rz ph c M ö e j e ol öih Ül Ecu q a f l HC fðaé n Ll k u h dquz (pwk š² R h V jq aè N å lz jm h eñ je n CE el X ix XlqÉ j ú m Ah m' Hl m C hêl a V e R h b L a m Re fðhål l) 23

24 cöhyw³ Db y³ Lbb, LwbR m ú` I we `wk wewb qvm Avby gynv ` GLbI KD KD bvbvfv e GB K_v ej Z Pvb h Gwkqv GbvwR i dzjevox Kqjv cökí, hv GKBm ½ we `wk wewb qvm, kzkiv 6 fvm iq vjwu I Db y³ Lbb c wz m ^wjz, mb cökíb evsjv ` ki Kqjv m ú` e env ii Rb m e vrk ó AeavwiZ c_ GB cökí h Dbœq bi bv g aÿs mi GKwU cökí, Zv h ïay H A ji Rb bq mvgwmökfv e evsjv ` ki Rb B, mwu Avgiv eûevi e vl v we k ly K iwq Db y³ Lbb c wz evsjv ` ki f~cök wz, cvwb I RbemwZ we epbvq GKev ib Am e Ges fqski GKwU cö vebv Avi ` ki LwbR m ú `i Dci RbM Yi KZ Z Qvov Kvb ` ki mve fšgz B APj GB KZ Z Qvov ` ki R vjvbx wbivcëv m e bq, m e bq Ab vb ÎI h_vh_ wekvk wewfbœ cöpviyvi Kvi Y Gwel q AveviI ejv `ikvi Avwg cö_ g Lbb c wz I c i we `wk wewb qvm m úwk Z wel q ms c Av jvpbv KiwQ evsjv ` ki g Zv Db y³ Lwbi Rb GZ jv cöwzk~j Dcv`vb c w_exi Avi Kv_vI bb GLv b gvwu wkqzuv Luyo jb h nzz cvwb myzivs f~mf cvwb Aweivg cöz vnvi Ki Z n e Zvi g a Av Q e wó, hvi gva g wel Qwo q coevi m vebv we Z GjvKvq gvwu cv_y i k³ bq e j evievi aÿm bvgvi m vebv myzivs ÔKvU GÛ wdjõ c wzi GLv b APj GB A j cövk wzk `y h vm Kg e j Rwg wzbdmjx Ges evsjv ` ki km fvûvi e j GB AÂj cwiwpz hlb ` ki Lv` wbivcëv wech, ` ki fz i I wek e vcx Lv` NvUwZ evsjv ` k GK fhski Ae vi m wó Ki Q ZLb GB wekvj AÂj De i wzbdmjx K wlrwgi aÿs mi `xn gqv ` g~j wpš vi Kiv hvq bv ïay Lv` Drcv`b bq cvwbi GB A j GK weivu m ú` XvKv KwgDwbwU nvmcvzvj I hv`ecyi wek we` vj qi zj Ae Gbfvqib g Uvj vwwr evsjv ` ki cvwb Z Av m wbk wb q `xn w`b KvR K i Q Zv `i GB AbymÜv bb cviqv M Q h, evsjv ` ki Avi A ji cövq me Î cvwb Z Av m wbk _vk ji DËi cwðgvâ ji f~mf cvwb m ú~y Av m wbkgy³ we kláiv ej Qb, GB cvwbi Avi cvb hvm _vk e bv, welv³ n q hv e dzjevox Kqjv cökí wepvi we k ly K i gz `evi Rb mikvi _ K GKwU cö dmi b~i j Bmjv gi bz Z GKwU we klá KwgwU MVb Kiv n qwqj mb we klá KwgwUi wi cv U cvwb I cwi ek we klá `i gzvgz mskwjz Kiv n q Q mlv b GB cökí wepvi we kjly K i cvwb cöz vnv ii m ve h Kzdj m jv hv ejv n q Q Zvi mvik_v nj: wecyj cwigvy f~mf cvwb cöz vnv ii d j Lwb GjvKvi wn i eû`~i ch š cvwbi i Ggbfv e b g hv e hv DËie½ Ry o Avev` msku, Lvevi cvwbi msku ˆZwi Ki e f~mf cvwb e vckfv e Av m wbk I Ab vb welv³ imvqb `~l Yi wkkvi n e hv we Z GjvKvq gvbwek wech q NUv e Dc ii gvwui AveiY mivevi d j e wó I Rv ji g Zv Qov bv b`b`x Lvj wej w` q `~ly cy iv DËie½ Zv e UB ` ki Ab vb AÂj KI Avµvš Ki e, cy iv DcZ Kv `xn gqv ` wech n e (we klá KwgwUi wi cvu, m Þ ^i 2006) mgqkv j hy³iv R i LwbR AbymÜvb I KbmvjU výx dvg wn m e L vz gmvm Iqv W j Avg ªs eocykzwiqv Kqjv Lwbi Dci Av_ -cövhyw³k GKwU mgx v Pvwj qwqj mb mgx v k l Zviv eocykzwiqvq Db y³ Lbb c wz KvwiMwi Kvi YB m e bh e j wm vš Rvwb qwqj Zv `i wnmve Abyhvqx 30 eq ii Lwb Rxe b cöwz m K Û mlv b 8 _ K 10 nvrvi wjuvi cvwb cöz vnvi Ki Z n e GZ `xn mgq a i Gfv e f~mf cvwb cöz vnv ii h djvdj Zv h fqven wech q ˆZwi Ki Z cv i muv Lwbi Rb I AbyK j bq ( WBwj vi, 29 m Þ ^i, 2007) Gwkqv GbvwR i dzjevwo Kqjv cök íi GB nv ib f~mf cvwb cöz vnvi Ki Z n e gv b w`b cöwz 80 KvwU wjuvi cvwb Zzj Z n e ez gv b DËiv j K wl Avev `i Rb eq i Gi GKkZgvs kii Kg cvwb Zvjv nq, GwU K K wl I f~weávbxiv mb A ji f~mf cvwb i i vi Rb ûgwk wn m e we epbv K ib Gi d j GLbB GB A ji kzkiv 30 fvm wudei qj APj n q c o Q mlv b w`bcöwz 80 KvwU wjuvi cvwb DVv j cöwzwµqv Kx n e Zv wpš v Ki ZI fq nq Gwkqv GbvwR i cö ve Abyhvqx hw` kzkiv 25 fvm welv³ cvwb Avevi Bb R± KivI nq Zv Z mb fqven cwiw wzi Kx cwiez b n e? KvÛÁvb _ KB Gi cwiywz evsv hvq K l Kiv AviI fv jv ev Sb RvZxq KwgwUi c _ K Avgiv KÕw`b 24

25 Av M Lvjvmcxi wm qwqjvg GKRb cöexy K lk Gme KqjvLwbi K_v Zz j cökœ K iwq jb, ÔKqjviB wk Kej `vg Av Q? cvwbi wk Kvb `vg bvb? cvwb hw` bv _v K Avgiv wk K i _vk ev, Avev`B Kx n e Avi AvcbvivB ev wk K i euvp eb?õ c Uªvvwjqg I LwbR we klá cö KŠkjx G KGg kvgmyïxb DËiv ji f~zvwë K MVb I cvwbi i cix v K i e j Qb, ÔGfv e f~mf cvwb cöz vnv i AvKzBdvi ev f~mf cvwb e e v K ïay wzmö Ki e bv wech K i cy iv GjvKviB gi KiY NUv e Õ ( WBwj vi, 29 m Þ ^i 2007) cvwb m ú` cwikíbv ms v (Iqvi cv) gnvcwipvjk cö KŠkjx Bbvgyj nki we k ly K i GKB wm v š G m Qb (wbdgr, 25 A ±vei 2007) XvKv wek we` vj qi f~zë wefv Mi wk K W. e`i j Bgvg, W. nv mb gbmyi I W. AvdZve Avjg Lvb GB wel q GKB D ØM cökvk K i Qb Zuv `i wewfbœ jlv I e³ e ZvQvov Lwb A j wecyj RbemwZ ` ki Mo RbNbZ cöwz em wk jvwguv i 1079 hlv b Zv A ªwjqvq 3, hy³ivóª: 32, B `v bwkqv: 120, Pxb: 139, Rvg vbx: 237 Ges fviz: 363 mviv ` k RbNbZ GZ ewk _vkevi d j GK AÂj _ K mwi q emwz Ges mgvr Rxeb cöwz vcb G Kev ib Am e welquv ïay dzjevox A ji bq mgmö DËie ½ hw` K wl Avev`, cvwb e e v wech nq Zvn j GB cy iv AÂjB gvby li emevm I Avev `i A hvm n q hv e Zv `i mevi Rb B wfbœ Avevm, K wl Avev` Avi mgvrrxeb cöwz vcb Ki Z n e muv Kv_vq? Avi Aweivg Lv` Drcv` bi GjvKv aÿsm n q Lv` Drcv` bi h NvUwZ n e Zvi mgvavb Kx n e? Ab vb ` k evsjv ` ki g Zv GZ cöwzk j Ae v bv _vk ji GB c wzi weldj wb q jlv jwl evo Q, µ g Zv Rbmg_ bi nviv Q hy³iv R I qjm Gi gviw_ i Db y³ Kqjv Lwb wel q wi cvu Ki Z wm q MvwW qvb wj L Q Kxfv e mikvi Rb ^v _ i bxwz I cöwzkö wz j Nb K i Kv úvwbi jwei Kv Q AvZœmgc Y K i Q Ges GB Lwb cvnv o n ji Zv Kxfv e bx Pi RbemwZi Rb KwVb Ae v ˆZwi K i Q hy³ivr gvu 432wU vbxq cökvm b wef³ Gi g a Avqymxgvq GB gvw_ i Ae vb 429Zg I qj mi g a k vmkó, ü` ivm, ªvK GB A jb mepvb Z ewk Ges muv GB Lwbi fqven `~l Yi Kvi YB ( 7/oct/09/energy) gbuvbv mxgv š i Kv Q GKwU Db y³ Lwbi D ` v M cöej AvcwË Rvwb q Q gvwk b mikvi MZ eq ii 23 deª qvwi gvwk b U wwcvu g U _ K cvvv bv wpwv Z GB AvcwËi KviY wn m e ejv nq KvbvWv mxgvš ez x GjvKvq, gvwk b mxgvš _ K 25 gvbj DË i cvnvox A j GB Db y³ Lwb Ki j Zv Z Zv `i mxgvbvq M wmqvi b vkbvj cvk, SY v Ges cwðgvâ ji e nëg cövk wzk j Ki Ac~iYxq wz n e (IqvwksUb cvó, 9 gvp, 2007) Db y³ Lbb c wz G Ki ci GK ` k nq RbcÖwZ iv ai gy L A_ev ivóªxq wewaweavb Øviv wbwl A_ev mxwgz n Q Avgvi GB e³e ^xkvi Ki Z Rvev qi LyeB mskzwpz Avgvi D j L Kiv `k jvi g a Kv vwikvi K_v wzwb e j Qb, GB Kvi Y wzc~i Yi gvgjvi SuywK Z Av Q, Avi Av R w Ubvi gzvevb `i g a we iva Pj Q Gme Zv Av QB Kv úvwb jv Zv gzvi Rvj ˆZwi K ib Zv `i AvwacZ m wó K i Zviv mn R gybvdvi Î Q o ` e Kb? GLv b AviI `ywu ` ki Lei `B BKz qw ii cöwm W U msweavb ms kvab K i cövy ewpî mg GjvKvq Db y³ Lbb wbwm Kievi Rb msm `i we kl Awa ekb WvK Qb Ab w` K mywcög Kv U i Øviv wb ` kz n q nûyiv mi b vkbvj Ks MÖm ` ki Lwb AvBb cwiez b Ki Q hlv b Db y³ Lbb c wz wbwl n Q ( GB cökœ DV ZB cv i h, Z e Kqjv m ú` e envi n e Kxfv e? Kvb e envi `ikvi, Kvb c wz MÖnY hvm Zv wbf i K i Kvi ^v_ mlv b i Z cv Q Zvi Dci we `wk Kv úvwbi Rb hz ZvovZvwo Zz j `wk ev we `wk evrv i bqv hvq ZZB jvfrbk; gvbyl cök wz Lv` evm vb wb q Zvi Kx? Avi ` ki bvmwik wn m e Avgiv PvB ev GB Abevqb hvm m ú `i cöwzwu we `y Avgv `i Kv R jvm e hzw`b m e Gi e envi Ki ev Avgiv Ges Zv Ki ev Ggbfv e hv Z gvwui bx Pi m ú` Zzj Z h q gvwu I Zvi Dc ii m ú` bó bv nq, cy iv AÂj aÿsmmzzc weivb welv³ A j cwiyz bv nq gvbylb hw` bv _vk Z cv i Zvn j we`ÿ r K fvm Ki e? H A j gvbyl, cï, cvwl, MvQcvjv, cykzi, b`x, Lvj, gvq, nuvmgyimx, K wlrwg, dj, dzj, merx, cyivkxwz Av Q, Av Q Kqjv e emvqx Kv úvwbi Pv L mewkqz A` k n q wecyj gybvdvi Drm Kqjvq wm q PvL AvU K _vk ZB 25

26 cv i ^vaxb gvby li Zv n e Kb? gvbyl Zv mewkqz ` L ey SB wepvi we epbv Ki e Zvn j c_ Kx? f~wg, gvwu, cvwb, cwi ek K Kvb wz bv K i Kqjv m ú` Kxfv e e envi Kiv hvq Zvi Rb A bkw`b _ KB M elyv n Q we klz evqygû ji DòZv e w hfv e cy iv wek KB SuywKi g a d j Q mlv b GB M elyvi i Z A bk Kqjv K M v m iƒcvš i K i Zvi e envi Gi Ab Zg hy³iv óª M v m iƒcvš wiz Kqjv wfwëk we`ÿ r c v U evwywr Kfv e cwipvwjz n Q we klá `i g Z, GB c wzb K qk `k Ki g a Kqjv e env ii cöavb c wz n q DV e (ttp:// ms/gasification/index.html) 30 Gi `kk _ KB G wb q M elyv nw Qj wkš LwbR Kv úvwb jvi gybvdvgywlzvq GwU i Z cvqwb GLb `w Y Avwd«Kvmn AviI wkqz `ki Gwel q we kl i Z w` Q Avgvi wb Ri aviyv mewkqz we epbvq GLb ch š GB c wzwub nq Zv mepvb Z MÖnY hvm n Z cv i wb R `i KZ Z hw` Kqjv m ú` _v K Ges wb R `i RvZxq m gzv ˆZwii e e v hw` Kiv hvq Zvn j wbivc` c wz Avgiv Kv R jvmv Z cvi ev Avi cö qvrbxq M elyvb ev GLv b n e bv Kb? we `wk wewb qvm: Pvi avivi `k Zj M vm I Kqjv mn wb R `i Lwb I LwbR m ú `i Dci `ye j `k I RbM Yi KZ Z _vk e bvwk m jv wkqz ivóª I Zv `i wewfbœ eûrvwzk ms vi gybvdvi ewj n e ez gvb we k GB cªkœwu i Zi msnv Zi RvqMvq `uvwo q Q LwbR wk íi Dci gvwjkvbv, KZ Z I Zvi e envi we epbv K i Avgiv we k GLb Pvi ai bi `k cvb, hgb : (1) A ªwjqv ev hy³ivóª ev Rvg vbx ev hy³ivr, (2) Pxb ev gvj qwkqv ev eªvwrj ev wf qzbvg (3) evsjv `k ev mỳ vb ev bvb Rwiqv ev Kjw ^qv Avi (4) f bry qjv ev ewjwfqv ez gvb wek e e vq cö_g `k jv nj K `ª `k Gme ` k LwbR m ú` Av Q Avi Zvi Dci Zv `i KZ Z I Av Q wkš Zviv wb R `i m ú` ïay bq mviv `ywbqvi m ú `i Dci KZ Z we v ii Rb B m Pó Gme `k ZvB we k i wewfbœ Zj, Kqjvmn wewfbœ Îi AvwacZ Kvwi eûrvwzk ms vi K `ª Gme ` k we `wk wewb qv Mi h aib Zvi Mfx i M j h KD `L eb KwZcq eûrvwzk ms vb mvivwe k GB LvZ wbqš Y Ki Q h jv ci úi m úwk Z, gvwjkvbv GB `k jv ZB Qov bv hgb, Lwbwk í mepvb Z eo `ywu eûrvwzk Kv úvwb nj h_vµ g wegbpwc wewjub Ges wii wub Uv cö_gwui Drm `k cwipq wn m e `Lv bv nq ÔA ªwjqv I hy³ivr Õ Ges wøzxqwui Drm cwipq Ôhy³ivR I A ªwjqvÕ GUvB GK PwUqv cuywri Pnviv wbr `k jv Z GB ms vmg~ ni wewb qvm Avi evsjv ` ki g Zv ` k Zv `i `Lj Kvh µg GK A_ bq, djvdji GK bq mviv `ywbqv Ry o LwbR m ú `i Dci GB eûrvwzk cuywri wbqš Y ivlevi Rb hy, i³cvz Avgiv A bk ` LwQ m cöwz AvdMvwb vb, Biv K ZviB me kl ce `LwQ Jcwb ewkk kw³i c _ K mivmwi hy i cvkvcvwk Ávb I wpš vi RMZ `Lj, wewfbœ ` k ˆ ^ikvmb, `yb xwzevr kvmk I mg_ K Mvôx ˆZwi meb Avgv `i cwiwpz Avevi Jcwb ewkk Avgj _ K ïi K i wewfbœ mg q `Lj n q hviqv wb R `i m ú` `Ljgy³ Kievi Rb Pzw³ evwzj, LwbR Î RvZxqKiYmn bvbv c` ci Avgiv ` LwQ wewfbœ ` k wøzxq avivi `k jv nj hviv GB e e vi g a wb R `i GKUv k³ Ae vb wb q Av Q GB k³ Ae v bi Ab Zg KviY nj wb R `i LwbR m ú `i Zv `i wb R `i KZ Z Av Q LwbR m ú `i gvwjkvbv e e vcbv I bxwz wba vi Y GB cö Z KwU ` ki RvZxq ms vb gyl f~wgkv cvjb K i hgb Kvj BwÛqv QvovI fvi Z RvZxq cöwzôvb jv hgb wrijwrk vj mv f Ae BwÛqv, wgbv ij G cv ikb K c v ikb, b vkbvj G cv ikb K c v ikb, b vkbvj wi gvu mwýs G RÝx, b vkbvj wriwdwrk vj wimvp BÝw wudu Ges BwÛqvb eÿ iv Ae gvbbm LwbR m ú` AbymÜvb D Ëvjb I bxwz wba vi Y gyl f~wgkv cvjb Ki Q ( tion/mining.htm) Gme ` k we `wk wewb qvm hv Av m Zv ZvB m ú~ik, nš vik bq gvj qwkqvi c Uªvbvm evsjv ` ki c Uªvevsjvi mgeqmx c Uªvbvm GLb Avš R vwzk fv e cvjv w` Q Avi evsjv ` k ÔAvgiv cvi evbvõ Ôcvi ev bvõ ie Zz j G Ki ci GK ms vi, RvZxq cöwzôv bi cöwz ˆeix ` wóf½x, Znwej msku ˆZwi K i GLb c Uªvevsjv `Dwjqv Ae vq we `wk Kv úvwbi nvz M vm Î Zz j `evi cöwµqvi GKB mgq Pvjv bv nq hlv b ev c eq i 200 KvwU UvKv c j GKwU ` cöwzôvb wn m e M o DV Z cv i mlv b A _ i Afv ei K_v ejv nq, 26

27 wkš eûrvwzk Zj Kv úvwbi mv _ Pzw³ Kievi Kvi Y evsjv `k K eq i jvkmvb ev fz ywk w` Z nq cövq 1100 KvwU UvKv we `wk Kv úvwbi KvQ _ K hlv b cöwz nvrvi NbdzU M vm wkb Z nq 250 UvKv K i ev c _ K mb cwigvy M vm Kbv nq 7 UvKv K i, B`vwbs Zv 10 UvKv n q Q e j ï bwq hlv b Drcv`b Li Pi 10 Y ewk `v g we `wk Kv úvwbi KvQ _ K Kbv nq mlv b Drcv`b Li Pi wzbfv Mi GKfvM w` q `wk ms v _ K Kbvi GB e e v `wk ms v K cwikwízfv e c½y Kievi Póv Qvov Avi Kx? we `wk Kv úvwbi ` ZvI Avgiv `LwQ: gv oqov UsivwUjv wech h h wz n q P Zvi A_ GLbI Abv`vqx Av Q Gme Kvi YB evsjv `k GLb Z Zxq avivi `k Z Zxq avivi `k jv nj mme `k hlv b cövk wzk m ú` Av Q wkš Zvi Dci mb ` ki gvby li Kvb wbqš Y bb RvZxq ms v M o D Vwb ` Rbkw³ cöhyw³ wkqzb M o D Vwb Gme ` k eûeqi a i we `wk wewb qvm n &PQ G Z Rwgi Dci brivbv wn m e mvgvb iqvjwu a i cy iv m ú` `L j bevi cöwµqv KB Dbœqb wn m e `Lv bv n q Q eûrvwzk cuywr dz j du c D V Q Gme ` ki m ú` w` qb Jcwb ewkk Avgj _ K GB m ú` Zv `i nv Z wkš Gme ` ki Ae vi Kvb cwiez b nqwb MZ `o `k KI Gme ` k wewb qvm e o Q A bk RvwZms Ni Z_ Abyhvqx, 90 Gi `k K GB we `wk wewb qv Mi kzkiv 66 fvm wqj Avwd«Kvi ^ ívbœz `k jv Z, mgqkv j Zv kzkiv 87 fv M DbœxZ n q Q ïaygvî PviwU Zj Drcv`bKvix `k G ½vjv, Pv`, BKzBUwiqvj wmwb Ges mỳ vb cv Q kzkiv 56 fvm AvsKUvW ej Q, ^ ívbœz `k jv Z GB we `wk wewb qvm g~jz LwbR m ú` gywl (wi mvm wmwks) GB Lv Z 1995 mv ji 8 wewjqb Wjvi cövq 5 Y e o n q Q 38 Wjvi wkš GB wewb qv Mi aibb Ggb h Zv Z Kg ms vb ev o bv, ` ki Ávb ` Zv cöhyw³mz m gzv e w i Kvb j Y `Lv hvq bv Øx ci g Zv GKwU LvZ, hlv b eûrvwzk ms v jvb jvfevb nq (AvsKUvW: ` wjó W fjcw Kvw UªR wi cvu 2007) LwbR we klá I jlk irvi gyww Zuvi mv cöwzk MÖ š `wl q Qb hme `k Zj I LwbR m ú` D Ëvj b eûrvwzk ms vmg~ ni Dci wbf ikxj m jv Z Zzjbxq Ab vb ` ki PvB Z mvaviyfv e A_ bwzk cöe w Kg Ab w` K Gme ` k ivr bwzk Aw izv, `vwi`ª I mwnsmzv ewk wzwb eû ` ki D`vniY U b `wl h Qb Kxfv e GB Kv úvwb jv eb, R½j, cvwb, cövk wzk MV bi Ac~iYxq wz K i Q cwi ek myi v I gvbevwakv i G `i ikw memgqb Lye Lvivc (irvi gyww: ikm GÛ nvw c mm: ` MvevjvB Rkb Ae gvbwbs, RW eykm, jûb, 2007) wewfbœ ` k Zj I Kqjv Kv úvwb jvi cwi ek wech q, wewea AvBb f½, gvbevwakvi j Nb, ivóªxq gzv cö qvm K i `ye j `k jvi Dci Ab vq Pzw³ Pvwc q `qvi wei mvivwe k B m PZbZv evo Q K `ª `k jv Z Gme ms v jvi Avmj Pnviv A b KB Rv bb bv, Rvb j mlv bi Zv `i gyl ivlvi Dcvq _vk Zv bv MZ gv m (ww m ^i 2007) e wuk ms v Iqvi Ab Iqv U hme Lwb Kv úvwb e wuk mikv ii mnvqzv ev c ô cvlkzv wb q wewfbœ ^ ívbœz ` k cwi ek I gvbwek wech q NUv Q Zvi Dci Ôd vwbs ` d gmõ wk ivbv g GKwU wi cvu cökvk K i Q Gme Kv úvwbi g a Rvev qi DwjwLZ wii wub Uv I wegbpwc wewju bi bvgi Av Q GB wi cvu hlb cökvwkz n q Q Zvi Av MB bii q mikvi fwv U wi mv m m bv g GKwU Kv úvwbi Rb eivï evwzj K i Q cwi ek aÿsm I gvbevwakvi we ivax ZrciZvq hy³ _vkvi Aciv a ( %20Flames twl) K ½v mikvi MZ A ±ve i GKBai bi Awf hv M e wuk Kv úvwb weªskwj gvbwbs Gi mv _ hš_ wewb qv Mi Kvh µg wmz NvlYv K i Q (gvbwbs DBKwj, 8 A ±vei, 2007) GB K ½v ev Av Mi bvg Rvqv ii ˆ ^ikvmk geyzz `yb xwz I Rbwbcxo b KzL vz, wkš we k i LwbR Kv úvwbi m ½ Zvi ml Zvi gva g jyú bi BwZnvm mevb Rv bb h Kvi Y mb Avg j I c i Kiv Pzw³i cybg ~j vqb Kievi `vwe evievi DV Q mb ` k stm K ½vi kzkiv 75 fvm LwbR m ú` we `wk Kv úvwbi gvwjkvbvq Av Q we k gv_vwcqz wrwwwc Z K ½vi Ae vb 158Zg, Avi gvbe Dbœqb m~p K Zvi Ae vb 142Zg we kláiv ej Qb, jvf hv n q Q Kv úvwbi, K ½vi gvbyl `i bq ( RvwZms Ni wg jwbqvg W fjc g U cök íi cwipvjk Rdix m vkm Zuvi GKvwaK MÖš I M elyvq `wl q Qb 27

28 hme `k Zvi LwbR m ú` idzvwbi Dci wbf ikxj _v K Zv `i A_ bwzk cöe w GK ch v q K g hvq 50 eqi Av M ivdj cöwek I n vbm wm½vi h wel q mevi ` wó AvKl Y K iwq jb we k i wewfbœ ` k LwbR m ú `i cövc Zv mv _ Dbœqb I m gzvi m úk wb q M elyvi Dci wi cvu (ÔBbw wudkbm GÛ ` BKbwgK MÖv_Õ) cökvwkz n q Q iq vj BKbwgK mvmvbwu cökvwkz BKbwgK RvY v j (116, Rvbyqvwi, 2006) mlv b Zv `i M elyvi djvdj n Q: cövk wzk m ú ` mg A bk `k ( hgb bvb Rwiqv, Rvw ^qv, wm qiv wjib, G ½vjv, mš`x Avie) cövk wzk m ú ` `ye j A bk ` ki PvB Z A_ bwzk Dbœq bi gvîvq A bk wcwq q M elyvq `Lv M Q, m ú` A bk ` kb cwiyz n q Q Awfkv c Gme ` k m ú `i cövpzh gzvkvjx `i cö ivwpz K i cöwzôvb wksev MYZš aÿsm Ki Z hv Z m ú` jyúb ev Zvi fvmx`vi niqv mnr nq m ú `i cövpzh wb q Avevi wkqz `k wb R `i mg Ki ZI m g n q Q GB `yb ai bi ` ki g a Zdvr Kx? M elyvi cövß djvdj nj RvZxq cöwzôvb Ges m ú `i Dci KZ Z G jv _vkevi d j A ªwjqv, Rvg vwb GgbwK gvj qwkqv ev Pxb m jv K e envi Ki Z cvi Q Ab w` K bv _vkvi d j Avwd«Kv I j vwub Av gwikvi `k jv Z wecyj m ú` _vkv m Ë I ïay A_ bwzk wech q bq, mvgvwrk Aw izv, mwnsmzv, ˆ ^ikvmb wbqwgz e vcv i cwiyz n q Q PZz_ avivi `k jv nj mme `k hviv `vwi`ª, k Lj I mwnsmzvi GB bvikxq Ae v _ K ei nevi Póv Ki Q K qk kv eq ii AaxbZv, jyúb, ˆ ^ikvm bi Aemvb NwU q wb R `i Rxeb I m ú` `Ljgy³ Ki Z D ` vmx n q Q Zviv wb R `i m ú `i Dci RbM Yi KZ Z cöwzôvq GB bzzb avivi D b vpb ïay A_ bwzk e vcvi bq, GwU bzzb ^vaxbzvi evz ven evsjv `k K Z Zxq avivq AvU K ivlvi bxwz Avi Rei`w B P j Q `xn w`b dzjevoxi gvbyl i³ w` q mb hvîv i L Qb cök Z Dbœqb I bzzb ^vaxbzvi c _ gvby li mvgwók jovbgi WvK w` q Q dzjevox MYAfy Ìvb 28

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30 kbv³ Ki Z c iwq jb kªxemy Kgb? Z e ïbyb Ô`gÕ e wu GKgvÎ AvjyiB AwaKvifz³ Avjyi m ½ Kzg ov Ry o w` jb `gz nvwi q IUv n q hvq ÔQ võ Avevi dzjkwc Ry o w` j n q hvq ÔWvjbvÕ Ô `vjgvõ niqv ïay cu jib AwaKvifz³ we kl GKUv gkjvi Avkª q Wvj n q hvq Ô auvkvõ m l bv- gkv j ÔN UÕ, Avi gkv j ÔP PwoÕ Aí Z j cvov- cvov ivbœv n j P Pwo n q hvq Ô QuPwKÕ wksev ÔQu vpovõ N U-P Pwoi mewr wj M j M j, n q hvq ÔjveovÕ Zgwb ^v `i mvgvb ni d i Kv bvuv Ô SvjÕ, Kv bvuv ÔSvjÕ, Kv bvuv Avevi ÔKvwjqvÕ Zgwb Kv bvuv ÔPvUwbÕ, Kv bvuv ÔA ^jõ, Kv bvuv ÔAvgwmÕ, Kv bvuv Avevi ÔAvgmË Õ Lv` cöki Yi bvgki Y GiKg GKk ã evwrgvz Ki Z cv ib GKgvÎ AvU cš i kvwo-civ evovwj bvix GB wmw AR b Ki Z k Ze cwiwnz divwm cyi l kd `i gby Z evm&eûj we kly cö qvm Ki Z nq ARmª Avgvi g Z ey `e emyi cöe Üi Ô fvrbwejvmõ wk ivbvguvb evovwji Î AwaK mwvk wqj KviY wejvmxi ˆe`» i cö qvrb _v K bv, hv _v K wkíxi ivr kli emyi fvlvq ÔJ`wiK J`vh ÕB Zuvi c h _ó GKB Kvi Y Avwg wb R wkš evovwj K iübwkíx ch š B g b Kwi fvrbwkíx Ávb Kwi bv, eo Rvi imbviwmk ch š B fve Z cvwi Zvi ewk bq cöm½z Z e h, M v ªbwgi A_ B nj cvb fvrbwe` v gv b ms wzwu ïay fvr bi bq, cvb fvr bi A_ vr cvbvnv ii Kvq`vKvbybmn bv `wbk Av qvrb BZ vw` wgwj qb GB fvrbwkí Gm ei mvwe K DrKl B GKwU RvwZ K fvrbwkíx K i Zv j, Kej D`ic~wZ i DrKl bq hgb divwm Ges Rvcvwb RvwZ `ywu `ywbqv K eyws q w` q QÑ hme Yi cömv ` GKRb wkíx ˆZwi nq, mme YiB mgš^q g j GKRb M v ªbwg i g a cvb Ges fvrb h wewkó welq bq eis GKwU hšwmk ms wz, Zvi Bw½Z Zv ÔLvbvwcbvÕ kãwu _ KI cviqv hvq Rvcvwb wk divwm nu mj-ms wz Abyave bi A c v iv L bv cök Z M v ª bvg ev fvrbwkíiwm Ki Kv Q Avnv iib mgvb i Z c~y welqvw` nj, AvnviKvjxb m~² imvjv ci AbyK j AwZw_ wbe vpb, AwZw_i msl v wba viy BZ vw` ^bvgab M v ª bvg I nv, weªwuk cöavbgš x, wwr iwj ej ZbÑGKm ½ e m cvbvnvi Dc fv Mi c Av`k jvkmsl v n Q : Ô bv wddqvi ` vb ` MÖ mm&, bv gvi ` vb ` wgd RmÕ gv b wz bi P q Kg bq, b qi P q ewk bq evsvb hv Q h, M v ª bvg ev fvrbwkíx, evovwji co&w³ fvrb ev cwð gi e vskzbu cq ` K ib bv ZvB Avwg ej Z PvB h, evovwj iübkykjx RvwZ e U, Z e fvrbwkíx RvwZ bq hgb fvrbwkíx Rvcvwb RvwZi fvrbc e M n ^vgxi nvbkz-cvvi Avewk K we ewpz nq Avevi Kgc AvovBN Uv gqv `i divwm fvrbce wui A š I g b n e hb wb Uvj GKUv KweZv Dc fvm Kiv nj mrb B M v ªbwg Rivì gv ivqv gš e K i Qb h, myiwpz I mycwi ewkz fv Ri Avmi n Q ÔAv wmçwb di ` c vwju&õñhv evovwji fv Ri Avmi wejkzj bq GB wmçwbwui LvwZ ib divwm `i mv`v gvs mi m½ `q mykxzj mv`v IqvBb, Avi Ôjvj gvs mõi Ômv_-msMZÕ K i A-kxZj jvj IqvBb GB mv_&-msm Zi mýuv evovwji fvr bi Aek h _ób Av Q, cwic~y wmçwb bv-_vk ji evovwjms wzi vqx cöwzwbwa iex `ªbv_ VvKzi Zv ˆkk eb wj L QbÑÔAvgmË `y a dwj/ Zvnv Z K`wj `wj/ m `k gvwlqv w`b Zv Z nvcym ûcym kã/ Pvwiw`K wb ä/ wcuwcov Kuvw`qv hvq cv Z Õ Avevi PzqvËi eqi eq m wzwb exw_kv-kve MÖ š i Ôwbgš YÕ kxl K KweZvq evovwj K hb wigvbûvi w` q QbÑÔ R bv, evmbvi miv evmv imbvq Õ GB imbvi evmbvi Kvi YB iex `ªbv_ Wzev bv-wn q fvrv dzj Kv jywp LyeB fv jvevm Zb kvwš wb KZ b Zuvi gnvb AwZw_ gvnbpuv` Kig`vm MuvaxwRi m ½ cövztiv ki mgq Kwei jywp Z wn ReRe Ki Z ` L mvwë K Avnvix gvbyl kªxmuvax wkd i D V e jwq jb Avcwb `LwQ ÔcqRbÕ Lv Qb DË i Kwe e jwq jbñcqrb n ji GUv wbðq slow poison, v cqrb KviY GiKg jywp Zv Avwg AvRxebB Lvw Q Kwei eqm ZLb PŠlwÆ ermi, mvj 1925 e Z evovwj bvixi cövpxb Avwe vi GB jywp evovwj cyi li Ae vpxb Avwe vi im Mvjøvi P qi Xi ewk we qki e wu gwuqveyiæ Ri beve IqvwR` Avjx kvn K Kgb Rv`y K iwqj muv ejvi Av M, kªvzvi gvbwmk cö wzi Rb, GB bev ei wewpî Lqv ji GKUv bgybv ck Kiv eyw gv bi KvR n e GKw`b cövmv `i GKwU Szjš e jvqvix Svo wkkj wqu o c o f O Mj 30

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34 eš e j, wvkg Zv KD KB Z cv i bv kdievwo _b& AvB j bvwk ev c ekv w`wqj `vgv bi bvwk LvmjZ fv jv bv ev` ` ev ci LvmjZ Kvb Kv j fv jv AvwQj? nvwej D V e m evwj ki Zjv _ K wewo ei K i `kjvb cvq bv e j, g vp cvk N i wbqm? eš Qz U wm q `kjvb wb q G j nvwej e j, Pv Av Q? I gv, GLb Pv LvB eb? ` vl Z hv eb bv? jvk GL bv bvgvq bvb Mv Q Szj Z Q _vbv _b cywjk AvBe Z e bvgvbe Avwg `LwQ - nvwej e j d j KD i KBwe bv eš qi PvL `y Uv eo eo n q hvq iv Zi Lc g i G m ^vgx Zv K cövqb bvbv AvRe Lei kvbvq Zv Z Zvi Avi GLb PvL eo eo nq bv AvR nq wkš y Av iv AvRe K_v kvbv ZL bv Zvi evwk wqj nvwej e j, mb Mv Qi Avg AvbwQ Qwo nb Mv QB Mjvq duvm w`wqj KD i Kwe bv eš nzf n q ^vgxi gy Li w`k ZvwK q _v K gy L Avi K_v m i bv wkqz Y ci ewi q hvq N ii cq bi Wvevi R j wkqz covi kã ï b nvwej eys Z cv i eš Avg wu d j w`j m ewi q G m ZvRv UK MÜUv cvq Avi Kx K i, grv `L Z m`vb `eveyi evmv bi w` K hvq m`vb `evey A bk LiP K i evmvb K iwq jb evmvb DuPz Ki Z cykzi KvwUqvwQ jb Av gi Kjg G bwq jb ivrkvnx, gvj`v, B K, gywk `vev` _ K Zuvi Q j wp`vb `evey 1947 Gi ci GB evmvb Avi Ab vb Rvq`v` wewµ K i mb gywk `vev ` wm qb AvgevMvb mn RvqMv- Rwg Nievwo wk b emz Mv ob wn `y wqj ZvB P j Mj nvwe ji ek grv jv M Zuvi GB evmvb Avi GZ RvqMv Zv Avi GKR b wkb Z cv iwb evmvb wk b Qb ingzzj v Lvb IB h bv `i wgqv, wzwb evwo K bb Av iv Kviv Kviv Kxme K bb wp`vb `evey K ` L Q Ggb jvk GL bv G MÖv g Av Q, ek KÕRbB Av Q, Z e nvwej Zuv K ev Zuvi cwiev ii KvD K ` Lwb f`ª jvk wn `y hviv wq jb Zuviv mevb P j M Qb BwÛqv wbgœe Y i wn `y KÕNi Av Q MÖv g Zv `i GKRb wbzvb, nvwe ji Pzwii ` j Av Q nvwej wm q ` L GB MÖvg QvovI Ab vb MÖv gi eû jvk G m mb Zvi wbwk-iv Zi AvgMvQUv K wn i `uvwo q Av Q Avi mb g qi jvk GL bv Mv Qi Wv j Szj Q nvwe ji Mv wkd i I V MZ iv Z IB jv ki nvz Kvb, Mjv, b op o m ` L Q, wkš ZLb Zvi wkqz nqwb ingzzj v Lvb jvk bvgv Z w` Qb bv cywjk Avm e, myiznvj `L e, Zvici cywj ki K_vg Zv KvR n e jvk _vbvq M j hv e, mlvb _ K Rjv m` i M j hv e, gqbv Z`š n j n e bv `i wgqv P qwq jb g qi jvk bvwg q ZvovZvwo Mvmj w` q Kvdb-`vdb m i dj Z ingzzj v Lv bi nvz a i Abybq K ib, wkš wzwb ivrx nb bv Muv q GLb ingzzj v Lv bi ZR ewk Avi bv `i wgqvi m ½ m úk Uv h GZ `yi Lvivc n q Q ZvI ewk jv K Rvb Zv bv hvb nvk, Agb my `i g quv, Kvb `yt L wb Ri Rvb wb R wbj m-b Rv b evc K g q Ac` hv Kivi K i Mj wkš Avmj mgm v `Lv w`j IB AvgMvQUv K wb q hw`k m~ h v`q nq mb w` K n j cov my `i MvQUv Ii Zjvq MÖx el vq mvivw`bb Qvqv _v K Kg K vš Z Lvgv ii gvbyl wksev c_pwjz wfbmuv qi gymvwdi MÖx IiB Qvqvi wekªvg bq, el vq gv_v euvpvq KvZ n q cov wbpz Wvj wji R b Q jiv IB Mv Q Lj Zv dji wqj eo eo, L Z fv jv evmv bi Ab vb Mv Qi Avg c o Pvjvb n q Mj, wkš G Mv Qi Avg hgb wqj Zgwb _ K Mj ingzzj v Lvb Bw½Z w` qwq jb hvi Lywk c o LvK wkš KD Lvq bv Mv Qi wb P GKw`b wzwb gšjwe W K wgjv` cwo q `b Zv Z A b KB kwik nq, wrwjwc Lvq wkš IB Av g KD nvz `q bv KvK Avi eyjeywj Z wkqz wkqz Lvq ewki fvm c K c o _v K nvwej GKw`b `yõwu Avg L q d j w` bi ejvb K Uv K i, wkš KD `L Z cvq bv c o wqj, myr K i Kzwo q wb q evmv bi IB wc V wbr b e m hvq, Lvmv wj Rsjv R j d j `q wkš nvwej Pv ii wkqzb nq bv, GKUz e`nrgi bv wkš KZ jv Avg h eš qi R b evwo wb q hv e, Zvi Dcvq bvb mw`b KuvPv Avg jv cykz i d j w`j ešuv Zvi fv jv Pv ii euv Pvi, GB K_v R bb m Zvi N i G mwqj g q `i h eo `vl, c U K_v ivl Z cv i bv, GB eš qi IB `vlwu bvb Pzwii `yõpviuv wrwbm, cqmv-kwo hgb mvg j myg j iv L, iv Î Lc m i wdi j we kl we kl NUbv wj m eš K hw` e j, mb AvgvbZI eš KL bv LqvbZ K i bv eš qi gv_vq nvz w` q nvwej K GKw`b Kej GKUv Kmg L Z n qwqj, Kv bv g qi Mv q, KL bv nvz ` e bv m Kmg m i v K i Q IB GK evwzk Av Q, myrvwzi A_ vr bvixrvwzi eo f³, eo Uvb Avg jv I 34

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39 bq, AvwRgcyi _ K mvbý j ve iuix hv e ev g Avi mvbý j ve iuix _ K wskvzjv GKwU wikkv b e gm _ K ei nevi mv _ mv _ GK SvK wpš vi w`ev ^cœ gšgvwqi g Zv mwj gi gw gšpvk ev a mwj gi g b n Z _v K kn ii wk hb cwiez b n q Q mwjg ey S cvq bv kn i wk mi cwiez b gvbyl e o Q, `vjvb KvVv D V Q I hvbevnb e o Q G jv Zv mvfvwek cwiez b g m wd i mwjg KejB kn ii cwiez bi K_v fve Z _v K Zvi Dci MZ wzb eq i bv `Lv w`ev ^cœ jv Avi bv fvev wpš v jv RU cv K mwj gi gv_vq wpš vi RU jv Kvbfv eb Lyj Z cv i bv gm R Nvg S i gvs iv Zi w` K gw G Kev i K vš n j Nywg q c o mvivivz GKwU ci GKwU ^cœ ` L hvq Nyg wvk g Zv nq bv Gfv e ^ßvn Ny i hvq mwjg KejB kn ii cwiez b aivi Póv K i hvq wpš vi RU Av iv ekx KzÛyjx cvkvq cöwz iv ZB fvebv `xn qxz n Z _v K Avi ivz mskzwpz n Z _v K Awdm _ K mwjg K QywU `Iqv nq QywUi cö_g w` b QvÎRxeb Avi ekvi Rxe bi g Zv, kn ii G gv_v _ K I gv_v Ny i eovq kn ii cwiez buv eysevi AvcÖvY Póv K i g m wd ii fvebv jv GKwUi Dci Avi GKwU `vbv eva Z _v K mvivivz mwjg kn ii cwiez b ei Kivi Póv K i fvi iv Zi w` K mwj gi g b nqñ kn i Kvb cvmj bb 39

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44 R vkmb nvbu m `Lv cjvg mvsevw`k eüz AvKei nvq`vi wki Yi mv _ wkib fvb Avgvi AwZ wcöq GKRb gvbyl wbdbqk G j Zvi evmvb nq Avgvi wvkvbv wqj m xk d Uv mvsevw`k wbnvi wmwïkx, GwUGb evsjvi wmwbqi wi cvu vi Avey `vi`v Ryev qi Avgv `i Awba vwiz AvÇv R g DVj GK SjK `Lv n jv GbIqvB evsjvi m úv`k gyrvwn` Avi Avbmvwii mv _ Gi Av M cö_gw`b `Lv n qwqj jlk `c Y Kwe ii mv _ Avjg fvb qi `vkvb _ K Zvivk¼ ii eb wkb jb wgbvi fvb Avgvi cq `i GKwU eb wkb jb mybx ji ÔA a K RxebÕ eb covi bkvuv Zvi GLbI Av Q evsv Mj mw`b A bk iv Z wgbvi fvb cuš Q w` jb BqvsKvim GLbI S oi e M Mvwo WªvBf K ib wzwb GKevi Gwjd v U ivw w` q wgbvi fvb qi mv _ Mvwo Z hvw Q QvÆ GKUv Uzwm UW Kvi nvvr GKUv wrwbm ei K i w` q ej jb LvI Avwg GKUz fq cvw Qjvg wkš wgbvi gvngỳ ZLb AKzZfq AvR Ki iv Z wgbvi fvb qi mv _ h Z h Z KZ cyi bv me K_v g b c o hv Q h Z h Z GKch v q ez gv b wmwwb Ae vbiz mvsevw`k drjyj evix m ú K ej jb, m Zvi K qkwu jlvq Zv K Ges GKRb f`ªgwnjv K Rwo q h mg wg_ v Mí mvwr q Q Zv Z mvgvwrkfv e mb f`ªgwnjv h _ô wzmö n q Qb GKRb mvsevw` Ki GB ai bi A bwzkzv Ges bxpzzvq wzwb LyeB e w_z hviqvi mgq Avwg Zvi jvbuviwu i L w`jvg wz wnmv e Rwmg gwj K: mvwnwz K, mvsevw`k Toronto jasim.mallik@gmail.com 44

45 KweZv Kj¼ Lv j`v Gw`e PŠayix Mš e Kv_vq Av Q, hve Zwo Nwo AKvj e i fv jvevmv g Zÿ Äqx Pv ù i Rvmbv `yiš AvKv Lv Zvgvi DËß Aai Qvuq Z òvrj nvnvkvi K i AvZZvqx cvlxi g Zvb- kv Ki cvlv K b g cv Zv Zzwg ivwîi kh v Bw `ªq we li R vjv kix i K úgvb mv ci wbtk vm evqy, AvovU cö gi kvk Kj¼ mgvb cjvzk ivwîi Pqv i e m ZzwgB wk `yjq n AeyS cöwgk! Mš e Kv_vq Av Q, hve Zwo Nwo dzuwq wbiv jv K Bw `ªq m ZR Áv b, kzvwãi bmœ cön i Ñ Zvgvi jv úu cªg Zzgyj k ãi ` n Zejv-eRvq! ( 1981 mv j wpwîzvq cökvwkz) Awdm QywUi ci myeªz AMvw b Mv gr Kv Ì K nvvr GK mü v Gj wmwwb kn i Avi fwé jvm fwé QvqvevwR n i-k ò-n i- -ivg-bvg f~ Zi gy L, kke iv viv Mvwo Z PÕ o emj _ i-_ i, AvR K hv e Zviv-B evwo Zevwoi jvkrb W i wcjwcj ewi q Av m evb i hb f~wgk ú nõj, wksev n e, GiKg wf o Kb v`vqmö wczv, wcz `vqmö v Kb v m e wlu P bv P Zviv š j v, kkz biv A¼ Kl Z e m vb Œ vcv ii gm-qv `, wp j KvVvq wp jiv f q i wfww qv `L Q- jvj nõ q hv Q bx jiv... (wmwwb, 6-Ryb-2008) mzz Aveyj nvmbvr wgëb msl vz Ë i Dci fi K i eû`~i ch š e ß eqm GLb Avi Kej msl v bq eis KvV VvKiv cvwl gw `i kx l cöwzdwjz iv `i gy L cövkmü vi Qvqv GKUz c ib em e klev ii gz R ji Avmi w` bi Av jvq hme gvby liv bmœ ` n mgỳ ªcv o ï q _v K Zviv nq Lye evkv bzzev AvZ nbb wcöq AvR ch š ZvB Kvbw`b KvD K mvzv ii cvlvk wk b `Bwb wm MÖ Ui c v K Ui Mv q mwpî mzk evbx coevi ci _ K AvRKvj Avwg Ny gi fzi gv S g a a~gcvb Kwi hw`i cöz a~gcvb Q owq PŠÏ eqi GKwU b`x GKevi Avgvi Pz ^b wdwi q w` qwqj cwie Z Zvi evüexiv fvov K iwqj bz K cyi l mb _ K Avwg b`x `i g a f`v f` gvwb GiKg Kvq K k AvDjv-SvDjv Kv U Avgvi cövz vwnk Rxeb Avmj e vcvi n jv mzz c iv jb gvbyl e` j hvq GB Rxe b Avwg Avi KL bv Kvb mzz c iv ev bv 45

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49 There are a few main characters throughout the production all that relate to the topic. Nodee Zaman You ve probably heard many stories about The Beggar s Opera ; this musical play was written by a The Beggars Opera man named John Gay who was born in the small town of Barnstaple, London. John was educated in a local grammar school near by. After leaving school John was apprenticed to a silk mercer in London, soon becoming tired and restless of his job John decided to head back home to Barnstaple where he spent most of his time with his uncle who was reverend of the town. After a while he soon wondered back to London where he thought he could start his career, but this time not as a silk mercer but something else perhaps a poet or a play Wright? Soon enough John started writing all sorts of plays, but he s well remembered for his popular musical The Beggar s Opera which was inspired by the lower class people on the streets of London at the time. The John Gay production was opened on the 29 th of January 1728 and ran 62 performances, all held at the play house in Lincoln Inns Field, London. The show was a hit due to its fabulous 69 songs as well as the gloomy, full of surprises feeling and atmosphere of the concept. The great thing about the play in my opinion is that it brings to life and shows the audience more about what was actually happening at the time out there on the streets of London. Here s a list of some of the main characters: Peachum-is the thieves leader/king in the underworld Mrs. Peachum- his wife Polly Peachum- their daughter Lockit- a jailor in league with Macheath Lucy Lockit- his daughter Macheath- gangster leader Three Penny Opera Well after seeing the success of The Beggar s Opera Bertolt Brecht (another play Wright) adapted the story line of the production and created a newer modified version and decided to title it Three Penny Opera. Brecht translated the play in German and this version became more popular than the previous one also because Bertolt Brecht was well known and more famous then other play Wrights at the time. This production premiered on the 31 st of August 1928 in the Berliner Ensemble, Berlin, Germany. Brecht had come up with many great ideas in the past but this one has been one of the best for him and was very accomplished and satisfying production. Most of the roles in the play were still left as the original ones. Bertolt Brecht Bertolt Brecht was born in 1896 in a place called - Augsburg, Germany. He was one of the greatest play Wrights at his time in Europe. 49

50 His father was a manufacturer but Brecht wasn t really interested in his father s occupation, instead he studied philosophy and natural science in Munich and Berlin. His first play he wrote was called Baal and was written in Brecht introduced many things to the theater world such as Alienation effect which is during a performance you don t hide anything from the audience such as when changing character, sets, props, scenes etc. This creation is now famous and used all around the world. He also invented the Epic theater, the Epic theater is a sequence of non-chronological events that are narrated; the open ended scenes are left for the audience to link together. He is also very popular in third world countries because most of his plays are based around the life of poor and deprived people. This magnificent play was translated in many other languages which include Bangla. The first Bangla adaptation of the Three Penny Opera was called Tin Poishar Pala by Ajitesh Ajitesh Bannerjee Bannarjee. He was a very famous actor, director and play Wright during his time. He was part of a well known drama group in Calcutta called Nandikar. Tin Poishar Pala was a very successful production for Nandikar in the 70 s. It s worth to mention here that the Sydney theater company (STC) performed this play in Janotar Rangoshala A Melbourne based drama group called Renaissance Drama Society are rehearsing Jonotar Rongoshala as their eighth production. During the third week of October 08 the play will premier in Melbourne. This drama group previously performed another play written by Bertolt Brecht called Dewan Gazir Kissa by Asaduzzaman Noor, an adaptation of Mr. Puntilla and his Man Matti which was performed successfully in Melbourne and Sydney. So we have to wait and see how they perform this time. In the 90 s Mujibur Rahman Dilu (a Bangladeshi actor, director, play Wright) rewrote Tin Poishar Pala adding a hint of Mujibur Rahman Dilu Bangladeshi flavour such as accents, customs and social and political life. He decided to call it Jonotar Rongoshala meaning people s theater. A popular Drama group in Dhaka called Nagorik Natyangan staged this play which was directed by Dr. Enamul Haque, received very positive feedback from the audience. 50