wbh vm eª vk M elyv I g~j vqb wefvm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv LÊ 11 RyjvB 2002

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1 wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv LÊ 11 RyjvB 2002 eª vk M elyv I g~j vqb wefvm

2 MÖš ^Z : eª vk cöökvkkvj : RyjvB 2002 cöökvkk cö Q` gy`ªy : eª vk, M elyv I g~j vqb wefvm 75 gnvlvjx XvKv 1212 : Mvjvg nvwdr gvmy` : eª vk wcö Uvm 66 gnvlvjx evwywr K GjvKv XvKv Gi M elyv wi cvu jv _ K evqvbk Z 16wU, Gi 2wU Ges M elyv I g~j vqb wefv Mi m cöwz mgvß Kg Kv Êi Dci GKwU mn gvu 19wU wi cv U i mvi-ms c G msl vq cökvk Kiv n jv gzvg Zi Rb m úv`k ev cökvkk `vqx b nb cöeümg~ n Dc vwcz mkj gzvgz M elkm Yi GKvš wbr ^ m úv`bv cwil` cöavb m úv`k m úv`k m`m : Avng` gvk&zvk ivrv PŠayix : nvmvb kixd Avn g` : mv jndïxb Avn g`, Avwgbyj Avjg, KvwbR dv Zgv, I gy. Mvjvg mvëvi Nirjash: Summary of selected BRAC research reports of 2000, Number 11, July Published by BRAC, Research and Evaluation Division, 75 Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh.

3 m~wpcî m úv`kxq: eª v Ki wzb `kk, GKwU nvjvbvmv` LwZqvb 1 M elyv I g~j vqb wefv Mi mv cöwzk Kg Kv Êi D j L hvm welq 12 M elyv I g~j vqb wefv Mi Kvh µg m úwk Z GKwU mgx v 19 Av_ -mvgvwrk welqk cöwz e`b zj vbvš ii Kvi Y PvKzix nviv bv eª vk z ji wk K-wkw Kv `i Dci GKwU mgx v 24 MwY Z eª vk z ji Q j- g q `i g a ˆel g i KviYmg~n 28 eª vk Dc-AvbyôvwbK zj cvk Kiv wk v_ x `i gšwjk wk vi i I cöeyzv: 1995 _ K 1999 ch š mv j eª vk Dc-AvbyôvwbK zj mgvßkvix wk v_ x `i AvbyôvwbK z j cov jlvi avivevwnkzv 37 eª vk MY K `ª cvvvmv ii Kvh µg g~j vqb 41 evsjv ` k nvbweªw av bi m vebv: K lk `i AwfÁZv wfwëk GKwU Av_ mvgvwrk gyj vqb 45 eª v Ki MÖvg msmv bi m`m `i g Zz i KviY I Zv `i Rxeb exgv msµvš mgx v 48

4 z`ª FY e e vcbvq QvU QvU emikvwi ms vi ` Zv e w K í eª v Ki Kvh µ gi mvdj wbiƒcy welqk GKwU D`&NvUbx mgx v 52 cwi e ki Dci eª v Ki K wl, grm I nuvm-gyimx cvjb Kg m~wpi cöfve g~j vqb 57 Avqe w g~jk Kg m~wp Z AskMÖn Yi wfwë Z `yt gwnjv `i mvdj m úwk Z GKwU mgx v 61 ^v welqk cöwz e`b MÖvg wk kvi-wk kvix `i hšb wk v: GKwU mgx v 66 wk kvi-wk kvix `i cörbb ^v welqk g bvfve I AvPiYMZ DrKl mva b cvwievwik Rxeb wfwëk wk vi cöfve 70 evsjv ` k KwgDwbwU wfwëk Av m wbk mgm v wbimb Kvh µ g wkqy cöv_wgk AwfÁZv: giynvzx wech q gvkvwejv 74 Mf ve vq i³ ^ízv I jš ni NvUwZ: MÖvgevsjvi GKwU wpî 79 m ú~ik Lv` wk wk kvix `i g a zjwfwëk cywó wk v Kvh µ gi MÖnY hvm Zv e w Z f~wgkv ivl Q? 82 D j L hvm mv cöwzk M elyv ( ) evsjv ` ki cöv_wgk wk vi Ae v: cö qvrb gvbm Z wk v 85 wrwkdggj Kg m~wpi cöfve: GKwU ch v jvpbv 91

5 wbh vm 2002 RyjvB;11:1-11 eª vk m v`kxq eª v Ki wzb `kk: GKwU nvjbvmv` LwZqvb Rb jmœ _ K AvR eª v Ki cövq wzb `kk AwZµvš n Z Pjj MZ wzb `k K A bk PovB DrivB cwi q ez gv b eª vk c w_exi me P q eo emikvwi Dbœqb cöwzôvb eª v Ki G weez b Ges ez gvb Ae v m K A bk Kg x we kl K i bzzb Kg xiv Lye GKUv AeMZ bb A_P cö Z K Kg xib DwPr Zvi cöwzôvb m K mg K aviyv ivlv G D Ï k wewfbœ Kg m wpi GKwU msw ß cuf wg G wbe Ü Zz j aiv n q Q 1972 mv ji deª qvwi gv m eª vk ÎvY I cybe vmb Kg m wpi gva g cö_g Kg KvÊ ïi K i mb _ K GLb ch š `vwi`ª we gvpb I `wi`ª `i gzvq bi j eª vk KvR K i hv Q wbijmfv e Ges ev evqb Ki Q wewfbœ Dbœqb Kg KvÊ AvR mviv evsjv ` k GgbwK Avš R vwzk A½ bi eª v Ki Kg KvÊ we wz jvf K i Q eª v Ki cövq 26,000 wb ew`z Kg x (c Y Kvwjb), 32,000 wk K-wkw Kv Ges 99,672 Rb A ezwbk ^v mwekv G we Z Kg m wp myôzfv e Pvwj q wb Q Dbœqb Kg m wp `vwi`ª we gvpb I gzvq bi j eª vk wewfbœ Kg m wp nv Z bq g jzt 1986 mv j eª v Ki cj x Dbœqb Kg m wpi m Pbv nq Z e 1976 mvj _ KB gvwbkm Ä Ges ZviI c e wm j Ui kvj vq mgwš^z cök íi AvIZvq cj x Dbœqbg jk wewfbœ Kg KvÊ ïi nq ez gv b G Kg m wpi cwiwpwz Ôeª vk W fjc g U cövmövgõ ev wewwwc bv g hvi cöavb j `vwi`ª we gvpb `xn mg qi AwfÁZvi Av jv K ez gvb wewwwc Kg m wpi m ÎcvZ Dbœqb D ` v Mi cö_g w` K eª vk KvR K i ÔKgy wbwu G v cövpõ ev mgwó Dbœq bi fvev` k wkš wkqyw` bi g a B eª vk Abyfe K i h Gfv e `wi`ª `i Av_ -mvgvwrk Dbœqb m e bq ZLb ïi nq ÔUv M U MÖ c G v cövpõ ev DwÏó Rb Mvôx K wb q KvR `wi`ª I myweav ewâz `i Dbœq bi j eª vk G c wz Z hvezxq Kg m wp cwipvjbv K i Pj Q wbh vm 1

6 m úv`kxq: eª v Ki wzb `kk FY Kg m wp ez gv b eª vk we k i me P q eo z`ª FY Kg m wp cwipvjbv Ki Q Ges Zvi m`m `i g a BwZg a cövq 7,362 KvwU UvKv FY wn m e weziy K i Q G F Yi UvKv MÖnxZv `i KvQ _ K AZ š m š vlrbk nv i (cövq 98.8%) dir Avm Q ZvQvov ez gv b m`m `i mâ qi cwigvyi cövq KvwU UvKv evsjv ` ki mekqwu Dc Rjvq 60 nvrvi MÖv gi cövq 44 j jvk K eª v Ki Dbœqb Kg m wpi AvIZvq Avbv n q Q hvi cövq 98% gwnjv D j L XvKv, PÆMÖvg, ivrkvnx I Lyjbv kni GjvKvi `wi`ª `ii BwZg a eª v Ki Avievb Kg m wpi gva g Dbœq bi AvIZvq Avbv n q Q G `i K 4,399wU msmv bi gva g msmwvz K i cövq 178 KvwU UvKv FY wn m e weziy Kiv n q Q Ges G ÎI F Yi UvKv diz Avmvi nvi cövq 98.9% gvim-gyimx I cïcvjb evsjv ` k cöwz eqi `yb-kzvsk nv i RbmsL v e w cv Q ` ki gvu RbmsL vi cövq 47% `vwi`ª mxgvi bx P evm K i D j L hvm msl K gv I wkï cöwz eqi cywónxbzvi Kvi Y gviv hv Q G i Z K mvg b i LB 1983 mv j eª vk gvim-gyimx I cïcvjb Kg m wp nv Z bq MÖvgxY gwnjv `i Kg ms v bi gva g Avq e w I cywói Pvwn`v c iyb G Kg m wpi g j D Ïk eª v Ki Avqea K Kg m wpi g a gvim-gyimx I cïcvjb D j L hvm Ges G Kg m wp Z ez gv b 12,619 Rb m ÖmviY Kg x KvR Ki Qb ez gv b 7,011wU ev Pv gvim-gyimx cvjb BDwb Ui gva g G Kg m wp ev evwqz n Q ZvQvov G Kg m wp Z ez gv b 34,057 Rb Av`k Mvfx cvjbkvix Ges 26,495 Rb Av`k QvMj cvjbkvix i q Q ikg Pvl mv ÖwZK wek vq bi hy M gy³ evwyr bxwzgvjvi d j ikgpvl Kg m wp evsjv ` k wewfbœ mskuc Y Ae vi m ylxb n ji D³ Kg m wpi GL bv e vck my hvm i q Q ikg Pvl eª v Ki GKwU D j L hvm Kg m wp hv 1978 mv j gvwbkm Ä 5wU ZzuZ MvQ ivc bi gva g ïi nq MÖvgxY `wi`ª Rb Mvôx K Avqe w g jk Kg m wp Z m ³ Kiv, ` k ikg Drcv`b evov bv, ` ki ebvqb e w Ges km Pv li Abychy³ Abvev`x Rwg e env ii AvIZvq AvbvB G Kg m wpi g j j 1989 mvj _ K wek Lv` Kg m wpi Mg cviqv wbh vm 2

7 m úv`kxq: eª v Ki wzb `kk ïi Ki j eª vk MÖvgxY `wi`ª gwnjv `i K iv vi cv k jvmv bv ZuyZMvQ cvnvovi Rb wb qvm `qv ïi K i ez gv b eª v Ki jvmv bv cövq 25 j ZzuZMvQ i q Q eª v Ki ikg Pvl Kg m wp 170wU Dc Rjvq we Z Ges cövq 12,652 Rb gwnjv D³ Kg m wp Z RwoZ i q Q m ÖwZ eª vk Ges evsjv `k wmé dvd Ûkb ikg Dbœq b hš_ Kg m wp ïi K i Q eª vk evsjv ` ki gvu ik gi cövq 50% Drcv`b K i _v K grm Pvl Avgv `i ` ki AwaKvsk gvbyl we kl K i wkïiv gvivík Acywó Z fzm Q GKRb cövß eq gvby li ˆ`wbK 38 MÖvg gvq LvIqv cö qvrb, wkš G ` ki gvbyl ˆ`wbK 20.5 MÖvg gvq MÖnY Ki Q D³ mgm vi K_v we epbv K i 1976 mv j eª vk gvwbkmä, Rvgvjcyi I kvj vq 16wU cykzi c btlbb K i gvq Pv li gva g Kg m wp ïi K i MÖv gi gwnjv `i Avqe w g jk Kg m wp Z m ³ Kivi gva g Zv `i cywógvb evov bv I Avqe w KivB G Kg m wpi cöavb j ez gv b eª v Ki grmpvl Kg m wp wek Lv` Kg m wp, WvwbWv (DANIDA), grm wefvm Ges grm M elyv cöwzôv bi mv _ hš_fv e KvR Ki Q mwâ ißvwb evsjv ` k AwaKvsk Î GL bv mbvzb c wz Z Pvlvev` Pj Q d j ^fvezb Drcv`b Kg nq GgZve vq K lk `i Pvlvev` msµvš cöwk Y I Ávb cö qvrb ZvQvov Zv `i Drcvw`Z `ª e i mwvk g j cviqvi e vcv i mnvqzv cö qvrb GgZve vq z`ª K lk `i Drcvw`Z `ªe Avš R vwzk evrv i Zz j aivi j eª vk ni U (HORTEX) dvd Ûkb Gi mv _ hš_fv e mv j mwâ ißvwb ïi K i D³ Kg m wpi g j j BD ivcxq wewfbœ ` ki Pvwn`vi wfwë Z kvk-mwâ ißvwb Kiv h jv evsjv ` ki AvenvIqv I gvwu Z fvj Rb vq mswk ó z`ª Pvlx `i cöwk Y I KvwiMwi mnvqzv cö`vb Kiv nq Aíw` bi g a B kvkmwâ ißvwbi cwigvy Ges gv bi e vck Dbœqb N U Q 2001 mv ji Rvbyqvwi _ K ww m ^i ch š eiewu, mxg, eªkwj, KvPvgwiP, Kij v, KvK ivj, Xuom, Avjy cöf wz mwâ gvu Ub ißvwb Kiv nq Pvwn`vi wfwë Z 2002 mv ji Rvbyqvwi _ K g gvm ch š D j wlz mwâ ißvwb n q Q gvu 584 Ub Avkv Kiv hv Q ermiv š ißvwbi cwigvy `uvov e cövq 1,000 Ub mvaviyzt jûb, c vwim, Avg viwvg, eªv mj&m, `yevb, wbh vm 3

8 m úv`kxq: eª v Ki wzb `kk evnivbb, gvjøxc, wmsmvcyi, nsks, d«vs dvu cöf wz v b eª vk mwâ ißvwb K i _v K eª vk wk v Kg m wp Dbœqb Kg Kv Êi Ask wnmv e 1985 mv j eª vk cö_g `wi`ª cwiev ii Q j- g q `i mikvwi cöv_wgk wk v e e vi cwic ik wnmv e 22wU zj wb q Dc-AvbyôvwbK cöv_wgk wk v Kg m wp ïi K i cö_ g 8-10 ermi eqmx wkï hviv KL bv Kvb z j hvqwb ev M ji S i c o Q Zv `i wb q wzb eqi gqv`x (3q kªyx ch š ) Dc-AvbyôvwbK cöv_wgk wk v ev Non-formal Primary Education (GbGdwcB) Kg m wp Pvjy K i RbM Yi Pvwn`vi Kvi Y 1999 mb _ K GB Kg m wp K Pvi eqi gqv`x K i 5g kªyx ch š cov bv n Q 1987 mv j ermi eqmx wk kvi-wk kvix hviv eq mi Kvi Y eª v Ki Dc- AvbyôvwbK wk v Kg m wp _ K ev` co Q Zv `i gšwjk wk v I ^v welqk wewfbœ welq Aš fz ³ K i `yb eqi gqv`x Av ikwu Kg m wp wk kvi-wk kvix ev Basic Education for Older Children (BEOC) Pvjy K i ciez x Z 1990 mb _ K GB Kg m wp wzb eqi gqv`x Kiv nq ez gv b mgmö evsjv ` k 64wU Rjv Z eª v Ki wewfbœ ai bi 34 nvrvi z j cövq 11 j wk v_ x Aa qbiz Av Q hvi cövq 67% g q Ges zj jv Z 98% gwnjv wkw Kv Kg iz Av Qb D³ zj jvi g a i q Q eª v Ki mnvqzvq 313wU GbwRI cwipvwjz 2,975wU zj ZvQvov G ch š 80,377wU z ji Kvm mgv ßi gva g cövq 24 j wk v_ x cöv_wgk wk v mgvß K i Q hvi AwaKvskB ez gv b wewfbœ z j Aa qbiz Av Q eª v Ki wk v Kg m wp Dc-AvbyôvwbK cöv_wgk wk v Kvh µg w` q ïi nq Ges GwUB g j Kg m wp ciez x Z wk v_ x I RbM Yi Pvwn`vi wfwë Z eª vk wk v Kg m wp Z AviI K qkwu Kvh µg ( hgb: wkï kªyx, wk kvi-wk kvix Dbœqb, Ae vnz wk v, cövbg Kg m wp BZ vw`) nv Z bqv nq wbh vm 4

9 m úv`kxq: eª v Ki wzb `kk wkï kªyx 2015 mv ji g a Ômevi Rb wk võ Kg m wp K MwZkxj Kivi j Ôwkï kªyx Kvh µg eª v Ki Av ikwu D j L hvm c` c 1997 mv j eª vk cix vg jkfv e G Kg m wp nv Z bq wkï `i kvixwik, gvbwmk, mvgvwrk, Av ewmk wekv ki cöviw K Kv Ri gva g cvwievwik cwi e ki evb i 5-6 eqi eqmx wkï `i cövwzôvwbk we` vj qi Dc hvmx Kivi Rb eª vk wkï kªyx Kvh µg nv Z bq wkïiv hv Z RoZv I fqgy³ n q AvbyôvwbK wk v jv fi Rb cö Z I AvMÖnx nq m welq jv GLv b i Z i mv _ we epbv Kiv n q Q G ch š 3,361wU wkï kªyx Z gvu 92,684 Rb wk v_ x Kvm mgvß K i AvbyôvwbK cöv_wgk we` vj q fwz n q Q ez gv b 1,273wU wkï kªyx Z cövq 36 nvrvi wk v_ x Aa qbiz Av Q wk kvi-wk kvix Dbœqb Kg m wp hviv eª v Ki wk kvi-wk kvix zj _ K Kvm mgvß K i Q Zv `i wk v K a i ivlv Ges wewfbœ Avqe w g jk Kg m wp Z m ³ Kivi Rb wk kvi-wk kvix Dbœqb Kg m wp (ADP) m wó nq mßv n GKw`b wbw` ó mg q wba vwiz K `ª (wiwws m Uvi) G m Zviv Zv `i B QvgZ M íi eb cov, Mí ejv Ges Kivg, jywz, `vev BZ vw` Ljvayjvq AskMÖnY K i _v K wk kvix `i g a GKRb K `ªi mvwe K Kg KvÊ cwipvjbv K i _v K ez gv b wk kvi-wk kvix Dbœqb Kg m wpi AvIZvq 6,890wU K `ª cövq 2,03,944 Rb m`m i q Q GQvovI m`m `i Rb eª vk d UvMÖvwd, wewfbœ bvm vwi, Kw DUvi, mvsevw`kzv, K wl, gvim-gyimx cvjb BZ vw` wel qi Dci cöwk Yi e e v K i Zv `i K ^vej ^x K i Zzj Q G `i A b K ez gv b eª vkmn wewfbœ RvqMvq KvR Ki Q eª v Ki wk kvi-wk kvix Dbœqb Kg m wpi Aš fz ³ Av ikwu Kg m wp nj Avcb ev APON (Adolescent Peer Organized Network) h mkj wk v_ x eª v Ki wk kvi-wk kvix z j cöv_wgk wk v mgvwßi ci eª v Ki wk kvix cvvvmv i fwz n q Q cöavbzt Zv `i K Ges eª v Ki z j Aa qb K iwb Ggb Av iv wkqy wk kvix K wb q eª vk 1995 mv j cörbb ^v wk v Kg m wp nv Z bq wk kvi-wk kvix `i cörbb ^v wk v Kg m wp Z ˆK kvikv j kvixwik I gvbwmk cwiez b, Mf aviy, hšb ivm, cwievi cwikíbv, weev ni mwvk eqm, RÛvi Bmy, DËivwaKvi AvBb Ges cwi ek BZ vw` welq Aš fz ³ G ch š wbh vm 5

10 m úv`kxq: eª v Ki wzb `kk 1,138wU K `ª D³ Kg m wp mgvß Kiv n q Q Ges ez gv b 458wU K `ª Pj Q K `ª jv Z `yõrb mnvqzvkvixi gva g 5 gv m 20wU eb cov bv nq Ges ciez x 13 gvm Kg m wpi ev evqb hvpvb Kiv nq ZvQvov m ÖwZ 14wU emikvwi D P we` vj qi beg I `kg kªyx Z ïaygvî Q j `i Rb wk kvi Dbœqb Kg m wp ïi n q Q G Î RÛvi, AvBb I AwaKvi, bkv, mš vm, al Y, hšzzk Ges GBW&m BZ vw` welq Aš f z³ i q Q cö_g Ae vq D³ Kg m wp m K AwffveK `i g a weiƒc cöwzwµqv m wó n ji ez gv b Zv mk ji wbku MÖnY hvm Kgy wbwu zj 1990 mv j evsjv `k mikv ii ÔKgy wbwu zjõ Kg m wp ïi nq mikvwi wewa gvzv ek GjvKvi RbMY GKwU KwgwU MV bi gva g Kgc 33 kzvsk Rwg I GKKvjxb 10,000 UvKv mikvwi Znwe j Rgv `qvi ci GKwU zj cöwzôv Kiv nq ciez x Z h mkj ÔKgy wbwu zjõ mikv ii c fvjfv e Pvjv bv m e nqwb Ggb 73wU AKvh Ki zj eª v Ki wbku n vš ii cwikíbv MÖnY K i BwZg a mikvi 45wU zj eª v Ki wbku n vš i K i Ges eª vk mvd j i mv _ GB zj jv cwipvjbv Ki Q Gi g a GKwU Pjgvb zj b`xm f wejxb n q hvq ez gv b 44wU z j 6,355 Rb wk v_ x jlvcov Ki Q GLv b Kg iz wk K-wkw Kv `i g a 94% gwnjv zj jv Z RvZxq wk vµg I cvv cȳ K evw cöyxz ebcȳ K cov bv nq Gi cvkvcvwk m ik DcKiY wnmv e zj jvi Rb eª vk M íi eb I Ab vb DcKiY mieivn K i GQvovI eª v Ki wbr ^ fe b gvu 11wU cöv_wgk zj Av Q Gme z j wk v_ x `i wkï kªyx _ K câg kªyx ch š wk vjv fi my hvm i q Q MY K `ª cvvvmvi MÖvg ch v q wk vi myôz cwi ek m wói gva g mgv Ri me ai bi RbMY K Ávb AR b I mvwnz PP vi my hvm K i `qv Ges cvvvf vm M o Zvjvi Rb B eª vk cvvvmvi vc bi D ` vm MÖnY K i G j 1995 mv ji gvsvgvws mgq _ K eª vk MÖvg ch v q cvvvmvi vcb ïi K i ez gv b gvu 647wU cvvvmv ii gva g cövq 2,81,788 Rb m`m D³ myweav cv Q Ges G `i cövq 44% gwnjv cvvvmvi jv Z mvaviyzt 1,000 eb, GKwU Le ii KvMR Ges wbh vm 6

11 m úv`kxq: eª v Ki wzb `kk GKwU mvßvwnk cwîkv _v K vbxq wkï `i K cvvvmv i Aš fz ³ Kivi Rb cö Z K cvvvmv i GKwU wkï KY vi i q Q G Z wkï `i Dc hvmx eb, Qwe AuvKvi evw Ges Ljva jvi miävg i q Q cöwzwu MY K `ª cvvvmvi K ^vej ^x Kivi Rb cvvvmvi Lvjvi Ab aÿ `yb eq ii g a Uªv Pzw³ m v`b Kiv nq Uªv Pzw³ m v` bi ci cöwzwu cvvvmvi 11 m`m wewkó GKwU Uªvw ev W i gva g cwipvwjz nq cvvvmvi Znwe j vbxq RbMY I m`m `i ga _ K msm nxz A_ Ges eª vk KZ K cö`ë A_ Kvb Avw_ K cöwzôv b wewb qv Mi gva g cövß jf vsk w` q cvvvmv ii ˆ`bw `b LiP enb Kiv nq GQvovI cöwzermi wewfbœ RvZxq w`em D`&hvcb, iwykv cökvk Ges m`m `i Rb wewfbœ ` Zvg jk cöwk Yi e e v Kiv nq ^v, cywó I RbmsL v Kg m wp eª vk Zvi Kg GjvKvi `wi`ª RbM Yi wpwkrmvi K_v wpš v K i 1991 mv j gwnjv I wkï ^v i Dbœq bi Rb gwnjv ^v Dbœqb Kg m wp nv Z bq ez gv b eª v Ki wewfbœ Dbœqb Kg Kv Êi g a ^v, cywó I RbmsL v Kg m wp Ab Zg gvz I wkï g Zz, Wvqwiqv I Acywói nvi Kgv bvi Î D³ Kg m wp i Z c Y f wgkv cvjb Ki Q ZvQvov G Kg m wp gvz Z RwbZ ^v m PZbZv e w K íi e vck f wgkv ivl Q ez gv b G Kg m wp wk kvi-wk kvix `i cvwievwik Rxeb wfwëk wk v I Mf ezx gwnjv `i ^v I cywó msµvš m PZbZv e w Kvh µg Pvjv Q h²v h²v evsjv ` ki GK gvivík Rb ^v mgm v wkš wbqwgz wpwkrmvi gva g h²v ivmx K mvwi q Zvjv m e MÖvgxY `wi`ª RbMY K h²v m K m PZb K i h²v ivm wbqš Yi j eª vk 1984 mv j cö_g gvwbkm Ä KvR ïi K i ez gv b ` ki 106wU Dc Rjvi cövq 1 KvwU 30 j jvk K eª v Ki h²v Kg m wpi AvIZvq G b ^v mwekv `i gva g WU&m [Directly Observed Treatment Short course (DOTS)] c wz Z wpwkrmv cö`vb Kiv n Q Ges LyeB Avkve ÄK djvdj cviqv hv Q wbh vm 7

12 m úv`kxq: eª v Ki wzb `kk my ^v `vwi `ª i Kvi Y evsjv ` ki wzb-pzz_ vsk Rb Mvôx wpwkrmvi cö qvr b ^xk Z Kvb wpwkrmv e e vi kiyvcbœ nb bv wksev n Z cv ib bv cj x GjvKvi RbM Yi Rb ^íe q wpwkrmv myweav `qvi A½xKvi wb q eª vk 1995 mv j Pvjy K i Q eª vk ^v K `ª hv Ômy ^v Õ bv g cwiwpz hw`i eª vk m`m ivb Ômy ^v iõ g j myweav fvmx ZeyI GjvKvi mk jb G K `ª ^íg j wpwkrmv myweav c q _v K eª v Ki ^v, cywó I RbmsL v Kvh µ gi AvIZvq `ke vcx ez gv b 90wU Ômy ^v Õ Pvjy i q Q G mkj ^v K `ª cörbb ^v, mš vb Rb `vb, c v_jwr cix v, gvwmk wbqš Y, QvULvU Acv ikb BZ vw` mevmg n cö`vb Kiv nq GKRb GgweweGm Wv³vi, GKRb j ve iuix UK&wbwkqvb Ges 2-3 Rb cöwk YcÖvß c viv gww K `ªi mvwe K `vwqz cvjb K i _v Kb G jvi g a 4wU DbœZgv bi my ^v i q Q hlv b D j wlz myweavmn me ai bi Acv ik bi mye e v i q Q cöwk Y Kg m wp ïi _ K eª vk wewfbœ Kg m wp myôzfv e cwipvjbvi D Ï k ` Kg xevwnbx M o Zzj Z gvbm Z cöwk Y Kg m wp Pvwj q hv Q Kg x Ges MÖvg msmv bi m`m `i ` Zv e w K í eª vk 14wU AvevwmK cöwk Y K `ªi gva g cöwk Y Kg m wp Pvwj q hv Q GQvovI eª vk mikvwi, emikvwi I Ab vb GbwRI Kg x `i ` Zv e w K íi cöwk Y cö`vb K i _v K 2001 mv j eª vk 39,075 Rb AskMÖnYKvixi cöwk Y cö`vb K i Q hvi 85.25% eª vk Kg x Ges gvu AskMÖnYKvix `i cövq 51% gwnjv eª vk wek we` vjq ` k D Pwk vi my hvm Pvwn`vi Zzjbvq AcÖZzj GB Pvwn`v c i Yi j eª vk GKwU wek we` vjq vc bi D ` vm MÖnY K i Ges 16 Ryb 2001 Zvwi L eª vk wek we` vjq AvbyôvwbKfv e D Øvab Kiv nq eª vk wek we` vjq vc bi cöavb D Ïk nj wk v_ x `i Rb Ggb GK cwi ek m wó Kiv hlvb _ K Zviv wb R `i fwel r Dc hvmx K i M o Zzj Z m g n e eª vk wek we` vj q ez gv b Kw DUvi weávb, e emvq cökvmb, A_ bxwz Ges Bs irx cöf wz welq jv Z Pvi eq ii øvzk wwmöx cö`vb Kiv nq GQvov G ermi e emv cökvm b øvz KvËi Kvm Pvjy Kiv n q Q fwel Z K wl, wpwkrmv weávb, wbh vm 8

13 m úv`kxq: eª v Ki wzb `kk BwZnvm Ges cwi ek weávb wefvm Lvjvi cwikíbv i q Q ZvQvovI eª vk wek we` vj q Kw DUvi weávb I cöhyw³ wel q øvz KvËi ww c vgv Kvm Pvjy i q Q G Kvm wbqwgz wk v_ x `i Rb GK eqi gqv`x Ges LÊKvjxb wk v_ x `i Rb `yõeqi gqv`x G Z Kw DUvi cöhyw³ Z D P wk vi my hvm AviI cömvwiz n q Q M elyv I g j vqb wefvm eª v Ki wewfbœ Dbœqb Kg m wpi cwikíbv cöyqb, ev evqb, g j vqb I e e vcbvi Î cö qvrbxq M elyv mnvqzv cö`v bi j 1975 mv j M elyv I g j vqb wefv Mi KvR ïi nq GKRb Kg x wb q cwimsl vb BDwbU wnmv e ïi niqv eª v Ki G BDwbU 1976 mv j cö_g M elyvg jk KvR ïi K i ciez x Z G BDwbU cwiyz nq GK c Y v½ M elyv I g j vqb wefv M ez gv b G wefv M 50 Rb wbqwgz Kg x KvR Ki Qb hvi 31% gwnjv G wefvm G ch š 855wU M elyv wi cvu cökvk K i Q wbh vm eª v Ki wewfbœ i Z c Y M elyv wi cv U i djvdj mg n Kg m wpi gvvkg x, Ab vb cöwzôv bi Z Yg j ch v qi Dbœqb Kg x `i gv S Qwo q `qvi j 1995 mvj _ K wbqwgz wbh vm cökvwkz n q Avm Q wbh v mi ez gvb (11Zg) msl vwu Z 2000 mv ji D j L hvm 16wU Ges m ÖwZ mgvß K qkwu D j L hvm wi cv U i evsjv mvi-ms c Dc vcb Kiv n jv GQvov G msl vq M elyv I g j vqb wefv Mi 2001 mv j m vw`z wewfbœ Kg Kv Êi GKwU msw ß weeiy Zz j aiv n jv M elyv I g j vqb wefv Mi wewfbœ Kvh µg Ges G wefv Mi wewfbœ M elyv I cökvkbv m K Ab vb Kg m wpi Kg x `i Kx aviyv m m wk Z wkqy Z_ I vb c q Q ez gvb msl vi GKwU wbe Ü evsjv ` ki cöv_wgk wk vi Ae v Kx Ges mikvwi, emikvwi I Dc- AvbyôvwbK z ji wk v_ xiv cöv_wgk wk v k l mikvi wba vwiz 53wU cövwš K hvm Zv KZUzKz mdjzvi mv _ AR b K i Q Zv Rvbv hv e GKwU mgx vq eª vk z ji wk v_ x `i g a g qiv Kb MwY Z wbh vm 9

14 m úv`kxq: eª v Ki wzb `kk `ye j Ges G `ye jzv KvwU q DVvi Rb Kx e e v MÖnY Kiv hvq ZviI Av jvkcvz Kiv n q Q eª vk zj cvk Kiv wk v_ x `i ciez x Z AvbyôvwbK z j cov jlv Pvwj q bqvi avivevwnkzv m wk Z wkqy Z_ I vb c q Q G msl vq eª v Ki MÖvg msmv bi m`m `i g Zz i KviY, Kx ai bi m`m `i gv S g Zz i nvi ewk, exgvi UvKv e env ii Î, m`m `i exgv msµvš myweav-amyweav Ges G msµvš mgm v mgvav bi wewfbœ Dcvq wb q Av jvkcvz Kiv n q Q Ab GK mgx vq eª v Ki wewfbœ Kg m wpi g a FY Kg m wp Ab Zg eª vk QvU QvU GbwRIi FY Kvh µg m Ömvi Yi j GbwRI Kv-Acv ikb BDwbU MVb K i eª vk wewfbœ emikvwi ms vi FY Kvh µ gi DbœwZi Rb cöwk Y, Avw_ K mnvqzv Ges Z_ Av`vb cö`v bi gva g mn hvwmzv K i _v K D³ cök íi gva g ms v jv KZUzKz DcK Z n q Q Ges G cökí m K G `i gzvgzi Rvbv hv e GKwU mgx vq ZvQvov evsjv ` k nvbweªw avb Pv li m vebv, G av bi myweav- Amyweav Ges Kvb Rv Zi nvbweªw avb evsjv ` ki AvenvIqv Dc hvmx ZviI Z_ i q Q G msl vq Avgv `i ` ki gvu RbmsL vi cövq 25% wk kvi-wk kvix G `i cörbb I hšb ^v mgm v LyeB cöku A_P G `i ^v mgm v m K Avgiv Lye GKUv m PZb bb GmKj mgm v mgvav bi D Ï k eª vk wk kvi-wk kvix z ji wk v_ x I cvvvmv ii m`m `i g a cörbb I hšb ^v wk v Kg m wp nv Z bq G Kg m wp Zv `i cörbb I hšb ^v msµvš m PZbZv m wó Z Kx f wgkv cvjb Ki Q Zv Rvbv hv e ez gvb msl vq eª vk Kg x `i wrwkdggj m wk Z aviyv `qv, wewfbœ Kg m wpi YMZ gvb Dbœqb Ges eª v Ki Avf š ixb RÛvi m K Dbœq bi j eª vk 1995 mvj _ K Gender Quality Action Learning ev GQAL bv g GKwU cöwk Y Kg m wp cwipvjbv Ki Q D³ Kg m wp eª vk Kg x `i g a Kx ai bi cwiez b Avb Z c i Q Ges G Kg m wpi mgm v m wk Z wkqy Z_ I i q Q GKwU mgx vq wbh vm 10

15 m úv`kxq: eª v Ki wzb `kk ez gvb wbeü _ K eª v Ki gvv ch v qi Kg xmn KD hw` wkqyuv n ji jvfevb nb Zvn j Avgv `i G cöqvm ^v_ K n e wbh vm m K Kvb gzvgz _vk j Avgv `i Rvbv eb Avcbv `i mgv jvpbv I gzvgz mv` i M nxz n e nvmvb kixd Avn g` wbh vm 11

16 wbh vm 2002 RyjvB;11:12-18 eª vk M elyv I g j vqb wefv Mi mv ÖwZK Kg Kv Êi D j L hvm welq 1972 mv j cöwzwôz eª vk AvR we k i me e nr emikvwi Dbœqb cöwzôvb eª v Ki wewfbœ Dbœqb Kg m wp Z cö qvrbxq M elyv mnvqzv `qvi D Ï k B 1975 mvj _ K M elyv I g j vqb wefvm KvR K i hv Q Av jvp wbe Ü G wefv Mi MZ GK eq ii (2001 mvj) Kg Kv Êi Dci mvgvb Av jvkcvz Kiv n q Q G wefvm G ch š gvu 855wU M elyv wi cvu cökvk K i Q 2001 mv j G wefvm wewfbœ wel q gvu 100wU M elyv Kvh µg nv Z bq hvi 37wU G eq ib kl Kiv m e nq Ges G jvi mvi-ms c M elyv I g j vqb wefv Mi evwl K cöwz e`b Ges eª vk I qemvb U cviqv hv e eª v Ki M elyvjä djvdj wewfbœ Dbœqb cöwzôvb I DcKvi fvmx `i Rb wewfbœ gva g Zz j aiv nq Ges wek e vcx wewfbœ i Z c Y cökvkbvq Zv cökvwkz nq 2001 mv j gvu 29wU M elyv cöwz e`b wewfbœ RvZxq I Avš R vwzk cökvkbvq cökvwkz A_ev cökvkbvi Rb M nxz n q Q GQvov Av iv 44wU eb qi Aa vq I 3wU eb cökvwkz n q Q Ges KwZcq M elyvi djvdj msev`c Î cökvwkz n q Q eª v Ki 13wU AvevwmK cöwk Y K `ª Aew Z wwm& c ev W i Z c Y M elyvi djvdj Dc vcb Kiv nq 2001 mv j 26wU Avf š ixy mwgbv ii gva g M elyvi cöv_wgk djvdj Dc vcb Kiv nq M elyv I g j vqb wefv Mi M elyv Ges cökvkbv I AewnZKiY Kvh µg `krb DaŸ Zb mgš^q Ki gva g cwipvwjz nq ez gv b M elyv I g j vqb wefv M gvu 50 Rb M elk Ges 16 Rb mn hvmx Kg x i q Qb hviv M elyv wefv Mi mkj Kvh µg myôzfv e cwipvjbv Ki Qb Ges G `i 31% gwnjv Kg x G wefv Mi Kg Kv Êi mvwe K M elyv I g j vqb wefv Mi mv ÖwZK Kg Kv Êi Dci GKwU wi cvu wi cvu wu ˆZix K i Qb KvRx wej vj nv mb wbh vm 12

17 M elyv I g~j vqb wefv Mi mv cöwzk Kg KvÊ w`k wb ` kbv I cwipvjbvi `vwq Z i q Qb cwipvjk M elyv whwb GKvav i eª v Ki GKRb Dc-wbe vnx cwipvjki e U G wefv Mi MZ GK eq ii Kg Kv Êi wkqy D j L hvm welq wb æ Zz j aiv n jv Dbœqb Kg Kv Êi cöfve g j vqb `wi`ª Rbmvavi Yi Dci eª v Ki wewfbœ Dbœqb Kg m wpi cöfve g j vqb m wk Z Z Zxq mgx v 2000 mv j ïi n q 2001 mvj ch š P j G mgx vq MÖvgxY RbM Yi Av_ -mvgvwrk Ae v, gwnjv `i Ae vi cwiez b, MÖvgxY RbM Yi ^v MZ Ae v Ges wpwkrmv myweav, `vwi `ª i aib Ges AwZ `wi`ª `i Dci Dbœqb Kg m wpi cöfve BZ vw` welq Aš f y³ wqj G M elyvi i Z c Y djvdj BwZg a eª vk Ges `vzv Mvôxi wbku Dc vcb Kiv nq Pzovš cöwz e`b Lye kxnªb cökvwkz n e cöv_wgk wk v evsjv ` ki cöv_wgk wk v cwiw wzi GKwU wbi c I wbqwgz g j vq bi D Ï k 1998 mv j ïi niqv ÒGWz Kkb IqvPÓ-G MYmv izv Awfhvb Ges eª v Ki M elyv I g j vqb wefvm hš_fv e KvR K i hv Q M elyv I g j vqb wefv Mi wk v msµvš M elyv Kg xiv GWz Kkb IqvP 2000-Gi mvwe K Kg KvÊ mgš^q K i Qb G cök íi g j welq evsjv ` ki cöv_wgk wk vi gvb hvpvb Kiv 2000 mv j ïi niqv IqvP wi cvu jlv mn mvwe K Kg KvÊ kl nq 2001 mv j ÒcÖ qvrb gvbm Z wk v: evsjv ` ki cöv_wgk wk vi Ae vó GB wk ivbv g wi cvu wu cökvwkz nq eª v Ki wk v Kg m wpi Av_ -mvgvwrk cöfve msµvš GKwU mgx v 2001 mv j ïi nq hviv eª vk zj _ K wk v mgvß K i Q Zv `i mv _ hviv AvbyôvwbK z j jlvcov K i Q ev KL bv z jb hvqwb Zv `i Av_ -mvgvwrk Ae v Zzjbv K i `LvB G M elyvi D Ïk ermi eqmx 2,412 Rb wk v_ x D³ Rwi ci AvIZvq Av m 2001 mv ji gvp -GwcÖj gv m mgx vi Z_ msm nxz nq Ges m Þ ^i gv m `vzv Mvôxi mfvq mgx vi cöv_wgk djvdj Dc vcb Kiv nq G eq ii gvsvgvws g j cöwz e`bwu cökvwkz n e e j Avkv Kiv n Q wbh vm 13

18 M elyv I g~j vqb wefv Mi mv cöwzk Kg KvÊ ^v MZ `yb `k K evsjv ` k ^v Î Zgb Dbœqb bv NU ji g Zz nvi K g Q D j L hvm nv i mëzi Ges Avwki `k K evsjv ` ki RbM Yi Av_ -mvgvwrk Ae v, RÛvi, RvwZMZ ˆelg, ^v myweav, BZ vw` wel q wewfbœ M elyv cwipvwjz nq D j wlz M elyvi Dci wfwë K i bxwz wba vikmy Ges Kg m wp ev evqbkvixiv ^v myweavi AmvgÄm Zv iv a KŠkj MÖnY Ki Z cv ib eª vk, AvBwmwWwWAvi,we, evsjv `k Dbœqb M elyv cöwzôvb Ges evsjv `k cwimsl vb ey iv hš_fv e Rvbyqvwi 2001 mv j ik djvi dvd Ûkb-Gi mnvqzvq Ôevsjv `k nj_ BKz wqwu IqvPÕ (Bangladesh Health Equity Watch) bv g GK M elyv Kg m wp MÖnY K i hw`i Kg m wpi cöv_wgk K `ªwe `y wqj Ô ^v Õ ZeyI ciez x Z G Z wk v Ges gvbwek AwaKvi BZ vw` welq Aš f ³ Kivi my hvm i q Q G Kg m wpi Kv Ri djvd ji Dci wfwë K i avivevwnkfv e BKz wqwu WvqvjMÕ bv g GKwU wbdr juv ii gva g ˆÎgvwmK BKz wqwu IqvP wi cvu cökvk Ki e cö_g msl vq wukv`vb Kg m wp evsjv ` ki mkj ii RbM Yi g a KZUzKz ev evwqz n q Q Zvi Dci GKwU ch v jvpbv Kiv nq `Lv hvq h Avwki `k Ki Zzjbvq beÿb-gi `k Ki k li w` K wukv`vb Kg m wpi e vwß n«vm c q Q ez gvb Z _ i Dci wfwë K i wukv`vb Kg m wpi Dci GK mgx v Pvjv bv nq djvd j `Lv hvq h, A a KiI ewk wewfbœ myweavewâz Q j- g q GL bv wukv`vb Kg m wpi AvIZvq Av mwb D j wlz cwiw wzi Avï cwiez b cö qvrb ˆkke Dbœqb GKwU ` ki mvwe K Dbœq bi ^v _ wkï `i ˆkkeKv ji cöwz i Z v ivc KivI h Ri ix G aviyv Avgv `i ` k GL bv cöwzôv jvf K iwb d j wkï `i kvixwik e w I gvbwmk wekvk K Ae njv K i ïay Zv `i e P _vkvi cöwzb AwaK i Z Av ivc Kiv nq AvR ch š wkï `i cöwz i Z w` q `ke vcx Kvb Kg m wp M nxz nqwb eª vk, BDwb m di mv _ hš_fv e ˆkke Dbœq b (Early Childhood Development ev ECD-BwmwW) GK Kg m wp MÖnY K i Q hvi gva g wkï `i Rb Ggb wbivc` cwi ek m wó Kiv n e hv Zv `i Abyf wz I Av e Mi wekvk Ges mvgvwrk Dbœq b we kl f wgkv ivl e Kg m wpi Z_ m ÖwZ weevwnz ` wz, Mf ezx I b `vbkvix gv, evev Ges wbh vm 14

19 M elyv I g~j vqb wefv Mi mv cöwzk Kg KvÊ `v`v-`v`xi wbku cwievi I wk kvi-wk kvix `i gva g m ÖmviY Kiv n e eª vk, MÖvgxY wk v, evsjv `k wkï GKv Wwg, wkï I gvz ^v ms v Ges Ab vb GbwRI Kg x `i gva g G Kg m wp ev evqb Kiv n e AvMvgx cuvp erm i 40 j cwiev i eª v Ki gva g BwmwW Kg m wp cušqv bvi cwikíbv i q Q eª vk BwmwWi wewfbœ Bmy i wfwë Z Ab vb ms vi Kg x `i cöwk Y cö`vb Ki e K v½vi gvz mg mev eª vk Ges ccy jkb KvDwÝj hš_fv e Kg IRb wb q Rb bqv wkï `i gv qi Z Ki ms k i gva g h Zœi cöfve g j vq bi Rb ÔK v½vi gvz mg mevõ bv g GK Kg m wp MÖnY K i evsjv ` k cömekvjxb cövwzôvwbk my hvm-myweav Kg _vkvi K_v we epbv K ib D³ Kg m wp MÖnY Kiv nq evsjv ` ki gz h mkj Dbœqbkxj ` k Kg IRb wb q Rb bqv wkïi msl v ewk (50%) Ges AwaKvsk wkïi Rb Zvi wbr evwo Z nq m mg ` ki wkï g Zz i nvi Kgv bvb Pvi-ermi e vcx G Kg m wpi g j j gv`k meb eª v Ki M elyv I g j vqb wefvm Ges evsjv `k mikv ii XvKv gv`k- mwe `i K `ªxq wpwkrmv K `ª wek ^v ms vi mnvqzvq evsjv ` ki gva wgk ii wk v_ x `i gv`k meb m K wewfbœ Z_ msmö ni D Ï k hš_fv e GK mgx v Pvjvq ez gv b evsjv ` ki Av_ -mvgvwrk Î gv`k meb GKwU gvivík mgm v MZ `yb `k K evsjv ` ki ermi eqmx A bk wk kviwk kvix G Z Avm³ n q Q wewfbœ cöpviyv I ^v wk v Kg m wp MÖn Yi gva g hw` mgm vi cöv_wgk ch v q G K wbqš Y Kiv hvq Zvn j Zv mgv Ri Rb mydj e q Avb e evsjv `k mikvi wk kviwk kvix `i cöwz j i L gv`k me bi Dci cöwz ivag jk I mvs wzkfv e MÖnY hvm Awfhv bi cwikíbv MÖnY Ki Z e cwiki gv`k me bi Kzdj m K hw` e vck cöpvi Awfhvb Pvjv bv nq Zvn j Gi e vck we vi iva Kiv m e n e Av m wbk mgm v Av m wbk Avµvš GjvKvq wbivc` cvwb mieiv ni Î vqx Kvb e e v _vkv LyeB Ri ix D³ Kvh µg cwipvjbvi GK ch v q eª vk mvbvimuv Ges wskimvqv Dc Rjvi wewfbœ MÖv gi jvk `i wbku wbh vm 15

20 M elyv I g~j vqb wefv Mi mv cöwzk Kg KvÊ wbivc` cvwb mieivn cökí vc bi cö ve K i mvbvimuv Dc Rjvi cvkzûv MÖv gi jvkrb eûw`b hver wbivc` cvwbi Afv ei g a _vkvq D³ cökí vc bi AvMÖn cökvk K i H GjvKvi f Mf cvwb Av m wbk I Avqib Avµvš mikvi wba vwiz gv bi w`k _ K cövq 50% wudei qj Av m wbk Avµvš Ges cykzi mn f c ôi Dcwifv Mi cvwb wewfbœ KjKviLvbvi e R i gva g ` wlz n Q D j wlz Ae vi cöw Z wbivc` cvwbi cö qvrbxqzv Abyfe K i eª vk cvkzûv MÖv gi 419wU cwiev i cvwievwik Î e envi Ges Pv li cö qvr b Mfxi bjkzc vc bi gva g wbivc` cvwb mieiv ni D ` vm MÖnY K i D³ cök íi KvR 2001 mv ji ww m ^i gv m kl nq wbwg Z cvwbi U vsk Gi aviy gzv 35,000 wjuvi i Yv e bi Rb MÖv gi ga _ K `yõrb gwnjvmn 13 m`m wewkó KwgwU MVb Kiv nq cvwievwikfv e e envi Ges Pv li Rb Avjv`v `yõwu cvbc jvbb emv bv nq cöv_wgkfv e 82wU cwiev ii Rb cwievi cöwz 2,500 UvKv Rgv wb q 8,500 dzu cvbc jvbb cvwievwik e env ii Rb Ges 900 dzu Pv li Rb vcb Kiv nq Avkv Kiv hv Q Av Av cy iv MÖvg D³ cök íi AvIZvq P j Avm e evsjv `k mikv ii Rb ^v cö KŠkj Awa`ßi, BDwb md Ges cvkzûv MÖv gi RbMY D³ cök íi A_ hvmvb `q cök í gvu LiP nq 18 j UvKv hvi 20% MÖv gi jvkrb enb K i cök íi KvwiMix mnvqzv cö`vb K i e ovi cj x Dbœqb GKv Wgx AwZ `wi`ª AwZ `wi`ª `i RxebhvÎvi Î wkfv e BwZevPK cwiez b Avbv hvq G D Ï k cvi wik AwfÁZv I gzvgz Av`vb cö`v bi gva g KŠkj MÖnY I cwikíbv cöyq bi j 18 m Þ ^i 2001 Zvwi L eª vk wek we` vj q Aa -w`e mi GK Kg kvjv AbywôZ nq D³ Kg kvjvq wewfbœ M elyv cöwzôvb, wk v cöwzôvb, mikvwi ms v, RvZxq I Avš RvwZK GbwRI Ges RvwZms Ni wewfbœ cöwzwbwa Dcw Z wq jb Kg kvjvq AwZ `wi`ª `i Dci cwipvwjz cuvpwu mgx vi djvdj Dc vcb Kiv nq G mgx v jv m v`b K i eª vk, G vkkb GBW evsjv `k, KvwiZvm Ges wi mvm GÛ Bw U MÖkb m Uvi wbh vm 16

21 M elyv I g~j vqb wefv Mi mv cöwzk Kg KvÊ exr weziy evsjv ` k exr weziy cöwµqvi Dci eª vk Ges wdwjwc b Aew Z Avš R vwzk avb M elyv cöwzôvb (IRRI) hš_fv e 15 GwcÖj 2001 Zvwi L XvKvq eª v K GK Kg kvjvi Av qvrb K i ez gv b evsjv ` k cöpwjz exr weziy cöwµqvi wewfbœ mgm v wb q Av jvpbv Kiv nq ZvQvov wewfbœ ms vi cvi wik mn hvwmzvi wfwë Z G cöwµqvi wkfv e Dbœqb Kiv hvq BZ vw` welqi Kg kvjvq Aš fz ³ wqj evsjv `k mikv ii K wl gš Yvjq, wewfbœ M elyv cöwzôvb, evsjv `k K wl wek we` vjq, wewfbœ GbwRI Ges emikvwi cöwzôv bi cöwzwbwaiv D³ Kg kvjvq AskMÖnY K ib M vevj wbdwuªkb Ò M vevj wbdwuªkb 2001Ó welqk Z_ cöhyw³ wbf i GK cöwk Y Kvm 2001 mv ji 27 A ±vei _ K 2 b f ^i ch š iv R `ªcy i eª v Ki W fjc g U g v br g U m Uv i AbywôZ nq cöwk Y Kvm wu eª v Ki M elyv I g j vqb wefvm, XvKv wek we` vj qi cywó I Lv` weávb BbwówUDU Ges myb W bi Dcmvjv wek we` vjq hš_fv e Av qvrb K i cöwk Y Kv m evsjv `k mn Gwkqvi gvu 11wU ` ki dkvwë g ^vi Ges M elkmy AskMÖnY K ib D³ cöwk Yi wfwë Z AskMÖnY-KvixMY cvi wik gzvg Zi wfwë Z wmww-ig I B Uvi bu wbf i DcKiY ˆZix K i Ges G Z Gwkqvi wewfbœ ` ki wk v I M elyv cöwzôv bi g a cvi wik hvmv hv Mi GKwU Î ˆZix nq wdwfg&m RvZxq I Avš vr vwzk Î evsjv `k I _vbj vû mikv ii hš_fv e M nxz wdwfg&m (Food Insecurity and Vulnerability Information and Mapping System ev FIVIMS) Kg m wp K MÖnY hvm Kivi j eª v Ki M elyv I g j vqb wefvm RvwZms Ni Lv` I K wl ms v (FAO) Gi Aby iv a KvwiMwi mnvqzv cö`vb K i ZvQvov wdwfg&m Kg m wp K Gwkqvi cuvpwu ` k ev evq bi j AvÂwjKfv e cökí MÖn Yi Î M elyv I g j vqb wefvm Lv` I K wl ms vi e vskk AvÂwjK Awdm K KvwiMwi mnvqzv cö`vb K i wbh vm 17

22 M elyv I g~j vqb wefv Mi mv cöwzk Kg KvÊ hš_ Kg m wp eª v Ki wbr ^ Kg m wpi Dci M elyv QvovI M elyv I g j vqb wefvm i Z c Y RvZxq I Avš RvwZK wewfbœ wel q wbr D ` v M Ges wewfbœ `kx-we `kx wek we` vjq, RvwZmsN, wewfbœ GbwRI Ges mikvwi I emikvwi cöwzôv bi mv _ hš_fv e M elyv Kvh µg cwipvjbv K i _v K 2001 mv j M elyv I g j vqb wefvm hy³iv óªi Kjw ^qv wek we` vjq I K Y j wek we` vjq, myb W bi Dwgqv wek we` vjq, hy³iv R i g vb Póvi wek we` vjq, wdwjcvb bi Avš RvwZK avb M elyv cöwzôvb, Ges ` k evsjv `k Dbœqb M elyv cöwzôvb, MYmv izv Awfhvb, evsjv `k mikvi, AvBwmwWwWAvi,we, RvwZmsN wkï Znwej, wek Lv` Kg m wp Ges wek ^v ms vmn wewfbœ cöwzôv bi mv _ hš_fv e M elyv Kvh µg cwipvjbv K i Q wbh vm 18

23 wbh vm 2002 RyjvB;11:19-23 eª vk M elyv I g j vqb wefv Mi Kvh µg m wk Z GKwU mgx v KvB kdvi 1975 mv j gvî GKRb Kg x wb q ïi niqv eª v Ki cwimsl vb BDwbU AvR GK c Y v½ M elyv I g j vqb wefvm ïi _ KB G wefvm eª v Ki wewfbœ Kg m wpi cwikíbv cöyqb, ev evqb, g j vqb Ges e e vcbvi Î mnvqzv w` q Avm Q ez gv b G wefv M 50 Rb wbqwgz Kg x KvR Ki Qb hvi g a 45 Rb cöwk YcÖvß M elk hviv wewfbœ wel q wbqwgz M elyv Pvwj q hv Qb eª vk Kg x `i PvKzixi Mo eqm 14 ermi hvi g a m e v P 27 ermi Ges me wbæ GK erm ii AwfÁZv m bœ Kg x i q Qb M elyv I g j vqb wefvm eª v Ki wewfbœ Kg m wpi Dci M elyv QvovI RvZxq I Avš R vwzk L vwzm bœ wewfbœ cöwzôv bi mv _ hš_fv e M elyv Kvh µg cwipvjbv K i _v K G wefvm 2001 mv j cövq 22wU mikvwi I emikvwi cöwzôv bi mv _ hš_fv e M elyv Kvh µg cwipvjbv K i Q ZvQvov G wefv Mi i q Q D j L hvm cökvkbv Kvh µg G wefvm hvezxq wefvmxq Kg Kv Êi Dci wbqwgz evwl K cöwz e`b cökvk K i _v K ZvQvov G wefvm cö Z K erm ii M elyv wi cvu jv _ K evqvbk Z i Z c Y wi cvu jvi evsjv mvi-ms c eª vk Kg x `i we kl K i gvvkg x `i gv S cš Q `qvi j 1995 mvj _ K wbqwgz Ôwbh vmõ cökvk K i Avm Q G M elyvi D Ïk nj eª v Ki wewfbœ Kg m wpi cwikíbv cöyqb, ev evqb, g j vqb I e e vcbvi Î M elyv I g j vqb wefvm Kx f wgkv cvjb K i Zv hvpvb Kiv `Perceptions of the research and evaluation division and its work: a qualitative study kxl K GKwU M elyv wi cv U i mvi-ms c g j wi cvu wu Bs irx Z ˆZix K i Qb KvB kdvi Ges evsjvq mvi-ms c K i Qb KvRx wej vj nv mb wbh vm 19

24 M elyv I g~j vqb wefv Mi Kvh µg KvB kdvi G M elyvq eª v Ki gvu c bi Rb Kg xi mv vrkvi MÖnY Kiv nq hvi `krb cyi l Ges cuvprb gwnjv G `i g a GKRb cwipvjk, AvURb Kg m wp mgš^qkvix, cuvprb Kg m wp e e vck Ges GKRb Rbv ij g v brvi D j wlz e w³ `i gzvg Zi wfwë Z g j cöwz e`b ˆZixi c e FY Kg m wp, wk v Ges ^v I RbmsL v cöwzwu Kg m wpi Kg x `i mv _ 4wU K i mv vrkvi ce cwipvjbv Kiv nq ZvQvov eª vk Avievb Kg m wpi `yõrb Ges gvbe m ` wefv Mi GKRb Kg xi mv _I Av jvpbv Kiv nq G M elyvwu gvu wzbwu ch v q mgvß Kiv nq cö_g ch v q M elyv cwipvjbvi Rb cökœcî ˆZixi ci wewfbœ Kg m wpi D P ch v qi wzbrb Kg xi g a wcö Uó Kiv nq hviv M elk `i cökœcî cwiez bi civgk cö`v b m g M elyvi wøzxq ch v q D³ cökœcî e envi K i D j wlz c bi Rb Kg KZ vi mv vrkvi MÖnY Kiv nq D j wlz ch v qi Kg x Qvov AviI `yõrb Kg xi mv vrkvi MÖnY Kiv nq Ges G `yõr bi mv vrkvi bqvi D Ïk nj Ab vb Kg xiv M elyvi welq jv K wkfv e ` L Zv Rvbv AskMÖnYKvix c bi R bi g a `yõr bi KvQ _ K Lye GKUv i Z c Y Z_ cviqv hvqwb KviY G `i GKRb G mv rkv ii e vcv i Lye GKUv AvMÖnx wq jb bv Ges Ab Rb Bs irx Z `ye j wq jb Z Zxq ch v q c bi R bi mv vrkvi _ K cviqv Z_ mg n we k ly Kiv nq eª v Ki wewfbœ Kg m wpi cwikíbv cöyqb, ev evqb, Ges g j vq bi Î M elyv I g j vqb wefv Mi i Z i K_v AskMÖnYKvixiv mevb D j L K ib Zviv AviI e jb M elyv I g j vqb wefv Mi Kg xiv eª v Ki Kg m wp m K hzuv Mfxifv e Rv b Zv Ab Kvb cöwzôv bi M elyv Kg x `i c Rvbv m e bq M elyv I g j vqb wefv Mi BwZevPK w`k n jv Gi AwfÁZvm bœ ckv`vi Kg xevwnbx Kg m wp-mswk ó Kg xiv memgq Kg m wpi mv _ IZ cövzfv e RwoZ _vkvi d j Kvb Kvb mgm v Zv `i Pv L aiv c o bv G Î Z Zxq c wnmv e M elyv I g j vqb wefv Mi Kg x `i c D³ mgm vwu wpwýz Kiv mnr nq ZvQvov G Z Kg m wp Ges M elk `i g a hvmv hvm vwcz nq hv Kg m wpi Dbœq b f wgkv iv L wbh vm 20

25 M elyv I g~j vqb wefv Mi Kvh µg KvB kdvi mv vrkv i AskMÖnYKvix `i A b KB e jb h M elyv I g j vqb wefv Mi bzzb Kg x `i c eª v Ki wewfbœ Kg m wp m K LywUbvwU Rvbv m e bq GgZve vq Zv `i Kvb Kg m wp Z wkqyw`b mswk ó _ K AwfÁZv AR b Kiv DwPZ Ges G Z Kg m wp I M elk `i g a ` iz n«vm cv e A b KB Avevi G msµvš ` iz ` i Kivi Rb M elyv Kv R Kg m wpi Kg x `i Aš f y³ Kivi ^c gzvgz e ³ K ib A b K Avevi G Z M elyv Kvh µ g c cvwzz niqvi m vebv i q Q e ji mskq cökvk K ib D j L hvm Av ikwu welq n jv M elyv Kg x `i we kl K i bzzb Kg x `i PvKzix Z v Mi welqwu G e vcv i Zv `i mv _ Avjvc Ki j Zviv cvi wik Amn hvwmzv Ges wug w wiu-gi Afv ei K_v D j L K ib M elyvq Av iv h `yõwu welq cwijw Z nq Zvi GKwU n jv M elyvi KvR A bk mgq wbw` ó mg q kl nq bv mgqgz kl bv niqvi d j A bk mgq M elyvi welq AKvh Ki n q c o Ges ZLb Zv UvKvi AcPq Qvov Avi wkqyb bq Av ikwu welq n jv M elk Ges Kg m wpi Kg x `i g a mgš^ qi Afve D j wlz `yõ Uv welq QvovI AskMÖnYKvixiv M elyvi M wzmz wkqy w` Ki K_v D j L K ib Zv `i g Z ^í msl K bgybvq bi gva g M elyv Kvh µg cwipvjbv Kiv nq e j A bkmgq M elyvi djvdj mywbw` ó nq bv ZvQvov KD KD GKB ikg KŠkj evi evi e envi Ges ZË ewk e env ii K_v e jb Zviv M elyvi Î msl vmz Ges YMZ we k ly Dfq c wzi mgš^ qi Dci i Z Av ivc K ib Zv `i g Z M elyvi djvdj Pzovš Kivi c e Kg m wp-mswk ó e w³ `i mv _ Av jvpbv Kiv DwPZ, KviY M elk `i c A bk mgq Kg m wpi Lye Mfx i hviqv m e nq bv wkš cö Z K Kg m wp mswk ó Kg xib wbr Kg m wp m K cwi vi aviyv i q Q AskMÖnYKvixiv M elyvq cövß Z_ wi cvu AvKv i ˆZixi Dci we kl i Z Av ivc K ib KviY wjwlz wi cvu Kv Q ivlv m e Ges cö qvr b Zv e envi K i wb Ri Ávb K mg Kiv h Z cv i Kvb welq we vwiz Rvbvi Rb M elyv wi cvu cö qvr b cov h Z cv i hv Kvb mwgbv ii gva g m e bq G mg Kvi Y `vzv ms v jvi M elyvi wi cvu ˆZixi Dci we kl i Z Av ivc K ib wbh vm 21

26 M elyv I g~j vqb wefv Mi Kvh µg KvB kdvi wewfbœ M elyv wel qi wi cvu Zixi Î Bs irx fvlvi e envi K A b KB ^vmz Rvwb q Qb KviY Avš R vwzk fvlv wnmv e Gi MÖnY hvm Zv ewk Ges Bs irx Z Aí K_vq hfv e Kvb welq cwi vifv e Dc vcb Kiv m e, Zv evsjvq nq bv GZ`&m Ë I evsjv gvz fvlv niqvq A b KB G K mnr e j D j L K ib Ges eª v Ki e nëi Rb Mvôxi K_v we epbv K i evsjvq wi cvu ˆZixi Dci i Z Av ivc K ib ZvQvov Kvb Kvb wi cv U Ggb `y e va kã I fvlv e envi Kiv nq hvi gg v_ D vi Kiv ek KwVb Z e mevb GKgZ cvly K ib h evsjv ev Bs irx h fvlvqb wi cvu ˆZix Kiv ndk bv Kb Zv hb nq mnr I cövyeš m e vcwi M elyv wi cvu K Av iv mg I MÖnY hvm Ki Z AskMÖnYKvixiv M elk I Kg m wpi Kg x `i cvi wik hvmv hvm Av iv evov bvi mycvwik K i Qb Zv `i g Z M elyv ïi i c e ïay GKwU cö vebv mfvb h _ó bq M elyv PjvKvjxb mg qi Kg m wpi Kg x `i mv _ hvmv hvm i v Kiv we kl Ri ix M elyvq M elk I Kg m wpi g a hv Z Kvb ` iz ˆZix bv nq mrb cö vebv ˆZixi Av MB Avjvc Av jvpbv K i bqv h Z cv i AskMÖnYKvix `i GKRb ej jb m ÖwZ Avgiv M elyv I g j vqb wefv Mi mv _ GKwU djcöm gzwewbgq mfv Ges gvvkg x `i wb q AbywôZ GKwU cövyeš Kg kvjvq AskMÖnY Kwi cöpzi msl K gvvkg x G Z ^ZtùzZ fv e AskMÖnY K i hv cöavb Kvh vj q Kvbfv eb m e bq cvi wik hvmv hvm ˆZixi Î GwU GKwU DËg KŠkj M elyv I g j vqb wefv Mi cökkbv m wk Z gzvgz cökv ki ïi ZB A b K wewfbœ M elyv wi cv U i evsjv mvi-ms c wb q cökvwkz Ôwbh vmõ Gi K_v D j L K ib AskMÖnYKvix c bi R bi g a GKRb Qvov evwk mevb wbh vm c o Qb Ges AwaKvsk AskMÖnYKvixB wbh vm K Lye fvj e j gš e K ib g j welq n jv M elyv djvd ji g j welq wvk i L mnr I mvejxj evsjv fvlvq msw ßvKv i me mvavi Yi Kv Q we kl K i eª v Ki gvvkg x `i Kv Q cuš Q `qvi Rb B G D ` vm wbh v mi fvlv K KD mnr Avevi KDev KwVb e j gš e K ib, KDev Gi welq jv M íi gz jlv e j co Z fvj jv M GiKg gš e I K ib GKRb wbh v mi welq jv K A bk Av Mi Ges Kvb wbh vm 22

27 M elyv I g~j vqb wefv Mi Kvh µg KvB kdvi Kvb Î 2/3 erm ii cyivzb e j Qb M elyv I g j vqb wefv Mi Ab vb cökvkbv A_ vr Who gets what and why, The net, A tale of two wings, A simple solution, Getting started, Poverty alleviation and empowerment, Hope not complecency-i g a Who gets what and why, The net, A tale of two wings cöf wz cökvkbv jv Zv `i wbku AvKl Yxq I cö qvrbxq e j D j L K ib G `i bqrb bqwu wfbœ wfbœ cökvkbv K Ges QqRb A tale of two wings K Zv `i wcöq cökvkbv e j gz cökvk K ib AskMÖnYKvix `i PviRb Hope not complecency Ges wzbrb Getting started c o Qb hv wk v Kg m wpi Dci wfwë K i jlv Ges G `i PviRb wk v Kg m wpi Kg x hvi wzbrbb gwnjv cökvkbv jv evsjv `k mikvi Ges `kx-we `kx GbwRI jvi wbku cö qvrbxq wkbv Rvb Z PvB j mevb BwZevPK gš e K ib ZvQvov Kvb& cökvkbvwu eª vk K Lye fvjfv e cöwzdwjz K i ev Kvb& ebwu co j eª v Ki LywUbvwU Rvbv hv e G wel q QqRb A simple solution, PviRb The second impact assessment study Ges `yõrb M elyv I g j vqb wefv Mi evb ii cökvkbv Breaking the cycle of poverty-i K_v D j L K ib AwaKvsk Kg xb M elyv I g j vqb wefv Mi Kvh µg m K mš wó cökvk K ib Zviv e jb MZ K qk erm i M elyv I g j vqb wefv Mi Kvh µ g e vck Dbœqb N U Q Z e eª v Ki gvv ch v qi Kg xiv h mkj mgm vi m ylxb nb M elyvq Zv Lye GKUv vb cvq bv mvwe K ch v jvpbvi wfwë Z ejv h Z cv i h M elyv I g j vqb wefv M wbæwjwlz 3wU Î Av iv Dbœqb Kiv h Z cv i hgb, cvi wik hvmv hvm e w Kiv; M elyvi KvR mwvk mg q m bœ Kiv; Ges M elyv wi cv U mnr I cövyeš fvlv e envi Kiv wbh vm 23

28 wbh vm 2002 RyjvB;11:24-27 eª vk zj vbvš ii Kvi Y PvKzix nviv bv eª vk z ji wk K-wkw Kv `i Dci GKwU mgx v gv. Kvqmvi Avjx Lvb evsjv ` k emikvwi ms v wnmv e eª vk ^v, wk v I FY Kg m wp cwipvjbvi gva g `wi`ª `i `vwi`ª ` ixkiy I gzvq Yi j KvR K i hv Q 2000 mv ji g a me Rbxb cöv_wgk wk v ev evq b mikvi K mn hvwmzv Kivi j eª v Ki G Kg m wp KvR K i hv Q, hvi D Ïk `wi`ª I wbi i cwiev ii Q j- g q hviv KL bv Kvb z j fwz nqwb ev fwz n ji cöv_wgk wk v mgvß Kivi c e B S i c o Q Zv `i gšwjk wk v cö`vb Kiv D³ mgx vwu eª v Ki Dc-AvbyôvwbK wk v Kg m wpi PvKzix nviv bv wk Kwkw Kv `i Dci Kiv n q Q eª v Ki `yõai bi z ji g a cö_gwu ÔGbGdwcBÕ hv 1985 mv j ïi niqv 8-10 ermi eqmx Q j- g q `i Rb 4 ermi gqv`x zj wøzxqwu ÔwK kvi-wk kvixõ hv 1988 mv j ïi niqv ermi eqmx Q j- g q `i Rb 3 ermi gqv`x zj `yõai bi z jb wbw` ó gqv ` Q j- g q `i câg kªyx ch š cov bv nq eª vk G Kg m wpi AvIZvq 1999 mv ji g gvm ch š 51,523wU z ji Kvm mgvwßi gva g cövq 16 j Q j- g q K gšwjk wk v cö`vb K i Q Ges ez gv b 34,000 z j cövq 11 j wk v_ x Aa qbiz Av Q eª vk z ji wk K-wkw Kviv ïi _ KB D³ Kg m wp mdj ev evq bi Î AZ š i Z c Y f wgkv cvjb K i hv Q Ges G `i cövq 97%-B gwnjv eª vk z ji wk K-wkw Kviv z ji c Y gqv `i Rb A vqx wfwë Z wb qvmcövß nb z ji gqv` kl `A follow-up study of the teachers of BRAC schools who lost their job due to shifting of school' kxl K GKwU M elyv wi cv U i mvi-ms c (2000) wbh vm 24

29 PvKzix nviv bv eª vk z ji wk K-wkw Kv gv. Kvqmvi Avjx Lvb niqvi ci H GKB GjvKvq bzzb K i QvÎ-QvÎx fwz i gva g bzzb zj ïi Kiv m e n j eª vk KZ c I mswk ó wk K-wkw Kvi gzvg Zi wfwë Z G `i K c btwb qvm `qv nq hw` ciez x Z cö qvrbxq msl K wk v_ x cviqv bv hvq ev Kvb Kvi Y H v b zj Lvjv m e bv nq ZLb H zj Ab Î myweavrbk v b vbvš i Kiv nq G Î mswk ó wk K ev wkw Kvi c hw` bzzb v b wm q zj Pvjv bv m e bv nq ZLb wzwb wbw Œq n q c ob K qkwu wug Awdm n Z msm nxz Z _ `Lv hvq M o cöwz wu g 75 Rb wk K-wkw Kv wbw Œq i q Qb aviyv Kiv nq h GB wbw ŒqZv ev PvKzix nviv bvi d j wk K-wkw Kv `i cvwievwik ev mvgvwrk Rxe b GKwU bwzevpk cwiez b Av m M elyvi j wqj mkj wk K-wkw Kvi Av_ -mvgvwrk Ae v we k ly Kiv Ges PvKzix nviv bvi d j Zv `i cvwievwik, mvgvwrk, A_ bwzk I Kg ms v bi Î Kx ai bi cwiez b Av m Zv hvpvb Kiv evsjv ` ki cyi bv PviwU cökvmwbk wefvm A_ vr XvKv, PÆMÖvg, ivrkvnx I Lyjbvi gvu 20wU Rjvi 34wU wug Awdm K ˆ`ePq bi gva g wbe vpb Kiv nq wbe vwpz wug Awdm jv _ K M o gvu 12 Rb K i wk K-wkw Kv K ˆ`ePq bi gva g wbe vpb K i me gvu 386 R bi mv vrkvi bqv nq, hvi g a wqj 35 Rb cyi l I 351 Rb gwnjv Z_ msmö ni Rb e w³mz I wbweo mv vrkvi Dfq c wzb Aej ^b Kiv nq Ges Dfq mv vrkv ib c _K cökœcî I PKwjó e envi Kiv nq wbe vwpz wk K-wkw Kv `i ga n Z 21 R bi wbweo mv vrkvi MÖnY Kiv nq hv `i 10 Rb ^wb qvwrz Ges 11 Rb ekvi M elyvi djvd j `Lv hvq wbe vwpz cövq 60% wk K-wkw Kvi eqm 25 _ K 34 ermi Ges 22% Gi eqm erm ii g a ZvQvov G `i Mo eqm 30.4 ermi Ges G `i 92% weevwnz I 89% gymjgvb wk K-wkw Kvi kzkiv 64 fvm GmGmwm A_ev Z` aÿ cvk Ges Zv `i Mo wk v wqj cövq 10 ermi wbe vwpz wk Kwkw Kvi cövq 25%-Gi wczv PvKzixRxwe, 23%-Gi e emvqx Ges 21%-Gi K lk G `i 24%-Gi Kvb Avev`x Rwg wqj bv Ges 29%-Gi `yb GK ii ewk Rwg wqj M o Zv `i mš vb msl v wqj `yõrb Ges cwiev ii Mo m`m msl v wqj 5.6 Rb wbh vm 25

30 PvKzix nviv bv eª vk z ji wk K-wkw Kv gv. Kvqmvi Avjx Lvb wk K-wkw Kvi A_ bwzk Ae v cwiez bi Î `Lv hvq cövq 51% Gi Kvb Avq wqj bv, 24% Gi Avq K g Q, 21% Gi Avq e w c q Q Ges 4% Gi Avq c e i mgvbb wqj Kg ms v bi Î `Lv hvq, 49% (190 Rb) Gi bzzbfv e Kg ms vb n q Q Ges 51% wqj ekvi wewfbœ K g wb qvwrz 190 R bi g a me vwak cövq 32% M nwk KZv, 31% Ab cöwzôv bi z j wk KZv Ges 17% Ab GbwRIi PvKzix Z wb qvwrz ZvQvov G `i 13% n wkí I 11% gyiwm cvj b wb qvwrz hw`i kzkiv wnmv e D j L hvm bq ZeyI cövq 7% BDwbqb cwil `i g ^vi wnmv e wbe vwpz nb hv bvix `i gzvq bi Î GKwU gvbj djk hviv ekvi Zv `i 92% Kg ms v b AvMÖnx Ges wewfbœ e w³mz I ^v MZ Kvi Y 8% AvMÖnx bb hw`i mkj wk K-wkw KvB PvKzixi ïi Z eª vk _ K GKevi gšwjk cöwk Y MÖnY K i Qb ZeyI PvKzix nviv bvi ci cövq 50% Avevi wk K cöwk Y MÖnY K i Qb M elyvi djvd j AviI `Lv hvq 72% wk K-wkw Kv PvKzix nvivevi ci Kvb bv Kvbfv e Zv `i wk KZvi AwfÁZv Kv R jvmv Qb G `i g a 68% wb Ri Q j- g q `i covb, 22% M nwk KZv I 21% Ab cöwzôv bi z j PvKzix Ki Qb aviyv Kiv n qwqj h, PvKzix nviv bvi d j Zv `i mvgvwrk, A_ bwzk I Kg ms v bi Î eo ai bi cwiez b Avm e wkš `Lv hvq cövq 63% wk K-wkw KvB g b K ib wk KZvi PvKzix nviv bv m Ë I Zv `i mvgvwrk gh v`vi Kvb cwiez b nqwb Zv `i cövq 13%-Gi Ab Kg ms vb niqvi d j mvgvwrk gh v`v AviI e o Q Ges 25% Zv `i mvgvwrk gh v`v c e v c v K g Q e j D j L K ib Kg Î G cwiez bi d j cövq 76% wk K-wkw KvB g b K ib Zv `i evb i hvevi cöeyzv n«vm c q Q Ab w` K cövq 15% g b K ib Zv `i evb i hvevi cöeyzv e w c q Q Ges 9% Gi g Z Zv `i Kvb cwiez b nqwb G `i g a cövq 52% cybivq wk KZv, 20% n wkí I 13% gyiwm cvj bi Dci cöwk Y wb qwq jb ZvQvov wkqy wkqy wk K-wkw Kv gvqpvl, Mi cvjb, mâxpvl, ^v mev, AvBbwk v mn wewfbœ wel q cöwk Y wb qwq jb hviv cöwk Y bbwb (192 Rb) Zv `i cövq 82% (158 Rb) wewfbœ wbh vm 26

31 PvKzix nviv bv eª vk z ji wk K-wkw Kv gv. Kvqmvi Avjx Lvb cöwk Y wb Z B QyK Ges G `i D j L hvm msl K wk K-wkw KvB cybivq wk KZvi cöwk Y wb Z B QyK PvKzix nviv bv ewki fvm cyi l wk Kiv wekí Kg ms vb Ki Z cvi ji A a Ki ewk wkw Kv Kvb wekí e e v Ki Z cv ibwb d j zj vbvš ii Kvi Y wkw KvivB ewk wzmö n q Qb Z e G Î Kvb mvgvwrk ev ivr bwzk welq `vqx wqj bv eis PvKzwii Afve, ^wb qvwrz Kg ms v bi Rb cö qvrbxq g jab Ges KvwiMix Áv bi AfveB g j mgm v Z e G Î wk K-wkw Kviv we kl K i wkw Kviv ^wb qvwrz Kg ms v bi cwie Z gvwmk ezb wfwëk PvKzixi e vcv ib ewk AvMÖnx, KviY G Î we kl ` Zv I gyjab RwbZ SuzwK bb gwnjviv mvaviyzt Ggb KvRB ewk cq ` K ib hv Z msmvi `Lv kvbv I PvKzix GKB mv _ Ki Z cv ib me k l D j L h, gwnjviv PvKzix ev Kg ms v bi Rb AvMÖnx ïaygvî A_ bwzk Kvi Y bq eis mvgvwrk gh v`v A zyœ ivlv I A_ bwzkfv e ^vej ^x niqvb Zv `i g j D Ïk wbh vm 27

32 wbh vm 2002 RyjvB;11:28-32 eª vk MwY Z eª vk z ji Q j- g q `i g a ˆel g i KviY mg n wgr v gynv ` kvnrvgvj c w_exi Ab vb ` ki gz evsjv ` ki g qiv Q j `i Zzjbvq A_ bwzk I mvgvwrk Î A bk wcwq q i q Q c w_exi gvu kªgn Uvi cövq `yb-z Zxqvsk KvRB K i g qiv, wewbg q Zviv gvu Av qi gvî GK-`kgvsk cvq g qiv c w_exi gvu m `i GKkZvs kii Kg m `i gvwjk evsjv ` k wk vi Î g q `i wcwq q _vkvi welqwu mevi Rvbv _vk ji g qiv h Q j `i P q MwY Z ewk `ye j Zv Rvbvi Rb A c v Ki Z n q Q 1992 mvj ch š H erm ii GKwU M elyvq `Lv hvq h mikvwi cöv_wgk zj I eª vk z ji wk v_ x `i g a MwY Z g q `i AR b Q j `i P q Kg ciez x Z Av iv A bk jv M elyvq eª vk z ji wk v_ x `i MwY Z wj½ ˆel g i welqwu cwijw Z n q Q eª vk G welqwu i Z i mv _ we epbv K i Q Av jvp M elyvq MwY Z eª vk z ji Q j- g q `i ˆel g i KviY Lyu R ei Kivi Póv Kiv n q Q M elyvi cö_g ch v q wzbwu Z Zxq ch v qi zj Luy R ei Kiv nq h jv Z Q jiv g q `i Zzjbvq MwY Z fvj G D Ï k XvKv _ K cövq 100 wkt wgt cwð gi GKwU cj x GjvKvq PviwU Z Zxq ch v qi zj D Ïk g jkfv e wbe vpb Kiv nq GKB cökœcî e envi K i zj PviwU Z MwYZ cix v bqv nq djvdj we k l Y `Lv hvq, me jv z jb g q `i AR b Q j `i P q Kg h wzbwu z j g qiv ewk Lvivc K i Q m wzbwu zj K M elyvi Rb evqvb Kiv nq ÔCauses behind gender difference in mathematics: an exploratory study in BRAC schoolsõ kxl K GKwU M elyv wi cv U i mvi-ms c(2000) wbh vm 28

33 MwY Z Q j- g q `i ˆel g i KviY wgr v gynv ` kvnrvgvj D³ wzbwu z ji MwYZ K vk jv ci ci 12 w`b ch e Y Kiv nq mswk ó wkw Kv, Kg m wp msmvk, cöwk K Ges wug BbPvR -Gi mv vrkvi MÖnY Kiv nq ZvQvov QqRb wk v_ xi Km& vww Kiv nq g q `i MwY Z Lvivc Kivi wcq b h mkj KviY i q Q m jv we k ly Ki j `Lv hvq wkqy KviY NU Q kªyxk Ges wkqy wk v_ xi evwo Z eª vk wk v Kg m wpi wkqy ˆewkó I g q `i MwY Z `ye j niqv K mnvqzv K i Q kªyxk we` gvb mgm vmg n MwYZ K v k wk K-wkw KvMY mvaviyzt Q j `i K cövavb `b ewk A_ vr Q j `i K ewk cökœ K ib Ges ev W I ewk Wv Kb G e vcv i wk K-wkw Kvi gzvgz n jv Kvb AsK w` j g qiv Zv Ki Z AvMÖnx bv n ji Q jiv G e vcv i Lye Drmvnx wk K-wkw Kv `i cöz vkvi g q `i P q Q j `i Kv Q ewk g qiv Kvb fzj Ki j ms kva bi Rb wk K-wkw KvMY Ggb fvlv e envi K ib hv Z Zviv wbi rmvwnz nq MwYZ mgm v mgvav bi Rb wk K-wkw KvMY mvaviyzt Kvb g q K bv W K Q j KB Wv Kb ZvQvov kªyxi KvR `Lv Ges cvv Dc vc bi mgqi wk Kwkw KvMY Q j `ib mvnvh wb q _v Kb GKRb wkw Kv GK g q K ej jb, Òg vqv ws-cyz AB Qv, KZv Kg Kev bv Awj c ii fvz LvwZ cvievbvó GKB wkw Kv GKwU Q j K agk w` q ej jb, ÒG vb Q j covj vnv bv Kiwj Zv PvKwi-evKwi cvevbv, K i Lvev wkó? GLv b wcz Zvwš K mgvr e e vi GKwU cöwz Qwe ó dz U D V Q mvsmvwik Ab vb Kv Ri cvkvcvwk g qiv QvU fvb- evb `i jvjb cvjb K i e j kªyxk Q j `i P q g qiv ewk Abycw Z _v K Zv `i gv evwo Z bv _vk j ev Amy _vk j mvsmvwik wewfbœ KvRKg Ki Z nq e j A bk mgq Zviv z j Avm Z cv i bv GQvovI h mkj wk v_ x `i zj QywUi ci nv Ui ga w` q evwo wdi Z nq Zv `i gv-eveviv nv Ui w` b Zv `i K z j Avm Z w` Z Pvq bv, wkš Q j `i Î Gme Kvb mgm v nq bv wbh vm 29

34 MwY Z Q j- g q `i ˆel g i KviY wgr v gynv ` kvnrvgvj kªyxk Q jiv g q `i K wewfbœfv e ewâz K i hv MwY Zi Î g q `i AR b K e vnz K i wk K-wkw Kv Kvb g q K AsK Kivi Rb ev W WvKvi ci g qwu wkqyuv BZ Z Ki j mv _ mv _ GKwU Q j ev W P j Av m Ges wk K-wkw KvI Zv KB my hvm `b ZvQvov kªyx Z h cuvpwu j cuvp ` ji Rb `qv nq m cuvpwu j AwaKvsk mgqb Q j `i nv Z _v K wk v_ x `i evwo Z we` gvb mgm vmg n g qiv evwo Z MwY Zi mv _ m ³ niqvi my hvm Kg cvq Zviv mvaviyzt nvu-evrv i Kg hvq Ges Kvb wkqy epv- Kbvi mv _I RwoZ _v K bv evev-gviv mvsmvwik wnmvecî Q j `i mv _B K i _v Kb g qiv mvaviyzt Ggb me Ljv L j h jv ZI wnmvec Îi Zgb cö qvrb nq bv Ab w` K Q j `i AwaKvsk Ljv ZB wnmvec Îi e vcvi Av Q hgb, dzuej, wµ KU, K vivg BZ vw` d j g q `i g a Q j ejv _ KB MwYZ fxwz ˆZwi nq zj jvi Zv `i fxwz ` ixki Y h_vh_ f wgkv cvjb K i bv g q `i jlv-covi cöwz evev-gvi Kg cöz vkvi Zv `i MwY Z `ye jzvi Rb A bkvs k `vqx evev-gv Zvi Q j K z j cvwv q g b K i m jlv-cov wk L PvKzix K i kl eq m Zv `i `Lvïbv Ki e, Avi g qiv jlv-cov wkl j Zv `i we q w` Z mywe a n e Ges Zv `i wbku wpwv wjl Z cvi e Q j `i jlvcovi Rb evev-gv evwo Z h AbyK j cwi ek m wó K ib g q `i Rb Zv K ib bv Zviv g b K ib g qiv we q w` j k ïievwo P j hv e, ZvB M n vjxi KvR-Kvg klvb Zv `i cöavb `vwqz GKRb e Zvi zj co~qv Q j m ^ Ü ej jb, ÒAvwg Avgvi QvIqvjWv i KBwQ, evwo Z Zvi Kvb Kvg bvb Ggbfv e covj vnv Kiwe hv Z Kv iv cv Q bv cwim `ikvi jvmwj Avgvi me wkqy e PI Zv i coveó H jv KiB GKwU g qi z j c o g qwui e vcv i ej jb, Ò m g vqv ws-cyz, evoxi KvR-Kvg wklvi `ikvi Av Q we q w`wjb k ïievwo P j hv e b Ii Rwb GZ wpš vi wk Av QÓ? Q jiv hw` msmv ii KvR ev` w` q jlvcov K i Zvn j evev-gv Lywk nq wkš g q `i Î Zv nq bv Q j `i jlvcovi Rb AwZwi³ LiP Ki ZI Zv `i Kvb wøav bb hgb, h wzbwu zj wbh vm 30

35 MwY Z Q j- g q `i ˆel g i KviY wgr v gynv ` kvnrvgvj _ K Z_ msmön Kiv n q Q m wzbwu z j gvu 19 Rb wk v_ xi nvznwo wqj hvi g a gvî 2 Rb g q eª vk wk v Kg m wp Z we` gvb mgm vmg n eª vk z j g q I Q j wk v_ xi AbycvZ mvaviyzt 22t11 ewk msl K g q wk v_ x fwz Kivi d j ek wkqy `ye j g q KI fwz Ki Z nq hgb, hw` Kvb GjvKvq z j fwz Dc hvmx 22 Rb Q j I 22 Rb g q cviqv hvq Zvn j Kvb ikg evqwepvi QvovB 22 Rb g q K fwz Kiv nq Zvici 22 Rb Q ji ga _ K 11 Rb PUc U I PvjvK Q j K evqvb K i fwz Kiv nq Gfv e ïi _ KB g q I Q j `i g a ˆelg ïi nq ZvQvov A bk mgq wbw` ó eq mi 22 Rb g q bv cviqvi d j Kg m wp msmvkmy zj Lvjvi ^v _ wkqy Kg eqmx I wkqy ewk eqmx g q K fwz K i Kg eqmx g qiv gvbwmkfv e A c vk Z Acwic e j MwYZ AR bi Î mgzv i v Ki Z cv i bv ewk eqmx g q `i Î `yõai bi mgm v nq cö_gzt Zv `i we q n q M j S i c o Ges Zv `i j GKRb bzzb g q fwz Kiv nq hviv c i fwz niqvi d j ^fvezb MwY Z mgzv i v Ki Z cv i bv wøzxq h mgm vwu m wó nq Zv n jv ewk eqmx g qiv Kvb wkqy fzj Ki j Zv `i kvixwik AvKvi wb q gš e Kiv nq, d j Zviv Kvb wkqy bv eys ji cökœ K i bv ev mn R Kvb cö kœi DËi w` Z Pvq bv GKRb wkw Kv GiKg GKwU g q K ej jb, ÒLvwj nv Z-cv qb eo nbwqm& Zvi gvzvq Kvb wnjy bvbó GiKg gš e i d j GB g q jv LyeB mskzwpz Ae vq _v K Ges Zv `i AR b Avkvbyiƒc nq bv eª vk wk v Kg m wpi Av ikwu mgm v nj, MwY Z g qiv h `ye j G e vcv i vbxq mswk ó Kg xiv G Kev ib AeMZ bq mswk ó Kg m wp msmvkmy Ges wug BbPvR iv G e vcv i wkqyb Rv bb bv e j Rvbvb eª vk z j MwY Z g qiv Kb `ye j Zvi KviY LvRvi cvkvcvwk wkfv e G mgm vi mgvavb Kiv hvq ZvI ei Kivi Póv Kiv n q Q z ji wk K-wkw Kv, Kg m wp msmvkmy, cöwk K Ges wug BbPvR - Gi mv _ Av jvpbvi gva g MwY Z wj½ ˆelg ` ixki Yi wb æv³ mycvwik jv Kiv n q Q hgb, wbh vm 31

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