evsjv `k I wek cwipq

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2 RvZxq wk vµg I cvv cy ÍK evw KZ K 2012 wk vel _ K mßg kªwyi cvv cy ÍKi~ c wba vwiz evsjv `k I wek cwipq mßg kªwy ipbvq Aa vck ggzvrdïxb cv Uvqvix Aa vck W. Lv `Kvi gvkv Ïg nv mb Aa vck W. Avey gvt ` jvqvi nv mb Aa vck W. G K Gg kvnbviqvr W. mwjbv Av³vi dvn&wg`v nk W. DËg Kzgvi `vk Av bvqviyj nk ˆmq`v m½xzv Bgvg m úv`bv Aa vck W. gybzvmxi gvgyb Aa vck kwddj Avjg Aveyj gv gb Aa vck W. gvneye mvw`k Aa vck W. gvi k` kwddj nvmvb Aa vck W. ˆmq` AvwRRyj nk ˆmq` gvndzr Avjx RvZxq wk vµg I cvv cy ÍK evw, XvKv

3 RvZxq wk vµg I cvv cy ÍK evw 69-70, gwzwsj evwywr K GjvKv, XvKv KZ K cökvwkz [ cökvkk KZ K me ^Z msiw Z ] cö_g cökvk : A ±vei, 2011 wøzxq cökvk : A ±vei, 2012 MÖš ipbvq mgš^qk w`jiyev Avn g` cvi fr Av³vi Zvnwgbv ingvb Kw úduvi K úvr Kvjvi MÖvwdK cö Q` I wpîv¼b my`k b evqvi myrvdj Av e`xb wwrvbb RvZxq wk vµg I cvv cy ÍK evw mikvi KZ K webvg~ j wezi Yi Rb gy`ª Y :

4 cöm½-k_v wk v RvZxq Dbœq bi c~e kz AvaywbK I hy Mvc hvmx wk v Qvov AvZ wbf ikxj, ` I gh v`vm cbœ RvwZ-MVb m e bq GB cöz q I cö Yv`bv _ KB RvZxq wk vbxwz-2010 cöyxz nq D³ wk vbxwzi j I D Ïk mvg b i L bzyb GK RxebvKv v I Rxeb ev ZeZvi cuf~wg Z iwpz nq wbgœgva wgk I gva wgk Z ii bzyb wk vµg 2011 mv j cöyxz GB wk vµ gi D Ïk K h_vh_fv e mßg kªwyi evsjv `k I wek cwipq kxl K cvv cȳ ÍKwU Z cöwzdwjz Kivi Póv Kiv n q Q bzyb wk vµ gi Av jv K iwpz GB cvv cy ZKwUi welqe Íy bzyb Avw½K I KŠk j Dc vc bi Póv Kiv n q Q evsjv `k I wek cwipq cvv cy ZKwU cöyq b mgvr, BwZnvm, cšibxwz, A_ bxwz, f~ Mvj I RbmsL vi welq jv ^ZšÎfv e Dc vc bi cwie Z mgwš^zfv e cöyqb Kiv n q Q G Z wk v_ x Kv bv GKwU wbw` ó mg qi mvwe K Ae v A_ vr H mg qi evsjv `k I wek cöw Z m c K mg K avibv jvf Ki e Gi d j wk v_ xiv G ` ki BwZnvm-HwZn, wkíms wz, bxwz-ˆbwzkzv I g~j eva m c K aviyv jvf Ki e Ges GB Rb Mvôxi Rxebhvcb, gyw³hy i gnvb AR b, `k cög, gvbezv eva, åvz Z eva I weávb- PZbv BZ vkvi AZxe Zvrch c~y welq wb q fveevi my hvm cv e my wpšzvi PP v I cwi Qbœ Rxeb eva m c K wk v_ x `i AvMÖnx K i ZvjvB GB Av qvr bi Ab Zg D Ïk GQvov RvZxq cöz vkv Abyhvqx cöpyi cv Vi fvi _ K wk v_ x `i gy³ K i ^í I my `i Av qvr bi g a Zv `i Avbw `Z wepiy wbwðz Kivi Póv Kiv n q Q bzyb wk vµ gi Av jv K g~j vqb K AviI djcöm~ Kivi Rb ` ki myaxrb I wk vwe`m Yi civg k i cöw Z I mikvwi wm všz Abyhvqx cöwzwu Aa vq k l Abykxj bi Rb bgybv wn m e eûwbe vpwb I m Rbkxj cökœ ms hvrb Kiv n q Q Gi gva g wk v_ x `i gyl wbf izv eûjvs k n«vm cv e Ges Zviv AwR Z Ávb I Abyaveb ev Ze Rxe b cö qvm Ki Z Ges h Kv bv welq K wepvi-we k ly I g~j vqb Ki Z cvi e GQvov cö Z K wk v_ x K ev Ze Rxe bvc hvmx Kg Kv Êi m ½ m c ³ Kivi Rb wewpî Kv Ri Av qvrb ivlv n q Q ÔAbykxjbg~jK KvRÕ bv g Abykxj bi GB As k wk v_ xiv e w³mz ` Zv, m RbkxjZv, iywp I mš `h ev ai cwipq w` Z cvi e MÖš wu Z evbv bi Î me Î Abym Z n q Q evsjv GKv Wgx KZ K cöyxz evbvbixwz cvv cy ZKwU cix vg~jk ms iy wn m e cökvwkz n jv wk vµg Dbœqb GKwU avivevwnk cöwµqv Ges Gi wfwë Z cvv cȳ ZK iwpz nq Kv RB cvv cȳ ZKwUi AviI mg w mva bi Rb h Kv bv MVbg~jK I hyw³m½z civgk iy Z i m ½ we ewpz n e AwZ ^í mg qi g a cvv cy ZKwU cöyqb Kiv Z wkqy fyjîywu _ K h Z cv i ciez x ms i Y cvv cy ZKwU AviI my `i, kvfb I ÎywUgy³ Kivi Póv Ae vnz _vk e cvv cy ÍKwU ipbv, m cv`bv, m Rbkxj cökœ I Abykxjbg~jK KvR cöyqb I cökvkbvi Kv R AvšZwiKfv e huviv gav I kªg w` q Qb, Zuv `i RvbvB ab ev` cvv cȳ ÍKwU wk v_ x `i Avbw `Z cvv I cöz vwkz ` Zv AR b wbwðz Ki e e j Avkv Kwi cö dmi gvt gv Ídv KvgvjDwÏb Pqvig vb RvZxq wk vµg I cvv cy ÍK evw, XvKv

5 m~wpcî Aa vq Aa v qi wk ivbvg cvv cvv wk ivbvg c ôv GK evovwji ^vaxbzvi msmövg `yb wzb evsjv ` ki ^vaxbzvi cuf~wg evsjv ` ki mvs wzk ˆewPÎ I Pvi A_ bxwz 1 I 2 3 I 4 5 cuvp Qq evsjv ` ki wbe vpb e e v evsjv ` ki Rjevqy 1 2 I , 4 I 5 ˆKe Z we `ªvn mbœ vmx-dwki we `ªvn bxjwe `ªvn mvuizvj we `ªvn cvwk v bi msku ivóªfvlv Av `vjb hy³d«u MYAv `vjb _ K MYAfy Ìvb HwZnvwmK AvMiZjv gvgjv 1970 mv ji mvaviy wbe vpb c~e I cwðg cvwk v bi elg ms wz Z cök wzi f~wgkv ms wz Z RxweKvi f~wgkv ms wz Z a g i f~wgkv Dsme I gjv evsjv `ki A_ bxwz evsjv ` k A_ bxwz Z wk íi f~wgkv evsjv ` ki Avg`vwb I ißvwb wbev P bi i Z I wbe vpb c wz evsjv ` ki RvZxq I vbxq chv qi wbev Pb evsjv ` ki Rjevqyi cªk wz evsjv ` ki Rjevqyi cwiez bi KviY Rjevqy cwiez bi d j m ó `y hv M mvz evsjv `ki RbmsL v cwiw wz 1 I 2 3 evsjv ` ki RbmL v RbmsL v e w RwbZ mgm v AvU evsjv `k bvix AwaKvi 1 I 2 3 mgv R bvixi f~wgkv evsjv ` k bvixi AwaKvi bq cöexy AwaKvi 1 2 mgv R cöexy `i Ae vb cöexy `i mgm v `k evsjv ` ki mvgvwrk mg mv 1 2 evsjv ` k hšzzk cö_v hšzyk wb iva AvBb GMv iv Gwkqvi K qkwu `k 1 2 evsjv ` ki ms M eüzz I mn hvwmzvi m úk evsjv ` ki ms ½ eüzz I mn hvwmzvi m úk evi AvÂwjK ms v 1 I 2 Gwkqvi K qkwu AvÂwjK ms v

6 Aa vq-gk evovwji ^vaxbzvi msmövg myrjv-mydjv De i evsjv `k eivei evb ii gvbyl K AvK ó K i Q Kv j Kv j bvbv Rv Zi mvaviy gvbyl QvovI `~i-`~ivš _ K A bk D Pvwfjvlx gvbyli G ` k G m Q Zviv A b K emwz K i Q, A b K ivr vcb K i Q Z e mgv Ri mvaviy gvbyl Ici-gn ji Gme gzvi nvz-e`j wb q Zgb gv_v Nvgvq wb Avm j mkv j ivrv-ev`kvnivi mgvr wb q gv_v NvgvZ bv Avevi mvaviy gvby li Rxeb PjZ mgv Ri wbq g I wbqš Y d j ivrvi mv _ mvaviy gvby li Ø Øi Lye GKUv my hvm n Zv bv HwZnvwmK Kvmvw ^ e j Qb, fvize l MÖvg jv wqj ^qsm ú~y Avi MÖv gi mgvrb gvby li Rxebhvcb K wbqš Y KiZ iex `ªbv_ e j Qb, cövpxb ivg ev cvi m i g Zv kw³kvjx K `ªkvwmZ mvgªvr fvize l wqj bv, GLv b mgvrb eivei kw³kvjx wkš G m Ë I hlbb mgv Ri Ici ivóªkw³i RviRyjyg P j Q ZLbB mgvr _ K cöwzev` D V Q mnr mij `wi`ª MÖvgxY gvbyl ZLb Kej cöwzev` K i vš nq wb, cöwz iv ai D ` vmx n q Q GgbwK we `ªvn Ki Z KzwÉZ nq wb BwZnvm _ K Zgb K qkwu eo ai bi we `ªvn I msmöv gi K_v GLv b Zz j aiv n jv cvv-1 : ˆKeZ we `ªvn G ` ki gvby li we `ªv ni PZbv ek cy iv bv Z e mvaviy gvby li AskMÖn Yi gva g evsjvq cö_g mdj we `ªvn nq cvj Avg j ivrv wøzxq gnxcv ji kvmbkv j ( wlªóvã) ˆKeZ we `ªvn nq ˆKeZ ejv n Zv R j `i A_ vr GwU wqj g~jz R j m cö`v qi we `ªvn cvj ivrv `i PvikZ eq ii kvmb ïiy n qwqj 750 mv ji w` K mdj ivrv wq jb ag cvj I `ecvj m ^Y hym cwi q wøzxq gnxcv ji mgq iv R wkqy wek Ljv wqj kvmbkv RI ` Zvi NvUwZ nw Qj Zv Z gvby li g b vf I nzvkv ˆZwi n qwqj cvj ivrv `i GK Kg Pvix w`e i bz Z we `ªvn K i ˆKeZ iv iv R i e i `ªx Ask `Lj K i bq Zviv bškv Pvjbvq ` e j bš-hy K cövavb w` qwqj ivrv wøzxq gnxcvj ˆKeZ evwnbx K AvµgY Ki Z wm q wb R wbnz nb d j wkqykv ji R b e i `ªx Z ˆKeZ `i kvmb cöwzwôz nq w` e i ci Zuvi fvb iy `vk Ges Zvic i iy `v Ki cyî fxg ivrv nb fxg ` kvmk wn m e hy weaÿ e i `ªªxi kªx I mg w A bkuvb wdwi q G bwq jb Ae k l ivgcvj wmsnvm b e m wcz f~wg e i `ªx D v i me kw³ wb qvm K ib wzwb cöwz ekx wewfbœ mvgš ivrv `i mn hvwmzvq fxg K civwrz K i we `ªvnx ˆKeZ iv R i Aemvb NUvb Gfv e we `ªvnx evovwji cö_g mdj ivóªwec ei mgvwß N U

7 2 evovwji ^vaxbzvi msmövg KvR-1 KvR-2 Abykxjbg~jK KvR : mkv ji fvize l mvaviy gvby li Rxeb PjZ Kxfv e? : ˆKeZ Kviv? Kvb ivrvi Avg j ˆKeZ we `ªvn nq? cvv-2: mbœ vmx-dwki we `ªvn K wli Ici Avgv `i A_ bxwz wbf ikxj AZx Z K lkiv kvmk I f~- ^vgx Øviv wbh vwzz n Zv gvnj Avg j mgªvu Rvnv½x ii mgq _ K wbcxo bi gvîv e o h Z _v K Avi ZLb _ K Bs ir Avgj ch š AmsL K lk we `ªvn n q Q G ` k K lk `i Ici AZ vpv ii gvîv eys Z Aóv`k kz Ki Kwe Nbiv gi iwpz ag g½j Kve _ K kvbv hvkññ AwePv i fv ½ iv R MŠ oi fyeb cxov c q cv Îi cjvq cörvmy \ ivrki jv Ki Zgwb wb jv evov AZGe mkj cörv n jv `kqvov \ Avi BZvjxq ch UK gvbyw P K lk `i Ici wbôzizvi ey bv w` q Qb Gfv eññzv `i Mv Qi m ½ euvav n Zv Ges Nywl I Kvov gviv n Zv GK Bw cyiy I Qq dzu (1 d v`g) j ^v luv oi j Ri g Zv cvkv bv `woi bvg Kvov GUv w` q Zviv cuvri I nv oi wewfbœ As k I mviv kix i me kw³ w` q gviz kix ii wewfbœ RvqMvq GK Bw Mfxi `vm e m hz I Pvgov d U hz BwZnvmwe` mycökvk ivq e j Qb, G mg q evsjvq QvUeo AmsL K lk we `ªvn n qwqj Gi g a cöavb n jv-mbœ vmx-dwki we `ªvn Bs ir Avg ji Mvovi w` K 1763 _ K 1800 mvj ch š `xn 37 eqi a i DËi I cwðge½ Ges wenv ii we xy AÂj Ry o msnwuz n q Q G we `ªvn G we `ªv ni bz e `i g a grby kvn, gymv kvn, PivM Avjx, fevbx cvvk, b~i Avj`xb, cxzv ^i cögyl BwZnv m kª vi mv _ Dwj wlz nb GB we `ªv n MÖv gi K lk Ges Rvjv QvovI Kvgvi, Kzgvimn KvwiMi kªwyi Ask bq G we `ªvn e vck A j Qwo q covi Av ikwu KviY n jv 1770 mv j msnwuz `ywf GB `ywf BwZnv m evsjv mb Abyhvqx wqqvë ii gš^š i bv g cwiwpz `kxq mvgš cöfy Avi we `wk ewyk `i kvly QvovI ZLb PjwQj Abve wórwbz mgm v `y q wg j GB `ywf GB gš^ší i cövq GK KvwU jvk gviv hvq ZLb ` ki jvk msl v wqj cövq wzb KvwU Zvi gv b ` ki wzb fv Mi GK fvm gvbylb gviv wm qwqj Zv ZI wkš Bs ir kvmk Avi Zv `i `kxq `vmi `i kvly I AZ vpv ii gvîv K gwb GiKg Ab vq Pv Li mvg b ` L mn Kiv wqj gykwkj ZvB G we `ªvn hgb Qwo q c owqj we xy A j Zgwb vqx n qwqj `xn w`b

8 evsjv `k I wek cwipq 3 G we `ªv ni j Yxq welq n Q wn `y-gymjgv bi HK e AskMÖnY bzv `i g a hgb wn `y I gymjgv bi mgv ek N U Q Zgwb Abymvix we `ªvnx `i g a I Dfq m cö`v qi AskMÖnY wqj GUv N U Q cwiw wzi cö qvr b ^Ztù~Z fv e Zviv AmsL evi Bs ir ˆmb `i iy L w` q Q, civ K i Q we `ªv ni bz e `i Z vmx Rxeb, gvbwek AvPiY, cöáv I `~i`wk Zv wg j mvaviy gvby li Kv Q Zuviv dwki I mbœ vmx wn m eb kª vi Avm b e mwq jb Gfv eb GwU mbœ vmxdwki we `ªvn wn m e BwZnv m cwiwpwz c q Q Abykxjbg~jK KvR KvR-1 : mkv j Avgv `i A_ bxwz wk mi Ici wbf ikxj wqj? K lk `i Ici Kb ewk AZ vpvi n Zv? KvR-2 : Bs ir Avg ji Mvovi w` K `xn w`b a i Kvb Kvb AÂj Ry o Kb we `ªvn n qwqj? KvR-3 : Kvb we `ªvn K mbœ vmx-dwki we `ªvn ejv nq? KvR-4 : mbœ vmx-dwki we `ªv ni bz Z `vbkvix K qkrb we `ªvnx bzvi bv gi ZvwjKv cö Z Ki cvv-3 : bxjwe `ªvn evsjv _ K jyu Kiv m ú` w` q Bs iriv wbr ` k ïiy K i wkíkvilvbv evbv bvi KvR Gfv eb ïiy nq cwðgv we k i wkí wec e Drcv`b e e v I wek A_ bxwz Z Gi cöfve n q Q my`~icömvix ev úxq BwÄb, K ji ZuvZ BZ vw` Avwe vi Zv Z mvnvh K i cö_g w` K cömvwiz nq K ji ZuvZ ev e wkí Avi Gmgq AwaKvsk KvcoB n Zv mv`v Kvco mv`v Kiv I mv`v ivlvi Kv R LyeB Kvh Ki wqj bxj, hv MvQ _ K cviqv hz Gme MvQ Lye mn R Avgv `i ` k Rb vz Bs ir `i ` k hzb K ji ZuvZ e o Q ZZB e o Q bx ji Pvwn`v Zviv bxjpv li Rb evsjvi K lk `i eva Ki Z jvmj dmwj Rwg Z bxjpvl Ki j K l Ki wz Bs ir h `vg `q Zv Z Drcv`b LiP I V bv ZvQvov avbpv ji Drcv`b K g M j LvIqvi msku e o hvq d j Pvwliv mn R bxj Pvl Ki Z PvBZ bv Avi ZvB evsjvi K lk `i bxjpv l eva Kivi R b Bs iriv AZ vpv ii c_ a iwqj wkqykvj Av MI bxjkzwv I bxjmv ne `i K_v ïb j evsjvi K lk AvZw¼Z n Zv mv j evsjvq 1,28,000 gy bxj Zwi n qwqj ZLb _ K evsjv GKv mviv c w_exi bx ji Pvwn`v wgwu q Q Gi R b AK_ AZ vpvi mb Z n q Q evsjvi bxjpvwl K mkv ji wel vz Kwe Ck ip `ª ß wj L QbÑÑbxjK ii Kx AZ vpvi/gb bx j mkj wb j G `i wb j (jxjv) evsv fvi Avi `xbeüz wgî wj L Qb bvuk-bxj`c Y Zv Z bxjpvwl `i Ici AZ vpv ii gg úk x wpî dz U D V Q

9 4 evovwji ^vaxbzvi msmövg bxjwe `ªv ni cö_g cöev`cyiyl n jb m` vi wek bv_ mkv j Avgv `i RvZxq PZbvi Afv e `yf vm µ g we k WvKvZ bv g cwiwpz n qwq jb wzwb wek bv_ A bk mdj exiz c~y msmöv gi bvqk 1808 mv j evi Rb m½xmn Bs ir `i nv Z aiv c o Zuviv mk j cövy` Ê `wêz nb Zv Z Aek bxjwe `ªvn _v g wb ag ms vig~jk Iqvnvwe Av `vj bi m~î a i 1831 mvj bvmv` wzzygx ii bz Z PweŸk cimyv GjvKvq we `ªv ni Av b R j I V `wi`ª I wbt ^ gvbyl Zuvi Wv K mvov `q wzzzgx ii bz Z GK ch v q PweŸk cimyv, b`xqv, dwi`cyi wb q GK weivu f~lê gy³vâ j cwiyz nq GK ch v q Bs ir bxjki I Zv `i `vmi Rwg`vi QvovI Zuvi bz Z mvaviy gvbyl Bs ir kvmb KB P v jä Rvbvq Ae k l 1831 mv ji 19 k b f ^i BwZnvmL vz euv ki Kj vi jovb q kwn` n jb exi wzzzgxi I Zuvi câvkrb mn hv v Avi e `x n q c i g Zz ` Ê `wêz nb A b KB wzzzgxi KvR-1 KvR-2 KvR-3 KvR-4 Abykxjbg~jK KvR : bxjpv li Rb Bs iriv Kb GZ RviRyjyg PvjvZ? : bxjki `i AZ vpv ii aib Kx ikg wqjññ`y qkwu D`vniY `vi : bxj we `ªv ni cö_g cöev`cyiyl K? : we `ªvnx bzv wzzygx ii cwipq `vi cvv-4 : muvizvj we `ªvn DËie½, cwðge½ I wenv ii wkqy AÂ j emwz Av Q muvizvj RvwZi G AÂj K GK mgq muvizvj cimyv ejv n Zv muvizvjiv wqj LyeB `wi`ª g~jz Pv li Kv R LvUv bvi Rb cwðg fviz _ K GB muvizvj `i wb q G mwqj Rwg`viiv ZvB Avm j AiY cök wzi Kv j Af n ji muvizvj cimyvq Zv `i vbxq Rwg`vi `i Rwg Z emvi LvU Z n Zv grywi cz mvgvb Bs ir kvmbkv j Rwg`vi `i AZ vpvi e o M j GK mgq 1855 mv ji w` K Zviv cöwzev`x n q I V bzv Zv `i `yb fvbññwmay Avi Kvby m eqi 30 k Ryb mfv K i cövq `k nvrvi muvizvj we `ªvn ïiy K i Rwg`vi `i cv k G m `uvovq Bs ir mb I Zv `i cywjk d j AwP ib we `ªvnx `i gy LvgywL n Z nq Bs ir ˆmb I mikv ii we `ªvnxiv welv³ Zxi Avi abyk w` q hy K i evievi DbœZ A mw¾z Bs ir evwnbx K civwrz K i muvizvj `i HK I mvdj ` L cöwz ekx wn `y-gymwjg mvaviy evovwjivi Zv `i cv k G m `uvovq KLbI Kvgviiv A evwb q w` q Q, KLbI Kvgvi, Kzgvi, K lkiv, muvizvj `i cv k `uvwo q hy K i Q Bs ir mbvcwz gri ev iv Ri bz Z weivu evwnbx Kvgvb e `yk wb q AvµgY K i

10 evsjv `k I wek cwipq 5 muvizvj evwnbx K wmay I Kvbyi bz Z mw`b Bs ir evwnbx K civwrz I aÿsm K i muvizvjiv werqx n qwqj wer qi G w`bwu wqj 1855 mv ji 16B RyjvB civwrz Bs ir fxz n q eojvu jw Wvj nšwmi ( ) wb ` k AviI eo ˆmb eni wb q we `ªvnx `i `gv Z Av m wkš muvizvj bzv wmay, Kvby, ˆfie I Puv `i bz Z h cöwz iva nq Zv Z Bs ir evwnbx A bk q wzi m ylxb n q QÎf½ n q hvq evievi Gfv e civ Í n q k l Bs iriv wekvj evwnbx ˆZwi K i muvizvj we `ªv ni MÖvg jv Z wbg g AvµgY Pvjvq GK Rwg`v ii câvkwu nvwz K D ËwRZ K i MÖv g MÖv g ZvÊe Pvjv bvi R b Q o `Iqv nq MÖv gi evwon i Av b `Iqv nq AvZ i vq e wkï I gwnjv `i wbwe Pv i wj K i nz v Kiv nq Gfv e Kvcyiy li g Zv wbixn bvix-cyiyl nz v I MYnv i Nievwo R vwj q Zviv GB we `ªvn ax i ax i cökwgz Ki Z m g nq GB we `ªv ni bzvivi ^vaxbzv msmöv gi gnvb kwn` GiKg AmsL we `ªvn msnwuz n q Q evsjvq 1857 mv ji HwZnvwmK wmcvwn we `ªvn wqj Bs ir `i weiy mviv fvi Zi ^vaxbzvi Rb cö_g we `ªvn, ZviI m~pbv n qwqj wkš evsjvq Abykxjbg~jK KvR KvR- 1 : Pvi ` j wef³ n q cöwz ` j GKwU K i we `ªvn m ú K mwpî `Iqvj cwîkv ˆZwi Ki KvR- 2 : we `ªv ni bzv `i m ú K Z_ I Qwe w` q K v m mwgbvi Ki c i mwgbv ii mvims c jl KvR- 3 : mvuizvj we `ªv ni ey bv `vi eûwbe vpwb cökœ 1. ˆKeZ we `ªv ni bz Z w` qwq jb K? K. w`e L. i `vk M. fxg N. ivg 2. dwki-mbœ vmx `i AmsL evi Bs ir `i AvµgY i L `qvi KviYÑÑ i. wn `y-gymjgv bi HK ii. we `ªvnx bz e `i `~i`wk Zv iii. dwki mbœ vmx `i Ava vwz K kw³ wb Pi KvbwU mwvk? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

11 6 evovwji ^vaxbzvi msmövg wb Pi Aby Q`wU c o 3 I 4 b i cö kœi DËi `vi Avãyi iv¾vk wgvvcyi Mªv gi GKwU HwZn evnx NUbv ï b Lye wewm Z nb ga hy M H Mªv g Livi Kvi Y dmj bv niqvq `ywf `Lv `q IB mgq Rwg`viiv cörv `i Kv bv mvnvh bv Ki j K qkrb bz vbxq jvk wg j Gi cöwzev` K i Ges Rwg`vi evwnbx K civ Í K i 3. DÏxc Ki NUbv Kvb we `ªv ni Î ˆZwii NUbv K Bw½Z K i? K. bxj we `ªvn L. dwki mbœ vmx we `ªvn M. ˆKeZ we `ªvn N. mvuizvj we `ªvn 4. Bw½ZKvix we `ªv ni we kl w`k wqj wb Pi KvbwU? K. we `wk kvmk I kvlykvix `i `gb L. `wi`ª I Amnvq gvby li AvZ Z vm M. kvmk `i Amn hvwmzvi gva g `gb N. mkj agx q bzv `i gnvb AvZ Z vm m Rbkxj cökœ 1. dzjcyi A ji Amvay e emvqxiv wb R `i ^v _ Pvwl `i w` q Rvi K i ZvgvK Pvl Kiv Q G Z av bi Drcv`b K g hviqvq D³ A ji jvkr bi Lv` msku `Lv `q ZeyI e emvqx `i Pv c Pvwliv ZvgvK Pv l eva nq d j Pvwliv we `ªvnx n q D V Pvwl `i G AZ vpvi _ K euvpv bvi Rb wbrvg mv ne `wi`ª wbt ^ gvbyl `i K GKwÎZ K ib Ges Zv `i wb q GKwU ^ Qv mek evwnbx MVb K ib K. mkv j Avgv `i A_ bxwz wk mi Dci wbf ikxj wqj? L. Bsj v Û wkíwec e Kxfv e ïi n qwqj? e vl v Ki M. dzjcyi A ji K lk `i we `ªv n Zvgvi cvv eb qi Kvb we `ªv ni ˆewkó dz U D V Q ey bv Ki N. wbrvg mv ne I wzzygx ii Kg Kv Êi Zyjbvg~jK Av jvpbv Ki 2. mwlcyi Mªv gi K lk m cö`v qi jvkrb gnvrb `i Øviv Lye AZ vpvwiz n Zv Zv `i K Aí grywi Z mvivw`b LvUvZ G Ae vq werb I wec e bv g `yb e w³ Zv `i K msnwuz K i Zv `i bz Z AZ vpvwiz kªwy HK e nq mvaviy RbMYI Zv `i mg_ b Rvbvq gnvrb `i Rbej I A k Zv `i K `gv Z cv iwb K. ˆKeZ Kv `i ejv n Zv? L. Bs ir Avg j AmsL evi K lk we `ªvn n qwqj Kb? e vl v Ki M. DÏxc K gnvrb `i g a muvizvj we `ªv n Kv `i ˆewkó dz U D V QÑÑe vl v Ki N. DÏxc K AZ vpvwiz kªwyi g bvfveb mvuizvj we `ªv ni mvd j i cq b g~j KviY wqjññ e³e wu g~j vqb Ki

12 evsjv `k I wek cwipq 7 Aa vq-`yb evsjv ` ki ^vaxbzvi cuf~wg ^vaxb evsjv ` ki Rb evovwji RvZxq Rxe bi me P q iyz c~y NUbv evovwjiv cvwk vb iv óªi kvly, AZ vpvi I ˆel g i weiy avivevwnkfv e msmövg I Av `vjb Pvwj q G mwqj Gi g a fvlv Av `vjb, 1954 mv ji wbe vp b hy³d«ui werq, mvgwik kvmb we ivax Av `vjb, 1962 I 1964 mv ji QvÎ Av `vjb Ab Zg GQvov 1966 mv ji 6 `dv Av `vjb, HwZnvwmK AvMiZjv gvgjv, mvs wzk ^vwakvi Av `vjb, 1969 mv ji MYAfy Ìvb Ges 1970 mv ji wbe vpb evovwji RvZxq RvMi Yi Î e vck f~wgkv iv L Gme Av `vjb I NUbvi ga w` qb cvwk vb we ivax PZbv emevb n q Q, evovwj RvZxqZvev ` DØy n q Q gvbyl Gi d jb m e n q Q 1971 mv ji gnvb gyw³hy i g Zv i³ qx mk hy e vck RbM Yi AskMÖnY Ges `k I RvwZi mvwe K gyw³ AR b Avgv `i RvZxq BwZnv m 1947 _ K 1971 mvj ch š cvwk vb ce wui NUbvcÖevn my`~icömvix GB mg q cvwk v bi Av`wk K msku cwi vi n q hvq m m ú K Ges cvwk v bi weiy cwipvwjz Av `vjb I msmöv gi K qkwu iyz c~y Aa vq GLv b Zz j aiv n jv cvv-1 : cvwk Ív bi msku eû AvKvw Z ^vaxbzv jv fi ci cvwk v bi mªóv gvnv ` Avjx wrbœvnmn `kwui bz e `i g a iv óªi bxwz, Av`k wb q weåvwš `Lv `q G Ae v K ejv hvq cwip qi msku wn `y gymwjg `yb c _K RvwZ, GB `vwe wqj cvwk vb cöwzôvi c Zv `i cöavb hyw³ wkš ^vaxbzvi c i bz e ` eys Z cvi jb ag QvovI gvby li AviI cwipq Av Q fvlv Gi g a Ab Zg cvwk v bi `yb As ki g a c~e evsjvq AwaKvsk gvbyl evsjvfvlx n ji cwðg As k AšÍZ PviwU wfbœ fvlvfvlx gvbyl evm K i D`y fvlvi gva g Zv `i HK e Kiv m e n ji AvÂwjK I jvkms wzi cv_ K NyPv bvi Dcvq wqj bv d j gymwjg RvZxqZvev `i cöavb cöe³v wrbœvn wb R ^vaxbzvi K qkw`b c ib MYcwil ` ej jb, gymwjg-wn `y-wlªóvb- eš wksev cvävwe-evovwj-wmwü-cvlzzb cwipq fy j mkj KB GLb GK cvwk vwb n Z n e wkš mb cvwk v bi HK m~î ˆZwi Ki Z wm q Zviv Bmjvg I D`y fvlvi Ici Rvi `q Avi Ab vb ag I Ab vb fvlv-ms wzi weiy Ae vb bq GgbwK evsjvfvlvi mg mvwnz, iex `ªbv_- gvb Kj-ew¼ gi g Zv iyz c~y mvwnwz K `i cöwz ˆewi Ae vb MÖnY K i G Z ` k H K i cwie Z weåvwš Qovq I `kevmxi g a `Lv `q wefvrb h evovwj gymjgvb cvwk vb cöwzôvi R b me vz K msmövg K iwqj, bzzb `kwu wb q Zv `i ^cœf½ n jv mevi Av M c~e evsjvi we`»rb cvwk vb mikv ii G ai bi c` c evovwji me bvk `L Z c jb eû fvlvwe` cwêz W. gyn ` knx`yj vnmn G ` ki AMÖYx eyw Rxex I mvwnwz Kiv evsjvfvlv, evsjv mvwnz, evovwj ms wz I HwZn i vq GwM q Av mb G mg q W. gyn ` knx`yj vn GKwU fvl Y e jwq jbññôavgiv wn `y ev gymwjg hgb mz, Zvi P q ewk

13 8 evsjv ` ki ^vaxbzvi cuf~wg mz Avgiv evovwj GwU Kv bv Av` k i K_v bq, GwU GKwU ev e K_v cök wz wb Ri nv Z Avgv `i Pnvivq I fvlvq evovwj Z i Ggb Qvc w` q Qb h, Zv gvjv-wzjk-wuwk Z wksev Uzwc-jyw½-`vwo Z XvKevi Rv-wU bb Õ AvR c~e evsjv ^vaxb niqvi Pwj k eqi c ii GLbI cvwk vb Zgwb Av`wk K msk U fym Q Abykxjbg~jK KvR KvR- 1 : cvwk Ívb m wói ci ci evovwj gymjgvb `i ^cœ f½ n jv Kb? KvR- 2 : evovwj RvwZ cöm ½ W. gyn ` knx`yj vni Dw³wU D Z Ki cvv-2 : ivóªfvlv Av `vjb cvwk v bi mªóv I cö_g Mfb i Rbv ij gvnv ` Avjx wrbœvn NvlYv K ibññcvwk v bi ivóªfvlv n e D`y 1948 m bi Rvbyqvwi gv m XvKv wek we` vj qi KvR b n j QvÎ-wk K `i mgv e k wzwb G NvlYv w` j QvÎiv Ôbv bv bvõññ aÿwb Z cöwzev` Rvbvq ` ki wk vwe`mvwnwz K I eyw Rxex Ges AwaKvsk ivr bwzk bzv evsjv fvlvi c Ae vb bb cvwk vb MYcwil ` evovwj m`m GKvË ii kwn` Kzwgj vi ax i `ªbv_ `Ë ivóªfvlv evsjvi c cö ve DÌvcb K ib wkš cöavbgš x wjqvkz Avjx Lvb G cö v ei Zxeª we ivwazv K ib `yt Li welq gymwjgjx Mi A bk evovwj m`m I GB we ivwazvq hvm w` qwq jb A_P evsjvib cvwk v bi ivóªfvlv niqv wqj hyw³hy³ cvwk v bi ZrKvjxb gvu RbmsL v wqj 6 KvwU 90 j Gi g a 4 KvwU 40 j evovwj evwk AvovB KvwU gvby li gvz fvlv wkš D` y bq Zv `i ^- ^ gvz fvlv wmwü, cvävwe, ckzz I evjyp ZZ DbœZ bv niqvq Zv `i wk vi gva g wqj D`y ` ki msl vjny Rb Mvôxi fvlv K msl v iy evovwji Ici Pvwc q `Iqvi Póv K iwqj cvwk vb A_P evovwjiv wkš Kej evsjv K ivóªfvlv Kivi `vwe K i wb Zviv D`y i cvkvcvwk ivóªfvlv wn m e K `ªxq kwn` wgbvi evsjvii ^xk wz P qwqj gvz fvlvi AwaKv ii R b cö ` k GKvwaK D ` v Mi K_v Rvbv hvq Gig a cömwzkxj ivrbxwzwe` I XvKv wek we` vj qi QvÎ `i mgš^ q me `jxq ivóªfvlv msmövg cwil` MwVZ nq Gi bz Z QvÎ I ZiyY `i g a mwµq wq jb KvRx Mvjvg gvneye, kikz Avjx, MvRxDj nk, gvnv ` Zvqvnv, Ave`yj gwzb, kl gywreyi ingvb cögyl

14 evsjv `k I wek cwipq mv ji 11B gvp fvlvi `vwe Z ag NU WvKv n j Awj Avnv`, kl gywreyi ingvb, KvRx Mvjvg gvneyemn AwaKvsk bzv MÖßvi nb `gb-cxo b Av `vjb wkš eü nq wb eis Av `vj bi c_ a i 1952 mv ji kx Z XvKvq MY-cwil `i Awa ekb em j QvÎiv MY-cwil` NivI K i ivóªfvlv evsjvi `vwe Z vikwjwc `Iqvi wm vš bq w`bwu wqj 21 k deªyqvwi gyl gš x b~iyj Avwg bi bz Z gymwjgjxm mikvi QvÎ `i evav `Iqvi wm vš bq mikvi XvKv wek we` vjq GjvKvq 144 aviv Rvwi K i A_ vr PviR bi ewk GK RvU n q iv vq wgwqj Ki Z cvi e bv wkš msmövgx QvÎiv Zv gvb e Kb? Zviv gvz fvlvi gh v`v I AwaKvi i vq Av cvmnxb mvnmx f~wgkv wb Z cö Z Av Mi iv Z mfv K i QvÎiv 144 aviv f O wgwqj ei Kivi wm vš bq mw`b Av `vjbkvix `i VKv Z cywjk A nv Z Suvwc q c owqj cö_ g Zviv jvwv PvR Ki jv I Kuv`v b M vm Qzuo jv Zv ZI `gv Z cvi jv bv we vfkvix `i wgwq j bz Z w`w Q jb Ave`yj gwzb I MvRxDj nk Gevi wj Pvjv jv cywjk wj Z wbnz n jb iwdk DwÏb, Avãyj ReŸvi Ges Aveyj eikz Avn Zi msl v wqj A bk Zv `i XvKv gww Kj K j R fwz Kiv nq G `i g a Ave`ym mvjvg wpwkrmvaxb Ae vq gviv hvb bq eq ii wk kvi IwnDj vni cywj ki wj Z wbnz n qwqj Zuviv mevb fvlv kwn` hlv b QvÎ nz v Kiv n q Q mb v b 23 k deªyqvwi ˆZwi Kiv nq GKwU kwn` wgbvi 1963 mv j GB A vqx wgbviwui j eo K i kwn` wgbvi ˆZwi Kiv nq GwUB XvKv gww Kj K j Ri mvg b Mov K `ªxq kwn` wgbvi fvlv Av `vjb _ K AR b evovwj ey Ki i³ w` q gvz fvlvi m vb i v Ki Z c iwqj kl ch š c~e evsjvi AvBbmfv evsjv fvlv K cvwk v bi Ab Zg ivóªfvlv Kivi c wm vš MÖnY K i Gfv e 1956 wlªóv ã iwpz cvwk v bi msweav b Ab Zg ivóªfvlv wn m e evsjvi ^xk wzi gva g fvlv Av `vj bi mgvwß N U evsjv Ges D`y `yb fvlvb cvwk v bi ivóªfvlvi gh v`v jvf K i gvz fvlvi ^xk wz c q Avi mikv ii weiy Av `vjb K i b vh `vwe Av`v q mdj n q wkw Z evovwji g b RvZxq PZbv Rvi`vi nq evsjvfvlv, evsjv mvwnz Ges evovwji nvrvi eq ii ms wz wb q m Me I AvZ wek vm wd i cvq

15 10 evsjv ` ki ^vaxbzvi cuf~wg fvlvi Rb evovwji GB gnvb Av `vjb K kª v Rvbvq wek evmx 1999 wlªóv ã Avgv `i fvlv Av `vjb Avš R vwzk ^xk wz jvf K i m eqi 17B b f ^i BD b v 21 k deªyqvwi K Avš R vwzk gvz fvlv w`em wn m e NvlYv `q ZvB GLb cöwzeqi 21 k deªyqvwi c w_exi mkj RvwZ wbr wbr gvz fvlv K we kl m vb Rvwb q iy K i mb mv _ iy K i fvlvi Rb evovwji AvZ Z v Mi K_v Abykxjbg~jK KvR KvR- 1 : ivóªfvlv Av `vj bi KviY jv D j L Ki KvR- 2 : fvlv Av `vj bi djvdj m ú K Zvgvi aviyv wb Ri fvlvq jl cvv- 3 : hy³d«u cvwk vb m wói ci _ KB kvmk `i loh š c~e cvwk v bi gvby li g b vf `vbv euva Z _v K AvZ i v I AvZ wekv ki cö kœ bvbv g Zi gvbyl GK n Z _v Kb gzvmxb `j gymwjgjxm hb lohš Avi kvl Yi cözxk n q I V evovwj RvwZi R b G wqj µvwš Kvj gzvmxb gymwjgjxm K civwrz K i evovwji AwaKvi cöwzôvi j G ` ki cöavb cöavb ivr bwzk `j I bz e ` wg j wbe vpb K mvg b i L 1954 mv j GKwU RvU MVb K ib G RvUB hy³d«u bv g cwiwpz wbe vp b hy³d«u wbi¼zk msl vmwiôzv AR b K i hy³d«u MVb I 21 `dv Kg m~wp hy³d«u KqwU `j wqj Ges Kvb Kvb `j Zv GLb R b bb GwU wkš cvwk v bi `yb As ki cvjv g U ev msm` wb q MwVZ RvZxq cwil `i wbe vpb wqj bv GwU wqj ïay c~e evsjvi AvBb cwil `i wbe vpb G wbe vp b hy³d«u hvm `q AvIqvgx gymwjg jxm, K lk kªwgk cvwu, brv g Bmjvgx Ges MYZš x `j 1949 mv j MwVZ nq AvIqvgx gymwjg jxm GB `jb wqj eo 1955 mvj _ K ÔgymwjgÕ kãwu ev` w` q `jwui bvg nq AvIqvgx jxm gzvmxb gymwjg jxmmn gvu 16wU `j G wbe vp b Ask

16 evsjv `k I wek cwipq 11 bq Z e g~j cöwzøw ØZv nq hy³d«u I gymwjg jx Mi g a hy³d«u Ô bškvõ cözxk wb q wbe vpb K i hy³d«ui bz Z wq jb ZrKvjxb evsjvi wzb cöexy bzv ÑÑ k i evsjv G K drjyj nk, gijvbv Ave`yj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx Ges nv mb knx` mvniviqv` x ZiyY `i g a kl gywreyi ingvb mk ji ` wó AvKl Y K ib I RbwcÖq n q I Vb hy³d«u RbM Yi mvg b Zv `i 21 `dv Kg m~wp cökvk K i G Z cvwk v bi Ab Zg ivóªfvlv wn m e evsjvi ^xk wz, Rwg`vwi cö_v evwzj, cvuwkí RvZxqKiY, mgevqwfwëk K wl e e v, we b cqmvq I eva Zvg~jK cöv_wgk wk v`vb Aš fy ³ K i GQvov mg Ab vq AvBbKvbyb evwzj, 52 mv ji fvlv Av `vj bi kwn` i Y kwn` wgbvi wbg vy, 21 k deªyqvwi mikvwi QzwU NvlYv Ges c~e evsjvi ^vqëkvm bi K_vI ejv nq evsjv fvlv I mvwn Z i Dbœq bi R b evsjv GKv Wgx cöwzôvi K_vI G Z wqj wbe vp bi djvdj ZLb gymjgvb I Ab vb ag vej ^x `i Avjv`v Avmb wqj, Avjv`v fvu n Zv c~e evsjv AvBb cwil` wbe vp b 237 gymwjg Avm bi g a hy³d«u 223 Avmb c q msl vmwiôzv AR b K i AvIqvgx gymwjg jxm Zv `i Rb eivïk Z 143wU Avm bi g a me KqwU Z Rqjvf K i RbwcÖqZvi cögvy `q Avi vgzvmxb gymwjg jx Mi mkj gš x civwrz nb Ges `jwu gvî 10wU Avmb cvq hy³d«ui G werq K `k-we ` ki cîcwîkv Ôe vju wec eõ e j AvL vwqz K i G wbe vpb wqj c~e -evsjvq cövßeq `i fv U cö_g me Rbxb wbe vpb evovwj RvwZ wb R `i AwaKvi i vi Rb D¾xweZ n q hy³d«ui bškv cözx K fvu `q ïay ag wb q evovevwo K i gvbyl K h avukv `qv hvq bv gymwjg jx Mi djvdj wech q Zv cögvwyz nq fvlv I ms wz we ivax Ae vb wb q K Vvi `gbbxwz I ˆ ^ikvmb Pvwj q Kv bv mikvi h wu K _vk Z cv i bv ZvI cögvwyz nq evovwji bzzb G RvZxqZvev`x PZbv ciez xkv j mkj Av `vjb I wbe vp b cöiyv RywM q Q Avi Ab w` K gymwjgjxm GKwU MYwe ivax `j wn m e cwiwpz nq 1957 mv ji g a `jwu eûav wef³ n q cvwk Zv bi ivóª gzv _ K we`vq bq 1970 mv ji wbe vp b G `jwu GKwU AvmbI cvqwb

17 12 evsjv ` ki ^vaxbzvi cuf~wg gymwjgjx Mi civrq I hy³d«ui wer qi KviY ^vaxbzvi ci _ K gymwjg jx Mi f~wgkv evovwj K zä K iwqj Avi fvlv Av `vj bi wer qi d j ` k ivr bwzk cwiez bi R b Zv `i AvKv v emevb n q I V hy³dª U wewfbœ `j I g Zi gvbyl GKwÎZ n qwqj GwU hy³d«ui mnr wer qi Ab Zg KviY G ` ji Kg m~wp Z RbM Yi Avkv-AvKv vi cöwzdjb N U evsjvfvlvi gh v`v `vb, cöv `wkk ^vqëkvmb, K lk, kªwgk, QvÎmn mkj kªwyi gvby li K_v G Z wqj 21 `dv Kg m~wpi Zv `i mnr wer qi KviY hy³d«u cöexy-ziyy bzv I Kg xi mgš^q N U cvkvcvwk ZiyY `i cöpvi Awfhvb wqj Pv L covi g Zv Ab w` K gymwjg jx Mi Kg m~wp wqj A úó I MuvRvwg j fiv MYwew Qbœ bzv-kg xiv hy³d«ui Kg x `i cöpvivwfhv bi Rvqv i f m hvb gymwjg jx Mi `ytkvmb, `ªe g~ j i EaŸ MwZ, kvly, ` ji g a Aš Ø Ø, `yb xwz, cvwk v bi `yyb As ki ˆelg BZ vw` wqj gymwjgjx Mi cz bi KviY Abykxjbg~jK KvR KvR- 1 : hy³d«ui 21 `dvi g~j `vwe jv jl KvR- 2 : c _K c _K Q K gymwjg jx Mi civrq I hy³d«ui R qi KviY jvi ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki cvv-4 : MYAv `vjb _ K MYAfy Ìvb mvgwik kvmb I MYAv `vj bi m~pbv cvwk v bi lohš KLbI _ g _v K wb Zv eivei Ae vnz wqj `yb gv mi gv_vq we kl gzv cö qvm K i hy³d«u mikvi f O `Iqv nq Gic i cvwk v bi msweavb Abyhvqx emvgwik mikvi MVb Kiv n ji AvBb k Ljv cwiw wzi AebwZ `wl q B v `vi gxr v 1958 mv ji 7B A ±vei ` k mvgwik AvBb Rvwi K ib mkj ivr bwzk `j wbwl NvlYv Kiv nq cöavb mvgwik kvmk wbhy³ Kiv nq cöavb mbvcwz Rbv ij gyn ` AvBqye Lvb K Gmgq Aveyj gbmyi Avng` I kl gywreyi ingvbmn eû evovwj bzv K MÖßvi Kiv nq 20 w` bi g a B AvBqye Lvb Zvi wb qvmkz v B v `vi gxr v K c`pz Z K i cvwk vb Q o P j h Z eva K ib Gevi wzwb wb R K NvlYv K ib cvwk v bi cöwm W U AvBqye Lv bi kvmbkv j ax i ax i evovwj HK e nq Zviv GK ch v q mvgwik kvm bi weiy Av `vjb ïiy K i AvBqye Lv bi bvbv AZ vpv ii evovwj wcqz n Uwb wewfbœ `vwe Z ivrc_ cökw úz n Z _v K QvÎ Av `vjb AvBqye Lv bi weiy c~e cvwk v bi QvÎiv cö_g Av `vjb M o Zv j wk vi Î cvwk Ív bi `yb As ki g a ˆelg ˆZwi K iwqj cvwk vb kvmkiv c~e cvwk v b wk vi Rb Lye Kg A_ eivï Kiv n Zv GLv b cö qvr bi Zzjbvq wk v cöwzôvbi wqj Kg 1958

18 evsjv `k I wek cwipq 13 _ K 1962 mvj ch š ivrbxwz wbwl wqj Ges ZLb A bk ivr bwzk bzv K KvivMv i e `x Kiv nq GB ivr bwzk k~b Zv c~i Yi Rb evovwj QvÎiv GwM q Av mb 1962 mv j AvBqye Lvb GKwU msweavb ipbv K ib GB msweav b evovwji MYZvwš K AvKv v zyœ nq, mkj gzv K `ªxf~Z K i cöwm W U c wzi kvm bi weavb ivlv nq 1962-Gi gvsvgvws GB msweavb evwz ji `vwe Z QvÎiv Av `vjb M o Zv j Z e QvÎ `i Av `vjb A bk ewk Rviv jv i~c cvq mikvi wk vbxwz NvlYv Ki j kwid Kwgkb bv g cwiwpz GB wk v bxwz Z evsjvi e` j cvwk v bi `yb As ki Rb Awfbœ ey gvjv Pvjy Kiv, A ezwbk wk v evwzj Kiv, D Pwk v jv fi my hvm Kwg q `qv BZ vw` weavb hvm Kiv n qwqj GB wk vbxwz evwz ji Rb QvÎiv Av `vjb M o Zv j GB Av `vjb ax i ax i ` ki mkj wk v cöwzôv b Qwo q c o QvÎ `i Zxeª Av `vj bi d j kl ch š mikvi kwid Kwgkb evwzj Ki Z eva nq kl gywr ei Abb f~wgkv Gevi AwaKvi Av`v qi Rb evsjvi gvbyl bzzb K i ivrc _ bv g ^vwakvi i vi Av `vj b cöavb bz Z P j Av mb kl gywreyi ingvb 1966 mv ji 5 deªyqvwi jv nv i we ivax ` ji GK m jb AbywôZ nq GLv b kl gywre c~e cvwk v b evovwji me ai bi AwaKvi wd i cviqvi Rb 6 `dv Kg m~wp NvlYv K ib GB 6 `dv wqj g~jz ^vqz kvm bi `vwe A_ vr cvwk v bi mv _ hy³ _ KB c~e cvwk v bi kvm bi `vwqz I gzv _vk e c~e cvwk v bi gvby li nv Z 6 `dv : evsjvi gvby li gyw³i `wjj 6 `dvi gva g Kx Kx `vwe Kiv n qwqj Zv Gevi R b wbb mv ji jv nvi cö v ei wfwë Z cvwk vb ivóªwu MwVZ n qwqj ZLb ejv n qwqj bzyb `kwu Z msm`xq c wzi mikvi _vk e Avi AvBbmfv ev msm` MwVZ n e cövßeq mkj bvmwi Ki fv U cvwk vb mikvi K GB cö ve ev evqb Ki Z n e

19 14 evsjv ` ki ^vaxbzvi cuf~wg 2. c~e -cvwk v bi wbe vwpz bzviv wb Ri g Zv K i `k kvmb Ki eb K `ªxq mikv ii nv Z _vk e ïay `ki v I ˆe `wkk bxwz wba vi Yi `vwqz 3. c~e I cwðg-cvwk v bi Rb `y Uv wfbœ gỳ ªv Pvjy _vk e, Z e `yb As kb Zv mn R e envi Kiv hv e 4. AvÂwjK mikvi hvi hvi A ji mkj cökvi U v I LvRbv avh Ges Av`v qi gzv ivl e Av`vq Kiv A _ i GKwU Ask K `ªxq mikv ii Lv Z Rgv n e 5. cöwz A ji ˆe `wkk gy`ªv Av qi wnmve Avjv`v K i ivl Z n e AvÂwjK mikvib we ` ki mv _ evwyr Pzw³ I Avg`vwb-ißvwb Kivi AwaKvi ivl e 6. c~e -cvwk v bi Rb Avjv`v K i GKwU Avav-mvgwiK evwnbx MVb Ki Z n e 6 `dv `vwei cöwzwµqv 6 `dv `vwe ` L kw¼z n q hvb AvBqye Lvb KviY ^vqz kvmb c q M j eü n q hv e c~e cvwk v b kvly ZvQvov GKmgq AÂjwU ^vaxb n q hviqvi Avk¼vI Zviv KiZ Gfv e K g hv e Zv `i ˆe `wkk gy`ªvi fvm KviY c~e -cvwk v b Drcvw`Z cvu wewµi UvKvB wqj cvwk v bi we `wk gy`ªv Av qi me P q eo gva g wkš GB UvKv c~e -cvwk v bi DbœwZ Z e q bv K i e q Kiv n Zv cwðg-cvwk v bi mvgwik I emvgwik Î eo eo PvKzwi Z evovwj K Lye KgB my hvm `qv n Zv wkš ^vqz kvmb c q M j cwðg-cvwk vwb `i GK PwUqv myweav cviqv m e n e bv ZvB Avevi ïiy nq lohš GB mgq kl gywr ei weiy mikvi cö ` ki bvbv Rjvq gvgjv w` Z _v K AvIqvgx jx Mi bzv Kg x `i MÖßvi K i Zv `i weiy gvgjv w` Z _v K Gfv e Pig nqivwbi wkkvi nb kl gywreyi ingvb I ZvRDwÏb Avng`mn AvIqvgx jx Mi bzviv wkš wecyj Rbmg_ b I kl gywremn bz e `i ` pzvi d j wkqy ZB Av `vjb `gv bv hvq wb KvR- 1 : KvR- 2 : KvR- 3 : Abykxjbg~jK KvR mvgwik kvmb-we ivax Av `vj bi m~pbv n jv Kb? 1962 mv ji QvÎ Av `vj bi K qkwu KviY D j L Ki 6 `dvi-`dv jv ey bv Ki cvv-5 : HwZnvwmK AvMiZjv gvgjv RvwZi RbK e½eüz kl gywreyi ingv bi ivrbxwzi P~ovšÍ jÿ wqj evsjv ` ki ^vaxbzv Zuvi wek vm wqj h, mk msmövg e ZxZ evsjv ` ki ^vaxbzv AR b Kiv m e bq ZvB wzwb ^k cš vq evsjv ` ki ^vaxbzv AR bi Rb MwVZ wecøex cwil `i m`m `i Zuv `i cwikíbv ev Íevq bi Rb m wz w` qwq jb wecøex cwil `i cwikíbv wqj ÒGKwU wbw` ó iv Î Ges GKwU wbw` ó mg q evovjxiv wewfbœ MÖæ c wef³ n q ZrKvjxb c~e cvwk Ív bi me wj K v Ub g U Kgv Ûv vb j nvgjv Pvwj q cwðg cvwk Ívbx `i A K o wb q Zv `i

20 evsjv `k I wek cwipq 15 e `x Ki e Ges e½eüz kl gywreyi ingv bi bz Z evsjv ` ki ^vaxbzv NvlYv Ki e Ó cwikíbvwu ev ÍevwqZ niqvi c~ e B Zv duvm n q hvq d j Awbevh fv e RvwZi RbK e½eüz kl gywreyi ingvbmn 35 Rb mvgwik emvgwik Kg KZ v I ivr bwzk e wë `i weiæ gvgjv nq I Zuv `i MÖdZvi Kiv nq cvwk Ívbx kvmk `i D Ïk wqj G gvgjvq e½üz K duvwm Z Szwj q ^vaxbzv Av `vjb K Íä K i `Iqv wkš kl ch ší QvÎ RbZvi Zxeª Av `vj bi gy L G gvgjv cöz vnvi K i wb Z cvwk Ívb mikvi eva nq 11 `dv Av `vjb wkš wec ex evovwj ` g hvevi cvî bq ïiy n q hvq e vck MYAv `vjb XvKv wek we` vj qi QvÎiv 6 `dvi cvkvcvwk bzzb 11 `dv Av `vjb wb q gv V bv g 11 `dv Kg m~wp Z gvz fvlvi gva g wk v I Awdm Av`vj Z evsjvfvlv Pvjy, XvKv wek we` vjq AwW b vý evwzjmn wek we` vj q c~y ^vqë kvmb, QvÎ ezb 50fvM Kgv bv, hvbevn b QvÎ `i 50 fvm Kg fvov MÖnYÑÑGme `vwe hy³ Kiv nq G QvovI 11 `dvi g a AviI A bk b vqm½z `vwe wqj G jvi g a wk v cöwzôv bi msl v e w, LvRbv I U v Kgv bv, e v¼, exgv I wkí cöwzôvb RvZxqKiY Kiv, ivre `x `i gyw³ BZ vw` D j L hvm EbmË ii MYAfÿ Ìvb 1966 mv j e½eüz 6 `dv `vwe NvlYv Kivi ci _ KB mviv c~e -cvwk v bi gvby li g b GKw` K v fi Av b R j D V Avi Ab w` K fwel Z wb q Avkvev` m wó nq QvÎ `i 11 `dvi Av `vjb G ^Ztù~Z RvMiY K AviI e vck I Rvi`vi K i Avi cywjwk wbh vz bi GKwU NUbv gvby li cöwzev`x PZbv I Av `vj bi ú nv K D¾xweZ K i Gig a HwZnvwmK AvMiZjv gvgjv hgb e½eüz K wkse`š xi bvq K iƒcvš wiz K i Q Zgwb cvwk v bi cöwz gvby li N Yv I vf K eû Y evwo q w` q Q ivrkvnx Z Aa vck kvgmy ¾vnv, e `x Ae vq mv R U Rûiyj nk, wgwq j QvÎ bzv Avmv` wksev wk kvi gwzd ii g Zz Av `vjb K MYAfy Ìv b i~c w` q Q 1969 mv ji Rvbyqvwi _ K ïiy K i 25 k gvp Zvui czb ch š msnwuz MYAfy Ìv bi Rvqv i AvBqy ei ˆ ^ikvmb wu K _vk Z e _ nq AvBqye Lvb 22 k deªyqvwi AvMiZjv wg_ v gvgjv cöz vnvi K i mkj e `x K wbtkz gyw³i NvlYv w` Z eva nb

21 16 evsjv ` ki ^vaxbzvi cuf~wg Kvivgy³ kl gywre K 23 k deªyqvwi im Kvm gq`v b (ez gv b mvniviqv` x D` vb) wekvj MYmsea bv `Iqv nq GLv b QvÎ msmövg cwil `i c _ K Zuv K Ôe½eÜyÕ Dcvwa Z f~wlz Kiv nq RvwZi cöwz kl gywreyi ingv bi wekvj Ae`v bi K_v iy K i Avgiv me mgq Zuvi bv gi Av M Ôe½eÜzÕ m vly Kie MYAfÿ Ìv bi iyz EbmË ii MYAfy Ìvb wqj AvBqye Lv bi kvmbvg j me P q kw³kvjx Av `vjb hw`i mvaviy `vwe wb q G Av `vjb ïiy n qwqj wkš µgvš^ q Zv RbM Yi ^vqëkvmb I AwaKvi cöwzôvi msmöv g cwiyz nq gvî wzb gv mi g a Av `vjb XvKv kni cwi q MÖv g-m Ä Qwo q c o RbM Yi HK, RvMiY h ˆ ^ivpvix kvmk `i ey j Ui P q kw³kvjx Zv G Av `vj bi ga w` q cögvwyz nq G Av `vj bi d j QvÎiv RvwZ K bz Z i bzzb cörb Dcnvi `q QvÎ `i HK ivrbxwzwe` `ii HK e K i kl ch š AvBqye Lvb c`z vm Ki Z eva nb Gfv e EbmË ii MYAfy Ìvb evovwj RvZxqZvev `i wekvk NwU q ^vaxbzv msmöv gi Aby cöiyv hvmvq MYAfy Ìvb evovwji msmövgx PZbv K kvwyz K i, evovwj K mvnmx RvwZ Z i~cvš wiz K i me P q eo K_v evovwj K Z v Mi g š HK e K i MYAfy Ìvb Gi m~î a ib c~e evsjvi Ici cwðg-cvwk v bi Avwac Z i Aemvb nq ^vaxb mve fšg evsjv `k cöwzôvi cq b EbmË ii MYAfy Ìv bi f~wgkv Acwimxg Abykxjbg~jK KvR KvR- 1 : HwZnvwmK AvMiZjv gvgjv m ú K ms c jl KvR- 2 : MYAfy Ìv b QvÎ mgv Ri f~wgkv ey bv Ki KvR- 3 : evovwji Av `vjb msmövg wb q iwpz Zvgvi Rvbv KweZv, Mvb, Mí, Dcb vm I Pjw P Îi GKwU ZvwjKv cö Z Ki cvv- 6 : 1970 mv ji mvaviy wbe vpb AvBqye Lvb cvwk v bi mbv cöavb Bqvwnqv Lv bi nv Z cöwm W Ui `vwqz w` q c`z vm K ib gzv MªnY K ib Bqvwnqv Lvb evovwj K kvš Kivi j 1970 mv j mvaviy wbe vpb `Iqvi A½xKvi K ib 1970 mv ji wbe vpb wqj cvwk v bi `ywu As ki kl wbe vpb wbe vp bi djvdj wqj 6 `dvwfwëk evovwj RvZxqZvev `i werq G wbe vp bi d j ^vaxb evsjv `k cöwzôvi c_ cök nq Gevi Avgiv R b wbb Kxfv e Ges Kvb Kvb `j G wbe vp b Ask bq ZLb cvwk v bi cvj v g U ev

22 evsjv `k I wek cwipq 17 msm` wqj `ybwu cvwk v bi `yb Ask wb q RvZxq cwil`, G Z m`m msl v wqj 300 Gi g a RbmsL vi wfwë Z c~e cvwk v bi Rb eivï wqj 162 Ges evwk 138wU cwðg cvwk v bi wewfbœ A ji Rb eivï wqj c~e cvwk vb cöv `wkk cwil ` 300 Ges cwðg cvwk v bi 4wU cöv `wkk cwil `i Rb wqj 300 Avmb cvwk Ívb mikvi 1970 mv ji 7B ww m ^i RvZxq cwil` I 17B ww m ^i cöv `wkk cwil `i wbe vp bi ZvwiL NvlYv K i cvwk v bi gvu 24wU `j RvZxq cwil` wbe vp b Ask bq `j jvi g a AvIqvgx jxm, cvwk vb wccjm cvwu (wcwcwc), cvwk vb W gv µwuk cvwu (wcwwwc), Rvgvqv Z Bmjvgx, brv g Bmjvgx, Bmjvgx MYZš x `j, b vc (Iqvjx) Ask bq wbe vp bi djvdj 1970 mv ji wbe vpb djvd ji w`k w` q wqj LyeB D j L hvm wbe vpb g~jz AvIqvgx jxm I AvIqvgx jxm we ivax i~c wb ji we ivax c RbM Yi KvQvKvwQB cšuqv Z cv iwb RvZxq cwil ` c~e -cvwk v bi 162 wu Avm bi g a AvIqvgx jxm 160wU Avmb cvq wcwcwc cwðg cvwk v b gvu 83 Avmb c q wøzxq v b _v K msiw Z gwnjv Avmbmn RvZxq cwil ` Gfv e 313 Avm bi g a 167wU Avmb c q AvIqvgx jxm GKK msl vmwiôzv jvf K i G Î mikvi MV bi Rb AvIqvgx jx Mi cö qvrb wqj 151wU Avmb, hv cvwk v bi Ab Kvb ` ji wqj bv cöv `wkk cwil `I c~e cvwk v b AvIqvgx jxm GKBfv e mdj nq GLv b AvIqvgx jxm 310 Avm bi g a 298wU Avmb c q wbi¼zk msl vmwiôzv AR b K i AvIqvgx jxm cwðg-cvwk v b Kvb Avmb cvqwb Avi wcwcwc c~e -cvwk v b Kvb cöv_ xb `qwb wbe vp bi iyz cvwk vb mikv ii eû Póv m Ë I AvIqvgxjxM-we ivax `j jv wbe vp b cöfve dj Z cv iwb 1947 mv j cvwk vb m wói ci _ K evovwj RvwZ fvlv, mvwnz, ms wzi w`k _ K h ^vzš `vwe K i AvmwQj G wbe vp bi wer q hb Zv ^xk wz cvq Gevi wbwðz niqv hvq h, evovwj GKwU Avjv`v RvwZ G wbe vp b AvIqvgx jxm c~e -cvwk v b Ges wcwcwc cwðgcvwk v b cövavb jvf K i d j GUvB cögvwyz nq h, cwðg-cvwk vb KZ K c~e cvwk vb K kvmb Kiv A ea evovwji GZw` bi ^vqëkvmb `vwe h ˆea ZvI cögvwyz nq G wbe vp b Rqjv fi gva g AvIqvgx jxm I e½eüz kl gywreyi ingvb evovwj RvwZi gyw³i cözx K cwiyz nb Abykxjbg~jK KvR KvR- 1 : 1970 mv ji wbe vp b AskMÖnYKvix `j jv wpwýz Ki KvR- 2 : 1970 mv ji wbe vp bi iyz ey bv Ki

23 18 evsjv ` ki ^vaxbzvi cuf~wg cvv- 7 I 8 : c~e I cwðg-cvwk Ív bi ˆelg cvwk vb iv óªi Rb niqvi ci `Lv hvq cwðg-cvwk vwb kvmkiv evovwj K Avcb K i wb Z cv iwb Avi Zv Z GK we `wk kvm Ki e` j evovwjiv c jv bzzb we `wk kvmk cvwk v bi `yb As ki ga Kvi m úk n q coj kvlk I kvwl Zi Avgiv njvg kvwlz kªwyi ivr bwzk, cökvmwbk, mvgwik, A_ bwzk, wk v, mvs wzk Î cvwk v bi c~e I cwðgvâ ji gv S e vck ˆel g i gva g evovwj `i `wg q ivlvi Póv Kiv nq wkš evovwjiv wewfbœfv e GB kvl Yi weiy cöwzev` Rvbvq me k l gyw³msmöv gi gva g evovwjiv bzzb ivóª cöwzôv K i ivr bwzk ˆelg nvrvi gvb ji e eav b M o IVv cvwk Ív bi `yb As ki g a ïiy ZB ivr bwzk Î evovwj `i cöwz ˆelg Kiv nq cvwk v bi RbmsL vi eo Ask evovwj n ji XvKvi e` j KivwP Z bzzb iv óªi ivravbx vwcz nq iv óªi eo c` Mfb i Rbv ij, cöavbgš x I gwš mfvi ewkifvm m`m cwðg cvwk vb _ K biqv n Zv mvj ch š K `ªxq gš x `i 211 R bi g a evovwj wq jb gvî 95 Rb AvBqye Lv bi Avg j 62 Rb gš xi g a gvî 22 Rb wq jb evovwj Gme evovwj gš x `i Avevi iyz c~y gš Yvj qi `vwqz `qv nqwb 1958 mv j mvgwik kvmb Rvwi Kiv nq mvgwik kvm b ivr bwzk ` ji Kg KvÊ, msm` Kvh µg, gšwjk AwaKvi me wmz K i ivlv nq AvBqye Avg j ( ) evovwj ivrbxwzwe` `i `g b Rj, Rwigvbv QvovI wewfbœ Av `k I Aa v ` ki gva g wbe vp b A hvm NvlYv Kiv nq GgbwK lohš g~jkfv e e½eüz K cönm bi wepv i dvuwm `qvi Rb Zvu Kmn 35 R bi weiy ÒHwZnvwmK AvMiZjv gvgjv (ivóª ebvg kl gywreyi ingvb Ges Ab vb )Ó `v qi K i mikvi 1970 mv ji wbe vp b AvIqvgx jxm Rqx n ji Zv `i mikvi MVb Ki Z `qv nqwb Gi d j cvwk vb ivóªkvvv gvi g a evovwji ^vqëkvm bi `vwe ^vaxbzvi `vwe Z i~cvš wiz nq cökvmwbk ˆelg GKwU bexb Dbœqbkxj iv óª mvaviyz mikvwi PvKwi ZB ewki fvm gvbyl hvm w` Z Pvq G Z ivóª Kv bv ˆelg ev evav m wó Ki j Zv n e gšwjk AwaKvi I gvbevwakvi jsnb msweav bi Avgv `i wbr wbr ckv MÖn Yi wbðqzv `Iqv nq A_P cvwk vb Avg j ivóª ^qs ˆelg K ivóªbxwz wn m e ^xk wz `q cökvmwbk Î evovwjiv hvm Zv _vkv m Ë I b vh c`

24 evsjv `k I wek cwipq 19 _ K ewâz n Zv wb R `i jvk `i ewk I iyz c~y c ` wb qvm w` q cvwk vb K Zviv wbqš Y KiZ G Kvi Y mikvwi c ` ewki fvm wqj cwðg-cvwk vwb iyz c~y gš Yvjq hgb cöwzi v, ciivóª gš Yvj q evovwj `i eo c ` bqv n Zv bv G Î cvwk v bi cö_g kªwyi c ` gvî 23 fvm evovwj bqv n Zv ZvQvov K `ªxq e vsk, iji q, Ki cv ikbmn mikvi wbqwš Z wewfbœ Kvh vj q evovwj `i wb qv M GKB ikg ˆelg Kiv n Zv mvgwik Î ˆelg mbv, bš, wegvb evwnbx ZI G ˆelg bxwz envj wqj cvwk v bi cöwzi v evwnbxi 3wU m`i `ßi I mgiv KviLvbv wqj cwðg-cvwk v b mvgwik evwnbxi Awdmvi c ` gvî kzkiv 5 fvm wq jb evovwj mbvevwnbxi gvî 4 fvm jvk evovwj wq jb bš I wegvb evwnbx Z wkqy ewk wb qvm `qv n ji Zv D j L hvm wqj bv mvgwik evwnbxi Rb ev R Ui kzkiv 60 fvm eivï n Zv hvi ewki fvm e q Kiv n Zv cwðg cvwk v b c `vbœwzi ÎI wqj ˆelg G Kvi Y AvIqvgx jx Mi 6 `dv `vwe Z cöwzi v e e v iyz mn we ewpz nq mikvwi Ae njvi Kvi Y c~e cvwk v bi mxgvš Aiw Z _vkz 1965 mv ji hy c~e -cvwk v bi wbivcëvnxbzv cöejfv e aiv c o A_ bwzk ˆelg cvwk vb iv óª K `ªxq mikvi wqj me gzvi AwaKvix K `ªxq e vskmn mkj e vsk, exgv, evwyr, wkí-cöwzôv bi cöavb Awdm cwðg-cvwk v b wqj c~e -cvwk vb ˆe `wkk gỳ ªv ewk Avq Ki ji kzkiv 21 fv Mi ewk A_ c~e -cvwk v b eivï `qv nqwb ˆe `wkk mvnv h I kzkiv 34 fv Mi ewk c~e -cvwk vb cvqwb A_P F Yi evsv evovwj `i enb Ki Z n Zv G Î we `k _ K hv Avg`vwb Kiv n Zv Zvi gvî 31 kzvsk c~e -cvwk v bi Dbœq bi Rb eivï wqj c~e -cvwk v bi Dbœq bi Rb Kg A_ eivï niqvq GLv b Dbœqb Zgb nqwb A_P Avgv `i UvKvq cwðg-cvwk vb K DbœZ K i M o Zvjv n q Q GQvov c~e -cvwk vb _ K cwðg-cvwk v b cöpzi m ú` cvpvi n Zv ißvwb Av qi 2000 wgwjqb Wjvi cvwk vb Avg j c~e -cvwk vb _ K cwðg-cvwk v b cvpvi n qwqj GB ˆelg evsv bvi R b m mg q e eüz GKwU cözxkx cv vi Dc vcb Kiv n jv MiywU c~e -cvwk v bi (ez gvb evsjv `k) Nvm Lv Q Avi `ya `vnb K i wb q hv Q cwðg cvwk vwbiv A_ vr Drcv`b nq c~e -cvwk v b Avi A_ P j hvq cwðg-cvwk v b

25 20 evsjv ` ki ^vaxbzvi cuf~wg mvs wzk ˆelg cvwk vb m wói ci _ KB evsjv fvlv, mvwnz I ms wz aÿsm Ki Z cvwk vwb kvmkiv Zrci n q I V 1948 mv j Rvic~e K D`y K Pvwc q `qvi Póv K i 1952 mv j evsjv fvlvi AwaKvi cöwzôvq evovwj K Rxeb w` Z nq 1956 mv j msweav b evsjv K cvwk v bi wøzxq fvlv wn m e MÖnY Kiv n ji evsjv fvlvi weiy Pµvš _ g hvq wb G mgq c~e -evsjvi bvg c~e -cvwk vb Kiv nq ivgvb ni d evsjv jlvi Póv Ae vnz _v K Pjw PÎ, bvuk, cwîkv, eb cökv k mxgvnxb wbqš Y QvovI iex `ªmsMxZ cöpvi eü Ges evsjv beel D`hvcb wbwl Kiv nq Gfv e evovwji mvs wzk Kg Kv Ê wewfbœfv e AvNvZ nvbv nq ˆel g i weiy cöwzwµqv evovwj jovkz RvwZ gynj, weªwuk Avg j evovwj Ab v qi cöwzev` K i Q cvwk vb mikv ii ˆelg g~jk AvPiYI evovwj RvwZ KLbI gyl ey R mn K iwb fvlv Av `vj bi ga w` q evovwjiv cvwk vb we ivax Av `vj bi m~pbv K i 1954 mv j gymwjg jxm K civwrz K i evovwj cö_g ^í mg qi Rb mikvi MV bi my hvm cvq AvBqye Lv bi mvgwik kvm bi weiy QvÎiv wk v-av `vj bi gva g AvBqye we ivax Av `vjb ïiy K i lv Ui `k K mvwnz m jb, mvs wzk Av `vj bi gva g AvBqye we ivax ZrciZv Pvjv bv nq 1961 mv j wek Kwe iex `ªbv_ VvKz ii Rb kzevwl Kx cvjb Dcj XvKv, PÆMÖvgmn mviv ` k mvs wzk RvMiY N U GKB eqi ÔQvqvbUÕ bv gi mvs wzk msmvb cöwzwôz n j evovwji msmxz PP v I wewfbœ Drme cvj bi gva g mvs wzk Av `vjb Rvi`vi n Z _v K cy iv lv Ui `kk Ry o P j Q mvs wzk ^vwakv ii Av `vjb 1966 mv j 6 `dvi gva g ˆelg `~ixki Y evovwj wb R `i `k Pvjv bvi cwikíbv ck K i evovwji GB `vwe mikvi cöz vl vb Ki j ïiy nq QvÎ `i 6 I 11 `dvwfwëk hš_ Av `vjb MYAv `vj bi Pv c ÒHwZnvwmK AvMiZjv gvgjv (ivóª ebvg kl gywreyi ingvb Ges Ab vb )Ó cöz vnvi K i AvBqye Lvb c`z v M eva nb 1970 Gi wbe vp b e½eüzi bz Z AvIqvgx jxm wbi¼zk msl vmwiôzv jvf K i AvIqvgx jx Mi GB wbi¼zk wer qb g~jz ^vaxbzvi j GwM q hvq evovwj cvwk vb gzv n Zvš i bvbv lohš I Kvj cy Ki Z _v K, kyiy K i bvbv Uvjevnvbv 1971 mv ji 25 k gvp iv Z cvwk Ívb mbvevwnbx wbi evovwji Ici Suvwc q c o, Pvjvq nz vhá e½eüy K e `x Kiv nq H iv Z e½eüy Mªßvi niqvi Av M H iv Z evsjv ` ki ^vaxbzv NvlYv K ib ïiy nq gyw³hy kl ch š 1971 mv ji 16B ww m i werq AR bi gva g cvwk vwb `i 24 eq ii kvly Avi ˆel g i Aemvb NUvq evovwj

26 evsjv `k I wek cwipq 21 cy iv lv Ui `kk Ry o Pjw PÎ, bvuk, mvwnz I ms wz PP vqi we `wk cöfv ei e` j wkk oi müvb ïiy nq wewfbœ Av `vj b wkíx, mvwnwz K I eyw Rxexiv AMÖYx f~wgkv cvjb K ib gyw³hy I Zviv G f~wgkv Ae vnz iv Lb Abykxjbg~jK KvR KvR- 1 : Z`vbxšÍb c~e -cvwk Ív bi cöwz cwðg-cvwk Ívwbiv h me Î ˆelg m wó K iwqj Zvi ZvwjKv Ki KvR- 2 : mvgwik I A_ bwzk Î c~e I cwðg cvwk Ívwb `i ˆel g i Zyjbvg~jK wpî `LvI KvR- 3 : c~e I cwðg-cvwk v bi g a ivr bwzk I mvs wzk ˆel g i Î jv wpwýz Ki KvR- 4 : cwðg-cvwk vwb `i wbcxob I ˆel g i djvdj Kx n jvññzvi aviyv `vi eûwbe vpwb cökœ 1. cvwk Ívb MYcwil ` Kvb m`m ivóªfvlv evsjvi c cö Íve DÌvcb K ib? K. nv mb knx` mvniviqv`x L. ax i `ª bv_ `Ë M. G, K, drjyj nk N. g bviäb ai 2. cvwk Ívb ivóª m wói c ii ` k HK cöwzôv bv cviqvi KviYÑÑ i. m ú `i mylg eèb bv Kiv ii. ^vqz kvm bi `vwei cöwz AeÁv Kiv iii. msl vmwiô Rb Mvôxi fvlv K gh v`v bv `qv wb Pi KvbwU mwvk? K. i L. ii M. i I ii N. ii I iii wb Pi Aby Q`wU c o 3 I 4 b i cö kœi DËi `viññ wiwg g bv hvm w` q Uwjwfk b GKwU Abyôv bi ` k `LwQj GKRb bzv ewjô K É QvÎwk K `i mgv e k ivr bwzk wm vší ev Íevq bi c NvlYv `b QvÎiv bv, bv, bvññ aÿwb Z cöwzev` Rvbv Q 3. DÏxc K ewy Z bzvi e³e Kvb Av `vj bi K_v m iy Kwi q `q? K. ivóª fvlv L. EbmË ii MYAfy Ìvb M. GKvË ii gyw³hy N. Amn hvm Av `vjb

27 22 evsjv ` ki ^vaxbzvi cuf~wg 4. D³ Av `vj bi iyz c~y djvdj wqjññ K. RvZxq PZbvq DØy Kiv L. fvlvi mvsweavwbk ^xk wz cö`vb Kiv M. c _K RvwZi gh v`v `qv wb Pi KvbwU mwvk? K. i L. ii M. i I ii N. i, ii I iii m Rbkxj cökœ 1. enigcyi A ji RbMY Zv `i `xn w` bi kvm Ki ˆ ^ivpvix g bvfve I Kvh Kjv c AwZô n q Av `vjb I we vf cö`k b K i D³ ˆ ^ikvmk cwkkw³i cö`k b, i³cvz NwU qi Av `vjb w ÍwgZ Ki Z cv ibwb RbM Yi HK, msmªvgx PZbv, AvZ Z v Mi Kv Q Zuvi gzv `ye j n q c o GK ch v q MYRvMi Y D³ ˆ ^ikvmk gzv n ÍvšÍi Ki Z eva nb K mv j Z`vbxšÍb cvwk Ív b mvgwik AvBbRvwi K ib K? L mv ji cöv `wkk wbe vp b gymwjgjxm Kb civwrz nq? e vl v Ki M. enigcy ii MYRvMi Y Z`vbxšÍb c~e -cvwk Ív bi Kvb Av `vj bi ˆewkó dz U D V Q? e vl v Ki N. enigcy ii RbM Yi g bvfveb ciezx Z ^vaxbzv msmªv gi Aby cöiyv hvmvqññe³e wu cvv cy Í Ki Av jv K g~j vqb Ki 2. NUbv-1: RqbM i wewfbœ fvlvfvlx jv Ki evm wqj wkšíy kvmk Mvôx msl vmwi ôi fvlv K D c v K i G Z msl vmwiô Rb Mvôx Av `vjb K i Av `vj bi GK ch v q Zv `i fvlv ivóªfvlv wn m e ^xk wz jvf K i NUbv-2: Z`vbxšÍb cvwk Ív bi wefw³ wb q `v`v bvwz Mí KiwQj `v`v Zvi bvwz ZŠwn`yj K ej jb Zuvi evev Avbmvix mv ne RvZxq cwil `i m`m wq jb Zuvi `j RvZxq I cöv `wkk cwil ` wecyj fv U Rqx niqv m Ë I kvmk Mvôx gzv n ÍvšÍ i Kvj cy K ib K. KZR bi weiy AvMiZjv lohš gvgjv `v qi Kiv nq? L. 6 `dv K evsjvi gvby li gyw³i `wjj ejv nq Kb? M. NUbv-1 : Z`vbxšÍb c~e cvwk Ív bi Kvb NUbvi Bw½Z enb K i? e vl v Ki N. NUbv-2 : 1970 mv ji wbe vp b werqx `j K gzv n všíi bv Kivi cöwz QweÑÑg~j vqb Ki

28 Aa vq-wzb evsjv ` ki mvs wzk ˆewPÎ wewfbœ b Mvôxi mswgkª Y M o D V Q e j evsjvi Rbgvby li AvKv i, Aeq e, Pnvivq GZ ˆewPÎ Zgwb bvbv fvlvrvwzi AvMg b ms wz ZI ˆewPÎ `Lv hvq Z e cwj I K wlcöavb GB ` k MÖvgxY Rxe bi ms wzi cöfveb ewk Avevi b`xi Lqvwj AvPiY Avi cök wzi FZz ewpî evovwj gvbm K wewpîfv e mg K i Q evovwji ms wz eys Z Zvi GB ˆewPÎ gq cuf~wg Lqvj ivlv `ikvi cvv-1 : ms wz Z cök wzi f~wgkv gvbyl c w_exi h A jb Rb wbk Avi evm KiyK Zvi c mlvbkvi cök wz, cwi ek I Rjevqy K D c v Kiv m e bq evovwji Zvi ms wz Z cök wz K D c v K iwb Ggb m úbœ cövyeš cök wz K ev` w` q evovwj ms wzi K_v fvev hvq bv GLvbKvi De i gvwu ^fvezb gvbyl K K wlkv R DØy K i Q Zv `i e envh ˆZRmcÎ ewki fvm wqj gvwui K wl _ KB Zviv c q Q Zzjv hv Zv K Kvco eyb Z DrmvwnZ K i Q Avi cöpzi b`x-bvjv, Lvj-wej _vkvq gvq aiv Zvi Av ik KvR K wl, gvwui KvR, gvqaiv Avi ZuvZ evbv ÑÑeûKvj a i G PviwU wqj evovwji cöavb ckv ax i ax i mgv Ri cö qvr b Kvgvi, Pg Kvi I Kv Vi KvwiMi, ^Y Kvi cöf wz ckvi cömvi n Z _v K evsjvi cök wz hgb D`vi I `vbkxj Zgwb mgq mgq fxly Lqvwj Avi wbôzii n Z cv i b`x fvo b, Abve wó Z, eb vq, e RªI AvNv Z wbôzizv fv jvb evsv hvq Avi ZvB gvbyl cök wz K bvbvfv e mš ó Ki Z P q Q eivei evsjvi MÖvgRxe b GiKg bvbv wek vm I jvkvpv ii cöpjb i q Q M n `i g a cök wzi Lvg Lqvwjcbv gvbyl K Rxe bi fwel Z I wb Ri fvm m ú K AwbðqZvq fvmvq GB AwbwðqZvi eva Zv `i g a mªóvi m ½ evsvcovi wbr ^ aviyv ˆZwi K i Q GUv evovwji G Kev i wbr ^ aib evsjvi evdj-fvwuqvwj-gvidwzmn me ai bi jvkmv b Gme ev ai cökvk N U evsjvq QqFZzi ˆewPÎ _vk ji kxzkvj Qvov eq ii Ab mgq Mi gi cövavb B ewk ZvB GLvbKvi `kxq cvkv K kvwo, jyw½, a~wz, Pv` ii g Zv KvcoB cöpwjz wqj hv Z kix i mn RB evzvm XyK Z cv i

29 24 evsjv ` ki mvs wzk ˆewPÎ euvk, kb, gvwu w` qb mvaviy MÖv gi Ni ˆZwi n Zv cvovgvwui djk, ZvjcvZvi cuyw_ I Qwe, Kv Vi wkíkg, k Li KvR, gvwui ˆZwi miv I m Li nuvwo Avgv `i K wói Ask bvbv ikg bškvi cöpjb Av Q G ` kññwwwo, wqc, Mqbv, eriv, gqyic Lx, mv úvb Ggwb KZ bvg ejv hvq wwwo Mqbv eriv gqyic Lx mv úvb gvq-fvzb Avgv `i cöavb Avnvh AvR Z e kvk-mewri w` KI evovwji SuvK Av Q cyi bv GKwU Qovq Av QÑÑKwP k l kvk, bzzb Pv ji fvz, non o `B-cÖPzi avb Z `uvwo q AvKvk I f~wgi D`vi we wz Abyfe Ki Z cv i K lk R j gvws Zv e UB, GB evsjvi Rjvf~wg Z h Kvb gvbyl b`xc _ Pj Z Pj Z cök wzi GKB wekvj D`viZvq Awff~Z nq cök wzb hb GLvbKvi gvbyl K D`vi I gvbwek K i M o Zz j Q KvR- 1 : KvR- 2 : Abykxjbg~jK KvR evovwji ms wz I Rxe b cök wzi cöfve D j L Ki evovwj ms wzi wbr ^ aib ej Z Kx eys?

30 evsjv `k I wek cwipq 25 cvv-2 : ms wz Z RxweKvi f~wgkv evsjvi gvby li cöavb RxweKv K wlkvr K wl m ú~y wbf i KiZ cök wzi Ici we klfv e gvwu, gn, e wó, iv` Gm ei Ici Avgv `i evsjv K v jûvi I cwäkv g~jz GB K wlmgv Ri Rxebhvc bi mv _ m úk i LB ˆZwi K wl K K `ª K i bvbv ikg AvPvi-Abyôvb cöpwjz wqj Gi g a bzzb avb IVvi c i ngš Kv j n Zv bevbœ Drme kxzkvj Ry o bzzb Pv ji wcvvcywj LvIqvi Pj wqj gvwui cöwz A½xKvi Rvwb q Avgv `i jvk I bvmwik mvwn Z A bk Mvb Av Q iex `ªbv_ VvKz ii `kvz evak GKwU Mv bi cö_g PiY n jvññ I Avgvi ` ki gvwu Zvgvi c i VKvB gv_v briy ji Mv bi gvwui RqMvb MvIqv n q Q R j I gvwsgvj viv b`x I mgy`ªc _ Pj Z wm q Avengvb Kvj _ K iy K i Av m cxi e`i K; Avevi my `ieb A ji gvbyl ebwewe K iy K i bvbvfv e RvMÖZ cök wzi mv _ RxweKvi müv b SuywK wb q Pj Z wm q gvbyl Gme AvPvi-Abyôv b Rwo q Q ZuvwZ, Pg Kvi, Kvgvi-Kz gvi- ^Y Kvi cöf wz KvwiMi kªwyi wb R `i ckvi cöwz GKvMÖZv bvbv AvPvi-Abyôv b cö`k b K i Avm Q KvwiMi I ewykiv we klfv e bee l i w` b nvjlvzv D Øvab K i Avgv `i jvkms wz Z Gfv e gvby li Rxebhvc bi bvbv wpî dz U I V Abykxjbg~jK KvR KvR- 1 : Avgv `i jvkms wz Z mvaviy gvby li Rxebhvc bi Kx wpî dz U I V? cvv-3 : ms wz Z a g i f~wgkv ag gvby li e w³ I mgvr Rxe b LyeB eo f~wgkv cvjb K i GKmgq G ` k AwaKvsk gvbyl wqj cök wz-c~rvix Zviv hgb cök wzi eo kw³ wn m e AvKvk, evzvm, m~h, P `ª K c~rv KiZ Zgwb cök wzi Rxeš Dcv`vb b`x, mgy`ª, e cöf wz KI frbv K i Q eªvþy ag cöpvwiz niqvi ci cöpwjz cy iv bv `e `exi wkqy _ K Mj Avi wkqy `e `ex bzzb hy³ n jv vbxq fw³mxz, gš, Zš, cyuw_, Kve cöpwjz _vkj mv _ hy³ n jv ms Z fvlvq Avh `i bvbv ˆew`K gš I ag MÖš g~wz ˆZwi I Gi mvrm¾v, Aj¼iY, cu wbg vy BZ vw` PviyKjvi PP v hgb i q Q Zgwb Avivabv, AviwZ, nvghá wg j MvbevRbvi PP vi ek AcÖwZnZ _vkj wn `y ag xq Abyôv b b Z ii vb i q Q Z e wn `y a g i ey cö_vi KovKwoi R b wbgœe M i gvbyl Bmjv gi mv g i evyx Z AvK ó n q Q mywdmvakivb cöavbz G ` k Bmjvg ag cöpvi K i Qb ga hy M Bivb, Zzivb, AvdMvb _ K Avmv fvm v š^lx gvby li gva gi gymwjg mgv Ri cömvi N U Q

31 26 evsjv ` ki mvs wzk ˆewPÎ Kv j Kv j G ` k wekvj GK gymwjg m cö`vq ˆZwi n q Q Z e cövpxb K wlwfwëk MÖvgxY mgv Ri avivevwnkzvq wn `y-gymwjg G ` k cvkvcvwk kvwš Z emevm K i Avm Q Zv `i ms wz Z a g i wfwë Z evdj-mvbmn jvkmv b Avi bkwkkuv_vmn AwaKvsk jvkwk í Dfq m cö`v qi gvby li Ae`vb i q Q a g i wfwë Z wn `y-gymjgvb hgb cv_ K i q Q, Zgwb Avevi AvenvIqv I fvlvmz Kvi Y evsjvi gymjgvb I Avi ei gymjgv bi g a A bk cv_ K i q Q evsjv ` k eš m cö`vq QvU MŠZg ey i Rxeb K wn i ˆekvLx c~wy gvq Zuviv DrmegyLi Abyôv bi Av qvrb K i _v K G ` ki wlªóvb m cö`vq AviI QvU Zuviv wb R `i bvbv agx q Abyôvb I cve Y D`&hvcb K i _v Kb eow`b ev whïl ói Rb w` b Aek eo Abyôvb Av qvwrz nq G Z Ab vb m cö`vqi Avgwš Z nq ` ki z`ª RvwZ Mvôxi gvbyli bvbv ag xq I mvgvwrk Drm e g Z I Vb bee l, em š, we q Z Avb `gq Drm ei Av qvrb K ib Zuviv GBme evn cv_ K K AwZµg K i gvbwek g~j ev a me a g i, me fvlvi, me ckvi me ` ki gvbyl kvwš Z-m cöxwz Z evm Ki Z cv i GUv me a g ib g~j wk v Avi evsjvi mvaviy gvbyl AvRxeb mb RxebmvabvB K i Q Abykxjbg~jK KvR KvR- 1 : ag Avgv `i ms wz I Rxebhvc b Kx ai bi cöfve d j Q? KvR- 2 : G ` k emevmkvix bvbv gvby li bvbv a g i g~j wk v Kx? cvv-4 : Drme I gjv evsjvq cöev` Av Q ev iv gv m Zi cve Y A_ vr GLv b Nb Nb Drme-Abyôvb n q _v K ag xq Drme Zv Av QB Gi evb i bevbœ, beel D`hvwcZ n q _v K Avi Av Q bvbv Dcj AmsL gjv evsjv `k z`ª I KzwUi-wkí ms vi GK Rwi c Rvbv hv Q mviv ` k eq ii 1005wU gjv rnq Gme gjvi beÿb fvmb MÖvgxY gjv gymjgvb, wn `y, eš, wlªóvb, GgbwK z`ª b -RvwZ Mvôxmn mkj m cö`vqb gjvi Av qvrb K i _v K Zv e j GK a g i gjvq Ab a g i jvk hvq bv Zv bq mevb mevi gjvq wewkwkwb Ki Z hvq Kv bv Kv bv gjv Avevi mevb wg j mvgvwrkfv e Av qvrb K i _v K gjvq Kej h Nimsmv ii Avi k Li wrwb mi wewkwkwb nq Zv bq cövq me gjv ZB hvîv, w_ quvi, cuvpvwj, KweMvb, KxZ b, evdjmv bi Av qvrb _v K, A bk

32 evsjv `k I wek cwipq 27 gjv Z bvmi `vjv, g vwrk, jvwv Ljv, Kzw, cyzzjbvp, ev qv vc BZ vw`i _v K B`vbxs mikvwi- emikvwi D ` v M bvbv ikg evwywr K I mvs wzk gjvi n Q, hgbñe gjv, Avevmb gjv, werq gjv, ˆekvLx gjv BZ vw` GKz k deªyqvwi K K `ª K i evsjv GKv Wgx Av qvrb K i _v K gvme vcx GKz ki eb gjv G gjv K K `ª K ib g~jz evsjv ` ki m Rbkxj MÖš cökvkbv n q _v K ZvB evovwji mvs wzk Rxeb I mvwnz mvabvq GKz ki wekvj Ae`vb A ^xkvi Kiv hv e bv B`vbxs ` ki wewfbœ Rjvkn ii GKz k D`&hvc bi mv _ mv _ eb gjvi Av qvwrz n Q evsjv ` k gjvi Î Av ikwu D j L hvm w`k n Q e iy gbxlx `i i Y gjvi Av qvrbññkzwóqvi jvjb gjv, wkjvb` ni iex `ª gjv, `wiivgcy ii briyj gjv, mvmi`vwoi gay gjv, mybvgm Äi nvmb gjv, Aw ^Kvcy ii Rmxg gjv Ab Zg mvbvi evsjvi K_v Avgv `i Rwg De i Avgv `i cök wzi `vw Y Amxg Avgv `i ms wz bvbv ˆewP Î mg Avgv `i gvbyl ^fvezb mij I ^ í Zzó Zviv nvrvi eqi a i h ms wz ˆZwi K i Q Zvi gg K_v n jv gvby l gvby l f`v f` bb evovwj mvak ^vgx we ekvb ` e j QbÑÑ Rx e cög K i hrb mrb mwe Q Ck i Avi evovwj Kwe kl drjj Kwig e j QbÑÑ Kv_vq ^M Kv_vq bik K e j Zv eû`~i/gvby li gv S ^M bik, gvby l Z myivmyi KvR- 1 : KvR- 2 : KvR- 3 : Abykxjbg~jK KvR Zvgvi `Lv GKwU gjvi ey bv `vi K qkwu ` j fvm n q gjv wb q gy³ Av jvpbv K i cö Z K `j _ K wfbœ ik gi gjvi cwikíbv ˆZwi Ki evovwj ms wz Amv cö`vwqk I gvbwekññ G K_vi mg_ b `y qkwu gjvi bvg ej

33 28 evsjv ` ki mvs wzk ˆewPÎ eûwbe vpwb cökœ 1. bevbœ Drme nq Kvb FZy Z? K. el v L. kir M. ngší N. kxz 2. evsjv ` ki ms wz Z ˆewPÎ i q Q, KviYÑÑ i. ii. iii. evovwj mski RvwZ G ` ki FZy ˆewPÎ c~y wewfbœ fvlvfvwl jvkr bi Ae vb wb Pi KvbwU mwvk? K. i M. ii L. i I ii N. i, ii I iii wb Pi DÏxcKwU c o 3 I 4 b i cö kœi DËi `viññ Szgvi `v`v b`xi Zx i `uvwo q wzpviy KiwQ jb b`xi DËi w` K Zv `i evwo wqj evwoi cv kb wqj GKwU gmwr` Mvqvj NiwU wqj evwoi wcq b m mg q gwz gvws H b`xi Dci w` q g bi Lywk Z fvwuqvwj Mvb M q hz 3. DÏxc K evsjv ` ki Kvb `y h vm K BswMZ Kiv n q Q? K. R jv Q vm L. b`x fv½b M. Abve wó N. eb v 4. D³ cövk wzk `y h vm m Ë I gwz wgqvi g Zv G ` ki gvby li Lywk nevi cöavb KviYÑÑ i. ii. iii. Rjevqyi we kl cöfve b`b`xi wecyj m ú` ` ki mvs wzk ˆewPÎ wb Pi KvbwU mwvk? K. i I ii L. ii I iii M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii

34 evsjv `k I wek cwipq 29 m Rbkxj cökœ 1. igrvb Avjxi Rb w` b Zvi wzb eüy wc Uvi Mv gr, AcY v wek vm I mykxj eoyqv wekvj GKwU dz ji Zvov wb q Av mb `xn bq eq ii eüyz Zv `i G mg q SMov Zv `~ ii K_v, KD KvD K bv `L j GKUv w`bi _vk Z cv i wb C`yj wdzi, `ym vc~rv, eš c~wy gv, eow`b BZ vw` Drm e Zviv G K Ac ii mv _ `Lvmv vr I fvewewbgq K ib O. KvRx briyj Bmjvg m i Y Kv_vq gjv AbywôZ nq? P. evsjv ` ki K wl cöavbz wk mi Dci wbf ikxj? e vl v Ki Q. ms wz msi Y DÏxc K Kvb wel qi cöfve dzwu q Zvjv n q Q? e vl v Ki R. Ôagx qfv e G K Aci _ K Avjv`v n ji Zv `i g~j eva GKB DÏxc Ki Av jv KÑÑ welqwu g~j vqb Ki 2. evsjv cö_g gv mi cö_g w`b dvwiev, ivbmv, iycwší, wcöqzx mk j wg j wvk K i Zviv igbv eug~ j hv e mk j jvj-mv`v i Oi kvwo ci e mlv b Drm ei Mvb I KweZv ïb e cöwz eqib GLv b A bk bvixcyiyl Av m Giv gy Lvk c i, Mvb Mvq, A b K Avevi gy L wewfbœ Qwe Avu K K. evsjvi gvby li cöavb RxweKv Kx? L. me a g i g~j wk v KvbwU? e vl v Ki M. DÏxc K evsjvi Kvb gjv K BswMZ Kiv n q Q? e vl v Ki N. evsjv ` ki mvs wzk ˆewPÎ wekv k DÏxc Ki ewy Z gjvi Ae`vb g~j vqb Ki

35 cvv-1 I 2 : evsjv ` ki A_ bxwz Aa vq-pvi A_ bxwz evsjv `k GKwU K wlcöavb `k G ` ki ewki fvm gvbyl MÖv g evm K i Avi K wlb Zv `i RxweKvi cöavb Dcvq Z e knivâ ji wekv ki m ½ m ½ wkí I evwy R i f~wgkvi Avgv `i A_ bxwz Z µ g iyz c~y n q DV Q GKwU AvaywbK iv óª K wl, wkí, e emv-evwyr Kv bv Lv Zi iyz Ab LvZ _ K Kg bq `k K DbœZ Ki Z n j Avgv `i RvZxq A_ bxwz K me w`k _ K mej I MwZkxj K i Zzj Z n e Zvi Rb K wl, wkí, e emv-evwyr me ÎB Avgv `i DbœwZ Ki Z n e ez gvb cöwz hvwmzvc~y we k Gi Kv bv wekí bb bvbv A_ bwzk Kvh µg A_ bwzk g~j i q Q Ggb h- Kv bv KvR, mev ev wewbgq K A_ bwzk Kvh µg ejv nq Avi h- Kv bv ` ki A_ bwzk Kvh µg K AbvbyôvwbK I AvbyôvwbK GB `ywu fv M fvm Kiv hvq h-me Kv Ri Rb grywi wba vwiz bb, K ii AvIZvq AvbvI KwVb Ges h-me A_ bwzk Kvh µg mikvi KZ K wbqwš Z nq bv, ms c AbvbyôvwbK Kvh µg ej Z m jv KB evsvq hgb : wb Ri Rwg, `vkvb ev e emv cªwzôv b KvR, M n vwj Kg, nkvwi, w`bgrywi cöf wz AbybœZ ev Dbœqbkxj ` ki ewki fvm A_ bwzk Kvh µg GB AbvbyôvwbK Lv Zi gva gb n q _v K AZxZKvj _ K P j Avm Q e j A b K Gme KvR K A_ bxwzi cö_vmz LvZI e j _v Kb MÖvgv ji AbvbyôvwbK A_ bwzk KvR we k i Ab h- Kv bv Dbœqbkxj ` ki g Zv evsjv ` ki A_ bxwz ZI AbvbyôvwbK LvZ cöavb f~wgkv cvjb Ki Q MÖv gi GKRb Pvwl I Zvi cwiev ii m`m iv mkvj _ K mü v ch š Rwg Z KvR K i wb R `i Rwg Z KvR Kivi Rb Zviv Kv bv grywi cvq bv ev bq bv wkš

36 evsjv `k I wek cwipq 31 Zv `i m KvR ev cwikª gi d j Kej Zv `i cwievib bq, mgvr I ivóªi DcK Z n Q ` ki gvu Lv` Pvwn`vi eo AskUv ZvivB Drcv`b Ki Q Gfv e Avgv `i K lkiv RvZxq A_ bxwz Z iyz c~y Ae`vb ivl Q Kvgvi-Kz gv ii KvR, MÖv gi KzwUi wkí, `vkvb I Ab vb QvULv Uv e emvi AbvbyôvwbK A_ bwzk Kv Ri Aš f y³ Avgv `i A_ bxwz K mpj ivl Z Gme KvRI g~j evb f~wgkv cvjb Ki Q mv cöwzkkv j K wlmn MÖvgxY A_ bxwz Z AvaywbK cöhyw³i e envi j Kiv M ji, cö_vmz ev AbvbyôvwbK LvZwU GLbI cöavb f~wgkvq i q Q RvZxq A_ bxwzi w`k _ K we epbv Ki ji GB LvZwU iyz c~y mnvqk f~wgkv cvjb Ki Q knivâ ji AbvbyôvwbK A_ bwzk KvR evsjv ` ki kni jv Z D PweË, ga weë, wbgœweë I weënxb mkj kªwyi gvbylb evm K i weënxb `i g a A b K Avevi fvmgvb ev A vqx A_ vr Zv `i wbr ^ ev vqx evmvevwo bb Zviv ew, dzucvz, cvk, ij kb BZ vw` Z evm K i D PweË I ga weë kªwyi jv Kiv mvaviyz AvbyôvwbK A_ bwzk KvR hgb mikvwi I emikvwi PvKzwi, e emv-evwyr BZ vw` Z wb qvwrz wbgœweë I weënxbiv QvULv Uv `vkvb, dzucv Z nkvwi, dwiiqvjv, wikkv ev VjvMvwo PvjK, gy U, wgw, hvmvwj, Mv g U m PvKzwi wksev evmvevwoi KvR K i RxweKv wbe vn K i G jv K AbvbyôvwbK A_ bwzk KvR e j MY Kiv nq A_ bxwz Z AbvbyôvwbK Lv Zi Ae`vb MÖvgcÖavb evsjv ` ki MÖvgv j emevmkvix ewki fvm gvbyl wbr ^ D ` v M I kª g avb-cvu, iwekm, kvkmewr I djg~j Drcv`b, gvq aiv, Miy-QvMj I nuvm-gyiwm cvjb, KzwUiwkí, nvuevrv i cy wewµ Kivi gva g Zv `i RxweKvi ms vbb Ki Q ïay ZvB bq, Zviv ` ki A_ bwzk Rxeb K mpj ivlvi ÎI cöavb f~wgkv cvjb Ki Q GKBfv e knivâ j emevmkvix ^í I gvsvwi Ggb wk D P Av qi A bk gvbyli AbvbyôvwbK Lv Zi A_ bwzk Kg Kv Ê wb R `i wb qvwrz i L Q Gfv e cö_g _ KB evsjv ` ki A_ bxwz AbvbyôvwbK Lv Zi Ici ewk wbf ikxj mikvwi I emikvwi ch v q AvbyôvwbK Lv Zi f~wgkv e w I Zv Rvi`vi niqvi cii Avgv `i A_ bxwz Z cö_vmz ev AbvbyôvwbK Lv Zi iyz K gwb Abykxjbg~jK KvR KvR-1 : KvR-2 : Zvgvi GjvKvi h- Kv bv GKwU AbvbyôvwbK A_ bwzk Kv Ri weeiy `vi RvZxq A_ bxwz Z Zv Kxfv e Ae`vb iv L eyws q ej AvbyôvwbK A_ bwzk KvR ej Z Avgiv Kvb wj K eyws? Avgv `i RvZxq A_ bxwz Z m jvi iyz e vl v Ki

37 32 A_ bxwz cvv-3 I 4 : evsjv ` ki A_ bxwz Z wk íi f~wgkv evsjv `k GKwU K wlcöavb `k n ji weªwuk Avgj _ KB GLv b wkqz wkqz wkí ev KjKviLvbv M o DV Z _v K Zvi g a cvu, myzv I Kvc oi KjB wqj cöavb cvwk Ívb m wói ci c~e evsjvi bvivqym Ä cöwzwôz nq c w_exi me e nr cvukj Av`gwR RyU wgj&m cvwk vwb Avg j wkí ev KjKviLvbv cöwzôvi Î G-AÂjwU cvwk vwb kvmk `i ˆelg ev eâbvi wkkvi nq 1971-G ^vaxbzvi ci evsjv ` ki wewfbœ v b bzzb bzzb wkíkvilvbv M o DV Z ïiy K i GK mgq Avgv `i ` ki cvuwkíb wqj cöavb, mb m ½ wqj Pv, wpwb, wm g U, mvi, Pvgov, ij I BwÄwbqvwis KviLvbv ez gv b Mv g Um I Jla wk íi evsjv `k weivu mvdj AR b K i Q AvKvi, g~jab, Drcv` bi cwigvy, Kg x ev kªwg Ki msl v BZ vw` wepv i wkí cöwzôvb K K qkwu fv M fvm Kiv hvq : e nr wkí cvu, e, wpwb, wm g U, mvi, ij, BwÄwbqvwis, we`y r cöf wz e nr wkí Gme wkí cöwzôv b cöpzi g~jab, ` kªwgk I KvwiMi, cö KŠkjx, we klá I AwfÁ e e vc Ki cö qvrb nq

38 evsjv `k I wek cwipq 33 Gme wk íi Drcv`b gzvi A bk ewk ` ki Pvwn`v wgwu qi Drcvw`Z mvgmöxi GKUv Ask we ` k ißvwb nq RvZxq A_ bxwz Z G ai bi e nr wk íi iyz ZvB AZ wak ` ki A_ bwzk giy`ê wn m e KvR K i GB wkí jv gvsvwi wkí hme wkí cöwzôv b `o KvwU UvKvi AwaK g~jab Lv U m jv K mvaviyz gvsvwi wkí e j MY Kiv nq hgbññ nvév BwÄwbqvwis, wmé, wmivwgk, Kvì v ir ev wngvmvi cöf wz ` ki Pvwn`v c~iy I A bk jv Ki Kg ms v bi gva g G ai bi wkí RvZxq A_ bxwz Z iyz c~y f~wgkv cvjb K i z`ª wkí `o KvwU UvKvi Kg g~jab Lv U h KviLvbv ev wkí cöwzôv b Zv K z`ª wkí aiv nq Pvj Kj, QvU QvU RyZv ev c vw K KviLvbv, Lv` cöwµqvrvz wkí Gi D`vniY KzwUiwkí GB wk í Drcv`b I wecy bi KvRwU cöavbz gvwjk wb R ev Zvi cwiev ii m`m ivb K i _v Kb Avgv `i ` k ZuvZe, gvwui ˆZwi wrwbmcî, euvk, ez I Kv Vi KvR, kvwo ev wgwói c v KU, AvMievwZ BZ vw` KzwUiwk íi K qkwu D`vniY evsjv ` ki g Zv e nr RbmsL vi I wk í AbMÖmi GKwU ` k AmsL gvby li Kg ms vb I ^wbf izv AR bi my hvm K i w` q KzwUiwkí RvZxq A_ bxwz Z g~j evb Ae`vb ivl Q

39 34 A_ bxwz evsjv ` ki A_ bxwz Z wk íi Ae`vb bm ii we vi I gvby li Rxebgvb e w i d j c w_exi Ab vb ` ki g Zv evsjv ` ki wk íi f~wgkv µ g iyz c~y n q DV Q Lv`, e, Jl ai g Zv wrwbm jv Zv e UB; R vjvwb, we`y r, M nwbg vy mvgmöx Qvov Avgv `i Rxeb AvR APj Avi G jv Avgiv cvb Kv bv bv Kv bv wkí _ K K wli ci ` ki weivumsl K gvby li RxweKvi ms vbi n Q GB wkílvz _ KB Gi Afv e ` k ekvi Z i nvi AviI evoz mv cöwzkkv j evsjv ` k Mv g Um wk íi we vi j j gvbyl we kl K i bvix `i Rb Kg ms v bi my hvm K i w` q Q GwU ` ki mvgvwrk AMÖMwZ ZI f~wgkv ivl Q wkílv Z Kg ms v bi my hvm gvbyl K wk v I cªhyw³i cöwz AvMÖnx K i Zzj Q AvaywbK Z_ cöhyw³i e envi ` ki MwÊ Qvwo q Avgv `i wek bvmwik wn m e fve Z DØy Ki Q evsjv ` k wk íi fwel r m vebv evsjv `k GKwU wkí m vebvgq `k Gi i q Q wekvj Rbm ú` GLv b A c vk Z Kg grywi Z ` I A` Dfq ai bi cöpzi kªwgk cviqv hvq d j we `wk wewb qvmkvixiv G ` k wkí vcb I wewb qvm Ki Z AvMÖnx nb Mv g Um wkí Gi GKwU eo D`vniY wewfbœ we `wk Kv úvwb evsjv ` k GKKfv e I G `kxq `i m ½ hš_ Askx`vwi Z Mv g Um KviLvbv vcb K i Q G ` k Drcvw`Z cvkvk AvR we k i evrv i mgv` Z n Q Mv g Um QvovI Ab vb wk íi we `wkiv cuywr wewb qvm Ki Z AvMÖn `Lv Qb we `wk wewb qvmkvix `i AvK ó Ki Z mikvi ` k K qkwu ißvwb cöwµqvkiy GjvKv cöwzôv K i Q ZvQvov e `i I cwienb myweav e w, we`y r I M vm mieivn e e vi DbœwZ, Iqvb c mev Pvjy Kivi gva gi mikvi wkílv Z we `wk wewb qvm K DrmvwnZ Ki Q Gme c` ci d j AvMvgx Z ` k bvbv ai bi wkíkvilvbv M o IVvi m vebv `Lv hv Q B`vbxs we ` k Kg iz evsjv `wk `ii A b K Zv `i AwR Z A_ ` k wkí cöwzôvq wewb qvm Ki Z AvMÖn `Lv Qb Gfv e evsjv ` ki GKwU wkímg ga Av qi `k niqvi m vebv µ g D¾ j n q DV Q Gi d j ïay h ` k `vwi`ª n«vm I ekvi mgm vib mgvavb n e ZvB bq, mvaviyfv e gvby li Avw_ K Ae vi DbœwZ Ges RvZxq A_ bxwzi kw³kvjx n e KvR-1 : KvR-2 Abykxjbg~jK KvR z`ª, gvsvwi, e nr wksev KzwUiwkíÑ Gi h Kv bv GK ai bi wk íi bv gv j L K i evsjv ` ki A_ bxwz Z Zvi iyz e vl v Ki : evsjv ` ki fwel r wkí m vebv m ú K ms c jl

40 evsjv `k I wek cwipq 35 cvv-5 : evsjv ` ki Avg`vwb I ißvwb Avg`vwb I ißvwb mvaviyz Kv bv `kb Zvi Pvwn`vi mg wrwbm wb Riv Drcv`b Ki Z cv i bv Ab `k _ K wkqy wkqz wrwbm Zv K Avg`vwb Ki Z nq GKBfv e ` ki Pvwn`v wgwu q Drcvw`Z mvgmöxi GKUv Ask we ` k ißvwb Kiv nq h ` k h mvgmöx cöpzi cwigv Y Drcbœ nq mvaviyz m jvb we ` k ißvwb Kiv nq Gfv e we ` k cy ißvwb K i AwR Z ˆe `wkk gy`ªv hgb we `k _ K cy Avg`vwb Z e q nq Zgwb ` ki Dbœq bi Kv R jv M GB h we `k _ K cy Avg`vwb I we ` k cy ißvwb, Gi bvgb ˆe `wkk evwyr h Kv bv ` ki A_ bxwz Z ˆe `wkk evwy R i GKwU iyz c~y f~wgkv i q Q AvaywbK we k GB ˆe `wkk evwy R i my hvm A bk e o Q Kv bv `kb AvR Zvi Pvwn`vi mg wrwbl wb Riv Drcv`b Kivi K_v fv e bv eis ` ki A_ bxwzi K_v we epbv K i h cy Uv Avg`vwb ev ißvwb Kiv mnr I jvfrbk, ZvB Kiv nq GKwU cwikíbv I bxwzi AvIZvq KvRUv Kiv nq wewfbœ ` ki g a cvi úwik Pzw³i AvIZvq GB Avg`vwb-ißvwb A_ vr ˆe `wkk evwywr K Kvh µg cwipvwjz nq Avi GB evwywr K Kvh µg Z`viwK, wbqš Y I evwyr ïé wba viy BZ vw` welq jv `Lvi Rb i q Q KZ jv Avš R vwzk I AvÂwjK ms v ev msmvb hgb wek evwyr ms v (World Trade Organisation : WTO), `w Y Gkxq gy³ evwyr GjvKv (South Asian Free Trade Area : SAFTA) cöf wz ˆe `wkk evwy R i Î h ` ki Avg`vwbi P q ißvwbi cwigvy ewk Zv K DbœZ `k aiv nq evsjv ` ki Avg`vwb cy mvgmöx evsjv `k c w_exi wewfbœ `k _ K wbqwgz hme cy Avg`vwb K i m jv n jv Pvj, Mg, Wvj, ˆZjexR, Zzjv, Acwi kvwaz c Uªvj I c UªvwjqvgRvZ `ªe, fvr Zj, mvi, K wl I wkí hš cvwz, myzv cöf wz Avi hme `k _ K Gme mvgmöx Avg`vwb Kiv nq Zvi g a i q Q Pxb, fviz, Rvcvb, wm½vcyi, `w Y Kvwiqv, gvj qwkqv, hy³ivóª, hy³ivr, d«vý I Rvg vwb mikvwi I emikvwi Dfq Lv ZB GB Avg`vwb evwyr P j evsjv `k e vs Ki wn me Abyhvqx MZ A_ eq i evsjv `k we `k _ K cövq GK KvwU 72 j gvwk b Wjv ii cy mvgmöx Avg`vwb K i Q GB cwigvy Av Mi `yb A_ eq ii P q Kg A_ vr Avg`vwb Lv Z evsjv ` ki A_ e q K g Avm Q evsjv ` ki ißvwb cy mvgmöx GK mgq cvub wqj Avgv `i cöavb ißvwb mvgmöx cvu I cvurvz `ªe hgbññp Ui e vm, Kv c U cöf wz ißvwb K i evsjv `k cöpzi ˆe `wkk gy`ªv DcvR b KiZ wkš gv Si K qk eqi mviv we k cvu I cvurvz `ª e i Pvwn`v K g hvq m cöwz evsjv `wk weávbx `i Øviv cv Ui Ô R bvgõ ev Rb inm Avwe vi Ges wek e vcx cwi ek m PZbZv e w i d j AveviI cvu I

41 36 A_ bxwz cvurvz mvgmöx ißvwb Z evsjv ` ki m vebv D¾ j n q DV Q KuvPv cvu I cvurvz `ªe Qvov AviI hme cy evsjv `k we ` k ißvwb K i _v K Zvi g a D j L hvm n jv Pv, Pvgov I PvgovRvZ `ªe, ˆZwi cvkvk, wngvwqz wpswo I Ab vb Lv`, n wkírvz `ªe, kvkmwâ cöf wz evsjv `k e vs Ki wn me Abyhvqx MZ A_ eq i evsjv `k ˆZwi cvkvkmn Ab vb mvgmöx ißvwb K i cövq GK nvrvi GK kv 54 KvwU gvwk b Wjvi DcvR b K i Q cvkvkmn evsjv ` ki cy mvgmöxi me P q eo µzv n jv hy³ivóª Gi c ii mvwi Z Av Q Rvg vwb, hy³ivr I d«vý Avg`vwb I ißvwbi iyz evsjv `k we `k _ K cöavbz mme cy B Avg`vwb K i hv ` ki gvby li Lv` I Ab vb Pvwn`v c~i Yi Rb hv `ikvi mgq g Zv Gme cy Avg`vwb bv Ki Z cvi j ^vfvwekfv eb ` k Gme c Y i Pig Afve I g~j e w NUZ Avi Zv Z ` k mvgvwrk I ivr bwzk Aw izv `Lv w`z c w_exi Kv bv `kb Zvi Pvwn`vi mg mvgmöx wbr ` k Drcv`b K i bv cwikwíz evwyr bxwzi AvIZvq Ab `k _ K myweavrbk `v g Avg`vwb K i evsjv `ki Zvi e wzµg bq Z e GiB cvkvcvwk evsjv `k ek wkqz cy wbqwgz we ` k ißvwb Ki Q Zv _ K g~j evb ˆe `wkk gy`ªv DcvR b Ki Q ` ki A_ bxwz K mpj ivl ZB Zv h mvnvh Ki Q ïay ZvB bq, Gi d j ` k wkí m úªmviy I Kg ms v bii my hvm m wó n Q Avg`vwb n«vm K i ißvwbi cwigvy e w i gva g Avgiv RvwZ wn m e ^vej ^x n q DV Z cvwi RbMY K hz ewk Avgiv Drcv` bi Kv R wb qvwrz Ki Z cvie ZZB A_ bwzkfv e ^wbf i n q DVe evsjv `k K GKwU ga Av qi wkí m vebvgq `k wn m e M o Zzj Z n j ˆe `wkk evwyr we kl K i ißvwbi welqwu K Avgv `i iyz w` Z n e Abykxjbg~jK KvR KvR-1 : KvR-2 : evsjv ` ki Avg`vwb I ißvwb c Y i GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki Avg`vwb I ißvwbi iyz m ú K K qkwu evk jl eûwbe vpwb cökœ 1. Kvb `kwu cvkvkmn evsjv ` k Drcvw`Z cy mvgmªxi me P q eo µzv? K. dv m L. Rvg vwb M. hy³ivóª N. hy³ivr

42 evsjv `k I wek cwipq evsjv `k GKwU wkí m vebvgq `k KviY, GLv bññ i. Kg grywi Z kªwgk cviqv hvq ii. wewb qvm mnvqk mikvwi Kg m~wp i q Q iii. Drcvw`Z c Y i Yv Y Ab ` ki P q fv jv wb Pi KvbwU mwvk? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii wb Pi Aby Q`wU c o 3 I 4 b i cö kœi DËi `vi : ivwke mv ne GKRb wkícwz wzwb XvKvi ZuRMvI GjvKvq 30 jvl UvKv w` q GKwU cvkvk ˆZwii KviLvbv vcb K ib Zvi G KviLvbvwU Z 200 Rb kªwgk KvR K i wzwb G KviLvbvi jf vsk w` q AviI GKwU KviLvbv vcb K ib ˆZwiK Z cvkvk wzwb BD ivc I Av gwikvi wewfbœ ` k ißvwb K ib 3. ivwke mv n ei vwcz KviLvbwU Kvb wk íi AšÍM Z? K. KzwUi wkí L. z`ªwkí M. gvsvwi wkí N. e nr wkí 4. D³ KvRwU evsjv ` ki RvZxq A_ bxwzi Kvb Î me vwak cöfve dj Q? K. `kxq KvuPvgv ji mø envi L. ^wbf izv AR b M. Kg ms vb m wó N. g~jab e w m Rbkxj cökœ 1. ZwgR DwÏb Zvi wzb Q j K mv _ wb q Zvi Rwg Z avb, Mg, mwilv, fyævmn bvbv ai bi dmj Pvl K i Zvi x I cyîeayivi dmj Zvjvi Kv R mnvqzv K i Aemi mg q m evwoi mvg b GKwU gyw` `vkvb Pvjvq wkšíy Gme Kv Ri Rb KD Zv K Kv bv ezb `q bv Zv Z m g b Kó bv c q eis Me eva K i K. SAFTA Gi cy iv bvg Kx? L. gvsvwi wkí ej Z Kx evsvq? e vl v Ki M. ZwgR DwÏ bi cwiev ii m`m `i KvR Kvb ai bi A_ bwzk Kv Ri AvIZvfy³ Zv e vl v Ki N. ZwgR DwÏ bi g Zv gvby li KvR RvZxq A_ bxwz Z iyz c~y Ae`vb ivl QÑÑ g~j vqb Ki

43 38 A_ bxwz 2. Rwibv Mªv gi Mwie weaev gwnjv m GKw`b evrvi _ K evuk I ez wk b wb q Av m `yb g q K wb q Wvjv, Kzjv I dzj`vwb ˆZwi K i Zvi Q j ZvgwR` G jv evrv i wewµ K i G Z Zv `i h jvf nq Zv w` q msmvi P j w` b w` b Zv `i ˆZwiK Z `ª e i Pvwn`v evo Z _v K ciezx Z ZvgwR` Zvi evevi GK eüyi mn hvwmzvq vbxq GKwU e vsk _ K FY bq m KK, we yumn wewfbœ Lv` `ªe ˆZwii KviLvbv vcb K i ZvgwR` Zvi KviLvbvq Lv` `ªe cöwµqvrvz Ges c v KURvZ K i evrv i wewµ K i cöpyi jvf K i K. ißvwb cöwµqvkiy GjvKv cöwzôvi D Ïk Kx? L. AbvbyôvwbK A_ bwzk Kvh µg ej Z Kx evsvq? e vl v Ki M. ZvgwR `i vwcz KviLvbvwU Kvb wk íi AšÍM Z Zv e vl v Ki N. ^wbf izv AR b Rwibv em gi Kv Ri Ae`vb g~j vqb Ki

44 Aa vq-cuvp evsjv ` ki wbe vpb e e v AvaywbK MYZ š i wfwëb n jv wbe vpb GB e e vq bvmwikiv GKvwaK cöv_ xi ga _ K Zv `i cöwzwbwa e Q bq GB e Q biqvi e vcviwu nq Mvcb fv Ui gva g fv Ui djvd j Rqx cöv_ xiv vbxq I RvZxq ch v q mikvi MVb, AvBb cöyqb I kvmb cwipvjbvq AskMÖnY K ib Avgv `i ` k BDwbqb cwil`, Dc Rjv cwil`, cšimfv, bmi K c v ikb, RvZxq msm` GgbwK ivóªcwz c ` ch š Kv bv bv Kv bv c wzi wbe vpb nq myôz wbe vp bi ga w` q Dchy³ cöwzwbwa wbe vpb Kiv M jb Kej Kv bv ` k mwz Kvi MYZš cöwzôv Kiv h Z cv i cvv-1: wbe vp bi iyz I wbe vpb c wz AvR Ki w` b GKwU ` ki ev kn ii mkj gvbyl GK Î wgwjz n q AvBb cöyqb ev `k kvmb Ki e GUv m e bq GRb RbMY K Zv `i cöwzwbwa wbe vpb Ki Z nq cöwzwaivb Zv `i n q kvmb cwipvjbv K ib GB cöwzwbwa wbe vp bi e vcviwu nq fv Ui gva g fvu w` q RbMY Kej Zv `i cöwzwbwab wbe vpb K i bv, Kx ikg kvmbe e v Zviv Pvq, m-m ú K Zv `i gzvgzi cökvk K i mw`k _ K AvaywbK iv óª wbe vp bi Kv bv wekí bb ez gvb we k hz ikg kvmbe e v cöpwjz Av Q Zvi g a MYZš KB m e vëg we epbv Kiv nq Avi wbe vpbb n jv MYZ š i wfwë MYZ š i g~jk_v n jv bvmwik ev Rbmvavi Yi gzvg Zi wfwë Z wm vš MÖnY Avi wbe vpb n jv RbgZ cökv ki cöavb I wewam Z cöwµqv myzivs wbe vpb Qvov MYZš Pj Z cv i bv wbe vpb c wz wbe vpb c wz cöavbz `yb-ai bi : (K) cöz wbe vpb I (L) c iv wbe vpb cöz wbe vpb bvmwikiv hlb mivmwi fv U Zv `i cöwzwbwa wbe vpb K i ZLb Zv K cöz wbe vpb ejv nq Avgv `i ` k RvZxq msm `i m`m iv cöz wbe vpb c wz Z wbe vwpz n q _v Kb GQvov vbxq mikvi hgb BDwbqb cwil `i m`m I Pqvig vb, Dc Rjv cwil `i m`m I Pqvig vb, cšimfvi Kwgkbvi I Pqvig vb Ges bmi K c v ik bi Kwgkbvi I gqi RbM Yi cöz fv U wbe vwpz nb c iv wbe vpb G c wz Z bvmwikiv mivmwi fv U Zv `i cöwzwbwa wbe vpb K i bv GLv b wbe vpbwu nq `yb av c cö_ g bvmwikiv Zv `i mivmwi fv U ga ez x GKwU i ev cöwzwbwa ms vi Rb m`m wbe vpb K i Zvici GB cöwzwbwaivb fvu w` q P~ovš cöwzwbwa wbe vpb K ib evsjv ` ki

45 40 evsjv ` ki wbe vpb e e v ivóªcwz wbe vpb Ges RvZxq msm `i msiw Z gwnjv Avm bi m`m wbe vpb G ikg c iv c wz ZB n q _v K hgb Avgv `i ` ki ivóªcwz RbMY ev fvuvi `i mivmwi fv U wbe vwpz nb bv mvaviy wbe vp bi mgq bvmwikiv fvu w` q RvZxq msm `i m`m wbe vpb K ib GB wbe vwpz cöwzwbwaivb Zuv `i fv U ivóªcwz wbe vpb K ib GKBfv e RvZxq msm `i msiw Z gwnjv Avm bi m`m ivi RbM Yi mivmwi fv U wbe vwpz nb bv RvZxq msm `i wbe vwpz m`m ivb IB Avmb jvi Rb fvu w` Z cv ib wb P GKwU Q Ki mvnv h cöz I c iv wbe vp bi ZdvZ ev ˆewkó evsv bv n jv cöz wbe vpb c iv wbe vpb KvR-1 : Abykxjbg~jK KvR Zvgvi `Lv h Kv bv GKwU wbe vp bi weeiy `vi KvR-2 : Zvgv `i kªwyk cöz I c iv c wz Z bzv wbe vp bi cöwµqv Abykxjb Ki

46 evsjv `k I wek cwipq 41 cvv-2 I 3 : evsjv ` ki RvZxq I vbxq ch v qi wbe vpb RvZxq I vbxq Dfq ch v q evsjv ` ki gvbyl wbe vp bi gva g Zv `i cöwzwbwa wbe vpb K i GB cöwzwbwaiv Zv `i n q RvZxq I vbxq ch v q mikvi I Dbœqb Kg KvÊ cwipvjbv K i (K) RvZxq ch v qi wbe vpb : evsjv ` k RvZxq ch v q mvaviyz wzb ai bi wbe vpb AbywôZ nq 1. RvZxq msm` wbe vpb : `ke vcx mkj cövßeq bvmwi Ki mivmwi fv Ui gva g RvZxq msm `i 300wU Avm bi m`m wbe vwpz nb GB cöz fv U wbe vwpz m`m MYB Avevi wb Riv fvu w` q RvZxq msm `i 50wU msiw Z gwnjv Avm bi m`m wbe vpb K ib GjvKvwfwËK wbe vwpz n ji RvZxq msm `i GB gvu 350Rb m`m mgmö ` ki cöwzwbwaz K ib ZuvivB ` ki Rb AvBb cöyqb K ib I Ab vb bxwzwba viyx wm vš bb GB RvZxq msm` m`m `i ga _ KB msl vmwiô m` m i mg_ b ` ki mikvi MwVZ nq Gme w`k _ K GwUB RvZxq ch v q Avgv `i me P q iyz c~y wbe vpb 2. ivóªcwz wbe vpb : ivóªcwz wbe vpbi Avgv `i GKwU RvZxq ch v qi wbe vpb hw`i GB wbe vpbwu cöz bq, c iv c wz Z n q _v K ` ki cövßeq mkj bvmwi Ki fv Ui gva g RvZxq msm `i m`m iv wbe vwpz nb Avi RbM Yi cöz fv U wbe vwpz GB cöwzwbwaivb fvu w` q cuvp eq ii Rb ` ki ivóªcwz wbe vpb K ib 3. MY fvu : ` ki Kv bv iyz c~y ev bxwzwba viyx wel q mivmwi RbM Yi gzvgz MÖnY ev hvpvb qi Rb MY fvu Abyôvb Kiv nq G wbe vpb Abyôv bi Kv bv wbw` ó mgq ev gqv` bb cö qvrb Abyhvqx h- Kv bv mgq GB MY fvu AbywôZ n Z cv i (L) vbxq ch v qi wbe vpb : ` ki kvmbe e v I Dbœqb Kg KvÊ hb myôzfv e cwipvjbv Kiv hvq Zvi Rb K `ªxq mikv ii Aax b vbxq ch v q AviI K qk ai bi mikvi Pvjy i q Q hgb MÖvgv j BDwbqb cwil` I Dc Rjv cwil`, knivâ j cšimfv, bmi ev wmwu K c v ikb BZ vw` wb P Gme vbxq mikv ii wbe vpb m ú K Av jvpbv Kiv n jv : 1. BDwbqb cwil` : BDwbqb cwil` jv MÖvgwfwËK ez gv b ` k gvu 4498 wu BDwbqb Av Q cöwzwu BDwbqb cwil ` GKRb Pqvig vb, bq Rb mvaviy m`m Ges msiw Z Avm b wzbrb gwnjv m`m _v Kb mswk ó GjvKvi bvmwik `i cöz fv U Zuviv cuvp eq ii Rb wbe vwpz nb 2. Dc Rjv cwil` : ez gv b ` k 483 wu Dc Rjv Av Q cöwzwu Dc Rjvq i q Q Dc Rjv cwil` GKRb Pqvig vb, K qkrb mvaviy m`m I msiw Z Avm bi gwnjv m`m wb q GB cwil` MwVZ nq Dc Rjv Pqvig vb mswk ó GjvKvi bvmwik `i cöz fv U cuvp eq ii Rb wbe vwpz nb

47 42 evsjv ` ki wbe vpb e e v 3. cšimfv : cšimfv kniwfwëk mikvi KvVv gv ` k ez gv b 309 wu cšimfv Av Q GKRb gqi, K qkrb KvDwÝji I msiw Z gwnjv Avm bi K qkrb KvDwÝji wb q cšimfv MwVZ nq Avi Zuviv mevb mswk ó cšimfvq emevmiz bvmwik ev fvuvi `i cöz fv U cuvp eq ii Rb wbe vwpz nb 4. wmwu K c v ikb : evsjv ` k ez gv b QqwU gnvbmix Av Q G jv n jv XvKv, PÆMÖvg, ivrkvnx, Lyjbv, ewikvj I wm ju G-QqwU gnvbmix QvovI bvivqymä I Kzwgj v ZI wmwu K c v ikb i q Q wmwu K c v ik bi cöavb n jb gqi cöwzwu wmwu K c v ikb K qkwu Iqv W wef³ _v K cöwzwu Iqv W i Rb GKRb KvDwÝji _v Kb gqi I KvDwÝjiMY mevb mswk ó GjvKvi bvmwik `i cöz fv U cuvp eq ii Rb wbe vwpz nb 5. Rjv cwil` wbe vpb : wzbwu cve Z Rjv Qvov evsjv ` ki evwk 61wU Rjvq GKwU K i Rjv cwil` Av Q GKRb Pqvig vb, 15 Rb m`m I msiw Z gwnjv Avm bi cuvprb m`m wb q Rjv cwil` MwVZ nq Zuviv mk j c iv fv Ui gva g wbe vwpz n q _v Kb Rjv cwil `i Aš M Z wmwu K c v ikb I cšimfvi gqi I KvDwÝji Ges Dc Rjv I BDwbqb cwil `i Pqvig vb I m`m `i Øviv Zuviv wbe vwpz nb Rjv cwil `i Kvh Kvj cuvp eqi 6. cve Z Rjv cwil` : evsjv ` k wzbwu cve Z Rjv Av Q G jv n jv ivovgvwu, LvMovQwo I ev `ievb cöwzwu Rjvq GKwU K i cve Z Rjv cwil` Av Q GKRb Pqvig vb, wbw` ó msl K DcRvZxq I A-DcRvZxq m`m mgš^ q GB Rjv cwil` jv MwVZ nq Zuviv mswk ó cve Z Rjvi fvuvi `i cöz fv U wbe vwpz nb Dcwbe vpb : Kv bv Avm bi wbe vwpz Kv bv m`m gviv M j, c`z vm Ki j wksev Ab Kv bv Kvi Y Avmb k~b n j D³ Avm b cybivq wbe vpb Abyôvb K i bzzb m`m ev RbcÖwZwbwa wbe vpb Ki Z nq G KB Dcwbe vpb e j Dcwbe vpb RvZxq I vbxq Dfq ch v qb n Z cv i Abykxjbg~jK KvR KvR-1 : Zvgvi wb Ri GjvKvq m cöwz n q Q Ggb Kv bv vbxq wbe vpb ch v jvpbv K i wb Pi cökœ jvi DËi `vi : (1) wbe vp bi bvg (2) c `i bvg (3) cöv_ x msl v I (4) djvdj

48 43 evsjv ` ki wbe vpb e e v eûwbe vpwb cökœ 1. evsjv ` ki RvZxq msm `i msiw Z gwnjv Avmb msl v KZwU? K. 20 L. 30 M. 40 N wbe vpb iyz c~y, KviYÑÑ i. mk j wg j `k kvmb m e bq ii. wbe vp b cq `gz cöwzwbwa wbe vpb Kiv nq iii. GwU GKwU MYZvwš K cöwµqv wb Pi KvbwU mwvk? K. i L. i I ii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii wb Pi Aby QwU c o 3 I 4 b i cö kœi DËi `vi : Rbve mvnvbv Av³vi GKwU vbxq mikvi KvVv gvi wbe vwpz RbcÖwZwbwa wzwb GjvKvi iv ÍvNvU, eªxr, KvjfvU wbg v Yi e vcv i Zvi Aax b wbe vwpz 09 Rb m` m i mv _ Av jvpbv K ib m mgq msiw Z Avm b wbe vwpz m`m MYI AskMÖnY K ib 3. mvnvbv h vbxq mikvi KvVv gvi cöavb RbcÖwZwbwa Zvi bvg Kx? K. Rjv cwil` L. wmwu K c v ikb M. cšimfv N. BDwbqb cwil` 4. D³ vbxq mikvi KvVv gvi Kvh µ gi Dci mikv ii wbf i K iññ K. Dbœqb Kg Kv Êi mwvk ev Íevqb L. bxwzgvjvi mwvk cö qvm M. c RbgZ MVb Kiv N. ev RU cöyqb Kiv

49 44 evsjv ` ki wbe vpb e e v m Rbkxj cökœ 1. mßg kªwyi kªwywk K Rbve AvgRv` K vk K v Þb wbe vwpz Kivi K_v ej j A b KB K v Þb niqvi AvMªn cökvk K i kªwywk K GKwU ev evwb q mkj wk v_x K Zv `i cq `i cöv_x K fvu `qvi e e v K ib fvu MYbv k l dwi`v 1g, mvweÿi 2q Ges bnvj 3q vb AwaKvi Kivi NvlYv w` j wk v_x iv KiZvwj w` q wzb K v Þb K Awfb `b Rvbvq Gici hviv cöwzøw ` Zv K iwqj Zviv G K Aci K Awfev`b Rvbvq K. AvaywbK MYZ š i wfwë Kx? L. ivóªcwz wbe vpb cöwµqv KvbwU? e vl v Ki M. AvgRv` mv n ei K v ki wbe vpb cöwµqvwui aib e vl v Ki N. ÔcÖwZØÜx cöv_x iv wbe vwpz K v Þb K Awfb `b Rvbv bv MYZ š i wfz K greyz Ki eõññ DË ii c Zvgvi gzvgz `vi 2. NUbv-1 Rjv kn ii iwrbv PŠayix RvZxq msm `i m`m wbe vwpz n q GjvKvi Dbœq b hgb KvR K ib Zgwb ` ki bxwz wba viyx wel qi Ae`vb iv Lb NUbv-2 myrvz Avjx gêj Zvi BDwbq bi wbe vp b wecyj fv U Rqjvf K i GjvKvq Dbœq b KvR K ib wzwb BDwbqb cwil `i m`m `i cvkvcvwk GjvKvi MY gvb e w³ `i civgk wb q Dbœqb cwikíbv MªnY K ib K. ivóªcwz Kv `i fv U wbe vwpz nb? L. P~ovšÍ cöwzwbwa Kvb wbe vp bi gva g wbe vwpz nq e vl v Ki M. myrvz Avjx gê ji Pqvig vb wn m e wbe vwpz niqvwu Kvb wbe vp bi AšÍM Z ZvÑÑe vl v Ki N. ` ki RvZxq Dbœq b NUbv-1 I 2 Gi g a KvbwU AwaK cöfve we Ívi K i e j Zywg g b Ki hyw³ `vi

50 Aa vq-qq evsjv ` ki Rjevqy ÔAvenIqvÕ I ÔRjevqyÕ K_v `y Uvi gv b GK e j g b n ji `y Uv K_vi Øviv wvk GK welq evsvq bv AvenvIqv gv b n jv Kv bv GKwU GjvKvi we kl GK w`b ev w` bi we kl mg qi iv`, e wó, So BZ vw` wgwj q Zvi cövk wzk Ae v ZvcgvÎv, evqyi Pvc I MwZ, evzv mi Av`ª Zv Ges e wócv Zi cwigvy wnmve K i GUv wba viy Kiv nq AvenvIqv cöwzw`b, Ggb wk NÈvq NÈvq e`jv Z cv i, e`jvqi Ab w` K Kv bv GjvKvi 30 _ K 40 eq ii Mo AvenvIqv K ejv nq Zvi Rjevqy Z e Kv bv `k ev A ji Rjevqy evsvi Rb IB Dcv`vb jv QvovI AviI wkqz iyz c~y welq Av Q hgb Kvb A vs k ev `ªvwNgvs k `kwui Ae vb, mgy`ª _ K Zvi `~iz, mgy`ªc ô _ K D PZv, evqycöevn, mgy`ª- mªvz, f~wgi Xvj, g wëkvi MVb, ebf~wgi cwigvy I Ae vb cöf wzi Rjevqyi cök wz wby qi Dcv`vb cvv-1 : evsjv ` ki Rjevqyi cök wz evsjv `k µvš xq A j Aew Z niqvq GLvbKvi Rjevqy bvwzkx Zvò, A_ vr bv-kxz-bv Mig mgy `ªi wbkuez x niqvq I gšmywg evqyi cöfv e GLv b kxz ev MÖx Kv bvuvb Lye Zxeª bq GLv b MÖx KvjUv Dò I e wóeûj Ges kxzkvj ï wngvjq ce Zgvjv hw`i evsjv ` ki mxgvš ez x bq, ek DË i, Zey Zv kxzkv j evsjv `k K mvb ewiq wngcöevn _ K i v K i ZvB kxzkvj GLv b `xn nq bv kxzkv j evsjv ` ki ZvcgvÎv wwwmö mjwmqv mi g a _v K Z e DËi I c~e -`w Yv j GB ZvcgvÎv KLbI KLbI 4 0 /5 0 wwwmö mjwmqvm ch š b g Av m VvKziMuv, câmo, kªxg½j Gme RvqMvq me P q ewk kxz ˆekvL gvm _ K evsjv ` k MÖx FZz Avi nq Bs iwr K v jûv ii wn m e mgquv GwcÖ ji gvsvgvws MÖx Kv j ` ki DËi I DËi-cwðgv j KLbI KLbI ZvcgvÎv wwwmö mjwmqvm ch š I V gšmy gi ïiy Z Kv_vI Kv_vI Kvj ekvlx So nq mgy`ª DcK~ j N~wY So I R jv Q vmi nq el vkv j e ½vcmvM ii `w Y w`k _ K Rjxq ev úc~y evzvm e q

51 46 evsjv ` ki Rjevqy hvq G K gšmywg evqy ejv nq GB gšmywg evqyi cöfv e evsjv ` k cöpzi e wó nq Z e ` ki me GjvKvq mgvb e wócvz nq bv wm ju, PÆMÖvg, K evrvi Gme GjvKvq ewk e wó nq Ab w` K ivrkvnx, cvebv, Kzwóqv Gme GjvKvq Kg e wó nq kizkv ji evsjv ` k e wó nq, Z e G mgq e wócv Zi cwigvy _v K Lye Kg el vkv j b`xfvo bi cwigvyi e o hvq GwcÖj- g I A ±vei-b f ^i eq ii G `ywu mg q evsjv ` k ek N~wY So I R jvpq vm nq evsjv ` ki Rjevqy K ejv nq mgfvevcbœ A_ vr GLv b AbyK~j I cöwzk~j `yb ai bi AvenvIqviB cöfve mgvb AbyK~j AvenvIqvi d j evsjv ` ki cök wz myrjv-mydjv-km k vgjv Ab w` K cöwzk~j AvenIqvi cöfv e So, R jv Q vm, eb v, Liv, Kvj ekvlx, U b Wv I AwZe wói g Zv Kv bv Kv bv `y h vm evsjv ` ki gvby li Rb `y f vm e q Av b Abykxjbg~jK KvR KvR-1 : evsjv ` ki Rjevqyi ˆewkó jv `jxq Av jvpbvi gva g Zz j ai KvR-2 : evsjv ` k cöwzk~j AvenvIqvi Kvi Y Kx ai bi `y h vm nq? cvv-2 : evsjv ` k Rjevqy cwiez bi KviY eûkvj Av M c w_ex Z WvB bvmi bvgk GK ai bi AwZKvq cövyx evm KiZ AvR m WvB bvmi `i Kv_vI Luy R cviqv hv e bv gv S gv S gvwu Luy o mb nvwi q hviqv wekvj cövyxi K¼vj ev UzK iv nvo cviqv hvq wkš Kb GB cövyx jv nvwi q Mj? ˆeÁvwbKiv AbymÜvb K i ei K i Qb AvR _ K mv o Qq KvwU eqi Av M c w_exi AvenvIqvq e vck A ^vfvwekzv `Lv `q Avi Zvi wei~c cöfve c o c w_exi jfvm, RjfvM, evqygêj, gvuk_v cy iv c w_exi Ici cövq wek j eqi a i P j AvenvIqvi GB

52 evsjv `k I wek cwipq 47 i`e`j mỳ xn mgq a i AvenvIqvi Mo cwiez bi d j c w_exi RjevqyiI cwiez b N U Avi GB cwiez bi cöfve c o cök wz I cwi e ki Ici WvB bvmi `i wejywßi KviY Rjevqyi GB cwiez b AvRI mviv c w_ex ZB Rjevqy cwiez bi g~j KviY wmöbnvdm M vm Kve b WvBA vbw, wg _b, bvbuªvm A vbw, K v iv d v iv Kve b cöf wz M vm KB GKmv _ wmöbnvdm M vm ejv nq evqygê j GB M vm jv AwZwi³ gvîvq mâvwiz n q c w_exi ZvcgvÎv evwo q Zv j Avi evqygê j wmöbnvdm M vm e w i Rb gvby li KvRKg B me P q ewk `vqx gvby li ˆZwi wmöbnvdm M v mi g a Kve b WvBA vb Wi cwigvyb me P q ewk we`y r Drcv`b, hvbevn bi Zj I M v mi auvqv, B Ui fvuv cöf wz _ K GB Kve b WvBA vbw M vm Drcbœ nq Av Mi Zzjbvq ez gv b evqygê j wmöbnvdm M vm mâv ii cwigvy 80 _ K 90 kzvsk e o M Q G _ K Avgiv mn RB Rjevqy cwiez bi wec`wu eys Z cvwi hme Kvi Y ZLb Rjevqyi cwiez b N U Zvi GKwU n jv Av MœqwMwi _ K Nb Nb AMœy rcvz AMœy rcv Zi d j wbm Z M vm, jvfv, QvB cöf wz evqygê j wg k h evavi m wó K i Zv Z m~h iwk _ K Avmv Zvc c w_exc ô AvU K _v K Gi d j c w_exi ZvcgvÎv e w cvq evqygê j evavi m wó K i c w_exi ZvcgvÎv e w Kvix GB M v mi bvg ÔwMÖbnvDm M vmõ GB wmöbnvdm M v mi cöfv e c w_exi ZvcgvÎv A ^vfvwekfv e e o hviqvq giy A ji eid Mj Z ïiy K i G Z mgy`ªc ôi D PZv 200 _ K 300 dzu ch š e o hvq jfvm I ebvâ ji cwigvy K g hvq cövyx `i Rb e vck Lv` NvUwZ `Lv `q Avi Zv ZB c w_ex _ K WvB bvmimn A bk cövyxi wejywß N U

53 48 evsjv ` ki Rjevqy c w_exi Ab vb AÂ ji g Zv evsjv ` ki Rjevqyi cwiez bi KviY jv cövq GKB Z e c w_exi wk ívbœz `k jv hcwigvy R vjvwb e envi K i, evsjv ` ki g Zv Dbœqbkxj `k jv ZZUv K i bv mw`k _ K Rjevqyi cwiez b ev cwi e ki wech qi Rb DbœZ `k jvb ewk `vqxññ hw`i Zvi djuv Avgv `i KB ewk fvm Ki Z nq µgvmz ebf~wg aÿs mi Kvi YI c w_exi DòZv e w cv Q we klá `i g Z GKwU ` ki gvu AvqZ bi kzkiv cövq 25 fvm ebf~wg _vkv `ikvi wkš evsjv ` k GB ebf~wgi cwigvy gvî 16 fvm ZviciI Aev a MvQ I cvnvo KvUv I Ab vb Kvi Y GB ebf~wgi cwigvy µgvmz K g Avm Q d j mv cöwzkkv j evsjv ` k e wócv Zi cwigvyi K g M Q KvR-1 : KvR-2 : Abykxjbg~jK KvR wmöbnvdm M vm ej Z Kvb Kvb M vm K evsvq? evsjv ` k G M vm jv Kxfv e DòZv e w Ki Q? c w_ex _ K WvB bvmi wejyß niqvi K qkwu KviY jl cvv- 3, 4 I 5 : Rjevqy cwiez bi d j m ó `y h vm evsjv `k GKwU `y h vmcöey `k G ` k bvbv ai bi cövk wzk `y h vm N U Gme `y h v Mi g a D j L hvm n jv N~wY So I R jv Q vm, eb v, b`xfvob, Liv, ˆkZ cöevn, U b Wv, Kvj ekvlx cöf wz GQvovI evsjv `k f~wgk úi SuywKi g a i q Q N~wY So I R jv Q vm Kv bv v bi evzv mi Zvc e w c j mlvbkvi evzvm Dc i D V hvq d j IB AÂ ji evzv mi Pvc K g hvq G K wbgœpvc m wó niqv e j G mgq Av kcv ki AÂj _ K evzvm cöej e M IB wbgœpvc AÂ ji w` K Qz U Av m G KB e j mvb K vb ev N~wY So evsjv ` k AwaKvsk N~wY So nq e ½vcmvM i m ó wbgœpv ci Kvi Y mgy `ª m ó wbgœpvc I S oi d j mgy `ªi jvbv Rj wekvj D PZv wb q I Zxeª e M DcK~ ji jfvm K c vwez K i G KB e j R jv Q vm evsjv ` ki DcK~jxq AÂ j G- ch š K qkevi N~wY So I R jv Q vm gvivz K AvNvZ n b Q G Z AmsL gvby li cövynvwb N U Q Mevw` cky I

54 evsjv `k I wek cwipq 49 dm ji e vck q wz n q Q 1970 mv ji 12B b f ^i evsjv ` ki DcK~jxq AÂ j N U hviqv Ggwb GKwU N~wY So I R jvpq v m cövq `k j gvby li g Zz nq mv cöwzkkv j N U hviqv G ikg `ywu eo N~wY So n jv wmwi I AvBjv 2007 mv ji 15B b f ^i wmwi-g ` ki 28wU Rjvi cövq 30 j gvbyl wzmö n qwqj Avi 2009 mv ji 20 k GwcÖj AvBjvqI gvbyl, cïcvwl, dmj I Nievwoi e vck q wz nq N~wY S oi Av M mvaviyz AvenvIqv wefvm _ K G msµvš c~e vfvm I mzk evyx cöpvi Kiv nq Avgiv hw` m mzk evyx g b Av M _ K mveavb nb, Z e N~wY So I R jv Q v mi mgq cövynvwb Gov bv hvq G mgq `y h vm gvkv ejvq cö qvrbxq cö wz wb q N~wY So-Avkªq K `ª I wbivc` v b Avkªq wb Z n e eb v evsjv ` k cöwz eqib Kg ewk eb v nq evsjv ` ki cöavb wzbwu b`x cùv, gnbv I hgybvmn G ` ki cövq me jv b`xib Drm fvi Z Gme b`b`x wngvj qi eidmjv I DRv b e wócv Zi d j m ó wecyj cvwbcöevn evsjv ` ki ga w` q e q wb q e ½vcmvM i d j e wói cvwb I cvnvo _ K b g Avmv cvwb GK m ½ wg k b`x jvi cvwb Dc P `y-k~ ji Rbc` K c vwez K i Gfv e eb v m wó nq Ab w` K el v gšmy g b`x jv j j Ub cwj e q Av b, hvi meuv mvm i hvq bv, wkqz Ask b`xi Zj ` k Rgv n q Zv K fivu K i d j G Z b`xi Rj-aviY gzv K g hvq cvwb Dc P Av kcv ki GjvKv c vwez nq cövq cöwz eqi eb vq Avgv `i ` k gvbyl I m ú `i A bk wz nq e vck dmjnvwb N U, d j Lv` vfve `Lv `q A bk gvbyl KvR nvwi q ekvi n q c o 1988, 1998, 2004 I 2007 mv j G ` k eo AvKv ii eb v n q Q ez gv b we kláiv e jb, eb v G Kev i cöwz iva Kiv m e bq Z e eb vi q wz Kgv bv m e

55 50 evsjv ` ki Rjevqy b`xfvob b`xfvob evsjv ` ki GKwU wbqwgz `y h vm cöwzeqi we kl K i el v gšmy g b`xfvob `Lv `q b`xfvo bi GKwU KviY n jv evsjv ` ki b`x jvi MwZc _i aib Avgv `i A bk b`xib MwZc_ AvuKveuvKv b`xi euvk jvi NbNb d j cvwbi cöej Zvo mvrvc _ cöevwnz n Z bv c i b`xi cv o G m AvNvZ K i d j b`xi cvo fvo Z _v K GQvovI b`xi MwZc_ cwiez b, b`xcv oi gvwui `ye j MVb, b`xfivu I hlv b- mlv b euva w` q b`x kvm bi Póv, b`xi cv o h _ó MvQcvjv bv _vkv BZ vw` Kvi YI b`xfvob N U b`xfvo bi d j G ` k nvrvi nvrvi GKi Avevw` Rwg, emzevwu I Ab vb vcbv b`xm f wejxb n q hv Q Gi d j cöwzeqi G ` ki nvrvi nvrvi gvbyl wf UgvwU I Kv Ri ms vb nvwi q me ^vš n q co Q hme Kvi Y b`xfvob N U _v K m-m ú K m PZb n j b`xfvob I Zvi q wz A bklvwb Kgv bv m e Liv Liv evsjv ` ki GKwU cövk wzk `y h vm cö qvrbxq e wócv Zi Afv e Liv nq cövq cöwz eqi em š i kl I MÖx i ïiy Z evsjv ` ki DËiv j Liv `Lv `q cvwbi Afv e Rwgi mpkvr e vnz nq, dmj bó nq e wócv Zi Afve QvovI wewfbœ b`xi DRv b euva wbg vy, cwi ek `~ly BZ vw` Kvi YI Liv nq GB

56 evsjv `k I wek cwipq 51 cövk wzk `y h vmwu cy ivcywi cöwz iva Kiv nq Zv m e bq Z e m PZb n j I mgqg Zv e e v wb j LivRwbZ q wz A bklvwb Kgv bv h Z cv i GRb f~mf cvwbi i cix v K i gvwui wbp _ K cvwb D Ëvjb eü Ki Z n e el v gšmy g e wói cvwb msi Y K i ivl Z n e myôz cvwb-e e vcbv I cvwb-e env i MYm PZbZv m wó Ki Z n e ˆkZ cöevn evsjv `k kxzcöavb `k bv n ji Kv bv Kv bv eqi g `y _ K gvsvwi ˆkZ cöevn `Lv hvq we kl K i ` ki DËiv j Gi ZxeªZv ewk nq cöej kx Z gvby li cövynvwbi N U ˆkZ cöev ni d j RbRxeb wech n q c o mvaviy L U LvIqv gvbyl KvR cvq bv ˆkZ cöev n dm ji e vck wz nq evm vb I kxze i Afv e `wi`ª Rb MvôxB ewk `y` kvq c o mikvi I mgv Ri m PZb gvby li mnvqzv I D ` v M ˆkZ cöev n gvby li Kó A bkuv Kgv bv m e U b Wv evsjv ` ki cövk wzk `y h v Mi g a U b Wv Ab Zg GwU GK ai bi cöpê MwZm úbœ N~wY So jfv M wbgœpv ci d j Gi DrcwË nq U b Wv Ggb GKwU cövk wzk `y h vm hvi m ú K Kv bv c~e vfvm ev mzk ms KZ `Iqv hvq bv GwU Kv bv v b AvPgKv AvNvZ n b gyn~ Z i g a mewkqz jêfê K i w` q hvq Gi vwqz Kvj nq LyeB Aí, K qk m KÊ _ K K qk wgwbu gvî Lye Kg RvqMvq GwU AvNvZ nv b evsjv ` k mvaviyz dvêy bi kl _ K ˆR ô gv mi gvsvgvws ch š mg q U b Wv n q _v K

57 52 evsjv ` ki Rjevqy Kvj ekvlx Kvj ekvlx n jv GK ai bi Y vqx I vbxqfv e m ó cöpê So mvaviyz ˆekvL gv mb G So ewk nq e j G K Kvj ekvlx ejv nq cövq mgq DËi-cwðg w`k _ K G SoUv Av m evsjv ` k cöwz eqib Kg ewk G So n q _v K U b Wvi g Zv AZ weaÿsmx bv n ji G S oi Rvbgv ji cöpzi wz nq Nievwo Dwo q bq, MvQcvjv Dc o d j bšpjvp j wenœ NUvq Kvj ekvlxi Ke j c o fqven bš-`yn UbvI N U GRb Kvj ekvlxi gšmy g b`xc _ bškv I jâ PjvP j we kl mveavbzv Aej ^b Kiv cö qvrb f~wgk ú c w_ex Z hz ikg cövk wzk `y h vm N U Zvi g a f~wgk úb me P q Aí mg q me P q ewk aÿsmhá NUvq f~wgk úi e vcv ii Kv bv AvMvg mzk ms KZ `Iqv m e bq gvbyl wkqz ey S IVvi Av MB GKwU ev K qkwu SuvKzwb Z cy iv GjvKv K aÿsm c cwiyz K i w` q hvq GKB v b mvaviyz ci ci K qkevi eo, gvsvwi I g `y ai bi f~wgk ú n Z cv i Bivb, Pxb, gw Kv, wpwj I Rvcv bi f~wgk ú Avgiv Zvi cögvy c qwq evsjv `k f~wgk ú SuywKi g a i q Q we kl K i XvKv, wm ju, iscyi I PÆMÖvg A j GB SuywK ewk PÆMÖvg I wm ju A j B`vbxs cövqb g `y f~wgk ú n Q 2011 mv ji 18B m Þ i msnwuz f~wgk úwu wqj ek cöpê G f~wgk ú mviv evsjv `k Ku c I V f~wgk ú cöwz iv ai Kv bv e e v GLbI gvby li Rvbv bb Z e f~wgk úi mgq AvZ i v Ges f~wgk úi ci D vi I ÎvYKvR m ú K gvbyl K aviyv w` Z n e f~wgk ú KiYxq m ú K aviyv, m PZbZv I cö wz _vk j cövynvwb A bk Kgv bv h Z cv i

58 evsjv `k I wek cwipq 53 Abykxjbg~jK KvR KvR-1 : evsjv ` k Kx Kx cövk wzk `y h vm N U Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki KvR-2 : wewfbœ cövk wzk `y h v Mi aib I Zvi q wz m ú K GKwU cöwz e`b ˆZwi Ki eûwbe vpwb cökœ 1. evsjv ` k mvaviyz Kvb gšmy g b`x fvob `Lv `q? K. Mªxl L. el v M. kxz N. emšz 2. Avgv `i ` k b`xfvo bi KviY n QÑÑ i. b`x jvi Pjvi c_ mvrv bv niqv ii. b`xi cv oi gvwui `ye j MVb iii. b`xi cv o cöpyi MvQcvjv _vkv wb Pi KvbwU mwvk? K. i L. ii M. i I ii N. i, ii I iii wb Pi Aby Q`wU c o 3 I 4 b i cö kœi DËi `viññ mvwenv Uwe j e m cowqj nvvr m Ui cj Zvi covi Pqvi, Uwej I Ab vb AvmevecÎ g `yfv e Kvuc Q m welqwu eys Z c i AvZw¼Z n q iyg _ K `ªyZ ewi q c o 3. mvwenvi Abyfe Kiv welqwu Kx? K. R jv Q vm L. f~wgk ú M. N~wY So N. U b Wv 4. mvwenvi AvZw¼Z niqvi KviY n QÑÑ i. ii. cy iv GjvKv gyn Z B aÿsm c cwiyz n Z cv i GKwU K ú bi cicib Avi GKwU K úb ïiy n e iii. AvZ i v msµvší Kv bv aviyv bv _vkv wb Pi KvbwU mwvk? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

59 54 evsjv ` ki Rjevqy m Rbkxj cökœ k m Þ i 2011 Gi ˆ`wbK cwîkvq GKwU Lei ` L Rvwid Pg K I V wek e vcx GK ai bi M v mi AwaK nv i wbtmi Yi Rb Rjevqyi e vck cwiez b n Q d j evsjv `k I gvjøx ci g Zv mgy`ªc ôi KvQvKvwQ D PZvi `k jv AvR ûgwki gy L c o Q GB wech qi Rb Rvwid gvbem ó bvbv Kg KvÊ K `vqx K i GK ai bi DrKÉv Abyfe K i K. evsjv `k Kvb A j Aew Z? L. evsjv ` ki Rjevqy Z gšmywgevqyi cöfve e vl v Ki M. evsjv `k Kx ai bi ûgwki gy LvgywLÑÑe vl v Ki N. DÏxc K Dwj wlz wech qi Rb gvbem ó Kg KvÊB `vqxññ Zvgvi DË ii ^c hyw³ `vi 2. AvwiK Uwjwfk b ÔÔevsjv ` ki cövk wzk `y h vmõõ msµvší GKwU cöwz e`b `LwQj cöwz e` bi cö_g As k `Lv bv nq Kxfv e DËiv ji GKwU Mªv g cövk wzk `y h v Mi d j K wlrwg jv ïwk q hv Q cöwz e` bi wøzxq As k `Lv bv nq DcK~jxq A j cövk wzk `y h vm Kxfv e Gi RbRxeb I cwi ek K wzmö Í Ki Q H A ji Ae vbmz Kvi Y cövqkb `y h vmc~y AvenvIqv weivr K i K. cöpê MwZm úbœ N~wY So K Kx e j? L. Kvj ekvlx Kx? eyws q jl M. cöwz e` bi wøzxq As k `Lv bv `y h vm NUvi KviY e vl v Ki N. cöwz e` bi cö_g As k `Lv bv `y h v Mi q wz Kgv Z Kx ai bi e e v MªnY Kiv hvqññ e vl v Ki

60 cvv- 1 I 2 evsjv ` ki RbmsL v Aa vq-mvz evsjv ` ki RbmsL v cwiw wz evsjv `k c w_exi NbemwZc~Y GKwU `k G ` ki AvqZb 1,47,570 wk jvwguvi ` ki ez gvb RbmsL v 14 KvwU 97 jvl 72 nvrvi 364 Rb Ges cöwz em wk jvwguv i evm K i 964 Rb G ` ki RbmsL v µgvmz evo Q `k eqi Av M, 2001 mv j G ` ki RbmsL v wqj 12 KvwU 93 jvl Ges cöwz em wk jvwguv i evm KiZ 839 Rb gvbyl 1971 mv j evsjv `k ^vaxbzv jvf K i Gici 1974 mv ji Av`gïgvwi Abyhvqx G ` ki RbmsL v wqj gvî 7.64 KvwU 2001 mv j G RbmsL v `uvovq KvwU A_ vr 27 eq i evsjv ` ki RbmsL v e o Q 5.28 KvwU 2001 mv ji Av`gïgvwii cöv_wgk wi cvu Abyhvqx evsjv ` ki RbmsL v e w i nvi kzkiv 1.48 fvm RbmsL v e w i GB nvi c~e ez x eqi jvi Zzjbvq Kg 2007 mv j evsjv ` ki gvu RbmsL v 14 KvwU 6 jvl RbmsL v e w i nvi 1.41 Avgv `i RbmsL v `ªyZ evo Q 1961 mv j RbmsL v 5.52 KvwU Ges 1991 mv j Zv e w c q `uvwo q Q KvwU Z A_ vr, ` ki RbmsL v GB 30 eq i µgvmz e w c q cövq wø Y n q Q AZx Z wkš GZ `ªyZ RbmsL v e w cz bv 1860 mv j evsjv `k f~l Ê RbmsL v wqj gvî 2 KvwU 1941 mv j Zv n q Q 4.20 KvwU A_ vr 80 eq i RbmsL v wø Y n q Q ZviI Av M wø Y n Z mgq j M Q cövq `yk eqi RbmsL v e w i KviY GKwU ` ki RbmsL v A bk Kvi Y e w cvq Zvi g a cöavb K qkwu KviY wb q Av jvpbv Kiv n jv Rb nvi I g Zz nv ii e eavb RbmsL v n«vm-e w i gyl KviY n Q Rb I g Zz Kv bv ` k eq i hz wkï Rb MÖnY K i Zvi P q KgmsL K gvbyl gviv M j m ` k RbmsL v e w cvq Aciw` K hz wkï Rb jvf K i Zvi P q ewk gviv M j RbmsL v n«vm cvq Avi Rb I g Zz mgvb n j RbmsL v w i _v K G _ K eysv hvq h, Rb I g Zz i d jb g~jz RbmsL vi cwiez b n q _v K GB cwiez bi nvi ~j Rb nvi I ~j g Zz nvi Øviv wba vwiz nq cöwz eqi Kv bv AÂj ev ` k cöwz nvrvi jv Ki g a h-msl K RxweZ wkï Rb jvf K i ZvB m AÂj ev ` ki ~j Rb nvi cöwz eqi Kv bv AÂj ev ` k cöwz nvrvi jv Ki g a h-msl K jvk g Zz eiy K i ZvB m AÂ ji ~j g Zz nvi hlbb ~j Rb nvi ~j g Zz nv ii P q ewk n q hvq ZLbB RbmsL v e w cvq

61 56 evsjv ` ki RbmsL v cwiw wz GK wnmve Abyhvqx evsjv ` k cöwz eqi Rb wb Q 25 j wkï Ges g Zz eiy Ki Q mkj eq mi cövq 6 j jvk d j cöwz eqi cövq 19 j jvk e w cv Q ZvB RbmsL v e w i cöavb KviY n jv GKw` K D P Rb nvi I Ab w` K wbgœ g Zz nvi g Zz nvi n«vm g Zz nvi n«vm RbmsL v e w i Ab Zg KviY c~ e c w_exe vcx, we kl K i Dbœqbkxj `k jv Z wkïg Zz nvi AwaK wqj nvg, cvwji, abyóskvi, wwc _wiqv, ûwcskvwk, h²v BZ vw` iv M A bk wkïi g Zz NUZ wkš G mg Í gvivz K iv Mi cöwz lak wukv Avwe vi I e env ii d j A bk wkï AKvj g Zz i nvz _ K eu P hv Q Lvevi m vjvb bi e env ii d j A bk wkï AKvjg Zz i nvz _ K eu P hv Q ez gv b wpwkrmv-weáv bi DbœwZi d j wkïg Zz i nvi A bk K g M Q gvz g½j Kg m~wp nv Z biqvi d j cöm~wz gv qi g Zz i nvii K g M Q K jiv, emší, g v jwiqv BZ vw` msµvgk ivm c~ e gnvgvixi~ c `Lv w`z, nvrvi nvrvi jvk g Zz eiy KiZ wkšíy GLb cöwz lak Avwe vi niqvq g Zz nvi D j L hvm fv e n«vm c q Q d j RbmsL v e w cv Q ZvQvov c w_exi Ab vb ` ki g Zv evsjv ` ki wpwkrmv kv i DbœwZi d j gvby li Mo Avqy vj e w c q Q 2001 mv j Avgv `i ` k gvby li Mo Avqy e w c q n q Q 60.8 eqi Avqy v ji GB e w RbmsL v e w Z cöfve we Ívi Ki Q wk v cömv ii mv _ mv _ ^v wk vii cömvi N U Q gvbyl Lv ` i cywógvb m ú K aviyv jvf Ki Q mylglv` MÖn Yi DcKvwiZv eys Z cvi Q dzuv bv cvwb Ges wudei q ji Av m wbkgy³ I wbivc` cvbxq R ji e envi wk L Q RbMY ^v Ki, cwi vi-cwi Qbœ `~lygy³ cwi e k _vkvi Póv Ki Q d j ivmgy³ `xn Rxe bi AwaKvix n Q Gfv e g Zz nvi µgk K g hv Q wkš Rb nv ii Lye ewk cwiez b n Q bv d j `ª yz RbmsL v e w cv Q evj weev ni Kvi YI wkï Rb nvi e w cvq emwz vbvšíi RbmsL v e w i Av ikwu D j L hvm KviY n Q emwz vbvšíi `yb ` ki g a Awaevmx `i vbvšíi K `kvšíi e j `kvšíi `ybikg-ewnivmgb I ewnm gb ` ki evb i _ K ` k jv Ki AvMgb K ewnivmgb e j ewnivmg bi d j RbmsL v e o hvq Kv bv `k _ K jv Ki Ab ` k Mgb K ewnm gb e j ewnm g bi d j RbmsL v K g hvq Kv bv ` k ewnm g bi P q ewnivmgb ewk n j m ` ki RbmsL v e o hvq ` ki wfzi A bk mgq GK GjvKvi jvk Ab GjvKvq wm q vqxfv e emevm K i GUv K e j AvšÍt vbvšíi GB Ae vq cö_g GjvKvi RbmsL v K g hvq I wøzxq GjvKvi RbmsL v e o hvq Gfv e evm vb cwiez b ev vbvší ii Rb wewfbœ GjvKvi RbmsL vi cwiez b N U hgb g b Ki, Zvgiv Kzwgj vi evwm `v wq j wkš ez gv b mevb XvKv Z vqxfv e emevm KiQ G Z Kzwgj vi RbmsL v K g Mj Ges XvKvi RbmsL v e o Mj Z e AvšÍt vbvší i ` k gvu RbmsL vi Kv bv cwiez b nq bv ` ki RbmsL vi e w N U ZLbB hlb Ab `k _ K ewnivmgb N U

62 evsjv `k I wek cwipq 57 KvR-1 : KvR-2 Abykxjbg~jK KvR evsjv ` ki ^vaxbzv jv fi ci RbmsL v e w i cöeyzv GKwU Q K `LvI : RbmsL v e w i KviY D j L Ki cvv-3 : RbmsL v e w RwbZ mgm v RbmsL v e w i d j wb gœ ewy Z mgm v jv m wó nq : K. cwiev ii Avq AcwiewZ Z _ K jvkmsl v µgk e w c j cwiev i Am QjZv `Lv `q L. wbw` ó Av qi cwiev i jvkmsl v e w c j cwiev ii m`m `i gv_vwcqy Avq K g hvq M. mxwgz Av qi cwiev i RbmsL v AwaK e w c j cwiev ii RxebhvÎvi gvb n«vm cvq N. cwiev ii jvkmsl vi Avwa K i Kvi Y A bk mšívbb wk vi my hvm cvq bv Kbbv mikvi ev mgv Ri c Gi~c `ªyZ RbmsL v e w i m ½ m ½ we` vj q my hvm e w Kiv m e nq bv O. wbw` ó Av qi cwiev i mšív bi msl v e w i Rb cywóki Lv` µq Kiv m e nq bv cywóki Lv ` i Afv e mk jb `ye j ^v i AwaKvix n q c o RbmsL vrwbz mgm v mgvav bi Dcvq RbmsL v e w i d j cwievi I ` k h mkj mgm v `Lv `q Zv mgvav bi cöavb Dcvq n jvñ cö_gz, evj weevn iva Kivi Rb we qi b~ bzg eqm wba vi Yi h AvBb Kiv n q Q (cyiy li Rb 21 eqi Ges g q `i Rb 18 eqi) Zv cy ivcywi Kvh Ki Ki Z n e wøzxqz, bvix mgv Ri Rb wewfbœ ai bi Drcv`bgyLx K g i my hvm m wó Ki Z n e gwnjviv AwaK cwigv Y Drcv`bgyLx KvRK g AskMÖnY Ki j ^vfvwekfv eb RbmsL v K g hv e Z ZxqZ, wk v gvbyl K mgvr m PZb K i Ges RxebhvÎvi D Pgvb m ú K AvMÖnx K i GRb Avgv `i ` k me Rbxb I eva Zvg~jK cöv_wgk wk v cöez b Kiv n q Q G Kg m~wp AviI Rvi`vi Ki Z n e PZz_ Z, Q j g q `i wk v`vb I ^v i vi e vcv i gv-evev K m`v m PZb _vk Z n e GB m PZbZv Avbvi Rb mvgvwrkfv e GKwU Kg m~wp MÖnY Kiv cö qvrb GB Kg m~wp Z MYwk v I eq wk vi iyz, ^v i vi cöv_wgk aviyv, cwievi cwikíbvi cö qvrbxqzv BZ vw` AšÍfy ³ _vk e

63 58 evsjv ` ki RbmsL v cwiw wz câgz, QvU cwiev ii DcKvwiZv m ^ Ü RbM Yi g a m PZbZv e w Ki Z n e QvU cwiev ii my hvm-myweav hgb, cywóki I cwiwgz Lv`, Dchy³ wk v, wpwkrmvi myweav BZ vw` m ú K RbmvaviY K AewnZ Ki Z n e lôz, RbmsL v ` ki Rb m ú` n Z cv i, hw` RbmsL v K ` Rbkw³ Z i~cvšíi Kiv hvq cöev m Avgv `i ` ki K qk j jvk ` I A` kªwgk wn m e KvR Ki Qb ZvQvov Avgv `i ` ki wewfbœ ckvrxexi we ` k Kg iz Av Qb Zviv h wecyj cwigvy A_ ` k cöiy Ki Qb Zv Avgv `i ˆe `wkk A_ -DcvR bi Î D j L hvm Ae`vb ivl Q ZvQvov Avgv `i ` ki Rbm ú `i GKwU eo Ask AvZ Kg ms v bi bvbv Dcvq D veb K i ` ki A_ bxwz Z Ae`vb ivl Q myzivs ` ki wekvj RbmsL v c iv fv e Avgv `i ` ki Rbkw³ wn m e Ae`vb ivl Q Z e, g b ivlv `ikvi Avgv `i ` k Rwgi cwigv Yi Zyjbvq RbmsL v AZ wak e w c j bvbv mgm vi m wó n Z cv i Gw` K j i L RbmsL v wbqš Y ivlvb n e evãbxq KvR- 1 : KvR- 2 : Abykxjbg~jK KvR RbmsL v e w i d j m ó mgm v jv D j L Ki Avgv `i RbmsL v Kxfv e Rbm ú ` cwiyz n Z cv i Zv jl eûwbe vpwb cökœ mv ji Av`gïgvwi Abyhvqx evsjv ` ki RbmsL v KZ wqj? K KvwU L KvwU M KvwU N KvwU 2. evsjv ` k g Zy nvi n«v mi KviY jv n jvññ i. wk vi nvi e w ii. wpwkrmv mevi DbœwZ iii. Lv ` i cywógvb m ú K m PZbZv e w wb Pi KvbwU mwvk? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

64 evsjv `k I wek cwipq 59 wb Pi Aby Q`wU c o 3 I 4 b i cö kœi DËi `vi diwrqv GKRb mgvrkgx wzwb bqbcyi Mªv g `xn cuvp eqi hvez Dbœqb Kg KvÊ Pvwj q Avm Qb m cöwz GK Rwi c `Lv hvq bqbcyi MÖv g MZ GK eq i 50 Rb wkï Rb MªnY K i Ges wewfbœ Kvi Y 5 Rb wkï g Zy eiy K i 3. bqbcyi Mªv g `ªyZ RbmsL v e w i KviY Kx? K. D P Rb nvi I wbgœ g Zy nvi L. Rb nvi I g Zy nvi mgvb M. wbgœ Rb nvi I D P g Zy nvi N. D P Rb nvi I D P g Zy nvi 4. bqbcyi Mªv g RbmsL v mgm v mgvav bi Dcvq n QÑÑ i. ii. evj weevn iva RxebhvÎvi gv bvbœqb iii. RbmsL vi ewn ivmgb wb Pi KvbwU mwvk? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii m Rbkxj cökœ 1. mviwywu co Ges wb Pi cökœ jvi DËi `vi evsjv ` ki RbmsL v e w i cöeyzv KvwU KvwU KvwU KvwU KvwU K. evsjv ` k g q `i we qi b~ bzg eqm KZ? L. emwz vbvšíi Kxfv e RbmsL v e w Z mnvqzv K iññ e vl v Ki M mv ji Zyjbvq 2007 mv ji RbmsL v wzb Y e w i KviY e vl v Ki N. Ô1991 mv ji ci _ K evsjv ` ki RbmsL v e w i nvi µgk n«vm cv QÕÑÑ cvv cy Í Ki Av jv K Dw³wU we k ly Ki

65 60 evsjv ` ki RbmsL v cwiw wz 2. NUbv-1 mdj e emvqx wnmv e PŠayix cwievi I nvj`vi cwievi wm j Ui KzjvDov GjvKvi A b Ki Kv QB cwiwpz A_P PŠayix `i Avw`wbevm wk kvim Ä Ges nvj`vi cwiev ii g~jevwo eªvþyevwoqvq NUbv-2 ˆmq`cyi, mvnvmxmn cvkvcvwk wzb-pviwu Mªv gi A bk jvk cövq 15 eqi hvez ga cöv P emevm Ki Qb Zv `i Q j g q `i A b KB GL bv c~e cyiyl `i Rb vb ` Lwb K. ~j Rb nvi Kv K e j? L. evsjv ` ki gvby li Mo Avqy vj e w i GKwU KviY e vl v Ki M. DÏxc K Dwj wlz NUbv-1 Kvb ai bi vbvšíi K wb ` k K i? e vl v Ki N. ÔNUbv-2 G Dwj wlz vbvšíiwu ` ki RbmsL v n«v mi gyl KviY Õ e³e wu K Zywg Kx mg_ b Ki? DË ii c hyw³ `vi

66 Aa vq-avu evsjv ` k bvix AwaKvi cvv-1: mgv R bvixi f~wgkv evsjv ` ki gvu RbmsL vi cövq A a K n jv bvix mgv Ri GB A a K Ask K AwaKviewÂZ ev cq b d j i L mgv Ri DbœwZ ev `k K GwM q biqv m e bq emg iv Kqv cyiyl I bvix K Zzjbv K i Qb GKwU Mvwoi `ywu PvKvi m ½ Mvwoi GKwU PvKv eo I GKwU PvKv QvU n j m Mvwo hgb wvkfv e mvg b G Mv Z cv i bv, mgv Ri ejvqi Zgwb bvixiv Kej mgv Ri A a KB bq, wksev Zviv ïay gv, evb, fvwe, PvwP, dzdz, Lvjv, `vw`, bvwbib f~wgkv cvjb K ib bv, cwiev ii cyiyl m` m i Abycw wz Z msmvi cwipvjbvi `vwqz I ZvivB cvjb K ib mš vb jvj bi cöavb `vwqz Uv bvixb cvjb K ib Gfv e RvwZi fwel r Zv `i nv ZB M o I V evsjv ` ki mgv R bvixi Ae vb bvbv w`k _ KB evsjv ` ki bvixiv cyiy li Zzjbvq wcwq q Av Q A_ bwzk, mvgvwrk, mvs wzk A bk AwaKvi _ KB Zviv AvRI ewâz wewfbœ ˆelg -eâbvii wkkvi n Z nq Zv `i K Avgv `i ` k GLbI A bk wczv-gvzv Kb v-wkï K evsv wn m e MY K i Zviv g b K i cyî eo n q evev-gv K DcvR b K i LvIqv e, msmv ii nvj ai e Ab w` K Kb v we qi ci ^vgx ev k ïi evwo P j hv e, Dciš Zv K we q w` Z wm q wczv-gvzv K A bk UvKv LiP Ki Z n e GB g bvfve _ KB Zviv cyî-mš vb K Kb v-mš v bi P q AwaK iyz `q hw`i ez gv b Ae vuv e`jv Q g qivi Q j `i g Zv mgvbfv e evev-gv, cwievi I mgv Ri `vwqz wb Z GwM q Avm Q GKBfv e bvixi cöwz mgv Ri ` wófw½ii ax i ax i n ji cwiez b NU Q Z e wk v I ms wz Z wcwq q _vkvq Ges ag xq I mvgvwrk bvbv Kzms v ii d j mgv R bvix K Zvi cövc AwaKvi w` Z A b KB GLbI cö Z bq Avgv `i msweav b, mikvwi wewa-weav b bvmwik wn m e bvix K cyiy li cvkvcvwk mgvb AwaKvi `Iqv n q Q PvKwi ev Ab vb ckv Ges grywii ÎI Zv `i AwaKvi mgvb wkš ev e Rxe b A bk ÎB bvix `i Gme AwaKvi _ K ewâz ivlv nq cwiev i I mgv R Zviv bvbv ikg ˆelg -eâbvi wkkvi nq Q j-mš vb `i jlvcovi e vcv i cwievi hzuv AvMÖn `Lvq, g q `i ejvq Zv `Lvq bv we kl K i MÖvgv j Kg eq mb g q `i we q w` q `Iqv nq d j fv jv QvÎx n qi g qiv A bk mgq cöv_wgk ev gva wgk ii ewk cov jlvi my hvm cvq bv GQvov bvix `i Ici kvixwik-gvbwmk wbh vz bi NUbv Zv Av QB cöwzw` bi cwîkvi cvzvq Avgiv bvix wbh vz bi bvbv Lei `L Z cvb

67 62 evsjv ` k bvix AwaKvi Abykxjbg~jK KvR KvR- 1 : mgv R bvixi f~wgkv Kb iyz c~y Zv Av jvpbv Ki cvv-2: evsjv ` k bvixi AwaKvi evsjv ` ki msweav b bvix-cyiy li mgvbvwakv ii ^xk wz `Iqv n q Q bvixi cöwz ˆelg we jvc msµvš RvwZmsN mb `I bvixi GB mgvbvwakv ii K_v ejv n q Q GLv b mgvbvwakvi ej Z cwiev i, mgv R, iv óª A_ vr RvZxq Rxe bi me i cyiy li cvkvcvwk bvixi mgvb AwaKv ii K_v evsv bv n Q ïay fvu cö`vb ev wbe vp b `uvovevi my hv Mi ejvqb cyiyl I bvix h mgvb Zv bq wk v cöwzôv b cov jlv, PvKwi ev Kg ms vb, ezb ev grywi me e vcv ib bvix I cyiyl mgvb my hvm jv fi AwaKvix Kv bv Ae vqb bvixi cöwz Kv bv ˆelg Kiv hv e bv bvixi cöwz ˆelg `~i I Zvi mgvbvwakvi wbwðz Ki Z mikvi KZ jv we kl e e v wb q Q hgb D Pgva wgk kªwy ch š g q `i webv ez b jlvcovi my hvm I Zv `i Rb Dce wëi e e v mš v bi bv gi m ½ Av M hlv b ïay evevi bvg jlvi wbqg wqj, mlv b gv qi bvg jlvi eva Zvg~jK Kiv n q Q bvix wbh vzb I GwmW mš vm iv a mikvi K Vvi AvBb cöez b K i Q bvixi gvz Z Kvjxb QzwUi mgq evov bv n q Q Gme e e vi wkqz dj bvixiv c Z ïiy K i Q Z e mgv R wk vi we vi I m PZbZv m wó Qvov Ae vi cy ivcywi cwiez b nq Zv NU e bv wkš evsjv ` ki bvixiv h µ g Zv `i AwaKvi m ú K m PZb n q DV Q muv úó wewfbœ mfv-mwgwz-msmv b Zv `i AskMÖnYB Zvi eo cögvy Abykxjbg~jK KvR KvR- 1 : Avgv `i mgv R bvixi AwaKvi AR bi c _ cöavb evav jv wpwýz Ki KvR-2 : bvixi AwaKvi cöwzôv I Zv `i Ae vi Dbœq b mikv ii MÖnY Kiv K qkwu c` ci D j L Ki eûwbe vpwb cökœ 1. evsjv ` ki gvu RbmsL vi KZfvM bvix? K. cövq A a K L. GK PZy_ vsk M. `yb Z Zxqvsk N. wzb PZy_ vsk 2. RvwZi fwel r bvixi nv ZB M o D V KviY, bvixññ i. gv, evb, fvex, PvwP, `vw`i f~wgkv cvjb K i ii. mšívb-mšíywz jvjb cvjb K i iii. msmvi cwipvjbv K i

68 evsjv `k I wek cwipq 63 wb Pi KvbwU mwvk? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii wb Pi Aby Q`wU c o 3 I 4 b i cö kœi DËi `vi : iwrbv Zvi ^vgx K Q j- g q `i Rb Ljbv Avb Z e jb evrvi _ K Zvi ^vgx Q ji Rb wµ KU ej I e vu Ges g qi Rb cyzyj I nvwo-cvwzj wk b Avb jb 3. iwrbvi ^vgxi Ljbv µ qi NUbv Q j- g qi cöwz h ai bi AvPi Yi cökvk c q Q Zvn jvññ i. A_ bwzk ˆelg ii. ` wófw½i cv_ K iii. Av` ii cv_ K wb Pi KvbwU mwvk? K. i L. ii I iii M. ii N. i, ii I iii 4. D³ ˆel g i Kvi Y wkïi Kvb w`kwu AwaK evavmö Í n QÑÑ K. wbivc ` e o IVv L. ^v myi v M. wk v MÖnY Kiv N. mwvk gvbwmk wekvk m Rbkxj cökœ 1. ^vgx Ges wzb mšívb wb q nvwdrvi msmvi ^vgxi GKK Av q Zvi msmvi P j bv msmv ii Afve c~i Y nvwdrv wbg vy kªwg Ki KvR bq mßvn k l grywi Mªn Yi mgq gvwjk Zv K ˆ`wbK 100 UvKv nv i grywi `q A_P GKB Kv Ri Rb cyiyl kªwgk `i 150 UvKv nv i ˆ`wbK grywi `q m Gi cöwzev` Ki j gvwjk Zv K Kv R Avm Z wb la K i K. emg iv Kqv bvix I cyiyl K wk mi m ½ Zyjbv K i Qb? L. msmvi-rxe b bvixi cöavb f~wgkv ey bv Ki M. nvwdrv Kvb ai bi ˆel g i wkkvi n q Qb? e vl v Ki N. nvwdrvi g Zv bvix `i AwaKvi Av`v q KiYxq wel q gzvgz `vi

69 Aa vq-bq cöexy AwaKvi cvv-1 : mgv R cöexy `i Ae vb Rxe bi wbq g me gvbylb GK mgq cöexy A_ vr ey ov nq Avi ey ov eq m kvixwik `ye jzvi m ½ m ½ mgv R-msmv i gvbyl bvbv ikg mgm v ev Amyweavi m ylxb nq GB mgm v cvwievwik, A_ bwzk, mvs wzk, gb vwë K DcvR b Kivi mvg_ bv _vkvq A bk mgq cwiev i ey ov gvby li iyz K g hvq Zviv bvbv ikg Ae njv ev D c vi wkkvi nq Av qi Afv e RxebaviY Kiv, wb Ri Avkªq I wpwkrmvi e e v Kiv Zv `i c KwVb n q c o GRb Zv `i K A b i Ici wbf i Ki Z ev Zv `i Kv Q nvz cvz Z nq GUv Zv `i g a GK ikg nxb b ZviI m wó K i c w_exi DbœZ `k jv Z ivóª ev mikvi cöexy `i Rb bvbv ikg my hvm-myweavi e e v K i Avgv `i ` ki ez gv b cöexy `i mgm v I Zv `i AwaKv ii welqwu iyz w` q we epbv Kiv n Q Avgv `i mevib cwiev i I AvZ xq- ^R bi g a cöexy KD bv KD Av Qb cvov-cöwz ekx `i g a wksev iv Zvq eiy ji Avgiv A bk cöexy jvk K `L Z cvb Pjv divq, iv v ciy Z, hvbevn b DV Z Zuv `i Amyweav jv Avgiv wbðq eys Z cvwi GB cöexyiv me mgq cöexy wq jb bv GK mgq Zvuiv cwievi I mgv Ri Rb A bk wkqz K i Qb AvR e eq m Zuv `i cöwzi mgv Ri wkqz `vwqz ev KZ e i q Q G cöm ½ AvgivI h GKw`b e ne m-k_vuvi Avgv `i g b ivlv `ikvi eqm ev AmyL-wemy Li Kvi Y KvR Kivi mvg_ K g G ji, cöexyiv Zuv `i Ávb I AwfÁZv w` q Avgv `i mvnvh Ki Z cv ib mw`k _ K Zuviv Ab h- Kv bv eq mi gvby li g ZvB mgv Ri m ú` g~j evb gvbem ú` Ab vb bvmwik AwaKv ii cvkvcvwk mgv R cöexy `i Rb wkqy we kl AwaKvi _vkv `ikvi hgb bvix, wkï I mgv Ri Ab vb As ki gvby li Rb I wkqy we kl AwaKvi _v K Z e mevi Av M cöexy `i cöwz Avgv `i ` wófw½i cwiez b NUv Z n e cwiev i I mgv R Zuv `i K AcÖ qvrbxq ev evsv wn m e MY Kivi gvbwmkzv e`jv Z n e Avgv `i ` k mvaviyz lv UvaŸ eq mi gvbyl K cöexy e j MY Kiv nq KviY H eq mi ci gvbyl ˆ`bw `b RxweKv DcvR bi KvR _ K Aemi bq evsjv ` k mikvwi PvKwi _ K Aem ii eqm 59 eqi wepvicwz, wek we` vj qi wk K I Kv bv Kv bv ckvrxex `i Rb eq mi GB mxgv m cöwz 65 eqi ch š evov bv n q Q hw`i H eq mi cii h me gvbyl Zvi KvR Kivi mvg_ nvwi q d j Zv bq Z e we k i DbœZ `k jv ZI 60 ev 65 eqi eq mi ci GKRb gvbyl K cöexy ev Ôwmwbqi wmwu RbÕ MY Kiv nq mgv R Zuv `i K we kl m vb I

70 evsjv `k I wek cwipq 65 my hvm-myweav `Iqv nq RvwZmsN cöexy Rb Mvôxi AwaKvi i vq KwZcq bxwzgvjv cöyqb K i Q GQvovI RvwZmsN cöexy `i AwaKvi I Zuv `i cöwz KZ e m ú K m PZbZv m wó Ki Z GKwU we kl w`b K ÔcÖexY w`emõ wn m e NvlYv K i Q Abykxjbg~jK KvR KvR- 1 : cöexy Kviv? cöexy `i Kb m vb Kiv DwPZÑÑ jl cvv-2 : cöexy `i mgm v Avgv `i mgv R cöexy `i mvaviyz hme mgm vi gvkv ejv Ki Z nq m jv n jv : (K) cvwievwik : Avgv `i ` k GK mgq cwievi jv wqj GKvbœeZ x m-mgq cwiev i cöexy `i GK ai bi KZ Z ev gyiyweÿ vbxq f~wgkv wqj wkš wkívqb, bmivqb I gvby li A_ bwzk Rxebavivi cwiez bi d j GKvbœeZ x cwievi jv f O wm q QvU QvU cwiev i cwiyz n Q ^vgx- x, Q j g q I eo Rvi Kv Ri jvk wb q GB cwievi e e vq e evev-gv ev k ïi-kvïwoi vb _vk Q bv, wksev Zuviv KvYVvmv n q evm Ki Qb Zuv `i `Lvïbv ev AmyL-wemy L mevh Zœi jv Ki Afve NU Q Zuv `i K m½ `Iqvi ev Zuv `i m ½ Mí Re Kivi jvk _vk Q bv d j Zuviv GK ai bi wbtm½zv I wegl Zvi wkkvi n Qb A bk Î ^vgx- x Df qb Kg Rxex niqvq wkï `i `Lvïbv, z j cšuqv bv, evrvinvu Kiv I Mi vwj Kv Ri `vwqz I cwiev ii cöexy m`m -m`m v `i Ici c o e eq m A bk mgqb G-me KvR Kiv Zuv `i c KwVb nq e `i A bk mgq cwiev ii evsv wn m e MY Kiv nq (L) A_ bwzk : wbr ^ Avq- ivrmv ii my hvm bv _vkvq Ges mwâz A_ I m úwëi DËivwaKvix `i g a ewèz n q hviqvq ewkifvm cöexyb A_ bwzkfv e Amnvq n q c ob Zuv `i K mš vb `i Ici wbf ikxj n q co Z nq wb Ri B Qg Zv Zuviv wkqzb Ki Z cv ib bv we kl K i ga weë ev `wi`ª cwiev ii cöexy `i `y` kv G Î ewk nq eva K cušqevi Av MB msmvi Pvjv Z Ges mš vb `i jlvcov I g q `i we qi LiP hvmv Z wm q A b KB cövq wbt ^ n q c ob eb v I R jv Q v mi g Zv cövk wzk `y h vm I b`x fvo bi d ji A b K me ^vš n q hvb G Ae vq h _ó ivrmvi ev mvg _ i Afv e Q j g q `i c I cöexy evev-gvi fvi enb Kiv KwVb n q c o B Q _vk ji Zviv Zuv `i wvkg Zv mevhzœ Ki Z cv i bv (M) kvixwik : cöexy eq m gvby li kvixwik kw³ K g Av m bvbv ivme vwa kix i evmv euv a G mgq gvby li GKUz wekªvg ev Aviv gi cö qvrb nq wkš Avgv `i ` ki A bk cªex YiB GB AvivgUzKz Rv U bv Amy Ae vq cö qvrbxq wpwkrmv myweavuzkzi Zuviv cvb bv ivme vwa Z Ilyac_ Kbvi mvg_ Zuv `i _v K bv

71 66 cöexy AwaKvi (N) mvgvwrk-mvs wzk : GK mgq Avgv `i ` k cöexy `i cöwz h-ai bi m vb `Lv bv n Zv ev Zv `i gzvgz K hzuv iyz `Iqv n Zv, AvR Avi Zv `Lv hvq bv Gi cq b mgv R g~j ev ai wech q, ˆbwZK wk vi Afve, we `wk ms wzi cöfve, AvZ Kw `ªK g bvfv ei cömvi BZ vw` A bk KviY KvR Ki Q cwiev i I mgv R cöexy `i AvR cövq AcÖ qvrbxq we epbv Kiv nq Zuv `i gzvgz K i Z `Iqv nq bv Zvu `i cv k GKUz e m `y Uv K_v kvbvi mgqi hb KviI bb Aemi hvcb ev wpëwe bv` bi my hvmi Zuv `i bb ej jb P j (O) gb vwë K: cwiev i I mgv R cöexy `i KvYVvmv Ae v Zuv `i g a GK ai bi nxb b Zvi Rb `q Zuviv wb R `i K Lye Ae nwjz I Amnvq fve Z ïiy K ib wbr ^ mnvq-mvg _ i Afve Ges mb m ½ kvixwik Amy Zv I wbtm½zv GB nxb b Zv K AviI evwo q Zv j cöexy eq mi wzweågi G Î evowz mgm v m wó K i Abykxjbg~jK KvR KvR- 1 : cöexy `i mgm v jv D j L Ki KvR- 2 : Zvgvi cwiwpz Kv bv cöexy e w³ hme mgm vi m ylxb nb Zvi weeiy `vi eûwbe vpwb cökœ 1. evsjv ` k mikvwi PvKwi _ K Kg KZ v I Kg Pvix `i Aemi Mªn Yi eqm KZ? K. 57 eqi L. 69 eqi M. 60 eqi N. 65 eqi 2. Avgv `i mgv R cöexy `i mgm vi KviYÑÑ i. Zv `i DcvR bi mvg_ bb ii. mvgvwrk g~j ev ai Ae q iii. mgv R ˆbwZK wk vi AebwZ wb Pi KvbwU mwvk? K. i L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

72 evsjv `k I wek cwipq 67 wb Pi Aby Q`wU c o 3 I 4 b i cö kœi DËi `viññ mwjg MvRx GKmgq GjvKvq cöfvekvjx wq jb cwiev ii wqj Zvi GK QÎ wbqš Y wkšíy ez gv b e niqv Z cövqb Amy _v Kb ZvB GjvKvevmxI Zv K iyz `q bv Zvi A_ DcvR b K g hviqvq cwiev ii m`m ivi Zv K Kg g~j vqb K i mevb wb Ri Kv R e Í _v K mnvq-m j, cöfve cöwzcwë nvwi q wzwb GLb nxb b Zv I wbtm½zvq fym Qb 3. mwjg MvRxi nxb b Zv I wbtm½zvi KviY n jvññ i. kvixwik ii. A_ bwzk iii. gb ÍvwË K wb Pi KvbwU mwvk? K. i L. ii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii 4. mwjg MvRxi mgm v mgvav bi KiYxq n QÑÑ K. cvwievwik I mvgvwrk mnvbyf~wz L. A_ bwzk wbf izv m wó Kiv M. kvixwik m gzv e w Kiv N. mvgvwrk c`ghv `v cö`vb Kiv m Rbkxj cökœ 1. irv mv n ei eqm 70 eqi wzwb Kvg ii e _vi Kvi Y Pjv div Ki Z cv ib bv DbœZ wpwkrmvi Rb wzwb Zvi x K wb q `k Q o Av gwikvq cöevmx Q ji Kv Q Avkªq bb K qk eqi ci H ` k A_ bwzk g `v `Lv w` j Zvi Q ji c evev-gvi LiP enb KóKi n q c o GiB g a wzwb MÖxbKvW c q hvb Zv Z Q ji evmv Q o wzwb x K wb q Avjv`v evmvq I Vb Ges mikvi Zvui wpwkrmvi LiP hvmvb `q K. cöexy Kviv? L. cöexy `i gzvgz K iyz `Iqvi cö qvrbxqzv ey bv Ki M. irv mv ne Zvi mšívb `i evmvq Ae v bi Î Kvb ai bi mgm vq c ob? cvv eb qi Av jv K e vl v Ki N. Ô irv mv n ei g Zv cöexy `i Î ivóªxq my hvm myweavi iyz AcwimxgÕÑÑ G e³ e i h_v_ Zv we k ly Ki

73 Aa vq-`k evsjv ` ki mvgvwrk mgm v evsjv ` ki mgvr Rxe b bvbvikg mgm v i q Q G `i g a K qkwu mvgvwrk mgm v n Q `vwi`ª, RbmsL v ùxwz, wbi izv, Kzms vi I hšzzk cö_v Gme mvgvwrk mgm vi d j ` ki A_ bwzk I mvgvwrk Dbœqb evavmö Í n Q Gme mgm vi cöwz iva I cöwzkvi cö qvrb GRb e vck mvgvwrk Av `vjb M o Zvjv cö qvrb Ges cöpwjz AvB bi h_vh_ cö qvm `ikvi cvv- 1 : evsjv ` k hšzzk cö_v Avgv `i ` ki bvbv mvgvwrk mgm vi Ab Zg n Q hšzzk cö_v G ` ki weevn msµvšz AvB b hšzzk Av`vb cö`vb wbwl Zey AwaKvsk we q Z eic K bc i KvQ _ K hšzzk MÖnY K i we qi mgq ei ev K b wecixz c i KvQ _ K h A_ ev m úwë `vwe K i I MÖnY K i Zv KB ejv nq hšzyk ez gv b evsjv ` k cövq me ÎB eic K bc i KvQ _ K hšzzk `vwe K i hšzzk Qvov cövq Kv bv we qb nq bv GwU GKwU mvgvwrk KzcÖ_vq cwiyz n q Q hšzzk GKwU cövpxb cö_v cövpxb Px b we qi ci K b ^vgxi N i hšzzk m ½ wb q h Zv G _ ÝI we qi ci K b ^vgxi N i wb q h Zv A_ -m úwë mlv b hšzzk MÖnY K mvgvwrk gh v`v wn m e `Lv n Zv ez gvb evsjv ` k hšzzk n Q we qi mgq ei K cö`ë A_, m úwë I bvbv ai bi g~j evb Avmeve I miävg Z e evsjv ` ki weevn AvB b hšzzk `Iqv I biqv `y UvB wbwl evsjv ` ki mkj mgv RB hšzzk cö_vi Kg ewk cöpjb Av Q hšzz Ki Kvi Y mgvr-rxe b bvbv mgm vi m wó n q Q weevwnz bvixi cªwz AZ vpvi I mwnsmzvi g~j KviY hšzzk hšzz Ki Kvi Y ^vgxi msmv i x K wbmön fvm Ki Z nq hšzz Ki `vwe c~iy Ki Z bv cvi j A bk ÎB x K msmvi Qvo Z eva Kiv nq hšzz Ki Kvi YB weevnwe Q` I KLbI KLbI xi cövynvwbi NUbvI N U evsjv ` k hšzzk cö_v GKwU gvivz K mvgvwrk e vwa Gi cq b bvbv KviY i q Q Z e `vwi `ª i Kvi YB G mgm vi m wó n q Q e j g b Kiv nq `vwi `ª i Kvi YB eic K bc i Kv Q A_ -m c` `vwe K i K bi wczvi A_ -m ú` e envi K ib ei cöwzôv jvf Ki Z Pvq G ` ki AwaKvsk bvix Kej M nk g B wbhy³ _v K N ii me KvR Ki ji Zvi Kv bv A_ ivrmvi nq bv Zviv ^vgxi msmv i ciwbf ikxj Rxebhvcb K i G ai bi bvixivb AwaKvsk Î ^vgxi wbmön I wbh vzb fvm K i

74 evsjv `k I wek cwipq 69 evsjv ` ki A bk m ú`kvjx gvbyl Zv `i Kb vi we q Z wecyj A ¼i hšzzk `q abx wczvgvzvi aviyv hšzz Ki Kvi Y Zv `i Kb v ^vgxi N i gv_v DuPz K i _vk e G Kvi YI hšzzk cö_v mgvrgvb mi Mfxi g~ j evmv eu a Q Avgv `i ` k hšzzk wb iv ai Rb AvBb i q Q A bk mgq G AvB bi h_vh_ cö qvm bv niqvq hšzz Ki `vwe K K `ª K i xi Ici wbh vzb evo Q hšzz Ki Rb B we qi ci `v úz Kjn, wbh vzb, xnz v I weevn-we Q `i NUbv NU Q mgv R `vwi`ª, `ybx wz, Aciva cöeyzv, evj weevn I eûweev ni g~ j i q Q GB hšzzk mgm v Avgv `i g b ivlv cö qvrb h hšzzk `Iqv I biqv `yb-b mgvb Aciva Abykxjbg~jK KvR KvR- 1 : KvR- 2 : cvv- 2 : hšzyk m c K Zvgvi aviyv wb Ri fvlvq jl hšzy Ki Kvi Y mgv R Kx Kx Aciva N U Zv jl hšzzk wb iva AvBb gymwjg cvwievwik AvB b we qi gvnivbv K hšzzk wnmv e MY Kiv nq bv GQvov, we qi mgq 500 UvKv ch ší Dcnvi w` j Zv hšzzk wnmv e MY n e bv wkšíy ez gv b we qi Î hšzz Ki Av`vb-cÖ`v bi NUbv A bk e o M Q G R b B hšzzk eü Kivi Rb evsjv ` k 1980 mv j hšzzk wb iva AvBb cöyqb Kiv n q Q G AvBb Abyhvqx hšzzk cö`vb ev MÖnY Ki j m e v P 1 eq ii Kviv`Ê ev cuvp nvrvi UvKv A_ `Ê n Z cv i wepvik Acivax K GKm ½ Dfq `Ê w` Z cv ib hšzzk Av`vb-cÖ`v b mnvqzvkvixi GKB kvw Í cv e 1986 mv j hšzzk wb iva AvBb ms kvab Kiv n q Q ms kvwaz AvBb Abyhvqx hšzzk cö`vb ev MÖnY Ki j Acivax me wbgœ 1 eqi Ges m e v P 5 eq ii Kviv` Ê `wêz n e 1983 mv ji bvix I wkï wbh vzb `gb AvB bi weavb Abyhvqx hšzz Ki Kvi Y wbh vzb K i bvixi g Zz NUv j ev g Zz NUv bvi Póv Ki j Acivax K g Zy `Ê ev hve¾xeb Kviv`Ê I A_ ` Ê `wêz Kiv hv e bvixi B Qvi weiy we q I hšzzk MÖn Yi Rb I KwVb kvw Íi weavb ivlv n q Q hšzzk cö_v evsjv ` ki cwievi I mgvr Rxe b e vck mgm vi m wó K i Q G cö_vi Kzdj _ K gy³ n Z n j Avgv `i m PZb n Z n e hšzzk cöwz iva Kivi Rb cö_ gb m PZb Ki Z n e cwievi K hšzzk `Iqv I biqv _ K wb R `i weiz _vk Z n e GKB m ½ Avgv `i cöwz ekx KI G wel q m PZb Ki Z n e cö qvrb n j MÖnY Ki Z n e AvB bi AvkÖq

75 70 evsjv ` ki mvgvwrk mgm v cwiev ii Kb v mšívbmn mevb K D PZi wk v MÖn Y DØy Kiv `ikvi Zviv AvZ wbf ikxj n j hšzz Ki Awfkvc Zv `i úk Ki Z cvi e bv hšzz Ki nvz _ K gyw³ c Z PvB j cwiev ii m ½ mgv Ri mevb K m PZb K i Zzj Z n e G R b hšzzk we ivax mvgvwrk Av `vjb M o Zvjv `ikvi mvgvwrk Av `vjb n Q msmwvz mvgvwrk cöwz iva Awk v, `vwi`ª, bvix wbh vzb, bvix AcniY I weevn we Q`ÑÑGme NUbv Avgv `i Pvicv k cöwzw`b N U P j Q Gme NUbvi AwaKvs ki cq b i q Q hšzz Ki `vwe Avgv `i cöwz ekx Ges cvov-gnj v-möv gi gvbyl K hšzz Ki Kzdj m ú K m PZb K i Zzj Z n e GB KzcÖ_v cöwz iva Kivi Rb mevb K GwM q Avmvi AvnŸvb Rvbv Z n e mgv Ri me gvby li g a m wó Ki Z n e hšzzkwe ivax g bvfve hšzzkwe ivax mvgvwrk Av `vjb M o Zvjvi Rb wkw Z gvbyl, AvBbRxex, BDwbqb cwil `i Pqvig vb I m`m Ges vbxq Dbœqb Kgx `i mnvqzv MÖnY Kiv `ikvi mevb wg j GKwU hšzzkwe ivax msmvb M o Zzj j GB mvgvwrk mgm v _ K gyw³ cviqv hv e GB msmvb hšzz Ki Kvi Y wbh vwzz gvby li cv k `uvov e Ges Zv `i me ai bi mnvqzvmn AvBwb mnvqzvi ` e ZvQvov, G msmvb hšzzkwe ivax mfv, c`hvîv Ges i vwj Ki Z cv i G Z me gvby li g a m PZbZv ˆZwi n e Ges hšzz Ki _vev _ K i v cv e Avgv `i mgvr Abykxjbg~jK KvR KvR- 1 : 1986 mv ji hšzyk wb iva AvB b Acivaxi Kx ai bi kvw Íi weavb Kiv n q Q Zv jl KvR- 2 : hšzy Ki Kzdj m ú K m PZb Kivi Rb Zywg Kx Kx Ki e Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki eûwbe vpwb cökœ 1. hšzyk wb iva AvBb ms kvab Kiv n q Q KZ mv j? K L M N hšzyk cö_v cöwz iv a hme e e v MªnY Kiv hvq Zv n QÑÑ i. mkj K mywk vq wkw Z Kiv ii. g q `i AvZ wbf ikxj K i M o Zvjv iii. gvby li gv S m PZbZv ˆZwi Kiv

76 evsjv `k I wek cwipq 71 wb Pi KvbwU mwvk? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii wb Pi Aby Q`wU c o 3 I 4 b i cö kœi DËi `vi : Rbve wgrvb Zvi g q gwiq gi we qi mgq RvgvB K GKwU nvûv `b we qi wkqyw`b ci gwiq gi k ïi evwoi jvkrb Zv K UvKv Avb Z evevi evwo cvvvq gwiqg UvKv Avb Z e _ nq d j Zvi Ici kvvixwik I gvbwmk wbh vzb b g Av m 3. gwiqg Kvb mvgvwrk mgm vi m ylxb n q Q? K. wbi izv K. hšzyk M. Kzms vi N. RbmsL v ùxwz 4. D³ mgm vi KviY n Qi. `vwi`ª ii. bvixi wbf ikxjzv iii. AvB bi `ye j cö qvm wb Pi KvbwU mwvk? K. i I ii L. ii I iii M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii m Rbkxj cökœ 1. bvwmgv evev gv qi GKgvÎ mšívb bvwmgvi mv _ Rvwn `i we q Z bvwmgvi evev gv wkqy g~j evb DcnvimvgMªx I e emv Kivi Rb 5 j UvKv w` Z PvB j Rvwn` m jv wb Z ivwr nbwb eis wzwb Zv `i K eyws q ej jb h, GKRb m PZb gvbyl wn m e G jv MªnY Kiv wksev GB KzcÖ_v K mg_ b Kiv Zvi c Am e bvwmgvi evev-gv wb R `i fyj eys Z cvi jb K. `vwi`ª evsjv ` ki Kvb ai bi mgm v? L. Kb v mšívb K D Pwk v Mªn Y DØy Kivi cö qvrbxqzv e vl v Ki M. bvwmgvi evev gv qi cö ÍvewU Avgv `i ` ki Kvb cö_vwu K Bw½Z K i? e vl v Ki N. Aby Q ` Dwj wlz cö_vwui cöwz iv a Kx c` c MªnY Kiv hvq? Zvgvi gzvgz `vi

77 Aa vq-gmvi Gwkqvi K qkwu `k evsjv `k Gwkqvi GKwU QvU `k Avgv `i Gwkqv gnv ` k G ikg QvU I eo gvu 27wU `k i q Q `k jvi Kv bvwu ek DbœZ Avevi Kv bv Kv bvwu ZZ DbœZ bq evsjv ` ki g Zv Dbœqbkxj ` ki ch v q c o m jv Z e RbM Yi RxebhvÎvi gvb, A_ bwzk Ae v, fš MvwjK I RjevqyMZ ˆewkó Ges BwZnvm I ms wzi w`k _ K Gwkqvi `k jvi g a A bk wgj i q Q Gwkqvi eû ` ki m ½B evsjv ` ki i q Q PgrKvi eüzz wk v, mvwnz, ms wz, evwyr, wkí, cöhyw³mn wewfbœ Î Zv `i m ½ Avgv `i mn hvwmzvi m úk Av Q GLv b Avgiv evsjv ` ki m ½ wbweo eüzz I mn hvwmzvi m úk i q Q Ggb K qkwu ` ki msw ß cwiwpwz Zz j aiwq cvv-1: evsjv ` ki m ½ eüyz I mn hvwmzvi m ck fviz fviz Avgv `i wbkuzg cöwz ekx GwU `w Y Gwkqvi GKwU e nr I kw³kvjx ivóª Gwkqv gnv ` ki ga -`w Y fvi Zi Ae vb Gi DË i i q Q c w_exi e nëg wngvjq ce Zgvjv c~e vâ j AvivKvb ce Z I Avmv gi R½j cwðgvâ j wn `ykzk I my jgvb ce Zgvjv `kwui `w Y fviz gnvmvmi Aew Z fvi Zi AvqZb cövq 32 j 87 nvrvi em wk jvwguvi Ges jvkmsl v cövq 120 KvwU `kwui ivravbx bqvw`wj

78 evsjv `k I wek cwipq 73 fviz K c w_exi Ab Zg cövpxb I mf Zvmg `k ejv nq cuvp nvrvi eqi Av Mi mf Zvi wb`k b cviqv M Q G `kwu Z `w Y fvi Z ARš v ce Z nvi wpîkg, mviv ` k Qwo q _vkv ARmª cövpxb gw `i I fv h, AvMªvi ZvRgnj, w`wj i KzZye wgbvi, jvj Kj v cöf wz fvi Zi cövpxb mf Zvi cwipq enb K i hy M hy M wewfbœ ˆe `wkk kw³ fvizel K `Lj K i Q, GLv b Zv `i kvmb I kvly Pvwj q Q czz wmr, Ij `vr, gynj, cvvvb I me kl Bs iriv fvizel K kvmb K i Q `y kv eq ii Bs ir kvm bi ci 1947 mv ji 15B AvM fviz ^vaxbzv jvf K i `kwui kzkiv 80 fvm jvk Mªv g Ges 20 fvm jvk kn i evm K i kzkiv 70 fvm jvk K wlrxex cöavb Lv` k m i g a avb, Mg, evwj, he, Kwd, Pv D j L hvm cövpxbkvj n Z fviz Zvi e wk íi Rb mviv c w_ex Z wel vz wqj ez gv b B úvz, wm g U, hš cvwz, ivmvqwbk `ªe, mvi Ggb wk RvnvR I Mvwo ˆZwi ZI fviz GwM q M Q fviz K ejv nq c w_exi e nëg MYZvwš K `k msm`xq MYZvwš K kvmbe e v eû eqi a i fvi Z mvd j i m ½ KvR Ki Q fviz eû RvwZ, m cö`vq I fvlv Mvôxi gvby li GKwU `k G ` k wn `y, gymjgvb, eš, wkl, wlªóvb, ˆRbmn eû a g i jvk evm K i evsjv ` ki m ½ fvi Zi eüzz c~y m úk i q Q 1971 Gi gnvb gyw³hy fvi Zi mnvqzvi K_v Avgiv iy Kwi Pxb Pxb c~e -Gwkqvi GKwU `k Gi ivóªxq bvg MYcÖRvZš x Pxb, Avi vbxq bvg SzsNy `kwui ivravbxi bvg ebwrs cövq 140 KvwU gvbyl wb q GwU we k i me vwak RbmsL vi `k AvqZb cövq 95 j 97 nvrvi em wk jvwguvi AvqZ bi w`k _ K we k i Z Zxq e nëg `k GwU fš MvwjKfv e fviz I ivwkqvi ga Lv b `kwui Ae vb Gi c~ e cökvš gnvmvmi, cwðg I DËi w` K ivwkqv, g ½vwjqv Ges fvi Zi wkqz Ask Ges `w Y wngvjq `kwui jfv Mi GK-Z Zxqvs ki ewk Ry o i q Q cvnvo-ce Z we k i m e v P ce Zk ½ gvd U Gfv i bcvj I Px bi mxgvš eivei Aew Z Px bi Rjevqy cöavbz bvwzkx Zvò Z e `kwui Kv bv Kv bv AÂj eq ii `xn mgq ei d XvKv _v K eûrvwz I m cö`v qi evm G `kwu Z Px bi RbmsL vi kzkiv 95 fvm nvb PvBwbR es kv ~Z GQvovI i q Q AviI 56wU RvwZi emevm hvi g a D j L hvm n jv Ryqvs, gvâz, ûb, wgqvi, DBNyi, gv½j, wzeÿwz cöf wz Px bi msl vmwiô gvby li fvlv n jv gv `vwib Rbmgwói kzkiv 95 fvm G fvlvq K_v e j Z e G fvlv mviv we k Pxbv fvlv bv g cwiwpz

79 74 Gwkqvi K qkwu `k Px bi A_ bxwz GLbI cöavbz K wlwbf i K wlrvz `ª e i g a avbb cöavb Ab vb K wlrvz `ª e i g a D j L hvm n Q Mg, Avjy, exu, Zyjv, Pv, ZvgvK cvzv, ZjexR, AvL, mqvweb, Kv Kv, cvg Zj cöf wz `kwui cöavb wkí jšn, B úvz, ikg, mvi, hš cvwz, wm g U, KvMR, wpwb, Ilya cöf wz LwbRm ú `i w`k _ KI Pxb AZ š m ú`kvjx `kwui f~m f i q Q g~j evb LwbR m ú`, hgb c U«vwjqvg, AvKwiK jšn, Zvgv, A vjygywbqvg, ^Y, Kqjv cöf wz Gi ebf~wg Z i q Q 32 nvrv iii ewk DbœZ cörvwzi Dw ` I mv o 11k cörvwzi cvwl nvqvs nv I Bqvswm Px bi e nëg b`x cökvmwbk w`k _ K Pxb K 22wU cö `k Ges 5wU ^vqz kvwmz A j fvm Kiv n q Q `kwui wk vi nvi kzkiv 86 fvm Ges gv_vwcqy Avq 25 nvrvi gvwk b Wjvi evsjv ` ki m ½ Px bi eüzz c~y m úk Av Q wkí I evwyr Î Px bi mv _ Avgv `i mn hvwmzvi m úk I i q Q KvR- 1 : KvR- 2 : KvR- 3 : Abykxjbg~jK KvR Avgv `i wbku cöwz ekx K qkwu iv óªi bv gi ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki cvv cy ÍK Aej ^ b fvi Zi ms M evsjv ` ki m ú K i iyz D j L Ki Px bi ms M evsjv ` ki A_ bwzk m ú K i weeiy `vi cvv : 2 evsjv ` ki m ½ eüzz I mn hvwmzvi m úk Rvcvb Rvcvb c~e Gwkqvi GKwU Øxcgq `k QvUeo cövq Pvi nvrvi Øxc wb q G ivóªwu MwVZ Gi g a cöavb PviwU Øxc n jv nv vb Wv, nb&my, wk KvKz Ges Kz ï `kwui Pviw` KB mgy`ª Rvcvb mvmi Ges c~e -Pxb mvmi Rvcvb K Gwkqv gnv ` ki g~j f~lê _ K wew Qbœ K i i L Q `kwui ivóªxq bvg wkswg Ae Rvcvb I vbxq bvg wbnb ev wbàb Gi ivravbx UvwKI Gwkqv gnv ` ki G Kev i c~e cöv š G `kwu Aew Z Rvcvb K ZvB Ôm~ h v` qi `kõi ejv nq AvqZ bi w`k _ K Rvcvb GKwU z`ª `k 3 j 78 nvrvi em wk jvwguvi AvqZ bi G `kwu Z cövq 13 KvwU jvk evm K i Rvcv bi kzkiv 99 fvm gvbyl Rvcvwb fvlvq K_v e j G ` ki wk vi nvi GKkZ fvm Ges gv_vwcqy Avq 37 nvrvi 6 kv gvwk b Wjvi wm Uv Rvcvwb `i RvwZMZ ag Rvcv bi Rjevqy DògÊjxq GLvbKvi DËi-c~ev  j gšmywg Rjevqyi cöfve úó Mªxl Kv j `kwui AvenvIqv Av`ª Ges kx Zi ZxeªZvI Kg K wlc Y i g a D j L hvm n jv avb, Mg,

80 evsjv `k I wek cwipq 75 evwj, mqvweb, wgwó Avjy, AvL, weu, Av cj I AvOyi Rvcv bi cöavb wkí n Q jvnv I B úvz, B jku«wb, RvnvR I Mvwo wbg vy, e, KjKeRv, Ilya, we`y r mvgmªx Ges wewfbœ cökvi fvwi hš cvwz wk í Rvcvb we k i kxl v b i q Q `kwui A_ bxwzi g~j PvwjKvkw³B n jv wkí `kwu Z cöpyi LwbR m ú`i i q Q hvi g a D j L hvm n jv cövk wzk M vm, Kqjv, jvnv, g vsmvwbr, c U«vwjqvg, mxmv, mvbv, iycv cöf wz Rvcv b 6 _ K 15 eqi eqm ch š Q j g q `i wk v eva Zvg~jK evsjv ` ki mv _ Rvcv bi m úk eiveib AZ š eüyz c~y Rvcvb evsjv ` ki wkí-dbœq b cöavb mn hvmx G ` ki mv _ Zv `i evwyr m úk I i q Q Kvwiqv Gwkqv gnv ` ki DËi-c~e Kv Y Kvixq DcØx ci Ae vb GwU DËi _ K `w Y w` K cömvwiz DËi n Z `w Yv ji `~iz cövq 1 nvrvi wk jvwguvi DËi w` Ki mxgv š i AwaKvskB Px bi mv _ Ges wkqy Ask ivwkqvi mv _ mshy³ wøzxq wek hy i c i Kvwiqv `yõfv M wef³ n q hvq Gi GKwU `w Y Kvwiqv Ges AciwU DËi Kvwiqv cö_gwui mikvwi bvg Kvwiqv cörvzš I wøzxqwui bvg MYcÖRvZš x Kvwiqv `ywu ` ki ivr bwzk I A_ bwzk e e vi wfbœ Kvwiqvi AwaKvsk AÂjB ce Zgq Gi c~ e Rvcvb mvmi Z e `w Y Kvwiqvq Rvcvb mvmi K c~e mvmi e j _v K cwðg I `w Yi A bkuvb mgzjf~wg `yb Ask wg j Kvwiqvi Øx ci msl v cövq wzb nvrvi Kvwiqvq Pvi ai bi FZy we` gvb GQvov wewfbœ mg q wewfbœ ikg AvenvIqvi Dcw wz j Kiv hvq Ryb, RyjvB I AvM gv m cöpyi e wócvz nq b f i _ K gvp ch š kxzkvjxb AvenvIqv weivr K i Kvwiqvi K wl c Y i g a avb, evwj, euvavkwc, Av cj, AvOyi, ZvgvK cöf wz D j L hvm wk íi g a D j L hvm n jv Zj, wm g U, jšn I B úvz, ZvgvK, ivmvqwbk Zš, hš cvwz, RvnvR I gvuimvwo, B jku«wb mvgmªx cöf wz LwbR m ú `i g a

81 76 Gwkqvi K qkwu `k i q Q jvnv, U vs b, Pybvcv_i, MªvbvBU, mxmv, iycv, ` v cöf wz Kvwiqvbiv RvwZMZfv e GK fvlv Mvôxi Aš fy ³ fvlvmz I b ZvwË K ˆewk ó i w`k w` q Kvwiqvbiv Pxb I Rvcvwb `i _ K Avjv`v hw`i kvixwik MV bi w`k w` q Pxb I Rvcv bi gvby li mv _ Zv `i wgj i q Q Kvwiqvbiv mevb GKB Kvwiqvb fvlvq K_v e j I j L gvj qwkqv gvj qwkqv `w Y-c~e Gwkqvi GKwU iyz c~y `k gvjq DcØxc, weªwuk, wm½vcyi Ges ewb Ii DËi I DËi-cwðgvsk wb q gvj qwkqv MwVZ `kwui f~cök wz ˆewPÎ c~y Gi cwðgvs k Rjvf~wg, c~e vs k evwjgq GjvKv Ges ga fv Mi ce Z kªwy DËi I `w Y we Z gvj qwkqvq Bmjvg, eš, wlªóvb, wn `y cöf wz a g i jvk evm K i Gi ivravbxi bvg Kzqvjvjvgcyi Ges RR UvDb, B cv I KzwPs Ab Zg cöavb kni gvj qwkqv GKwU K wlcöavb `k gvu RbmsL vi kzkiv 50 fv MiI ewk K wli Ici wbf ikxj cöavb wkíc Y i g a i q Q ivevi, mvi, PxbvgvwUi `ªe cöf wz LwbR m ú `i g a wub, jvnv Ges c U«vj D j L hvm hvmv hv Mi cöavb gva g n jv ij, mok I wegvbc_ RR UvDb, K v½, KzwPs Ges cbvs gvj qwkqvi cöavb mgy`ª e `i ^vaxbzvi ci ^í mg qi g a gvjqwkqv bvbv Î DbœwZ jvf K i Q

82 evsjv `k I wek cwipq 77 Abykxjbg~jK KvR KvR- 1 : G cvv Aej ^ b Rvcvb I Kvwiqvi cwipq `vi KvR- 2 : gvj qwkqv g~jz K wl cöavb bv wkí cöavb `k? Avgv `i ms M G ` ki Kx ai bi A_ bwzk m ck i q Q Zvgvi Rvbvg Z Zvi Av jvpbv Ki eûwbe vpwb cökœ 1. KzwPs Kvb ` ki cöavb mgy`ªe `i? K. Kvwiqv L. Rvcvb M. fviz N. gvj qwkqv 2. Rvcv bi Rjevqy Z cwijw Z nqññ i. gšmygx evqyi cöfve ii. Av`ªZvc~Y Mªxl Kvj iii. e wóeûj kxzkvj wb Pi KvbwU mwvk? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii wb Pi Aby Q`wU c o 3 I 4 b i cö kœi DËi `viññ wk ív ` v³v Rbve Av`bvb c~e -Gwkqvi wkíwbf i GKwU `k cwi`k b hvb `kwu mgy`ª ewóz `kwui RvwZMZ ag wm Uv 3. Rbve Av`bvb Kvb `k cwi`k b hvb? K. fviz L. Pxb M. Rvcvb N. gvj qwkqv 4. Av`bv bi `Lv `kwu wkíwbf i niqvi KviY n QÑÑ i. DbœZ RxebhvÎv ii. LwbR m ú `i cövpyh iii. DògÊjxq Rjevqyi cöfve

83 78 Gwkqvi K qkwu `k wb Pi KvbwU mwvk? K. i I ii L. ii I iii M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii m Rbkxj cökœ 1. Awb ` Mªx l i QywU Z gv-evevi mv _ evsjv ` ki cvk ezx GKwU ` k hvq `kwui DË i wngvjq ce Zgvjv Ges cwð g wn `ykzk I my jgvb ce Zgvjv `kwu cövpxb wkíkjv I mf Zv mg O. gvj qwkqvi ivravbxi bvg Kx? P. eûrvwz `k ej Z Kx evsvq? e vl v Ki Q. Awb ` i ågyk Z `kwui mv _ evsjv ` ki Rjevqyi mv` k ey bv Ki R. Awb ` i ågyk Z ` ki mv _ evsjv ` ki eüyz I mn hvwmzvg~jk m ú K i iyz e vl v Ki 2. NUbv 1 : Rbve mvwddj `w Y c~e Gwkqvi GKwU ` k eov Z wm q Qb mgy`ª ewóz `kwui cövk wzk ` k AZ ší g bvig `kwu Øxc cöavb n ji PviwU ØxcB A_ bxwzi Î g~j f~wgkv ivl Q NUbv 2 : Rbve Kexi `xn w`b hver c~e Gwkqvi GKwU ` k Kg iz Av Qb `kwu c w_exi g a me vwak Rbeûj `k n ji mg K. c w_exi e nëg ce Zgvjvi bvg Kx? L. fviz K c w_exi Ab Zg cövpxb mf Zv mg `k ejv nq Kb? e vl v Ki M. Rbve mvwdd ji eov Z hviqv `kwui Rjevqy Kgb? ey bv Ki N. NUbv-1 I NUbv-2 Gi `k `ywui A_ bxwzi Zyjbvg~jK we k ly Ki

84 Aa vq-evi AvÂwjK ms v c w_exi Kv bv `kb GKKfv e ^qsm ú~y bq cöwzwu `k KB Kv bv bv Kv bvfv e Ab ` ki Ici wbf i Ki Z nq cöwzwu `kb Pvq wb Ri RbM Yi Pvwn`v c~iy Ki Z, mb m ½ wb R K DbœZ ev mg Ki Z Avi Gi Rb Zv K cöwz ekx ev Ab ` ki Kg ewk mvnvh mn hvwmzv wb Z nq `k jvi g a GB cvi úwik mn hvwmzvi D Ïk K mvg b i LB mviv c w_ex Z A bk jv ms v ev RvU M o D V Q `w Y Gwkqvi `k jvi mgš^ q MwVZ Ggwb wzbwu ms v n jv mvk, Avwmqvb I wegm UK GLv b Avgiv D³ wzbwu AvÂwjK ms v m ú K ms c Av jvpbv Kie cvv- 1 I 2 : Gwkqvi K qkwu AvÂwjK ms v mvk (SAARC) : `w Y Gwkqvq mvzwu `k evsjv `k, fviz, cvwk Ívb, bcvj, fyuvb, kªxjskv I gvjøxc wb q 1985 mv j mvk MwVZ nq 1983 mv ji 2iv AvM fvi Zi ivravbx bqvw`wj Z `w Y-Gwkqvi GB mvzwu ` ki ciivóª gš xiv GK Pzw³ Z ^v i K ib, hvi d j AvbyôvwbKfv e MwVZ nq ÔmvK Õ ms vwui cy iv bvg South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation-hvi evsjv Ki j nq Ô`w Y Gkxq AvÂwjK mn hvwmzv ms võ K wl, AvenvIqv, cwj Dbœqb, weávb, hvmv hvm, wk v, cwi ek I KvwiMwi Îmn 9wU Î mn hvwmzvi D j L wqj GB Pzw³ Z ciez x mg q 2005 mv j AvdMvwb Ívb mv K i m`m c` jvf K i mv K i ez gvb m`m msl v AvU ms vwui m`i `ßi bcv ji KvVgyÊy Z Aew Z cvi úwik mn hvwmzvi gva g wewfbœ AvÂwjK mgm vi mgvavb I mvk fy³ `k jvi Dbœqb G ms vi cöavb j ZvQvov GB mvz RvwZi bz e ` mš vm, GBPAvBwf/GBWm, evwyr wewb qvm, wk v I cwi ek Dbœq bi cvi úwik mn hvwmzvi e vcv i GKgZ n q Qb

85 80 AvÂwjK ms v Avwmqvb (ASEAN) : GwU `w Y c~e Gwkqvi `k jvi GKwU AvÂwjK mn hvwmzv ms v ms vwui cy iv bvg Association of South East Asian Nations, evsjvq Ô`w Y-c~e Gkxq RvwZmg~ ni ms võ `kwu `k wb q G mn hvwmzv ms v MwVZ nq `k jv n jv B `v bwkqv, wm½vcyi, wdwjcvbb, gvj qwkqv, _vbj vû, eªybvb, wf qzbvg, gvqvbgvi, K ^vwwqv I jvim Avwmqv bi m`i `ßi B `v bwkqvi ivravbx RvKvZ vq Aew Z ms vi cöavb j n jv m`m `k jvi mvgvwrk, A_ bwzk, mvs wzk, ˆeÁvwbK I KvwiMwi Dbœq bi Î cvi úwik mn hvwmzv Kiv wegm UK (BIMSTEC) : wegm UK Gi cy iv bvg Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi Sector Technical & Economic Cooperation e ½vcmvMi ZxieZ x `w Y- Gwkqv I `w Y-c~e Gwkqvi `k jvi g a cöhyw³mz I A_ bwzk mn hvwmzvi j 1997 mv ji 6B Ryb G ms vwui Rb nq Gi m`m ivóª jv n jv evsjv `k, kªxjskv, _vbj vû, gvqvbgvi, bcvj I fyuvb ez gv b m`m ivóª jvi mn hvwmzvi Î AviI m cömvwiz n q Q evwyr, wewb qvm, cöhyw³, ch Ub, gvbem ú` Dbœqb, K wl, grm Pvl, cwienb I hvmv hvm, Ilya, e, Pvgov, K wl cöf wzi Gi Aš f y³ n q Q Abykxjbg~jK KvR KvR- 1 : AvÂwjK mn hvwmzvi cö qvrb Kb- G wel q Zvgvi gzvgz e ³ Ki KvR- 2 : mvk ej Z Kx evsvq? G Rv Ui AšZfy ³ ivóª jvi bvg wjl KvR- 3 : mvk - Gi cöavb KvR Kx Kx? KvR- 4 : Avwmqvb Kvb Kvb ivóª wb q MwVZ? KvR- 5 : wegm UK Kx? Gi AšZfy ³ ivóª jvi bvg D j L Ki

86 evsjv `k I wek cwipq 81 eûwbe vpwb cökœ 1. mvk fy³ `k KvbwU? K. gvjøxc L. gvj qwkqv M. B `v bwkqv N. wf qzbvg 2. wegm UK MwVZ n qwqj- i. ci c ii cöhyw³ I A _ i Afve `yi Kivi Rb ii. wewb qvm I evwy R i NvUwZ cyi Yi j iii. cwi ek `yl Yi fqvenzv _ K gyw³ c Z wb Pi KvbwU mwvk? K. i L. ii M. i I ii N. i, ii I iii wb Pi Aby Q`wU c o 3 I 4 b i cö kœi DËi `vifyuv b `w Y Gwkqvi 8wU ` ki GKwU ms _vi m jb AbywôZ nq G Z `k jv cvi cwik wewfbœ mgm v wb q Av jvpbv K i Ges K qkwu Pyw³ m cv`b K i 3. Aby Q ` Kvb ms _vi m j bi K_v ejv n q Q? K. Avwmqvb L. wegm UK M. mvk N. BBwm 4. D³ ms _v MV bi KviY, m`m `k jvi g a - i. K wl welqk mn hvwmzv e w Kiv ii. weáv bi wewfbœ Î AwfÁZv wewbgq iii. cwi e ki fvimvg i v wb Pi KvbwU mwvk? K. i M. i I ii L. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

87 82 AvÂwjK ms v m Rbkxj cökœ 1. AvÂwjK ms _vi wkqy Z_ : ms _vi bvg cöavb Kvh vjq me kl m`m ez gvb m`m K. RvKvZ v K vwwqv 10 L. KvVgyÊy AvdMvwb Zvb 08 M. e vskk bcvj fyuvb 06 K. fvi Zi ivravbxi bvg Kx? L. AvÂwjK mn hvwmzvi cö qvrbxqzv ey bv Ki M. ÔKÕ I ÔMÕÑms _vi j GKB- e vl v Ki N. ÔL ms _vwui m`m wnmv e evsjv `k cwi ek msi Y ms _vi mkj iv óªi mn hvwmzv jvf Ki eõ- Dw³wU we k ly Ki 2. m cöwz c~e BD iv ci K qkwu `k wg j GKwU ms _v MVb K i ms _vwu g~jz K qkwu Î mn hvwmzvi j wb q MwVZ nq Î jv n Q- (1) mvgvwrk (2) A_ bwzk (3) mvs wzk (4) ˆeÁvwbK (5) KvwiMwi (6) mšîvmev`x ZrciZv iva Ges (7) wewfbœ msµvgk e vwa wbqšî Y cvi cwik mn hvwmzv Kiv K mv j Kvb `k mvk fy³ nq? L. wek e vcx wewfbœ ` ki RvU M o DVvi KviY ey bv Ki M. Aby Q ` ewy Z ms _vwui 1 _ K 5 ch šz Î jv Zvgvi cwvz Kvb ms _vi Abyi~c e vl v Ki N. Ô7 b i ÎwU wegm UK MV bi GKgvÎ j Õ-Dw³wUi c Zvgvi hyw³ Dc _vcb Ki

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