ew evmx `i AwfÁZvq ew D Q`: GKwU wbweo ch e Y

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1 Poverty alleviation Empowerment Human well-being Environment mvgvwrk Agriculture Microfinance Reproductive health Population Action research CFPR/TUP Gender Food and Nutrition Agriculture Microfinance CFPR/TUP Poverty alleviation Empowerment Human well-being Health Environment Gender Economics Social development CFPR/TUP Gender Food and Nutrition ew evmx `i AwfÁZvq ew D Q`: GKwU wbweo ch e Y Agriculture Microfinance Reproductive health Population Action research CFPR/TUP Economics Social development CFPR/TUP Gender Food and Nutrition Agriculture Microfinance Reproductive health Population Action research Gender Poverty alleviation Empowerment Human well-being Health Environment Gender Economics Social development CFPR/TUP Gender Food and Nutrition Agriculture Microfinance Reproductive health Population Action research Economics Poverty alleviation Empowerment Human well-being Health Environment gvgyb-di-ikx` mvwe K ZË veav b: kvnv`y¾vgvb Economics Social development CFPR/TUP Gender Food and Nutrition Agriculture Microfinance Reproductive health Population Action research Gender Poverty alleviation Empowerment Human well-being Health Environment Economics Social development CFPR/TUP Gender Food and Nutrition Poverty alleviation Empowerment Human well-being Health Environment Gender Economics Social development CFPR/TUP ww m ^i 2005 Gender Food and Nutrition eª vk M elyv wi cvu Agriculture Microfinance Reproductive health Population Action research CFPR/TUP Poverty alleviation Empowerment Human well-being Health Environment Gender Economics Social development M elyv I g~j vqb CFPR/TUP wefvm Gender Food and Nutrition eª vk m Uvi, 75 gnvlvjx, XvKv 1212, evsjv `k Agriculture Microfinance B- gbj: Reproductive research@brac.net, health d v : Population , Action research Gender dvb: , , Poverty alleviation Empowerment Human well-being Health Environment Gender

2 ew evmx `i AwfÁZvq ew D Q`: GKwU wbweo ch e Y gvgyb-di-ikx` mvwe K ZË veav b W: kvnv`y¾vgvb ww m ^i 2005 M elyv I g~j vqb wefvm eª vk m Uvi, 75 gnvlvjx, XvKv 1212, evsjv `k research@brac.net, Fax: , Telephone: , , For more details about the report please contact: mamunred@yahoo.com

3 SLUM EVICTION AND EXPERIENCES OF THE SLUM DWELLERS: A CLOSE OBSERVATION Mamun-Ur-Rashid Abstract This study aimed to explore the social and economic dynamics that led to and followed the eviction of Kalyanpur basti, home of some 1,675 families, demolished in Decem-ber Information was collected through participant observation, stakeholder percep-tions and group discussions. The process of eviction, actual demolition, reactions to the eviction, and eventual settling down of the dwellers are narrated. The initiators of the eviction were the local commissioner and the House Building Research Institute of the government. The demolition was successful in the face of collective protest of the slum dwellers due to the commissioner s colla-boration with the leader of the slum dwellers. The dwellers found that there was none to support them in the actual protest. Although they had expected the NGO activists, their local leaders and media to help them out, all of them betrayed. After eviction, some of the dwellers left while others tried to stay. The living conditions were adverse. Cold winter nights without proper housing and sanitation, police raids and internal outbursts of viol-ence led to severe suffering, including death of some children. The Basti still exists. The ones who held on to their land through all the troubles have rebuilt their houses. However, the commissioner has retained a large por-tion of the land. The paper emphasizes the need for collective will and planning on the part of all stakeholders to make sure that future evictions are conducted more effec-tively, making sure that the sufferings of the dwellers are minimized and they are properly rehabilitated.

4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Slums emerged as a by product to meet the necessities of urban life. While the needs for which these slum people are crucial to fulfill are appreciated, the inconveniences of having slums in the towns are not. These slums, viewed as centers of crimes, drug dealings and chaos, are the disturbance of city life and, therefore, intolerable. This disliking manifests slum eviction which leave the unskilled workers, rickshawpullers, petty traders and sweeper of cities homeless. During eviction different stakeholders such as the slum dwellers, evictor government or private sector, NGOs working in the slums, political parties take different stances. Their respective roles are not always the same and their interests are not static either. Our general wisdom about the slum life and the consequences of slum eviction is limited to the media reports which often, if not entirely, fail to reflect the perspective of the slum dwellers. Therefore, the statements of those who are being evicted needs to be taken into account to have a fuller understanding of the dynamics of slum eviction. With this objective, the study was conducted at Kallayanpur slum during eviction that started on 22 nd December Extensive interviews with the slum people were conducted to get into their own perspectives on the whole eviction drive. Participant observation has also proved to be a very useful tool for this purpose. Interviews with the leaders of slum dwellers, GO and NGO staff working in slums and people associated with the eviction gave a finer picture of eviction. This paper also have some general discussions on the slum life to make the stories of eviction more complete. The main points of this paper are as follows: Prevalent idea about slums are that the dwellers are floating residents, they are involved in criminal activities, create social problems such as drugs, pollute city environment and hindrance to development. This sot of mindset generate support for slum eviction. However, they are key ingredients to the rise of cities like Dhaka. The usual claim that they live at slums by illegally occupying the land is a gross mistake since per square feet rent in slums are much higher than the rents prevalent even in posh areas of Dhaka. Slum evictions never take into account the constitutional rights of the residents and the guidelines in different international treaties or national policies are regularly disregarded. Usual tools of eviction are setting fire to the houses, beating the residents by police force or hired hooligans, plundering their belongings which all violate human rights putting our conscience at stake. The Kallayanpur slum was first established by the victims of river erosion from Bhola about 18 years ago. Since then this has regularly been subject to eviction and destruction by fire. However, the residents have managed to reestablish the slum sometimes with help from government and private sector and sometimes by their own efforts. This regularity in rise and fall have created a unique power structure within and around the slum. The political parties have interest in only the votes of the dwellers. People associated with the party in power controls the slum and take service charge for providing security to the dwellers and resolving conflicts. Though the local political leaders demonstrate their position as a guard to the interest of the slum dwellers, in practice they are agent of evictors. The NGOs operating there fails to take any stance as they are also marginalized by the dominance of slum leaders. Their activity during eviction is limited to preventing their office equipment from plundering.

5 Eviction not only make the dwellers homeless but also lose their livelihood. Besides the destruction of water and sewerage, the professions like small trading, rickshaw pulling, autorickshaw driving become unstable. In the long-run, they have lesser acceptance since frequent eviction creates instability in their life. Life after eviction is simply miserable for the evicted though the local city people are happy with improved utility because these are no more supplied to the slum. The evicted people have to spend all that they are left with to find a place to live and become subject to extortion. While the search goes on, sanitation becomes the most crucial problem and specially for the women. In the new place, it is not very easy to find work either. For the lack of education facilities for their kids and in needs of financial services, they feel the absence of the NGOs. This study demonstrates the general wisdom of eviction and reconstruction. There are lot of things happening in between. The dwellers become united to prevent the eviction. Their efforts of expressing their concern to the prime minister and leader of opposition unsurprisingly fail. Some letters are also sent to them hoping for some support. Hopelessness force them to believe in fiction of some supernatural saviors.they also take weapon of the weak such as naming dogs by the names of leaders of evictors.

6 cö_g Aa vq f~wgkv ew bmivq Yi GKwU Acwinvh DcmM wnmv e `Lv `q A_ bwzk cöe w i avivevwnkzvq DbœZ `k jv Z ew i Dcw wz K g M ji Dbœqbkxj `k jvi cöavb bmi jv Z ew GLbI GKwU wb iu ev ezv cö vcu f ` ew i msáv e` j h Z cv i, Z e evsjv ` ki M elkiv ew K msávwqz K i Qb Gfv e, Òew n Q Ggb me GjvKv hlv b GjvKvwfwËK RbemwZi NbZ AwZ D P A_ vr cöwz GK i 3,000 R bi ewk jvk evm K i, GKwU Kvgivq wz bi AwaK cövß eq jvk evm K i Ab w` K ew Z M ni wbgv Y DcKi Yi gvb Lye wbgœgv bi, cvwb mievin I cqtwb vkb e e vi Lye wbgœgv bi, GjvKvi fz i PjvP ji cvkv iv v ev c_ LyeB Ach vß ev G Kev ib bb, AveR bv cwi v ii e e v bb GLv b `wi`ª I AwZ`wi`ª jvk evm K i Ges Zv `i RxweKv AcÖvwZôvwbK ev Bbdigvj A_ vr Lye Aí RvqMv wb q QvU QvU Ni _v K, RbcÖwZ 10 _ K 15 em dzu, GKGKwU N i Rb GgbwK 15 Rb ch š NygvqÓ (Avn g`, Ave`vj 1990) ÒMÖvg I kn ii f~wgnxb cwievi, gvwjkvbv wenxb RvqMvq h mkj emwz vcb K i _v K Zv K Avgiv ^Z nxb emwz ev ew e j AvL vwqz K i _vwkó (Kwig, iwddj 1993) Aek ïay msáv _ K ew i ev e iƒc Abyaveb m e bq ew i ev ezvi eûwea RwUj gvîv i q Q mvaviyfv e cî-cwîkvq cövqktb ew GKwU Av jvwpz welq n q I V cöavbz ew D Q` ev ew Z Av b jvmv BZ vw` NUbvi cöw Z hw`i msev`c Îi mxwgz cwim i Gme NUbvi we vwiz weeiy ev e vl v cviqv `y i ew wb q ek wkqz M elyv n q Q, Z e ew evmxi cö vcu _ K Zv `i Rxe b Gme `y h v Mi AwfÁZv Ges cöfve msµvš M elyv `yj f GB M elyvq AskMÖnYg~jK c wz e envi K i XvKvi GKwU ew D Q `i NUbv K ew evmx `i AwfÁZvi cöw Z ey bv Kiv n q Q Avgiv Avkv Kwi ew welqk M elyvq GB M elyvwu GKwU bzzb gvîv hvm Ki e ew D Q` cöm ½ Avmevi Av M ew wel q mvaviy wkqz Av jvpbv hyw³hy³ n e e j g b Kwi 1

7 evsjv ` k ew i BwZnvm evsjv ` k K e cö_g ew i D e n qwq jv m m ú K mwvk Z _ i Ach vßzv i q Q Z e wewfbœ Drm _ K ew i BwZnvm Rvbvi Póv _ g _v Kwb hgb Ñ e wuk Avg j GLv b ew i D e n qwq jv e j g b Kiv nq, KviY ZLb e wuk mikvi wewfbœ `ywf Kvjxb mg q kn i Avmv eyfy y gvby li Rb j½ilvbvi e e v K iwq jv Avi mlvb _ KB ew i D e n qwq jv ^vaxbzv ciezx Kv j GB ew i msl v D j L hvm nv i e w cvq evsjv ` ki ^vaxbzvi Av M ZrKvjxb c~e -cvwk v b AvbygvwbK 311wU ew wq jv e j Rvbv hvq mëi I Avwki `k K Gi msl v `uvovq 781wU Ges Avwk I beÿbõi `k K GB msl v e o `uvwo q Q 2,100-Gi Dc i fviz fv Mi mgq 1947 mv j evsjv `k wqj g~jz GKwU MÖvg cöavb `k, ZLb gvî 4 kzvsk jvk kn i evm Ki Zv ^vaxbzvi ci _ K D j L hvm nv i MÖvg _ K kn i RbmsL vi vbvš i N U Q AvbygvwbK wnmve Abyhvqx 1974 _ K 1982-Gi ga ezx mg q kn i cöwz eqi kzkiv 10.6 fvm nv i RbmsL v e o Q Gi d j MÖvgxY RbmsL v ez gv b 80 kzvs k `uvwo q Q Ô60-Gi `k K MÖvgxY RbmsL v cöe w i nvi wq jv evrmwik 2.4 kzvsk ^vaxbzv DËi mg q Zv K g `vwo q Q evrmwik 1.3 kzvsk w` knviv gvbyl wekvj kn ii c _ Ny iny i GKmgq hlv bb GKLÊ RvqMv Lyu R c q Q mlv bb GK ai bi Lycwi evwb q emevm ïi K i Q Avi Gfv eb DrcwË n q Q ew i (Rvgvb, GGg 1997) XvKvq e wuk Avg ji ew wq jv Z e msl vq Lye Kg wqj L vzbvgv UvDb c vbvi cwuªk MwW mi wi cv U 1800 mv j XvKvq ew i K_v D j L Av Q wemz 20/25 eq i XvKv Z ew i msl v e vck AvKv i e w c q Q cö_g Ae vq cyivb XvKvi kuvlvix evrvi, VvUvwi evrvi, hvmxbmi BZ vw` GjvKvq ïaygvî ew wq jv Ô60-Gi `k K cici `yõwu eo eb vq e vck Lv` fve `Lv hvq d j Lv ` i müv b gvbyl kn ii w` K cv evovq Ges e w c Z _v K ew i msl v ^vaxbzv hy i Av M ij jvbb GjvKvq ew wq jv ewk, wkš hy i mgq cvwk vbx ˆmb iv Gme ew R vwj q `q 1972 mv j `k ^vaxb nevi ci MÖvg GjvKvq Zxeª Lv` vfve `Lv `q GB Afve nvrvi nvrvi gvbyl K kn ii w` K V j `q Avevi 1974-Gi `ywf i mgqi wecyj msl vq gvbyl MÖvg _ K kn ii w` K avegvb nq Zv `i mevib aviyv wqj h kn i M j GKUv bv GKUv KvR cviqv hv e, bv L q gi Z n e bv Ñ Gi djvdj n jv ew i msl v Z_v ew evmxi msl v e w cviqv (Avn g`, Ave`vj 1990) Gfv eb mg qi cwiµgvq ew i D e I msl v e w cvq G Î mvßvwnk wewpîv, gvp 1990 msl vq cökvwkz GKwU Rwi c `Lv hvq ivravbxi 1,125wU ew i g a kzkiv 38 fvm M o D V Q MZ AvU eq i, 76 fvm ew M o D V Q MZ 19 eq i, Ges 20 eq ii P q cyivzb ew i msl v gvî 20 kzvsk Z e `yõ`kk a i M o IVv Gme ew i MVb cök wz Z i q Q D j L hvm wfbœzv cökvi f` GB M elyvi Rb h nzz XvKvi Kjv vycyi ew e Q biqv n qwq jv, m nzz M elyvi g~j` wó XvKvi ew i Dci `qv n q Q XvKv kn ii gvu ew i msl v wb q nqz cwimsl vbmz wfbœzv i q Q wkš GB wfbœzv wbzvš B mgq Ges jvke ji Kvi Y N U Q e j aviyv Kiv nq XvKv kn ii ew jv K `yõfv M fvm Kiv nq: (1) A ea (2) ˆea mvßvwnk wewpîvq cökvwkz GKwU Rwic _ K `Lv hvq XvKvi 35 fvm ew A ea Ges ev`-evkx 65 fvm ˆea GB `yõ kªyxi ew m ú K evsvi Rb wb Pi Z_ jv i Z c~y A ea ew jv mvaviyz cši K c v ikb, ivrdk, wek we` vjqmn wewfbœ mikvwi, Avav-miKvwi cöwzôv bi cwzz ev Ae eüz RvqMvq M o D V Q G jvi vqx Kvb wfwë bb D Q `i mgq mikvwi evwnbx Ges g vb Øviv mvaviyz ew evmxiv wbh vwzz nb GB ew jv Z nqz Nifvov w` Z nq bv wkš cöwzwbqz Puv`v w` Z nq, bv w` j ûgwki gy LvgywL nq ew evmx gvbyl A bk mgq GjvKvi cöfvekvjx jvk `i cvwievwik Ø Ø ev e w³mz Kj ni wbg g wkkv i cwiyz nq G ai bi ew jv ˆea ew jv mvaviyz e w³ ev cvwievwik gvwjkvbvq cöwzwôz I cwipvwjz Coalition for the Urban Poor-Gi wnmve Abyhvqx IqvW wfwëk ev Mvôx gvwjkvbvaxb GiKg ew i msl v XvKv kn i 733-Gi Dc i 2

8 m ú~y e emvi D Ï k euvk, cvulwo, Qb I c jw_ bi ˆZwi GK Kvgivi GKwU ew i N ii Rb fvov Y Z nq gv m 2k _ K 5k UvKv wbk ógv bi AvevwmK myweav m úbœ ew jvi cövq jv ZB M vm, cvwb, we`y rmn Rxebavi bi Rb cö qvrbxq myweav bb ej jb P j Coalition for the Urban Poor-Gi 1988 mv ji Rwic Abyhvqx GB ew i gvî 10 fvm Nievwo cvkv wksev AvavcvKv, Avi cwimsl vb ey ivi g Z Gi msl v 1.98 kzvsk ev`evkx meb KvuPv DcKiY w` q ˆZwi Gme Szcwo Z cö ek c_ gvî GKwU Ges GwU GZ mskxy h A bk Szcwo ZB nvgv wo w` q XyK Z nq nvokuvcv bv kxz wksev MÖx i cöpê `ve`v ni h wbg gzv Zvi gvkv ejv GB ew evmxiv Kvb ik g Ki Z cvi ji el vq Giv fxly Amnvq n q c o kxz K er cvov bv Av b ev Quov Kuv_vq ivlv hvq, Mi g Avkªq biqv hvq MvQ Zjvq wkš el vi cvwb Z ev kn ii Rjve Zv I eb vq wu K _vk Z cöpê Kó Ki Z nq G `i K wb Pi QKwU _ K XvKvi ew mg~ ni gvwjkvbvi aiy m ú K ^ Q aviyv jvf Kiv hv e mviyx 1. XvKvi ew i gvwjkvbvi aiy gvwjkvbvi aiy ew i msl v kzkiv nvi mikvwi/avavmikvwi e w³gvwjkvbvaxb (ms v) e w³gvwjkvbvaxb (wbr ^) wgkª (mikvwi/wbr ^) mbv³ Kiv m e nqwb gvu Drm: bmi M elyv K `ª, vgm GÛ KvqvU m Bb XvKv 1988 RbKvVv gv ejvevûj evsjv ` ki ivravbx XvKv ZB h ïay ew i q Q Zv bq, ew Av Q Ab vb Rjvkni jv ZI (mviyx 2) mviyx 2. ew I ew evmxi msl v µwgk bs gnvbmi _vbv ew i msl v cwiev ii msl v jvkmsl v XvKv Ó PÆMÖvg Ó Lyjbv Ó ,191 25,280 19, gvu ,423 6,53071 Ave`vj Avn g` 1990-G `wl q Qb, bm i RbmsL v e w i nvi 2000 mv j 4.8 kzvsk, 2010 mv j 4 kzvsk, 2015 mv j 3 kzvsk n e Gfv e Kg Z _vk ji AvMvgx eqi jv Z evsjv ` ki bmivq Yi gvîv I RbmsL vi cwigvy h _ó evo e A_ vr wnmve Ki j `Lv hvq 2010 mv j bmivq Yi nvi n e 33 kzvsk Ges gvu RbmsL v n e 5 KvwU 70 jvl GLv b AviI D j L Kiv n q Q knigylx RbmsL vi 32 fvm XvKvgyLx Ges MZ `yõ`k K XvKv kn ii RbmsL v e w c q Q AZ š `ª Znv i hv cövq 8 _ K 10 kzvsk GB nv i evo Z _vk j XvKvi RbmsL v 2010 mv j `o KvwU nevi K_v `Lv M Q, XvKvi 60% jv Ki Rb GB kn ii evb i Ges 40% jvk ew I ev nviv GjvKvi Awaevmx cöwzgv cvj (1990) Zvi GKwU M elyvq D j L K i Qb, bmi GjvKvi ew jv Z hviv emevm K ib Zv `i 93% Awfevmx Ges G `i 74% kn i G m Q `vwi`ª ZvRwbZ Kvb bv Kvb Kvi Y mgvrkj vy I M elyv Bbw wudu KZ K cwipvwjz GKwU M elyvq D j L Kiv n q Q, MÖvgxY Rxe bi Mixwe nvj Ges cövk wzk `y h vm, MÖvgxY `wi`ª `i bmi GjvKvq vbvš i Ki Z DrmvwnZ K i Q ewkifvm DËi`vZv kn i G m Q fv M i Dci wbf i K i Ges wvkvbvwenxb Ae vq Zviv ew i Rxeb ïi K i Q hme ˆewk ó i Dci wbf i K i Zviv bm i emevm ïi K i Q Zvi Ab Zg n jv, Kg ms v bi my hvm wewfbœ M elyvq `Lv M Q kn ii mvbvi nwi Yi (Kg ms v bi) Luv R 3

9 G m jvkr bi VuvB n Q ew Z Avevi `wi`ª kªyxi bmigylx Awfevmb pull factor (wbwðz Kg ms vb, wbivc` Rxebmn Ab vb Kvi Y kn ii w` K U b Avbvi cöeyzv) I push factor (Afve, wbivcëvnxbzv, Kg ms v bi Afvemn Ab vb Kvi Y MÖvg _ K kn i V j `Iqvi cöeyzv) GB `yõwu cöwµqvi gva g n Q Z e pull factor-gi P q push factor B GLv b AwaK mwµq A_ vr MÖvgxY RbMY bmigylx n Q wkš bm ii RbMY MÖvggyLx n Q bv Gi Zvrch n jv, bmi GjvKvq `vwi`ª I Kg ms vb `y UvB i q Q wkš Kg ms v bi my hvm K A` Rb Mvôx mwvkfv e cö qvm Ki Z AcivM niqvq Kg grywi c q MixeB _ K hv Q myzivs bmi I MÖvg Dfq Î `wi`ª Zv _vkv m Ë I bmi GjvKvq MÖvgxY `wi`ªiv Avm Q Ges bmi GjvKvq w wzjvf Ki Q (Bmjvg, byi j Ges Bmjvg, kwidzj ) ew evmx Rb Mvôxi Drm, Awfevm bi KviY, Ges Zv `i RxebhvÎv wb q wewfbœ mg q bvbvgylx M elyv n q Q A_ bwzk ms v ii AwfÁZv: evsjv `k Dbœqb ch v jvpbv 1995 bvgk cȳ K D j L Kiv n q Q Ñ (1) MÖvgv j ( hlv b ` ki AwaKvsk `wi`ª jvk evm K i) 1985/86 mvj _ K `wi`ª Zv µgvmz e w c q Q ` k Z Avwki `k Ki Mvovi w` K MÖvgxY `wi`ª Ae vi h DbœwZ j Kiv hvw Qj Zv Avwki `k Ki k li w` K Ae vnz _v Kwb (2) Ab vb Dbœqbkxj ` ki gz evsjv ` ki g~jz MÖvgv jb `vwi `ª i AwfNvZ I ZxeªZv we klfv e j Yxq (3) cövß Dcv Ëi wfwë Ë GUvI úó h, 80-i `k Ki ga fvm _ K MÖvgv ji mepvb Z Mixe As ki RbM Yi RxebhvÎvi gvb µgvmz n«vm cv Q Avi GB `vwi`ª Z_v RwUjZv gvkvwejv Kivi Rb jvkrb knigylx n q Q Ges Awbevh Kvi Y G `i VuvB n q Q ew Z mikv ii cwimsl vb wefv Mi DcvË Abyhvqx K wllv Z cök Z grywi 1981/82 _ K 1993/94 mgqc e n«vm c q Q cök Zc 1991-Gi ci _ K GB n«v mi MwZ AviI `ª Z n q Q K wl cwimsl vb kvlvi DcvË Abyhvqx K wli cök Z grywi 1985/86 mv ji w`bcöwz UvKv _ K n«vm c q 1991 mv j cöwzw`b UvKvq `uvwo q Q Ab w` K BIDS-Gi wnmve g Z 1991/92 mvj bvmv` K wlgrywi w`bcöwz UvKvq n«vm c q Q G _ K cözxqgvb nq h, w`b w`b grywi n«v mi d j MÖvgxY K lk kªyx Zv `i b~ bzg gšwjk Pvwn`v c~i Y e _ n Q Ges fvj _vkvi Avkvq, L q c i eu P _vkvi Avkvq P j Av m kn i Ges GK_v e vl v Kivi cö qvrb bb h Giv kn i bzzb cwiw Z Lvc LvIqv bvi Ask wnmv e ew Z emevm Ki Z _v K Aek GK_vI wvk h, GB kn i Avmv Rb Mvôxi nvi evsjv ` ki me A ji Rb mgvb bq MYmvnvh ms vi (msev`, 12 Rvbyqvwi 1997) GKwU Rwic _ K `Lv M Q, ew evmx `i 20.8 fvm jvk dwi`cyi, 19.8 fvm jvk e nëi XvKv, 7.16 fvm jvk gqgbwmsn, 2.9 fvm jvk Rvgvjcyi 1.4 fvm jvk Uv½vBj, 15.5 fvm jvk Kywgj v, 3.3 fvm jvk bvqvlvjx, 0.7 fvm wm ju, 0.6 fvm PÆMÖvg, 0.1 fvm cve Z PÆMÖvg, 2.1 fvm iscyi, 0.4 fv M ivrkvnx 0.1 fvm cvebv, 0.5 fvm w`bvrcyi, 0.2 fvm e ov, 18.5 fvm ewikvj, 1.9 fvm cuzqvlvjx, 1.2 fvm Lyjbv, 0.5 fvm h kvi, 0.35 fvm Kywóqv _ K XvKv kn i AwfevwmZ n q Q (mviyx 3) 4

10 mviyx 3. ew evmx `i Avw` evm vb cöviw K Rjv ew evmx cwievi cöavb `i RjvIqvix wefvrb (e nëi Rjv) *XvKv bmixi ew mg~n **mgmö evsjv `k XvKv bvqvlvjx PÆMÖvg Kzwgj v dwi`cyi Rvgvjcyi gqgbwmsn Uv½vBj iscyi ewikvj cvebv Ab vb msl v 49,995 11,389 * XvKv gnvbmix ew, mgm v wbimb KwgwUi wi cvu m Þ ^i 1989 ** Urban Poor in Bangladesh, Vol. 1, Comprehensive Summary Report, April 1990 cwipvwjz Rwic _ K `Lv M Q MÖv gi `wi`ª jvkrb wb Pi KviY jvi Rb ew Z AwfevwmZ n q Q Ñ 1. Dchy cwi cövk wzk `y h vm 2. f~wgnx b cwiyz niqv 3. ekviz 4. AwaK Av qi Avkvq 5. K wl Îi wewfbœ DcKiY hgb, mvi KxUbvkK BZ vw`i Dci fz ywk cöz vnv ii d j Avq n«vm Ges Gi djkö wz Z RxebhvÎvi gv bi AebwZ iwk`y¾vgvb (1997) Zuvi GKwU cöe Ü Dc ii Z _ i mv _ Av iv `wl q Qb ÒRwic we k ly K i `Lv M Q, 20 kzvsk jvk b`x fv½vi Kvi Y cwievimn kn i P j G m Q 49 fvm G m Q Kv Ri Luv R, 29 fvm G m Q f~wgnxb n q Ab w` K bvbv ai bi mvgvwrk mgm v _ K gyw³ c Z gvu bvix `i 4 kzvsk MÖvg Q o kn i G m QÓ AvwZK ingvb I Z Yv nk (1999) GKwU wbe Ü MÖvg I kn ii `vwi`ª cxwoz RbmsL vi nv ii h cö f` `wl q Q Zv _ K `Lv hvqõ Ô70-Gi ZzjbvqÕ Ô80-i `k K jvkrb ewk kn i vbvš i K iwq jv wzwb `wl q Qb mv j MÖvg I kni GjvKvq gv_vwcqz Avq GK _vk ji MÖvg GjvKvq `vwi`ª mxgvi wb P emevmkvix jvkrb ewk wqj we k ly _ K `Lv hvq, MÖvgxY RbM Yi gv_vwcqz Avq kn ii RbM Yi Zzjbvq A bk Kg Ab w` K MÖvgxY jvk `i g a `vwi `ª i gvîv ewk Avevi cöqbœ ekviz (PviRbB GKwU KvR Kivi Rb h _ó wkš kª gi mnrjf Zv Ges Kv Ri Î bv _vkvq Qq Rb wg j H GKB KvR K i grywi fvm K i biqv) bv g GKai Yi ekviz cviqv hvq, hv ïay MÖvgxY A_ bxwz ZB ewk cviqv hvq Ñ d j MÖv gi jvkrb knigylx n q Q Ges ew Z Ae vb K i Q M n KvVv gv Coalition for the Urban Poor-Gi 1988 mv ji M elyvq j Kiv hvq, ew evmx `i gvî 10 kzvsk cvkv wksev AvavcvKv Avi ev`evwk me Nievwo KuvPv DcKi Y ˆZwi Gme Dcv` bi g a ewkifvmb euvk, PvUvB Ges cwjw_ bi GUv mn RB Aby gq h, ew Z bvmwik myweavw`i cwigvy LyeB AcÖZyj (mviyx 4) AveR bv wb vk bi Kvb e e vb bv _vkvi Kvi Y ew i cwi ek LyeB A ^v Ki XvKv gnvbmixi gvî 8.6 kzvsk ew Z AveR bv wbqwgz Acmvi Yi e e v Av Q A ^v Ki cwi e k evm K i Zviv wbqwgzfv e Amy n q co ji, KejgvÎ 3.4 kzvsk ew Z i q Q wpwkrmv mev cvevi my hvm 5

11 mviyx 4. ew Z bvmwik myweavw` my hvmmyweavw` ew i msl v 1125wU ew i kzvsk M vm we`ÿ r cvwb (Iqvmv) AveR bv wb vkb Mvm ji RvqMv wude qj MY kšpvmvi gmwr` cöv_wgk we` vjq D y³ vb wewfbœ cökvi `vkvb ^v K `ª Drm: CUS, slums and squatters in Dhaka city 1988 M vm, cvwb I kšpvmv ii myweav hw`i m š vlrbk e j g b nq, wkš ev ezv n Q G jv e e vcbv I i Yv e Y i q Q Pig Ae e v ckv iwk`y¾vgvb Õ97-G ew evmx `i ckvi cwipq w` Z wm q e j Qb ÑÔmvaviYfv e cyi l `i GKUv e vck Ask wikkv PvjK (mviyx 5) mviyx 5. ew evmx `i ckv wewfbœ ew GjvKvq gwnjviv hmkj ckvq wb qvwrz Zv `i ckv I Av qi web vm wewfbœ ew GjvKvq cyi liv hmkj ckvq wb qvwrz Zv `i ckv I Av qi wfwë Z web vm ckvi bvg msl v nvi (%) gvwmk Mo Avq (UvKv) ckvi bvg msl v nvi (%) gvwmk Mo Avq (UvKv) M wnyx wikmv f vb evmvikv R w`bgryi mvnvh Kvix z`ª e emv z`ª e emv Mv g U m PvKzwi mikvwi, emikvwi PvKzwi dwie emv WªvBfvi/cwienY kªwgk mikvwi, emikvwi wbg vy kªwgk PvKzwi dixe emv Ab vb Ab vb me gvu me gvu m~î: Coalition for the urban poor (CUP)1997 ZvQvov i q Q wewfbœ cwien Yi PvjK I givgzkvix, mb mv _ m ú ³ wikkv gvwjk cyi l I wk kvi `i GKvsk evm, KvP, ewe, U úy, UªvK,I wgïk PvjK Ges wewfbœ ỳ ª wk íi kªwgk, Mv g Um wk íi kªwgk, `vkv bi Kg Pvix, N i N i dwi Kivmn wewfbœ QvU e emvq wbhy³ e w³, wbg vy kªwgk, w`bgryi G QvovI 6

12 wbgœ ez bi weivu msl K mikvwi, Avav-miKvwi, cövb fu Awdm Av`vj Z wbhy³ PvKzwiRxex Gme ew Z evm K i g q `i GKUv e vck Ask Mv g Um kªwgk, iuvaywb, LÊKvjxb ev c~y Kvjxb M ncwipvwjkv, Avqv, ws, gvwj BZ vw` ZvQvov gywp, ^Y Kvi, R j, K wlkªwgk, Ubvix kªwgkmn wkqz hšb e emvqx ew Z i q Q mviyx 4 _ K GUvI Lye úófv e evsv hvq h, gwnjviv Zv `i Avqg~jK KvR n Z cyi l `i P q A bk Kg A_ DcvR b K i Z e wewfbœ KvR n Z cövß Avq Øviv KvR jvi g a Z~jbvg~jK ch v jvpbv Î wuc~y n e KviY, wewfbœ Kv Ri Rb Kg xiv GKB cwigvy mgq e q K ibv wewfbœ KvR n Z Kgx iv N Uv cöwz h cwigvy A_ DcvR b K i, Zv _ K KvR jvi g a KvbwU AwaK AvKl Yxq Zv evsv h Z cv i mviyx 6-G ew evmx `i (10 eq ii E aÿ ) ckv KvVv gv Abyhvqx kªgn Uv I Av qi cwigvy `Lv bv n q Q mviyx 6. kªgn Uv I Av qi cwigvy ckv kzkiv Ask (485 kzvsk) ˆ`wbK wb qvwrz kªgn Uv (UvKvq) ˆ`wbK grywi (UvKvq) cwieny kªwgk z`ª e emvqx w`bgryi(` /A` ) PvKzwiRxex KviLvbv kªwgk evmvi Kv R mvnvh Kvix me ckv m~î: cöwzgv cvj gryg`vi, bmi `wi`ª: mgm vi cök wz I e vckzv (AiYx cökvkbx XvKv 1992, c ôv-18) N Uv cöwz Mo grywi MÖvg _ K jvkr bi ew Z vbvš ii d j Zv `i ckvmz Î Avg~j cwiez b N U MÖvgxY ckvmg~ ni AwaKvsk bmikvvv gv Dc hvmx bv niqvq m ú~y bzzb ckvq Zviv hy³ nq Rwic _ K Rvbv hvq, ew evmx `i 35 kzvs ki Avw` ckv wqj Pvlvev`, GQvovI R j, ZuvZx, Kvgvi, Kzgvi BZ vw` ckvi gvbylivi bm i Avm Qb (mviyx 7) kn i G m Zv `i g a GKwU eo AskB wi v I f vb Pvjv bv K cöavb ckv wn m e bq Awfevm bi c~e I ciez x Dfq mg q Kej M nkg KB Ab Zg ckvi ZvwjKvq cviqv hvq GLv b j Yxq h, M nkg n Z cövß Avq LyeB Kg n q _v K mviyx 7. Awfevm bi c~e I ez gvb ckvi wpî MÖv g _vkvkvjxb ckv kzvsk ew evmx niqvi ci ez gvb ckv kzvsk Pvlvev` 35 wikmv/f vb Pvjbv 29 M nkg 25 M nkg 16 R j, gvws, Kvgvi, Kzgvi, ZuvZx 12 y`ªe emv 14 ekvi 6 w`bgryi 10.7 ˆkk eb MÖvg Qvov 14 A b i M nkg, Vjv Pvjbv, hvb Pvjbv, PvKwi, Ab vb ckv, ekvi, wf zk, wkï kªwgk 8 Drm: CUS, slums and squatters in Dhaka city 1988 wk v GKBfv e G `i wk v e e vi nvji Ki Y cwikíbv Kwgkb I Gkxq Dbœqb e vs Ki (ADB) bmi `wi`ª Rwic 1996 Abyhvqx 6 _ K 14 eqi eqmx 57 kzvsk Q j g q z j hvq Ges Aewkó 43 kzvsk z j hvq bv G `i Ab Zg wk v mgm v n jv zj Z vm (Dropout) cövq 80 kzvsk Q j g q cö_g kªyx Z fwz nq Ges 5g kªyx m úbœ niqvi Av M G `i AwaKvskB zj Z vm K i zj Z v Mi GB cöeyzv cö_g kªyxi k l 7

13 Ges Z Zxq kªyx ch š ewk e vb ebw Gi Z_ vbyhvqx 3q kªyx Z DËxY nevi c~ e B cövq 30 kzvsk Q j g q zj Z vm K i byi j I kwidzj Bmjvg 1997 GKwU cöe Ü D j L K i QbÑ mikvwifv e eb I e mieivn KivB G `i K zjgylx Kivi Rb h _ó bq eis wb Pi mgm v jvi mgvavb KivI Ri wi Ñ AvKl Ynxb zj cwi ek, Ach vß my hvm-myweav, wk K `i wbgœgv bi AvPiY, AcÖvmw½K wk v DcKiY, evmv _ K z ji `~iz Ges wczvgvzvi wbi Zvi Kvi Y Q j g q `i mn hvwmzv Ki Z AcviMZv cöf wz QvÎQvÎx `i zjgylx bv nevi KviY ^v ew i ^v e e vi Ae v bvryk wewpîv 1990ÑG cökvwkz GKUv Rwic _ K `Lv hvq, ew i 10% jvk Kvb bv Kvb RwUj iv M Avµvš Gi g a i³ Avgvkq, Wvqwiqv, K jiv, UvBd qw, M vw K, Avjmvi, g v jwiqv, nvucvwb, RwÊm, h²v I ü` ivm Ab Zg Ab w` K mgvr Kjv vy I M elyv Bbw wudu KZ K cwipvwjz M elyvq `Lv M Q GLv b Kgeqmx wkïiv ewk ivmvµvš nq Ges G `i ewki fvmb c Ui cxov I cvwbevwnz iv M ewk fv M Gme `wi`ª cwievi cövq 95 kzvskb cvwb wm K i cvb K i bv Zv `i cqtwb vkb e e vi Lye Lvivc Ges cövq 40 kzvsk KuvPv cvqlvbv e envi K i _v K 75 _ K 80 kzvsk jvk A ^v Ki M n emevm K i ZvQvov hvbevnb, wkí KjKviLvbvi avqv, er I gjg~î ew GjvKvi bvbvwea A ^v Ki Ae vi m wó K i G `i g a mvaviyz R i, Kvwk, RwÊm, Wvqwiqv, K jiv, bvbvikg Pg ivm, Pv Li AmyL BZ vw` msµvgk iv Mi cö Kvc _v K memgq M elyvq `Lv hvq, Gme A ^v Ki Ae vi Kvi Y wkïg Zz i RvZxq nv ii P q bmi `wi`ª `i wkï g Zz nvi ewk wkïg Zz Qvov eq g Zz i nvii ewk we kl K i wkï g Zz nvi RvZxq Mo nv ii P q 10 Y ewk bmi GjvKvi mvaviy gvby li Zzjbvq `wi`ª GB ew i Rb Mvôxi g Zz cöeyzv 5 Y ewk Ges GB bmi `wi `ªi hviv ivmvmö ev g Zz gywl nq Zv `i cövq GK Z Zxqvsk msµvgk I cvwbevwnz iv M Avµvš (Lvb, AvgvbZ Dj v 1995) Dc ii Z_ jv _ K ew m ú K GKUv cöv_wgk aviy jvf Kiv m e, Gi evb i Coalition for the Urban Poor ew evmx `i K gšwjk Pvwn`v (cywó Kgc 2,122 K vjwi, e Kgc 2 mu, cöv_wgk ^v mev cövwßi myweav, cöv_wgk wk v A_ev A iávbmn e wëg~jk cöwk Y, weï Lvevi cvwb, cqtmyweav Ges cwievi wcqyõ MvcbxqZv i vkvix c _K Ni) c~i Y e _ Rb Mvôx wnmv e ey bv K i Q mvgvwrk cwi ek cöwzgv cvj gryg`vi 1996, GKwU M elyvq `wl q Qb ew Z Avkªq jvf Kiv Ges QvULvU e emv wuwk q ivlvi Rb ew evmxi g~j Av qi wmsnfvmb Zz j w` Z nq ew i UvDU-gv vb kªyxi nv Z µgea gvb mvgvwrk wbivcëvi Afv e ew i eqi eqmx Zi Yx `i, awbk kªyxi evmvq KvR wb Z nq mviv w`b I iv Zi Rb bvrwgi b~i emg (ZvwiL Abywj wlz) Aci GK M elyvq `wl q Qb bvix AcniY, hšb wbh vz bi gvîvi Gme GjvKvq ewk Gme `wi`ª kªyx, vbxq cöfvekvjx gv vb KZ K me `v wbm nxz, Avevi KLbI KLbI AZ vpvwiz nb A bk mgq Gme gv vb `i Øviv hyezxiv, AweevwnZ g q Ges Kg eqmx evwjkviv hšb wbh vz bi wkkvi nb GB ew evmx `wi`ª kªyx ïaygvî gv vb ev cwievi ewnf~ Z kw³kvjx gnj ØvivB AZ vpvwiz nbbv eis ^vgx KZ K x wbh vzb, cöwz ekx KZ K MvjvMvj Ges mvgvwrk wbivcëvnxbzvi cöeyzvi j Kiv hvq Ab w` K cöpvi gva g Ges wewfbœ M elyv Z_ g Z Ñ ew Z gv`k`ªe mn wewfbœ A ea `ª e i QovQwo, hgb, mš vm Ges wbivcëvnxbzvi gvîv e w Ki Q Zgb H wbw` ó ew GjvKvi RxebhvÎvi gv bi DciI cöfve dj Q ZvB, `Lv hv Q ew i fšmwjk KvVv gv _ K ïi K i ew evmxi wk v, ^v, ckv Kvbfv eb ^vfvwek RxebhvÎvi mnvqk Zv bqb eis ewkifvm ÎB G Ae v bzzb bzzb mgm v m wó Ki Q gzv KvVv gv ew welqk cwi vi aviyv jv fi Rb nvrvi nvrvi jvk Aaÿ wlz GB ew jvi Awbevh Ask gzv KvVv gv m ú K I ^ Q aviyv _vkv Ri wi ewkifvm ew ib gzv KvVv gv Z mv` k Zv `Lv hvq Aí wkqz wel qi e wzµg Qvov G Î mvaviy ew i gzvkvvv gv eys Z cöwzgv cvj gryg`vi, wmwgb gvngy` Ges wizv 8

14 Avdmvixi THE SQRATTER OF DHAKA MÖ š wu mnvqk n Z cv i GB MÖ š AvMviMvuI ew i Dci M elyv Kg Dc vwcz n q Q `Lv hvq, ew evmxiv wb R `i _vkv LvIqvi mgm v wb Riv mgvavb Ki ji Zv `i Lywk K i Pj Z nq wu K qk gvzeÿi ev gv vb K hviv m ú~y ew i gzv K wb R `i g a Kzw MZ K i i L Q Kvb wbq g Zviv ew i AwffveKZ c q Q Zv Aek úó bq THE SQUATTER OF DHAKA CITY ebwu Z `Lv bv n q Q h, AvMviMuvI ew Z ZvivB AwffveKZ c q Q hv `i i q Q UvKv I cövwzôvwbk gzv ivr bwzk `j jvi g``cyó n qi wkqz gvzeÿi ev gv vb M o D V Q Z e H M elyvq `Lv M Q cövq cöwzwu gv vb ev gvzeÿib nq wikmv fvov `q A_ev ew Z Ni Zz j Zv fvov `q ev cövwzôvwbk Î PvKzwiiZ, hv `i Av Q UvKvi Rvi ev cövwzôvwbk gzv AvMviMuvI-i Î `Lv M Q, GB kw³aiivb n jv ew mgv Ri cöavb Zv `i DciB wbf i K i ew i kvwš I k Ljv H Rwi c `Lv M Q ew i kzkiv 95 fvm SMov, weev`, Pzwi, al Y, BZ vw`i wepvi (mvwjk) G `i gva gb n q Q G `i wepv ii ivq MÖnY Ki Z KD wøav K i bv wewfbœ mgvr we ivax KvRI (Ryqv Ljv, g` LvIqv, bvix cvpvi BZ vw`) G `i ØvivB wb iva niqvi bwri cviqv M Q Aek G `i D vwb Z A bk mgvr we ivax KvRI msnwuz niqvi bwri Av Q ew i A_ bwzk DbœqbI A bkvs k GB kw³ai `i Dci wbf ikxj `Lv M Q G `i AwffveK Z ew Z M o D V Q bvbv ai bi mwgwz hvi gva g ew evmxiv GbwRI Ges mikvi cwipvwjz wewfbœ cöwk Y I Kg ms vb cök í AskMÖnY Ki Z cvi Q GivB ew i kzkiv 15 fv Mi ewk Nievwo ˆZwi K i ew evmx `i Kv Q fvov w` q Q evwk jvi gvwjk ew evmx A_ev mgch v qi jvkrb G `ib mnvqzvq emv bv n q Q ek wkqz bjk~c Ges `wi`ª `i Rb eivïk Z mikvwi I emikvwi Aby`vb G `i gva gb mieivn Kiv nq ZvQvov ew evmx `i ag -Kg, we q- Pnjvg, gvgjv gvkïgv BZ vw`i m ½I gv vbpµ RwoZ Ab Kvb KZ c bv _vkvq GivB n q D V Q ew i ÎvYKZ v ewki fvm Î GB g vb `i gva gb kn i `wi`ª `i Kv Q cšuqv Z nq AvMviMuvI ew i Î `Lv M Q eo `yõwu eb vkvjxb mg q (1987 Ges 1988) ÎvY mvgmöx cök Z Afvex `i Kv Q cuš Q `Iqvi e vcv i wewfbœ ÎvY cöwzôvb Zv `ib mvnvh wb qwq jv hw`i Kwgkbv ii bz Z cöwzwu ew Z GKwU cövwzôvwbk KvVv gv Av Q Z e Kwgkbvi Zvi Kv R mnvqzvi Rb K qkrb WcywU g bvwbz K ib Ges eû Î H kw³aiivb WcywU wnmv e g bvwbz nb Ges IqvW Kwgkbvi nb mb kw³p µi cöavb H MÖš wu Z `Lv bv n q Q GB gzv KvVv gv ew Rxe b bvbv cöwzeükzvii m wó K i `vi Yfv e g~j Z_ `vzv `i KvQ _ K cviqv Z_ _ K `Lv hvq kw³ai `i mš wó weavb Ki Z ew evmx `i Avq Ges kª gi GKwU weivu Ask e q Ki Z nq `Lv M Q h, ew Z Ni euva Z Zv `i mš ó Ki Z nq, KvR c Z Lywk ivl Z nq, ew i bvbv myweav fvm Ki Z Zv `i mš ó Ki Z nq GgbwK ew Z Ae vb Ki ZI Zv `i mš ó Ki Z nq bvbvfv e g~j Z_ `vzv `i KvQ _ K AviI Rvbv M Q Kvb Kvb gv vb Gfv e (A_ vr mš wó eve`) gv m 10 nvrvi UvKviI ewk ivrmvi K i ZvQvov `wi`ª `i weziyk Z wewfbœ mikvwi Ges emikvwi m ú `i wkqz AskI Zv `i Kyw MZ nq myzivs `Lv hv Q, MÖvgxY `wi`ª `i gz (hviv f~wggvwjk, RvZ`vi, gnvrb BZ vw` kvly P µi wkkvi) kn i `wi`ªivi bvbviƒc kvl Yi wkkvi n Q 9

15 ew wel q cöpwjz aviyv I ev ezv XvKv kn i evwo Kivi hvm Zvm úbœ GKRb ^vej ^x jvk K cökœ Kiv n qwq jv Ñ Ô gzv _vkv m Ë I XvKv kn i evwo Ki Qb bv Kb?Õ Gi DË i wzwb GKwU Mí e jb Ñ ÔDËie½ _ K Avwg gbj Uª bi dv K vm Gi GKwU Kvgiv wirvf K i XvKvq AvmwQjvg my `i weqvbv K i Nywg q, Nywg q b`x ch š cvi njvg nvvr weivgnxbfv e `irv, Rvbvjvq cöpê av v ïi n q M jv Ñ Ges mn Ki Z bv c i `irv Ly j w`jvg Ñ m ½ m ½ nv Z MuvBwZ, kvej wb q A bk Rb w`bgryi ûogyo K i Kvgivi g a Xy K co jv AvwgI Kvbg Z e m AvwQ KviY kvevi g Zv cwi ek bb Abvn~Z hvîx `i KvbI w` K Lqvj bvb Avcbg b wb R `i g a K_vevZ v ej Q GK ch v q Avwg Zv `i w` K we ùvwiz ` wó Z ZvwK q ïay wr Ám Kijvg- wk e vcvi? ga iv Zi AvMš K `i Kv Q hb g b n jv cökœwu Aevš i ïay GKRb hyek, Nv o MvgQv, gv_vq SuvKov Pzj, Lvwj cv q Av av Av jv ZB Kv jv k³ gvsm cwk jv PKPK Ki Q, ej jv-k vb, hvgy GB `yõwu k ã m evsv Z P q Q Avgvi G cökœwu Kiv wvk nqwb, KviY Uª b cöpê fxo A_P Zv `i h Z n e i wr- ivrmv ii müv b, Zv `i evup Z n e, evupvi AwaKvi Zv `i Av Q Avgvi Kvgivq RvqMv wq jv ZvB D V c o Q Ñ wbzvš B mnr GKUv e vcvi, GLv b Avwg cökœ Kivi K? Ñ GB NUbv memgq Avgvi gv_vq _v K KviY ` k `wi`ªzv, ekviz evo Q, M nnxb, Avkªqnxb gvby li msl v w`b w`b e w cv Q Avwg hw` GKwU evwo Kwi nqz GKw`b `L ev Ggwb A bk gvbyl nvvr K ib Avgvi N i D V Avm e, hw` mw`b Avwg cökœ Kwi wk e vcvi? Zviv mw`b ej e Ñ K vb, _vkzg!õ Ñ gbryi Avnmvb Lvb (2002) Ñ Dc ii cökœwu K iwq jb GK eüz K Ges wzwb GB MíwU ïwb qwq jb Ñ MíwUi Míg~ j i evb ii Av ikwu wel qi cöwz Bw½Z K i ÑÔkni `wi`ª Z_v ew evmx `i RxebhvÎvi fvmgvbzv m ú K mvaviy jv Ki aviyv Õ Avevi ew evmx `i g b Kiv nq kn ii fvmgvb AveR bv hv mn RB eyj WvRvi Pvwj q aywjmvr Kiv m e Ab w` K GgbI g b Kiv nq Giv kû i RbRxe b bvbv Amyweavi m wó Ki Q Ges kû i A_ bxwz K bvbv mgm vq RR wiz K i we kl K i kû i ekvi mgm vi Rb cöavbz G `i K `vqx Kiv nq (gryg`vi, cöwzgv cvj 1990) Gfv e ew evmx `i K Kvb mgqb Avi `krb mvaviy bvmwik wnmv e we epbvi g a Avbv nqwb Avevi Kv e i fvlv ZI io jvwm q A b K A bk mgq ew K Dc vcb K ib-ôcöwzwu ew B hb gvbem ó GK GKwU gi f~wg! e nxb a~mi cövš i mey Ri Kvb Quvqv bb, bb cvwli Mvb, Zvi e` j GLvbKvi evzv m weivr K i Kve b-wvb-a vbw wel mb wel dzmdz m aviy K i ew Rbc `i GB gvbyl jv, mxgve Avq Ges Amxg Pvwn`v ev cö qvr bi h Pµ Zvi g a c o nveywyey Lvq Avi fvm K Awfkvc `q Õ ( nv mb, gvkv j 95) Avevi A bk mgq `Lv M Q Ñ Ô Kó euvb PviÕ wnmv e `Lv n q Q ew I ew evmx `i K Ñ Ôew evmx `i Kvi Y GKw` K mikvwi, emikvwi Dbœqb I m cömviy cökí ev evq b evavmª n Q, Ab w` K Gme wqbœg~j gvby li hîzî Av vbv jv Avi Zv `i gvb ezi Rxeb-hvc bi Rb bmix bvsiv, `~wlz I wecbœ n q D V Q iv vnvu, gv K Umn cvwicvwk K cwi ek K K i Zz j Q ivme vwai AvKvi, bvbv ai bi bvmwik myweavw`i Dci cö qvm K i Q A ^vfvwek Pvc (hvbru, RjRU, nvmcvzv ji envj Ae v, dzucvz `Lj) A bk Î `y K ZKvix I AmvgvwRK Rxe bi bvbvwea `y g i AvLovq cwiyz Gme ew I Av vbv bvmwik Rxe b wbivcëvi cöwz ûgwk n q `uvwo q Q Õ (nk, gvt Avwgbyj 1997) A bk mgq ew i cöpwjz aviyvi mv _ Acivax I WªvM K wgwj q `Lv n q Q, hgb Ñ Ôew n Q AmvgvwRK Kvh Kjv ci D j L hvm AvLov ` ki wewfbœ vb _ K gvivz K me Aciva K i Acivaxiv Mvcb Avevm j wnmv e Gme ew e envi K i _v K ZvQvov MvuRv, n ivbb, dwýwwj, Pim BZ vw` gv`k`ª e i weµq K `ª wnmv e Ges Pzwi, WvKvwZ, wqbzvb cöf wz AcK g wb qvwrz `i Avkªq j wn m e ew n Q GKwU D j L hvm vb Aciw` K, wewfbœ ivr bwzk I e w³mz ^v_ D v ii Rb GK kªyxi jvk KZ K cö jvf bi wkkvi n q mvgvb A _ i wewbg q ew i wkïwk kviivb ewk e eüz nq Ges wewfbœ A ea Kg, A, KK Uj BZ vw`i m ½ Rwo q Lye mn RB Giv Aciv ai N Y RM Z cö ek K iõ (mvnv, cö`xc 1997) ew i Ni jv m ú K I K qkwu RbwcÖq, cöpwjz aviyv Avgiv j K i _vwk- (1) ijjvb bi cv k GKwU Suycwo, euv ki PvUvB, Quov Kvco, cwjw_ bi ˆZwi Suycwoi fzi iwk Z Uvw½ q ivlv GKwU gqjv kvwo, GKwU Quov jyw½, cyiv bv kvu I ev PvKv Pvi K qkwu Kvco GKcv k 10

16 LuRyi cvzvi cvwu Z gqjv Kuv_v Mv q Rwo q ï q Av Q K qkwu wkï gv_vi Dci Zj wpuwp U `ywu evwjk (Avn g`, Ave`vj 1997) (2) U vbvwii `~wlz cvwbi Dci M o IVv evu ki ˆZwi ew i UsNi N ii Avmeve ej Z GKwU LvU, K qkuv Kvu_v, is PUv Avqbv Avi wpi wb N ii iwk Z `yõrb g qi wbz e envh Rvgv I gv qi GKwU Kvco I evevi jyw½ ivbœv Kivi Rb i q Q gvwui Pzjv cqtwb vkb e e v LyeB bvryk ( PŠayix, wgrvb 24 gvp 2002) ew evmx `i K mvaviyzt ey bv Kiv nq ivme vwai g a emevmkvix GKwU kªyx wnmv e, hgb Ñ ew Z ^v m Z Rxebavi bi g Zv Kvb e e v ( ^v m Z cqtcöyvjx, cvbxq Rj) bb ej jb P j, hvi cwiyv g AwaKvsk emevmkvix `i g a bvbv ai bi RwUj ivm `L Z cviqv hvq Ges wkï, AcÖvß, cövß Ges e mkj eq mi emevmkvixmyb ^v nxbzvq fym Q Ges GmKj e vwa Avkcv ki AvevwmK GjvKvq Qwo q co Q (Kwig, irvdj 1993) GBme cöpwjz ey bvq ew Rxe bi cök Z eûwea gvîv Abywj wlz i q hvq GKBfv e ew D Q `i ^c i hyw³i duvk jv i q hvq fvebvi Aš iv j 11

17 ew evmx (bxie mek) ew I ew evmx `i K bm ii Z wnmv e wpwýz K i Zv `i Rvic~e K D Q` K i bmi mgm v mgvav bi h cöpviyv muv KZUv hšw³k, Zv wb q bzzb K i fveevi mgq G m Q e j A b K aviyv K ib Av Mi As k D j wlz ew msµvš cöpwjz aviyv jv cöpvi K i G K bmixi gv_v e _v wnmv e D j L K i e _v (mgm v) mviv Z gv_v K (ew ) Ku U djvi civgk cö`v bi iiqvr K A bk bmiweávbx Ges M elk cökœwe K i Qb Ôew evmx `i K hzb QvU Kiv nvk, XvKvi RbRxeb hviv Pvjy i L Q Zviv H ew i jvkõ ( mb, wbg j 2002) hviv wikmv Pvjvq ZvivI H ew i jvk eo eo jv Ki evwo Z hviv KvR K i ZvivI H ew i jvk h jvkwu cy gv_vq wb q Avgv `i evwoi `yqv i Av m mi ew Z _v K h jvl jvl gwnjv evsjv ` ki cvkvk wkí K euvwp q i L Q Zv `i emevm ew Z hvi fimvq gv mš vb K i L Kg j hvq wzwbi H ew ZB _v Kb mikvi Zv `i Avev mi e e v Ki Z cv iwb ZvB G `i evwoni, msmvi ew Z AvR ew evmx `i K wewfbœ mg q AvMvQv/ciRxex wnmv e ey bv K i `Lv bvi Póv Kiv n q Q Giv A b i Dci wbf i K i eu P Av Q wkš ÑÔew evmxiv AwaKvskB L U LvIqv gvbyl, A b KB ïay ekvi-b bq G `i Kv Ri cök wz msmwvz ev cövwzôvwbk bq eis G Kev ib Db y³ A_ vr bvbv ik gi QvU QvU KvR K i Giv RxweKv wbe vn K i GB A _ ejv P j h, Giv kn i mgvr K wewfbœfv e mev K i Avm QÕ (Avgxb, gvt kwn`yj 1990) gbryi Avnmvb Lvb (2002) Zuvi GKwU wbe Ü D j L K i Qb mykv š i KweZvi `y Uv jvbb Ñ Ôej Z cvi abxi evwo ˆZwi hviv Ki Q Ñ Kuy on ib Zviv Kb gvwqi g Zv gi Q?Õ Ñ D j L K i `Lv bvi Póv K i Qb XvKv gnvbmixi gvu RbmsL vi 40 fvm GB ew evmx Qvov, wkfv e XvKv kni APj wzwb wkqz ckvi K_v D j L K i Qb hgbñ Mv g Um kªwgk, wikmv, eex WªvBfvi, dwiiqvjv, nkvi, w`bgryi, wbg vy kªwgk, nv Uj - i z i U kªwgk, `vkvb`vi Kg Pvix, QvU `vkvb`vi, z`ª e emvqx, Kv Ri eyqv, cwi Qbœ Kgx, Kzwj Giv mevb cövq ew evmx, Ges G `i K Qvov gnvbmi K Kíbv Ki Z DrmvwnZ K i Qb Zvn jb G `i Z_v ew i cö qvrbxqzv Avgiv Abyfe Ki Z cvie Ges eys Z cvie bmirxeb K ^vfvwek ivl Z Ab Zg wbqvgk wnmv e Giv `vwqz cvjb K i _v K GLb K_v n jv gnvbm ii RbmsL vi A a Ki KvQvKvwQ GB ew i jvkrb K ev` `Iqv hvq wkbv Kej gvbezv bq, Gi m ½ MYZvwš K AwaKvi, RbM Yi wk v, ^v, evm v bi AwaKv ii cökœi RwoZ Av Q ew evmx `i K h Zv `i Abwf cöz fšmwjk Ae v bi Rb mvgvwrk e vwa wnmv e ey bv Kiv n Q Ges ÔAb Õ evwb q w` q Zv `i wei bwzevpk cöpviyv Pvjv bv n Q Gi AmviZv Ges Giv AcÖ qvrbxq Zv bqb eis A bk Î cö qvrbxqi e U ÑG cöm ½ gvmỳ Avwji ( KŠwUj K_v 5) e³e cöwyavb hvm -Ôew GKwU A_ bwzk cöz q, GUv mgm vmö Kvb AvevwmK GjvKv bq eis Avgv `i mgm vhy³ A_ bxwzi Aek vex cökvk n jv ew `ytlrbk n jv GK kªyxi jvk `wi`ª `i ÎvYKZ v wnmv e Avwefy Z nevi Avkvq G `i AwaKv ii cökœ g~jzwe i L G `i K AevwÃZ, `yt Rb Mvôx wnmv e wpwýz K i Õ Avgv `i bm ii A_ bwzk gvbwp Îi GKUv e vck Ask Ry o Av Q AcÖvwZôvwbK A_ bwzk Kg KvÊ Rwic _ K `Lv M Q, Gi GKUv eo As ki hvmvb`vi n jv ew, cövq 65 kzvsk ew evmx Gi mv _ hy³ hvi A_ GivI A_ bxwz Z Ae`vb iv L Avi G K_v mevb ^xkvi K ib h, GB AcÖvwZôvwbK Kv Ri i q Q we kl bvmwik g~j, hgb- gy U, gryi wewfbœ Awbevh Kvi Y (cövk wzk, gzvev bi m wó) h e vck msl K jvk MÖvg Q o kn i P j Avm Q, G `i Kv Q ew Kej gv_v MvRvi VuvB bq, eis G `i kªg-` Zv AR b I bvmwik kªg ms wzi cvv bevi cöwzôvbi e U KviY MÖv gi Avw` ckv w` q bmi A_ bxwzi mv _ hy³ niqv KwVb, GRb kªgevrv ii Rb Zv `i K ˆZwi Ki Z, hv Z Zviv A_ bxwz Z Ae`vb ivl Z cv i m e e v ew B K i _v K Avevi `Lv hvq, ew jv ïaygvî kªwgkb aviy K i bv wb qvmkz v KI aviy K i M elyvq ew Z wkqz z`ª wkíd ` v³vi müvb cviqv M Q, hw`i Zv `i cyuwr I kªwgk (wb qvmk Z) msl v LyeB mvgvb Avevi ew i GB D ` v³v `i Drcvw`Z c Y i fv³vi A bk Î ew evmx hgb Ñ fvcv wcvv ˆZwii c i Gi µzvi n Q ew evmx gvbyl Avevi cövqb ew jv Z wbr ^ KvuPvevRvi e m, wkqz QvU `vkvbi i q Q Ñ hvi µzv- 12

18 we µzv DfqB ew evmx Ges Gi Pvjvb (c Y i) Av m bm ii K `ªxq evrvi _ K Gfv eb ew evmx `i UvKvi eo Ask g~jevrv i (bm ii) wm q c o Avevi ew evmxi Drcv`bkxjZviI ^xk wz wg j hlb G `i cy (Drcbœ) evb ii evrv i hvq myzivs Ôew evmxiv A_ bxwz Z (bm ii) evsvõ G K_vi hšw³kzv Av `Š av c U K bv M elyvq `Lv M Q, hw`i my `i nvi 20% Gi Dc i ZeyI ^Rb eóbx (cwiwpzrb `i gva g wu K _vkvi Rb M o DVv ew mgvr) Gi Kvi Y 71% jvkb FY wb q _v K AcÖvwZôvwbK LvZ Z_v ew evmx `i KvQ _ KB, ZvB G `i K cirxex Zv ejvb hv e bv eis G `i i q Q wbr ^ A_ evrvi Avgiv GKUz j Ki jb `L Z cve mikvwi KvlvMv i cušqv ji ev bv cušqv ji ew evmx bvmwikiv Kovq-MÊvq Zv `i bmiev mi g~j cwi kva K ib, hw`i G `i Avq ˆ`wbK wnmv e LyeB Kg hgb Ñ evwofvov wnmv e UvKv `q (ew evmxiv), hw`i N ii Ae v LyeB Lvivc Ges GUv A bk Î Puv`v wnmv e (fvovi cwie Z ) hvq Ges Aek B UvDU kªyxi nv Z Gi evb i cvwb, we`y r ev cqtwb vk bi g Zv fšz myweav jvi ew evmxiv bm`g~ j µq K i _v Kb h jvi g~j I ewkifvm Î mikvwi KvlvMv ii cwie Z ew i bzv `i c K U _v K Ñ GB h ew evmx `i ( ^í Av qi welquv gv_vq i L) g UªvcwjUb cwip qi D Pg~j cö`vb GUv A bk Î Ôeo bvmwik `iõ Zzjbvq A bk ewk GiciI wk ejv hvq Giv Ajm, duvwkevr, A b i RvqMv `LjKvix ev mgm v m wókvix? 13

19 wøzxq Aa vq ew D Q` ew D Q` cöwµqv jv (evsjv ` k) hw` we k ly Kiv nq Zvn j `Lv hv e KLbI iv Zi Auvav i, KLbI cökv k KLbI cywjk w` q, wksev mš vmx w` q Av b awi q w` q D Q` Kiv n q Q Gme Î bv gvbv n q Q Kvb Avš R vwzk Kb fbkb Pzw³, bv gvbv n q Q ` ki msweavb M elyvi AvIZvaxb ew wui ÎI `Lv M Q Kvb cökvi AvBb-msweavb Zv gvbvb nqwb eis gzvevb `i bzzb ai bi KyU KŠk ji e envi Kiv n q Q 1970 mv ji Government Local Authority and Building (Recovery of possession) ordinance xxiv-gi aviv 5 Abyhvqx eavbwb `Lj`vi `i D Q` Kivi Rb D Q `i 30 w`b Av M bvwuk w` Z n e Ab w` K evsjv `k ECOSOC (A_ bwzk, mvgvwrk Ges mvs wzk AwaKvi msµvš Avš R vwzk Pzw³ 1996)- Z ^v ikvix `k GB Pzw³ Abyhvqx Ñ cöwzwu mikvi ew D Q `i Av M m ve mkj wekí welq wpš v Ki e hb kw³i cö qvm Gov bv hvq Gi evb ii mikvi Av iv 8wU wel qi cöwz ` wó w` Z eva - (1) D Q`K Z `i m ½ djcöm~ Av jvpbv (2) ch vß mgq w` q bvwuk cö`vb (3) D Q` wel q ^ Q aviyv cö`vb (4) mikvwi cöwzwbwa Dcw Z _vk e (5) D Q` Kv R AskMÖnYKvix `i wpwýzki Yi e e v _vk e (6) Lvivc AvenvIqv I iv Z D Q` Kiv hv e bv (7) AvBbMZ cöwzweav bi e e v _vk Z n e (8) AvBbMZ mnvqzv jv fi weavb I wzc~i Yi weavb _vk e Ab w` K AvBb I mvwjk K `ª I Ab vb ebvg evsjv `k mikvi I Ab vb (19 wegjww (1999) 488) Ges gaygvjv ebvg evsjv `k mikvi (wiu wcwukb bs 59/1994) gvgjvq Av`vjZ cybev mb ev wekí e e v bv K i Rvic~e K ew D Q` eavbwb NvlYv K i evsjv ` ki Î `Lv hvq Dc ii AvBb jv Kvb mgq gvbv Zv nqbwb eis wewfbœ mg q wewfbœfv e ivr bwzk is w` q ew D Q` A eafv e Pvwj q wm q Q ivr bwzkfv e Ôcybe vmb cökíõ, ÔwmwU cj xõ, Ôew evmx `i Rb d vuõ, ÔMÖv g wd i hviqvõ Ñ G ai bi gvby li Pv L ay jv `Iqv wewfbœ cökí `wl q ew D Q` K ˆea Kiv n q Q Avevi Ab w` K `Lv hvq mikvwi Z_v ivr bwzk cöpviyv Ñ ew Z AmvgvwRK KvR nq, ew Z n ivbb dwýww ji e emv nq, ew Acivax `i AvÇvLvbv, ew Z `n e emv nq- G ai bi cöpviyv Pvwj q ew D Q` K ˆea Kivi Póv Kiv nq GB M elyv _ K `Lv M Q, H ai Yi XvjvI cöpviyv ewkifvm ÎB wvk bq Avevi A bk mgq `Lv hvq nvrvi nvrvi ew evmxi D Q` niqv, bv niqvi mv _ ivr bwzk jvf wz RwoZ D`vniY wnmv e msev `i wi cvu wu D j L Kiv hvq Ñ 2001 Gi wbev P bi mgq XvKv-6 Avm b ZBk nvrvi ew evmx fvuvi _vkvq cöavb `ywu ` ji cöv_x B Ñ ÔAvi KLbI ew D Q` Kiv n e bvõ- GB wel q HK g Z cušqvq hw`i c i Zv `i K_v Avi iv Lwb, Avevi ZË veavqk mikvi K `Lv hvq mvgwqk evnev jv fi Avkvq A eafv e ew D Q ` g bv hvmx Ab w` K cö_ g D j wlz D Q` cöwµqv wb qi A b K gvbevwakv ii cökœ Zz j Qb- nvvr Av b `Iqv, Mfxi iv Z ew f ½ `Iqv, gvivgvwi jvwm q `qv, h _ó mgq Ges evm v bi my hvm bv _vkv Ñ G jv fvlvb UK, cögzjx, AvMviMvuImn wewfbœ ew i Î j Kiv hvq ez gvb M elyvq 2003 mv j Kj vycyi ew D Q `i mvgwmök AwfÁZvwU aviy Kivi Póv Kiv n q Q M elyvi D Ïk GB M elyvwui g~j D Ïk n jv- ew D Q `i cq bi KviY, D Q` cöwµqv, D Q` ciezx Ae vi cök wz I ev ezv Rvbv, Gmg q mswk ó gvbyl `i AwfÁZv Zz j Avbv Ges H cwiw wz Z MÖnY Kiv h Z cv i ( huv `ikvix/fy³ fvmx jvk jvi cö qvrb) Ggb Kvb c wzi müvb Kiv m e vcwi H GKB ai bi NUbv fwel Z Avevi NU j ZLb hb H mg qi msm nxz AwfÁZvi Av jv K cö qvrbxq w`k wb ` kbv `qv hvq 14

20 M elyv c wz GB M elyvi Rb wbe vwpz Kiv nq Kj vycyi ew GwUi cwðg w` K wgicyi ivw Ges DËi I `w Y h_vµ g evsjv K jr ivw Ges `vi m&mvjvg ivw DËi-c~e Kv Y Kj vycyi bzzb evrvi ew wu wqj GKwU AvqZ Î (DËi-`w Y ˆ`N I c~e -cwðg cö a i) Gi `w Y-c~e Kv Y Kj vycyi evwjkv we` vjq, Ges DËi-cwð g Kj vycyi nvdwrs KvqvU vi vbxq jvkrb I ev nviv mevms Ni g Z GB ew Z cuwpk nvrvi jvkrb emevm KiZ Ges GLv b gvu AvUÕwU BDwbU wqj cöavb M elk KZ K AskMÖnYg~jK ch e Y (Participant observation) wnmv e ew Z ewkifvm mgq Ae vb Kiv Ges GwU K cöavb M elyv KŠkj wnmv e MÖnY Kivq D Q` ciezx A bk NUbvB ch e Y Kiv m e nq Ab w` K cöavb Z_ `vzv wnmv e vbxq GKwU GbwRIÕi g v brvimn `yõrb Kgx Ges wzbrb ew evmx K (GLbI wu K _vkv) wbe vwpz K i A bk wel q Z_ msmön Kiv n q Q hviv vb (ew ) Z vm K i Q Zv `i K Ly u R ei Kiv hw`i mgm vrbk wq jv wkš Snow mathod e envi Kivq welqwu A bk mnr n q hvq ewkifvm mgq Z_ msmö ni Rb AeKvVv gvmz Z_v Lvjv cö kœi mvnvh biqv n q Q Z _ i GKUv eo Drm wqj vbxq `vkvb`vi ev Pv qi `vkvb Ñ GLv b e m e m Dcw Z jvkr bi mv _ wbw` ó welq a i QvU QvU cö kœi gva g Kvw Z wel qi Dci Z _ i müvb Ki Z nq hv h _ó djcöm~ n q Q Avevi WªvM, `n e emvi g Zv úk KvZi wel q K_v ejvi Rb wkqz KvVv gvmz cökœ w` q Z_ LuvRvi Póv Kiv n q Q ew Z Ges evb i ( vb Z vm Kivi ci ez gvb Ae vb) A bk mgq QvU QvU MÖ c K i e m ew evmx `i KvQ _ K ÔAvÇviÕ gva g wbw` ó welq a i Av jvpbv K i Z_ ei Kiv n q Q Gi evb ii wkqz c wz hgb- GKUv ivz ew Z _ K Zz j Avbvi Póv K iwq Ñ H kx Zi ZxeªZvi g a ew evmx `i K ói Rxebhvcb-Gi cök Z wpî ÔUzK iv K_vevZ võ Ñ wbw` ó GKwU welq ev NUbv a i ew i g a hv K cviqv hvq Zvi mv _ K_v e j ev cökœ K i Z_ ei Kivi Póv I Lye djcöm~ wnmv e KvR K i Q Z_ wnmv e wkqz MÖnY Kivi Av M evievi wewfbœfv e wewfbœ R bi KvQ _ K hvpvb K i biqv n q Q D j L wemz Zvwi L ew D Q` n j Zvwi L cöv_wgk aviyv jv fi Rb gvv wnmv e Kj vycyi ew ch e Y Kiv nq Ges _ K Gi g a gvvkg kl Kiv nq ew Z gvvkg PjvKvjxb mg q wewfbœ ai bi cwip q Avgv K cwiwpz n Z n q Q hgbñôbvqkõ ew i A b KB Avgv K mvsevw`k, Mv q `v wefv Mi jvk wnmv e g b Ki Zv KD KD e j Q, Ôwm bgvq ` LwQ bvqk memgq jvkr bi mv _ wg k Mvb Mvq, gvivgvwi K i, k l cwipq `q - Avwg wmavbwwõi jvk, AvcwbI ew Z _v Kb wvkb Z e k l ej eb-avwg wmavbwwõi jvkõ Kvb GbwRI m ú K Z_ wb Z M j mevb fve Zv Avwg H GbwRIÕi Kgx Ges ïb Z nz Awf hvm, Ô Kb ew fv½vi w`b euvav w` jb bv? zj Avevi K e Lyj e? Wv³vi K e Avm e?õ Avevi KLbI ïb Z n q Q ÔcvqLvbvi m viõ m ^vab KviY cªkœ K iwqjvg, GBLv b dzjwk (m vwb Ukb msµvš Kv R RwoZ GbwRIÕi) j vwuªb wq jv bv? bvg wb qi n q Q AviI A bk nvm im wµ dvi bv g GKRb KvbvwWqvb M elk wkqyw`b Av M H ew Z M elyv K i M Qb Zvi Kv Ri mv _ Avgvi Kv Ri wgj Luy R cviqvq A b K Avgv K wkwi ve ej Zv GKB fv e bv gi kl Ask ikx` niqvq KD KD W K Q ÔiBm võ e j Avevi mc mf GbwRIÕi Kgx iv KŠZzK K i Q, ÔAvcbvi bvg K wg, KviY K wgi g Zv AvcwbI gvby li c U wm q K_v ei K i Av bb Avcbvi bvg `~iexy KviY Lvwj `y ii Mvcb K_v kvbvi Póv K ib Õ 15

21 Z Zxq Aa vq Kj vycyi ew M elyv KvRwUi D Ï k i GKUv eo Ask ew I ew D Q` K K `ª K i AvewZ Z M elyvc Îi cö_g Aa v q ew m ú K aviyv `Iqv n q Q Ab w` K gvv wnmv e h nzz Kj vycyi ew K wbe vwpz Kiv n q Q m nzz GB ew m ú K I cö qvrbxq Z_ _vkv Avek K GLv b D j L Kiv cö qvrb h, ew i kªyxwefvm Abyhvqx Kj vycyi ew K mikvwi ew ejv hvq BwZnvm G wel q Z _ i Rb wbf i K iwq H ew Z cö_g _ K Ae vb Kiv eq jvkrb Ges ew ˆZwii mv _ hy³ _vkv bzv `i Dci 18 eqi Av M wgicyimn AviI K qkwu RvqMvi g Zv Kj vycy ii GB AskwUI wenvix `i (AvU K cov cvwk vbx `i) cybe vm bi Rb mikvi e `ve K i wkš G wm vš Kvh Ki nq wb ZLb fvjv Rjvi mvjvg wkk`vi G GjvKvq emevm Ki Zb hvi B gr wq jv eo gv vb, cywj ki mv _ DVem K i wn m e, wzwb Zvi ÔPvgPvÕ (j vsov i ûj, evey mn Av iv A b K)- `i wb q eyw K ib GB Lvwj RvqMv `Lj Z_v ew Movi mb eqi fvjvq (wkk`v ii Rjv) `Lv `q e vck b`x fv½b wkk`vi GwU KB Kv R jvmvb ew i MvovcËb Kivi gva g wnmv e b`xfv½v jvkrb K wzwb ^ QjZvi jvf `wl q, wb Ri UvKvq Ni K i w` q GBLv b Av bb- D Ïk ew Pvjy Kiv GKUv mgq Avi Rvi Ki Z nq bv, Afvex gvbyl jv wbr D ` v M Avm Z _v K my hvm ey S wkk`vi 1 nvz Rwg 20 UvKv wnmv e wewµ Ki Z _v K ax i, ax i ew i AvqZb evo Z _v K, ew i bvg nq wkk`vi ew ew Z ZLb Zvi GKK wbqš Y KviY GKw` K cöwzôvzv, Ab w` K Zvi wbr Rjvi b`x fv½v jvkrbb ewk (AbymvwiI e U) G mgq gnj vevmx `i (ew i cv kb e w³ gvwjkvbvaxb wewìs G _vkv jvkrb) mv _ wkk`v ii mgm v m wó nq KviY gnj vevmx `i Awf hvm wq jv ew i Kvi Y GB GjvKvi cwi ek bó n Q, WªvM wewµ mn elv U `i DrcvZ e w c q Q GB Bmy jv wb q Hmgq gnj vevmx wkk`vi K `vlx Ki Zv, Ges GB wel q gv Sgv SB `yõc i (ew evmx I gnj vevmx) g a gvivgvwi n Zv GiKg GKUv mg q ew wu Av b j M cy o hvq (1989) Awbevh fv e ew i jvkrb gnj vevmx K `vqx K i-ôew DwV q `Iqvi Rb gnj vevmxiv GUv K i Q Õ Avevi wfbœgzi A b K w` q _v K ÔmiKvwi wiwjd cvevi Avmvq wkk`v ii jvkrb wb RivB ew Z Av b w` q Q Õ Avi GB Av b jvmvi djvdj wq jv `ywu- 1. ew i bvg cwiez b n q cvov ew nq Ges 2. ew, gnj v we iva Pig AvKvi bq wkqy mikvwi, emikvwi mvnvh Ges wb R `i Póvq Avevi ew evmxiv wb R `i cöwzwôz K i G mgq 1,2,3 K i 8wU BDwb U wekvj AvKvi aviy K i GB ew (gvbwpî-1) wkk`v ii ZLbI ew Z GKK wbqš Y-cywjk, bzvmn mevi mv _ DVvemv Dbvi 1992-Gi w` K gnj vi bzv LvKb K a i G b ew i jvkrb Zvi PvL DwV q `q gnj evmx `i wei ew cvov bvi cöwz kva wnmv e GUv wpwýz nq gnj vevmxiv wkk`vimn AviI K qkr bi wei Km K i Rvbv hvq, Gmgq gnj vevmxiv GB K mi Rb A bk UvKv LiP K i (cywjk K Nyl `Iqv) Gi d j cywjk wkk`vi K a i wb q wm q kvixwik wbh vzb K i, wkqyw`b ci hw`i Zv K Q o `q wkš Aí w`b ci m gviv hvq (mevi aviyv H wbh vz bi Kvi Y) GB ew mgªvu gviv hvevi ci ew GKK wbqš Y _ K ei n q `jxq wbqš Yi w` K hvq h wkk`v ii K_vq ew i mewkqz wbqwš Z n Zv, Gi cwie Z eo `yõwu ivr bwzk ` ji mv _ hy³ `yõwu `j mikvi e` ji mv _ mv _ ew i wbqš Y MÖnY Ki Zv K qk eqi Av M GB ew D Q` Kivi GKwU D ` vm mikvi MÖnY K i, wkš ew evmx, GbwRI cöwzwbwa Ges W. Kvgvj nv m bi ZrciZvq muv e _ nq ez gv b 1 I 5 bs BDwbU Qvov ev`evkx 6wU BDwbU gvwui mv _ wo q `Iqv n q Q 16

22 gvbwpî 1. Kj vycyi ew Kallyanpur Housing Quarter North Bangla College Road RCC Pillar RCC Pillar RCC Pillar Basti No. 7 (Pucca Shops) Kallyanpur New Market SKETCH MAP OF KALLYANPUR BASTI HBRI ROAD WEST Road HBRI Mosque Pond Basti no. 8 Mosque Basti No. 4 GSS Children Centre Urban BRI Staff Quarter Children Park Shishu Sadhan Basti No. 7 Mosque Field Jheel Surovi Basti No. 2 Bosti No. 8 Pond Radda Barnen Bosti No. 3 Boundary Basti No. 6 Marie Stopes Clinic Madrasa Shahid Minar Road Shops Shops Shops Shops Shops Shops Basti No.1 Houses Basti No. 5 Kallyanpur Girls School and College East Darus Salam Road Drm: Coalition for the Urban Poor (CUP) D Q`c~e ev ezv Kj vycyi ew D Q `i cövq 14 w`b ci M elk wnmv e cö_g HLv b Dcw Z nb Gi c~ e KLbI H ew Z hviqvi AwfÁZv h nzz wq jv bv m nzz D Q`c~e ev ezv evsvi Î c~ e Kiv wkqz M elyvcî, Ges vbxq jvkr bi mv _ K_vi ( wzi wfwë Z) Dci wbf i Ki Z n q Q 17

23 mshy³ gvbwp Î `Lv hv Q ew Z gvu 8wU BDwbU wq jv Ôgnj vi g Zv my `iõ, Ô e n wqjõ, Gai bi gš e w` q hgb A b K ew i ey bv w` q Qb Zgwb A bk ew evmx Ôgqjvi UªvswKÕ (Acwi vi A _ ) wnmv e ew K ey bv K i Qb 8wU fv M wef³ H ew i cö Z K fv M gvuvgywu GKRb K i `j bzv wq jv G mkj `j bzv vbxq cökvmb, gv vb I Ab vb cö qvrbxq e e v MÖnY K i Awaevmx `i fvm weavzv wn m e `vwqz cvjb Ki Zv Ges Gi mv _ RvqMv jy Ui e vcvii wqj wb Pi cwimsl vb _ K Kj vycyi ew i jvkmsl v I N ii gvwjkvbv m ú K cwi vi aviyv cviqv hv e mviyx 8. Kj vycyi ew i RbKvVv gv ew bs gvu cwiev ii msl v N ii msl v N ii gvwjkvbv ew evmxi wbr ^ Ni gvwjk N ii msl v gvu m~î: Kwig (1993) Dc ii QK _ K `Lv hv Q Kj vycyi ew Z N ii msl v wq jv 1,606wU, mlv b gvu 1,675wU cwievi emevm Ki Zv Ges wewfbœfv e ivbœv K i LZ GLv b D j L h, h me cwiev ii Kvb wfbœ Ni (BDwbU) bb, Zviv Ab cwiev ii mv vk Zv I Aí wkqz fvov w` q gvî ivwî hvc bi Rb kn i _vkvi e e v Ki Zv G ai Yi cwiev ii msl v kzkiv 4.12 fvm wq jv M ni gvwjkvbvi cwimsl vb _ K `Lv hvq, gvu 1675wU cwiev ii g a gvî 327wU cwiev ii wbr ^ Ni wq jv hv gvu emevmiz cwiev ii gvî fvm ev`evwk fvm cwievi fvov N i emevm Ki Zv Gi evb i gvî 37 Rb e w³ 1,279wU N ii gvwjk, hv `i 9 Rb Qvov Ab 28 RbB ew i evb i emevm Ki Zv D j wlz 37 Rb (19.52%) e w³ gvu N ii g a fvm N ii gvwjk Avi fvm ew evmx gvî fvm N ii gvwjk wq jv GB Z_ _ K `Lv hvq, H ew Z h mkj jvkrb emevm Ki Zv Zv `i g a Aí msl K emevmkvixb wb Riv Ni wbg vy K i webvfvovq emevm Ki Zv Ab w` K bzv kªyxi KwZcq jvk G ^Z nxb ew K K `ª K i cöpzi dvq`v jyu Zv ZLb GgbI `Lv h Zv (D Q `i Av M) h ïaygvî Nifvov w` qb bzvi _ K cöwz gv m nvrvi UvKv Avq Ki Zv 1993-Gi Rwic _ K ew i GB wpî cviqv hvq, hw`i wemz eqi jv Z ew i N ii msl v Zgb ev owb (RvqMv h nzz wbw` ó) wkš jvkmsl v A bk e w c qwq jv e j aviyv Kiv nq ew i jvkrb D Q `i Av M 25 nvrvi jvk emevm Ki Zv e j Abygvb K i, Z e ew i H gvwjkvbvi aiy GKB wq jv e j aviyv Kiv nq Kj vycyi ew Z cöwzwu GjvKvi Rb gvî 2wU Iqvmvi ms hvm wqj G Z_ _ K cögvwyz nq cöwzwu ms hv M M o 1,286 Rb jvk cvwb msmön Ki Zv hv Pvwn`vi Zzjbvq AcÖZzj wqj ïaygvî Lvevi cvwb msmön Ki Z N Uvi ci N Uv A c v Ki Zv h nzz AwaKvsk cyi l I gwnjv w` bi ejv wewfbœ KvR Ki Zv m nzz Mfxi ivz ch š jvb b `uvwo q cvwb msmªn Ki Z `Lv h Zv GB RwUjZv Gov bvi Rb wbqwgz ew evmx `i K `Lv h Zv ew i g a i Rjvkq _ K cvwb msmön Ki Z Ab vb ^Z nxb ew i g Zv GLv b cwikwíz cqtcöyvjx wq jv bv AwaKvsk cwievib Lvjv cvqlvbv e envi Ki Zv gvî 9.76 fvm cwievi M Z i gy L XvKbv e envi Ki Zv ev`evwk fvm cwievib Lvjv RvqMvq cvqlvbv Ki Zv ZvQvov 1-7 eq ii cövq mkj Q j g qb ew i Av kcv k Lvjv RvqMvq cvqlvbv Ki Zv Kj vycyi ew i ^v e e vii Ki Y nvj wq jv H Rwi c `Lv hvq, AwaKvsk wkïb cywónxbzvq fym Zv, ZvQvov mw`, Kvwk, wµwg Ges c Ui Amy L AwaKvsk wkïb Avµvš wq jv Ab w` K cyi liv h nzz 18

24 AwaKvskB kªwgk Ges a~gcvqx wqj m nzz Kvwk Z Avµvš cyi li msl v ewk wqj Avevi AwaKvsk gwnjv (cövq 66%) c Ui AmyL Ges 56% mw` RwbZ iv M Avµvš wq jv Z e Ab me mvaviy ewkó I (ew i) GLv b we` gvb wqj, hgb- `yõwu N ii gv S GKwU mvaviy `Iqvj, gvslv b hvzvqv Zi mi iv v BZ vw` (Kwig, iwddj 1993) emwz ev ezv c~ e B D j L Kiv n q Q h, ew m ú K wewfbœ M elyv Ges cöpvi-cöpviyvq `Lv bvi Póv Kiv nq Ñ Ôew evmxiv n jv Ggb GKwU kªyx hviv bvsiv cwi e k mikvwi RvqMvq wd«wksev bvg gvî g~ j Ae vb K i Õ Kj vycyi ew i Î Avgiv `L Z cve Ôev e ew Õi wpî m ú~y wfbœ KviY, GB ew i jvkrb em dzu wnmv e, XvKvi AwfRvZ GjvKv jkvb, ebvbxi P qi ewk UvKvq fvov _v K Kj vycyi ew GjvKvq Ni fvovi mv _ mikvwi vd KvqvU vi Ges Kj vycyi AvevwmK GjvKvi evwo fvovi GKwU Zzjbvg~jK wpî:- mviyx 9. em dzucöwz evm vb fvov GjvKv Kj vycyi AvevwmK GjvKv mikvwi KvqvU vi ew GjvKv N ii AvKvi 2000 e:dz: 1470 e.dz. (8dzU 5dzU)= 40 dzu m~î: Kwig (1993) N ii aib d vuevwo gvrvbkmn d vuevwo gvrvbkmn A vqx I KvuPv myweav cvqlvbv Mvmj Lvbv ivbœv Ni cvwb I we`y r M vm Qvov fvov cvwb I we`y r M vmmn we`ÿ r+ cvwbmn cöwz em dz Ui fvov ,500/ ,260/ g~j ezb Abymv i 150/- - ( ) = , gš e vb I YMZ gv bi Dci wbf ikxj 6.63 cöpzi Pvwn`vc~Y GjvKvq cövq evwywr K e env ii b vq mviyx 9 _ K `Lv hvq Kj vycyi AvevwmK GjvKvq ^v m Z cwi e k M vm, cvwb, we`ÿ r I Ab vb cö qvrbxq my hvm-myweavmn gvrvbk Kiv 2,000 em dz Ui GKwU evwo fvov 3, hv cöwz em dzu 1.75 UvKv nq ZvQvov mikvwi KvqvUv i emevmkvix Kg KZ vmy 1,470 em dz Ui evwo Z Zv `i g~j ez bi Dci avh Kiv nv i fvov cö`vb K ib Ab w` K Rwi c `Lv hvq H ew Z (8 5 )= 40 em dz Ui A vqx, A ^v Ki, evuki KvM Ri ˆZwi, M vm, ivbœvni, cvqlvbv, we`y r I cvwb Qvov GKwU N ii fvov 150 UvKv, 100 UvKv we`y rmn gvwmk Puv`v 5 UvKv I 10 UvKv cvwbmn gvu = 265 UvKv hvi cöwz em dz Ui fvov `uvovq 6.63 UvKv Ab GKRb Awaevmx ^v Ki cwi e k Kj vycyi AvevwmK GjvKvq 2000 em dz Ui GKwU evwo fvov `q ( )= 13,260 UvKv G wnmv e GKRb Kj vycyi ew evmx cöwz em dzu Zvi Zzjbvq 4.88 UvKv ewk fvov cö`vb K i hv cövq evwywr K e env ii Rb wbwg Z eûzjv fe bi fvovi KvQvKvwQ Avi jkvb, avbgwê GjvKvi AvevwmK GjvKvi P q ewk Zv e UB 19

25 gzv KvVv gv M elyvc Îi cö_g Aa v q ew i gzv KvVv gv m ú K aviyv ivlvi Póv Kiv n q Q G Aa v q M elyvi AvIZvaxb Kj vycyi ew i Ñ gzvkvvv gvõi aiy, cöwµqv jv wb q Av jvpbvi AeKvk i q Q ÒAvj KvwiqvZzj-Iqvj Kvwiqv - K_v KB j w` ev _vcovbqv c ii... bv gvi j, ew i wjwvi nq Kvb kvjv?ó ew i gzvkvvv gvi i Z c~y PwiÎ wjwvi `i wb q Kj vycyi ew i, dki wïb cvmjvi iwpz KweZv GwU ew i wjwvi `i B gr Gi Ki Y nvj cökvk cvq GLv b mgm vrbk welq n jv Kj vycyi ew h nzz D Q` n q M Q m nzz G wel q Z _ i Rb Aewkó ew evmx, cöavb Z_ `vzv Ges Aí K qkrb bzv (ew i) Gi mvnvh biqv n q Q G Z K i wkqz mxgve Zv i qb M Q KviY M elk wnmv e gzv PP v, cöwµqv, aiy jv ch e Yi my hvm nqwb, ïaygvî ^v vrkvi-gi Dci wbf i K ib Ñ G msµvš Z _ i müvb Ki Z n q Q Kj vycyi ew i bzv `i Î `Lv M Q Ñ Zv `i AZxZ Rxeb wb q ew evmx `i ek AvMÖn i q Q Ges cövq cö Z K bzvib GKUv wezwk Z AZxZ Rxeb i q Q, G Î 2/1wU welq m ú K Z_ w` j e vcviwu úó n eñ (1) ÔK jivõ Ñ ew evmxiv GB bv g ew i cöfvekvjx bzv Zv ni Pqvig vb K W K _v K, KviY GB bzv wewfbœ mg q wewfbœ ew Z Ni fvov wb q fvovwuqv wnmv e _ K Q Ges K qk gv mi g a Nifvov eü K i w` q Ñ Mv qi Rv i, SMov K i, wb RB gvwjk m R e m Qb Ges H N ii `Lj wb q Qb GB Kvi Y Zv K mevb ÔK jivõ e jb KviY Ñ ÔK jivõ hgb GK RvqMvq n j Av kcv ki cwi ek me bó n q hvq Zgwb H Zv ni Kvb RvqMvq XyK j mlvbkvi cwi eki bó n q hvq (2) Ôj vsovõ-nuvu Z GKUz mgm v, ew i Ni Ges `vkvbgvwjk mvnveywïb K ew evmxiv j vsov bzv bv gb e j _v K Kw_Z Av Q fvjv _ K b`xfv½vq m wf z Ki g Zv n q M j, wkk`vi (ew i cöwzôvzv) Zv K GB ew Z cybe vmb K i cö_g Ae vq m ew Z G m UvKvB wn m e wq jv, Av Av RvqMv `Lj mn Ôwewfbœ Kvi YÕ m abx I bzv wnmv e AvZ cökvk K i Z e H Ôwewfbœ KviY jvõ wb q A bk ai Yi K_vevZ v Av Q ew evmx `i g a, hgb Ñ Pzwi, wqbzvb, WªvM wewµ, `n e emvqx `i `vjvj Kj vycyi ew Z 12 eqi Av Mi GKwU KwgwU wq jv Ñ hlv b GKwU wgwus-g Dcw Z ew evmx `i KÉ fv Ui gva g GKRb Pqvig vb (Zv ni Pqvig vb) Ges cö Z K BDwbU _ K GKRb K i cöwzwbwa wbe vwpz n qwqj D Q `i mgq GB KwgwUi Pqvig vb Qvov Avi Zgb KD m A _ mwµq wqj bv, wkš H KwgwUB wqj D Q` mgq ch š GKgvÎ wjwlz, ^xk Z gzv- huv ew evmxiv Ac Y K iwqj bzv `i K Z e `xn mg qi AwfÁZv _ K `Lv M Q cöavb `ywu ivr bwzk ` ji mg_ K `ywu `j wq jv GB ew Z GB mg_ K `jb ew Z wb R `i K wjwvi wnmv e cwipq w` Zv Ges GB wjwvi `i Avevi G KKUv BDwb U A bk jv Ni wqj- h jv Z wb Riv bv _ K ïay fvov w` qb A bk UvKv DcvR b Ki Zv gzv (iv óªi) e` ji mv _ mv _ gzvmxb ` ji mg_ K `jwu gzvi kx l (ew i) P j h Zv KŠZzn jvïxck welq n jv we ivax (iv óªi) ` ji mg_ Kiv (hviv nqz MZ eqi jv ew wbqš Y Ki Zv) webv euvavq bzyb ` ji Kv Q gzv (ew i) Q o w` Zv GiKg GKUv fw½ Z Ñ Ômvg b Avevi AvgivI Avm ev Õ AZxZ AwfÁZvi wfwë Z `Lv M Q Kj vycyi ew i ÔmewKQz Z H bzv `i AmxgcÖfveÕ GB ÔmewKQzÕ Ges ÔAmxgÕ Gi gvîv h KZUv Mfxi muv jlvi ciezx As k Av iv cwi vi n e Z e grvi e vcvi n jv mvaviy ew evmx `i Kv Q wjwvi wnmv e ïay mvnveywïb, iwk`, mvëvi (ew i wjwvi) G `ib cwiwpwz wq jv G `i K Kviv Pvjv Zv? Avkªq w` Zv? G ai bi cö kœi Î ew evmxiv bxie _vk Zv ew evmxiv hv `i K ew i g a gzvi PP v Ki Z ` L Q, Zv `i KB bzv wnmv e gvb Q- G `i cq bi h A b K RwoZ _vk Z cv i m wel q Zgb Kvb AvMÖn bb G `i Avi G ch v q G m Z_ cviqv mgm vrbk n q Q KviY ew D Q` ciezx mg q ew i bzviv cövq mevb ew Z vm K i Q, ZvQvov K qkwu (D Q` ciezx ) gvivgvwii NUbvmn ` ki msnvzgq ivrbxwzi Kvi Y Ñ bzv, gzv, gv vbx, Pvù v Ñ G ai Yi welq jv wb q K_v ej Z A b K AvMÖnx bq GiciI cövß Z_ _ K `Lv hvq Ñ cöavb `yõwu ivr bwzk ` ji vbxq Kwgkbvi, vbxq 20

26 civwrz Ggwc cöv_ x H `ywu ` ji bz Z w` Zv A b Ki g Z ew i wjwviiv Zv `i DcvR bi GKUv Ask G `i KI w` Zv ew Z bzv wnmv e cöwzôv cviqvi cöavb welqwu n jv ew i wepvi e e v wbqš Y Kiv cuwpk nvrvi jvk emevmkvix GB ew Z wewfbœ Bmy Z wb R `i g a SMov gvivgvwi niqv ^vfvwek wqj Avi GB SMov, gvivgvwii AwjwLZ wepv ii fvi wqj ew i bzv `i Dci Ôhv K cviqv hvq Zvi mv _ K_v ejvõ- GB c wz Z cövq 70 Rb jv Ki mv _ K_v e j h Bmÿ jv c qwq, m jv GiKg: (1) wjwvi `i GKUv MÖ c wq jv Giv Lqvj ivl Zv K Kvb gwnjv K Acgvb Ki jv, K Kvb gwnjvi N i XyK jv ev XvKvi Póv Ki jv A_ vr bvixnwuz wkqz NU jb H MÖ cwu bzv `i Rvbv Zv Ges bzviv Gi wepvi Ki Zv Ges ew i mevib GKB K_v- GB wepv ii ivq memgq UvKvi Kv Q wewµ n q h Zv (2) ew evmx `i wb R `i g a UvKv jb `b, Rwg- Rgvmn ev Pv `i QvULvU gvivgvwi _ K eo `i g a gvivgvwii wewfbœ NUbv NU Zv Ges h_vixwz G jv wepv ii fvi _vk Zv H bzv `i Ges ivq n Zv h_vixwz UvKvi Rv i KŠZ~nj DÏxcK e vcvi n jv gzvmxb ` ji cvwu Awdm (H ew i) A vqx KvU ev wepvivjq wnmv e cwiwpz wqj (wegbwci mg q, AvIqvgxjx Mi mg q), GLv bb bzviv wepvik wnmv e em Zv Ges hvezxq wepvi mvwjk Ki Zv ew i jvkrbi H cvwu Awdm K KvU g b K i fq K i Pj Zv Z e ew evmx `i Kv Q GB Kv Ui wepvik `i m ú K B gr wq jv Ñ ÔUvKv w` qb ivq wb Ri c Avbv hvqõ ew Z GgbI bwri cviqv M Q Ñ GKRb A b i gv_v dvwu q w` q Q Ab vqfv e c i UvKv w` q wjwvi `i nvz K i H gv_v dvuv e w³ KB ew Qvov K i Q, gv_v dvwu q `Iqv jvkwu ew i GB gzv KvVv gvi kx l Ae vb Kiv `jwui cöav bi Av iv wkqz KvR wq jv Ñ KD bzzb N i DV j, bzzb Ni Ki j, bzzb Ni wkb j Zv `i KvQ _ K Puv`v DVv bv Z e memgq GB Puv`v DVv bvi gvîv mgvb wqj bv Ges GLv b AvÂwjKZv, AvZ xqzv, gzv Ñ Gme welq cöfvek wnmv e KvR Ki Zv D`vniY wnmv e ejv hvq- bzzb KD GKRb ew Z Avm e Zvi hw` GjvKvq cwiwpz/cöfvekvjx/avz xq KD Av M _ KB H ew Z _vk Zv Z e A bk mgq Puv`v Kg ev bv w` ji Pj Zv Z e GB Lv Z Puv`vi cwigvy A bk wqj e j ew evmxiv Rvbvq AZxZ AwfÁZv _ K `Lv hvq Ñ hlb ew cy o, ew i mkj Awaevmx M nnxb n q hvq ZLb mikvwi, emikvwi mkj wiwjd/mvnvh ew i wjwvi `i (ZrKvjxb) gva gb `Iqv n q Q Ges Awbevh fv e mb mgqkvi ew evmx `i AwfÁZv _ K Rvbv hvqñôa a K hvq Kzwg ii c UÕ (wjwv ii) dzjwkmn ek K qkwu GbwRIÕi AwfÁZv _ K `Lv hvq Zv `i cövmövg, Awd mi (ew i) Kvh µg Pvjv bvi Rb ew i wjwvi `i Lywk Ki Z n q Q Ggb bwrii `Lv M Q Ñ c~ e vwcz mikvwi j vwuªb vbxq wjwvi `i gva g f ½ d j wb R `i cövmövg Pvwj q bevi ^v _ ew evmx `i Rb F Y (wkw Z) j vwuªb `Iqv n q Q wewqbœ wkqz NUbvi müvb cviqv hvq Ñ g q we q `Iqvi mgqi wjwvi `i Lywk Ki Z n Zv Ô kv WvDbÕ ÑwjWvi (ew i) `i gzv wuwk q ivlvi Rb cöavb nvwzqvi wqj GUv hgb Ñ vbxq evsjv K j Ri `yjy (mikvwi ` ji QvÎ bzv) Gi bz Z gv S gv S K vwviiv A nv Z ew i wjwvi `i c ew Z Ny i h Zv mvaviyz ew i bz Z P v jä Avm j GgbUv NUv bv n Zv, hgb Ñ Ni `Lj, wepvi msµvš Sv gjvq co j wjwviiv GUv Ki Zv Avevi wkqz K_v cöpwjz wq jv h jvi mz Zv hvpvb bv K ib ew evmxiv wek vm Ki Zv Ges wjwvi `i Av iv gzvevb fvez hgb Ñ Kvb wjwv ii g q RvgvB KvjvRvnv½xi Gi Wvb nvz ev Kvb wjwv ii Q j I Zvi eüziv eo isevr BZ vw` GbwRI I Kj vycyi ew GB M elyv KvRwUi D Ïk Av MB D j L Kiv n qq hlv b Póv Kiv n e ew Z GbwRI jvi Kvh µ gi aiy Rvbv, mv _ mv _ ew i wewfbœ mgm vkvjxb mg q ( hgb D Q`) G `i Ae vb ev f~wgkv Ges ew D Q` ciezx cwiw wz Z Zv `i fwel r Kg cwikíbv wk Zv Rvbv Ñ GiB avivevwnkzvq G Aa v q Kj vycyi ew Z Kg iz GbwRI `i Kg Kv Êi Dci wkqy Z_ cö`vb Kiv n e Ges ciezx `ywu Aa v q evkx `ywu wel qi Dci Z_ cö`vb Kiv n e D j L h GbwRI `i GB ew Z Kg KvÊ Rvbvi e vcv i g~jz ew evmx I GbwRI jvi gvvkgx `i Dci wbf i Kiv nq Z e A bk Î GbwRI jvi nw Awd mi hvmv hvm Kiv nq we vwiz Z _ i Rb 21

27 mviyx 10. GK br i Kj vycyi ew Z Kg iz GbwRImg~n Sl Name of NGO/ No. Organization 01 DSK (Dustha Shahstha Kendra) Programme Donor Remarks Water & Sanitation Plan International 02 URBAN Community Development Program, Microcredit, Urban Housing War on Want (UK) 03 SUROVI Formal School (01) Plan International 04 GSS School for Garments Worker s Children (International Labour Organization, MOU) 05 BRAC Child Education BRAC 06 Marie Stopes One Clinic (MCH) Department for International Development, Asian Development Bank GoB 07 RADDA BARNEN Clinic (MCH) Urban Primary Health Care Project (UPHCP) 08 FULKI Education FULKI 09 PROSHIKA Microcredit, Child Education, Human Development, Sanitation, Social Mobilization, Safe Drinking Water, Disability & Development Works etc. Department for International Development, Canadian International Development Agency, NORAD, European Union 10 DCC (Dhaka City Sanitation & Sewerage Dhaka City Corporation GoB Corporation) 11 Safe Save Microcredit Safe Save m~î: Coalition for the Urban Poor-CUP ew D Q`c~ e mlv b gvu 11wU GbwRI wewfbœ Î KvR KiwQ jv (mviyx 10) Zv `i g a K qkwu ms v Kej GKwU wel qi Dci KvR K i Q hgb `y ^v K `ª- cvwb mieivn I cqtwb vkb Dbœq b, MY mvnvh ms v I eª vk wkï wk v cö`v b Ges md mf z`ªfy Kg Kv Ê mshy³ wq jv Avievb Ges cöwkkv Zv `i z`ªfy Kvh µ gi cvkvcvwk Ab vb Dbœqbg jk Kv RI RwoZ wq jv Z e ew evmxiv mkj ms vi cöwz GKB cwigv Y m ó wq jv bv hgb- dzjwki cöwz ew evmx `i Amš yyywói cöavb KviY wq jv- dzjwk KZ K ew i RvqMv `Lj K i Awdm vcb maviyfv e `Lv M Q h, ^v msµvš Kg Kv Ê wb qvwrz ms v jvi cöwz ew evmx `i we kl mš wó wq jvñôavcviv Zz jvi g Zv big wq jv, hv ejv n Zv ZvB ïb Zv, e envi Lye fv jv wq jvõ Aciva ez gvb c w_ex Z Aciv ai wewfbœ gvîv Av Q n Z cv i muv Avš R vwzkfv e `k `Lj, wksev GKUv ` ki cö vc U- gvbyl K AvZ c mg_ bi my hvm bv w` q nz v Kiv, PvivPvjvb A_ev Lyb, WvKvwZ wkš ez gvb cö vc U wewfbœ cöpvi cöpviyvq ew i mv _ gv`k Ges cwzzv K wgwj q `Lvi Póv Kiv nq, Gch v q Kj vycyi ew i G `yõwu welq wb q Av jvpbv KiwQ GoB 22

28 ew Z Avgvi DËi`vZv `i cövq mevi mv _ Ab me K_vi cvkvcvwk WªvM wel q K_v e jwq Zviv mevb e j Qb ew Z MuvRvi evb i Ab wkqz wewµ n Zv bv Ges KD B Qv Ki jb GLvb _ K MuvRv msmön Ki Z cvi Zv Ges wpwýz wkqy jvkrb G e emvi mv _ hy³ wq jv Avwgmn 6 R bi AvÇv, mevi nv Z MuvRvi w K (Avwg Qvov), vb- Kj vycyi D Q`K Z ew i gmwr `i cv ki c jw_b Szcwo Ni AvÇvi ga gwy dvi K fvb Ii d Mixeyj vn Ii d Myi mn Av iv K qkrb AvÇvi welq wba viy KiwQ Avwg GUv KivI ek mnr, Kvb GKUv welq Gi Av jvpbv Zz j w` j muv wb q e vck K_v Pj Q i ÑÔAvgiv gvi Kvmv ÔgvKomvÕ, gvwjk `vjvb d j ivl j mlv b gvi Kvmv evmv ev Ü Avevi `vjvb hlb gvwj Ki `ikvi nq ZLb G m gvi Kvmvi evmv f ½ d j Zgwb mikvwi RvqMvq Avgiv ew evmxiv gvi Kvmv wnmv e wqjvg, GLb mikv ii GB RvqMv `ikvi ZvB GB gvi Kvmvi (ew evmxi) evmv f ½ w` QÕ gwkg Ñ ÔAvgiv GB ` ki gvbyl bv? Avgv Mv AwaKvi bb? Avgv Mv fvu bvb? gvi Kvmvi I Rxeb Av Q, bv wk? Avgv Mv wk gvby li Rb bv?õ i Ñ Ô ewk K_v KËb wuk bvõ w``viñôbv, Avgv Mv R b `vl Av Q, hy i mgq 30 KvwU (Dwb KvwU e j Qb) gv, evb exi½bv nbwqj (Dwb GB kãwu e envi K ib) H gv, evb `i g a Avgv Mv mevi gv wqj, wn..wn..wn..wn..õ (mevb wn.. wn.. K i nvm Z _v K) AvwgÑÔwKš i, ew fv½ jv Kb?Õ i Ñ Ô ewk K_v KËb wuk bv, wkš jvk nb jv `yb cökvi (1) Avj vni ev `v (2) Pz Mvj Lvi (wjwvi), GB Pz Mvj Lvi jvk e o MwQj ew Z Giv wb R `i cv ` wb Riv MvP nvb`vb PÕ gv R`ÑÔew Zv fv½ eb, Lv j`v wrqvi evwo Avmv g, m G ` k wiwddwr, Zvi ` ki Dci Kvb gvqv bb, ew Zv A bk QvU e vcvi Õ i Ñ Ô ewk K_v KËb wuk bvõ (ZZ Y bkv R b D V Q, mevi PvL jvj (Avwg Qvov) GKUvi ci GKUv w K (MuvRvi) kl n Q, K Kqevi Lvivc cvovq M Q m Av jvpbvi P j Avm Q) i ÑÔgvgyb fvb, GKUv Uvb `b Õ AvwgÑ Ôey K mgm v e j Wv³vi Uvb Z wb la K i Q, MZ gv m Q o w` qwq, Av M LZvg GLb ïay wmmv iu LvBÕ i Ñ Ô ewk K_v KËb wuk bvõ AvwgÑÔ i ew i Mvb&Rv, Wv ji wmm Ug wk wq jv?õ RgRgvU Av jvpbv n jv G wel q Kj vycyi ew i WªvM welqk hme K_vevZ v ejv n jv, Zvi g~j K_v n jv (1) MuvRv wqj GB ew i GKgvÎ cöpwjz WªvM, Ab Kvb WªvM wewµ n Zv bv (2) ew i dkvcvmjv wq jv cöavb MuvRv we µzv (3) RUveywo, KwPi edmn Av iv 7/8 Rb gwnjv we µzv wqj ew Z, Giv kix ii g a memgq MuvRv ivl Zv wewµi D Ï k (4) 6/7 Rb cyi l we µzvi wqj ZvQvov Us `vkv b MuvRv cviqv h Zv (5) MuvRv AvmZ KvIivb evrvi _ K, 3 _ K 4 nvrvi UvKv KwR wk b G b 10/20 UvKvi cyuuwj (fvm) K i wewµ KiZ we µzviv (6) MuvRvi cöavb Kv gvi, ew i Z_v Av kcv ki jvkrbb wqj, evb ii Rvbv kvbv wkqz MÖ c gv S gv S AvmZ (7) cywj ki welq wqj Ggb Ñ Ôivwbs cywjkõ Giv, wwdwu Z Avm Zv Avi we µzviv (MuvRv) mvg b co j 20/30 UvKv K i w` Zv, Avevi nvvr, nvvr Mvoxi cywjk Avm Zv, Giv my hvm g Zv c j K qkrb K Mvox Z K i a i wb q h Zv c i UvKv wb q Q o w` Zv (8) g`, ev n ivbb wewµi Póv h ew Z Kiv nqwb Zv bq, 5 _ K 6 eqi Av Mi `ywu NUbv G Î D`vniY wnmv e Av m- GKRb ew Z Ni wk b g` wewµ Ki Z ïi K i ZLb ew i A bk jvk wg j H jvkwu K a i wcuv q, Ni wewµ Kiv q, 23

29 v ú mb Kiv q (Zv K hb Avi GB GjvKvq bv `Lv hvq GB A½xKvibvgv) GjvKv Qvov Kiv nq GKBfv e H NUbvi wkqzw`b ci Av ik jvk n ivbb wewµ Kiv ïi K i, Zv KI GKBfv e ew i jvk GjvKv Qvov K i (9) H MuvRv we µzv `i Î `Lv hvq cy iv cwievi Gi mv _ hy³, hgb- RUveywoi RvgvB, Q j g q, mevb wg j wewµ KiZ Avevi ev Py I Zvi ed cwievimn MuvRv wewµ Ki Zv vbxq GKwU GbwRIÕi Kg x `i mv _ fv jv hvmv hvm wq jv, hviv `xn w`b a i ew GjvKvq i q Q Ges mevb gwnjv Dbv `i cö Z K K Avwg Avjv`v Avjv`vfv e WªvM wel q (Kj vycyi ew i) Rvb Z PvB mevi K_vi g a wkqz wgj Lyu R cvb (K) ew Z MuvRv Pj Zv, wewµ Ki Zv, A b KB LvBZ (L) Ab Kvb WªvM ew Z cviqv h Zv bv (M) GKRb Kg x ÔbvRyÕ e jb, ÔAviwRbvÕ (Av ik Rb Kg x) Gi Q j ew i wibvi KvQ _ K n ivbb wk b LvB Zv G ch v q Avwg ÔAviwRbvÕ Gi mv _ K_v ej j wzwb e jb, ÔAvgvi Q j bkv Ki Zv GK_v wvk Z e ïay MuvRv, ew Z wibvi Kv Q MuvRv Qvov Ab wkqz cviqv h Zv bvõ Avgvi AvMÖn wq jv wibvi mv _ K_v ejvi wkš m ew fv½vi cicib GjvKv Z vm K i P j M Q Gi evb ii ew Z Kg iz Ab vb GbwRI Kgx `i mv _ K_v e jwq DbvivI H Dc ii Z _ i evb i bzzb wkqz Rv bb bv Kj vycyi ew GjvKvq A bk mgq KvUv bvq Avgvi wkqy wkï eüz Zwi n q MwQj Giv 10 UvKv N Uv Pzw³ Z QvU mvb Kj Pvwj q eov Zv, K qkrb Avevi wewoi L Zv G `i K Avwg wb qvm K iwqjvg Ñ Mv q `v Kv R Zviv- Zv `i evwoi jvkrb, evev, gv ev Ab mevi mv _ K_v e j Ñ WªvM msµvš Z_ Avgv K Rvbv e 2 w`b ci mevb GKB Z_ wb q nvwri nq Ñ ÔMuvRvi evb i wkqz wewµ nb Zv bvõ Ôew i hšb e emvõ welqwu evsvi Rb c vb B Uvib vkbv ji Gi Rbve cök wz Gi mvnvh wb q G Mv Z nq, KviY wzwb c~ e H ew Z G msµvš KvR K i Qb ew D Q` n q hviqvq Ges mevb vb Z vm Kivq- GLbI wu K _vkv Lvw`Rv Ges nvwmi mv _ K_v ewj hv `i cwzzv wnmv e ew Z ^xk wz i q Q wewfbœ Drm _ K cövß Z _ i Av jv K wb Pi welq jv úó nq (1) me wgjv q ew i 12 Rb Gi g Zv gwnjv G e emvi mv _ RwoZ wqj hv `i mevb K Giv `ybrb wpb Zv (2) Lye Mvc b nvvr 2/1 Rb K i Kv gvi ew Z G m mgq KvUv Zv Z e mevb ew Z Kv gvi Avb Zv bv Ges wbqwgz Zv bqb (3) ew i i Kwm Lvjv cv ki gnj vq GKUv d vu fvov wb qwqj hlv b ew i Kv gviiv wb q wm q mgq KvUv Zv (msl vq Lye Kg) (4) cëb Gi bvfvbv, mvmwikv ai bi wkqz nv Uj wq jv hlv b Kv gvi cviqv hz (5) gv S gv S myg bi g Zv vbxq (cvbkcvovi) Ô ÊvÕ G `i K DwV q wb q wm q webvg~ j ev bvggvî g~ j mgq KvUv Zv (6) wcw PKvgvj I bvmi Avjxi g Zv jvkrb (ew i wjwvi) wqj hviv G `i KvQ _ K gv m gv m 500 UvKv _ K 600 UvKv ch š Rvi K i wb Zv, bv `Iqvq wc j VwK q wqj ÔLvw`RvÕ K GKevi (7) i Kwm Lvjv Ges nv U j M j cövq A a K UvKv Zv `i K w` q Avm Z n Zv Kj vycyi ew I K qkrb Av jvwpz e w³ Kj vycyi ew i Av jvwpz e w³ `i müvb Ki Z M j `Lv hv e K qkrb e w³ Av Q hviv memgqb Av jvwpz, hgb ÑGg G Rvgvb, iwdkzj Bmjvg Avevi wkqz Av jvwpz PwiÎ Av Q hviv cwiez bkxj A_ vr wbw` ó NUbv K K `ª K i Av jvwpz, GLv b e w³i bv gi P q H NUbvq hy³ gvbylb eo n q `Lv `q GB M elyv Kv Ri Ask wnmv e H Av jvwpz e w³ ev NUbvi müvb Kivi Póv K iwq digvi ew evmx `i KvQ _ K cviqv Z_ vbyhvqx-ew i g a ÔdigviÕiv we klfv e Pjv div K i Ges ew evmxivi Zv `i K Ab fv e ` L ÔdigviÕ n jv cywj ki Z_ `vzv (Bbdigvi) ev cywjk K h, wewfbœ wel q Z_ `q ew i g a KD GKevi digvi wnmv e cwiwpwz c q M j Zvi Avi myweavi kl bb, ew i jvkrbi f e `Lvi Póv K i bv Avm jb m ÔBbdigviÕ wk bv Giv (Bbdigvi) mvaviyz me mgq Rvgv fv jv Kvco (Bb K i) c i _vk Zv, iv ` Pkgv ci Zv (iv Zi ejvi) Ges nv Z memgq gvevbj ivl Zv (c K U bq) G `i N i _vk Zv iwob wuwf, `vwg Avmeve Giv ew i GKUz Ae vkvjx e emvqx `i KvQ _ K wewfbœ fq `wl q UvKv DwV q wb Zv Puv`v wnmv e (cywj k awi q `Iqvi fq) mvaviyz ew i `vkvb jv Z Giv 24

30 ÔdvD LvB ZvÕ ( L q UvKv w`z bv) Gme Kv R KD euvav w` Z G j cywjk w` q awi q `Iqvi fq `Lv Zv, KLbI KLbI awi qi w`z ` k mikvi e` ji mv _ G `i Pnviv ev bvg jvi ïay cwiez b n Zv Ñ wkš KvR GKB _vk Zv ew evmxiv G `i K LyeB gzvevb wnmv e wpwýz K i Ges G `i m ú K e j ÑÔGiv (Bbdigvi) wbqwgz _vbvq hvq, cywj ki mv _ Pv, cvwb LvqÕ LvRv evevi jvk ew Z wkqz jvk wq jv hviv cövq mviv eqi mvaviyfv e PjvPj Ki Zv, wewo, MuvRv L Zv wkš eq ii GKUv wbw`ó mgq nvvr K i `uvwo ivl Zv, cvävex Mv q w`z, Avi gv_vq Uzwc w` Zv GB K qkrb jvk K `uvwo ivlv `L jb ew i e emvqxiv AvZ ¼ _vk Zv KviY- KLb Avevi UvKv wb Z Av m, Zgwbfv e ew i mvaviy jvkrbi f qi g a _vk Zv H jvk jvi nvvr fvj niqv `L j (gv_vq Uzwc, gy L `uvwo) H jvk jvi GB nvvr fvj gvbyl nevi D Ï k wqj Ñ Ôeo GKUv nvwoi gy L jvj Kvco eu a, LvRv evevi Dim n e ZvB mevi KvQ _ K Qv`Mv ZvjvÕ Z e GB Qv`Mv Zvjvi aiy gv UB wbixn Kvb welq wq jv bv KviY Giv ej Zv Ñ Dgy Ki e emv fvj DgyK 500/-, DgyK 400/- UvKv w` e, GKBfv e ew evmx `i Kv QI Rvi Ki Zv DgyK nvd KwR Pvj, DgyK 15 UvKv w` e Avi GK_v mevib Rvbv wqj h G `i K Pvwn`v g Zv UvKv bv w` j ciezx Z ew Z e emv Kiv, evm Kiv KóKi-G `i AZ vpv i Gme KvR K i wb Riv Lye Lywk wq jv- LvRvevi f³ wn m e KŠZ~nj DÏxcK e vcvi n jv mikvi e` ji mv _, mv _ LvRvevevi f³ `i gyl jv (GK MÖ c wm q, Ab MÖ c Avm Zv) ïay cwiez b n Zv, KvR GKB _vk Zv Kv i U KwgwU mikvwi AvBb Abyhvqx hme kz c~iy K i evwo Z we`y r ms hvm wb Z nq, m jv ^vfvwekfv eb ew evmx `i _v K bv GRb AvB bi duvk- duvki w` q, UvKv Nyl w` q, A eafv e we`y r ms hvm wqj Kj Ycyi ew Z Ges GKwU KwgwU wqj ew Z hviv K `ªxqfv e ew evmx `i KvQ _ K we`y r wej DVv Zv GB KwgwU Z hviv _vk Zv Zv `i K ew evmxiv Kv i U KwgwU wnmv e wpwýz Ki Zv Ges ew i mevb Rvb Zv jvbu cöwz 100 UvKv wej wnmv e Giv DVvq huvi A a KI mikvwi KvlvMv i Rgv `q bv ew i jvk `i Kv Q jvfbxq GKUv RvqMv wqj H KwgwU h_vixwz gzve` ji mv _ mv _ KwgwUi gyl jv ïay cwiez b n Zv KvR GKB _vk Zv GwZgLvbv-UvKvi Lvbv Kj vycyi ew i g a GKUv eo GwZgLvbv wqj Gi g v bwrs KwgwUi mfvcwz c`wu wqj ew i g a Av jvwpz Pwi Îi GKwU gzvi cvjve` ji mv _ mv _ mfvcwz c`wui Rb ïi n q hz Zvo Rvo GwZgLvbvi mfvcwz K ew evmx mevb UvKvIqvjv, gzvevb wnmv e `L Zv; KviY UvKv, Pvj, Kvievbxi Pvgovmn wewfbœ mikvwi, emikvwi mvnvh Avm Zv H KwgwUi Kv Q Hme gvjc Îi wnmve, LiP Kivi GKgvÎ GLwZqvi H g v bwrs KwgwUi fv½vixi e emv I `vjvwj ew Z (Kj vycyi) Av ikwu Av jvwpz welq wqj Ô`vjvjÕ ew i A bk jvkrb fv½vix e emvi mv _ RwoZ wqj Avi GB e emvi mv _ wqj ew i Pvi `i GKUv PgrKvi PBb ev hvmv hvm NUbvwU Ggb ÑÔcyivb KŠUv, wub UvKv bvi bv g ew i A bk jvkrb ew i Avkcv ki GjvKv _ K gvby li A bk i Z c~y wrwbm GgbwK ew evmxii A bk wrwbm Pzwi K i Avb Zv Ges H me fv½vixi `vkv b wewµ K i w` Zv Õ ÑZLbB NUbvi Av jvwpz PwiÎ wnmv e `vjvjiv mvg b P j Av m A_ vr cök ZgvwjK (hviv GB PBb Rv b) hw` H Pzwi n q hviqv cö qvrbxq wrwbm diz c Z Pvq Zv n j H `vjvj `i gva g G Mv Z n Zv Ges ewkifvm mgq `vjvj, gvwj Ki KvQ _ K wkqy UvKv wb q H wrwbm D vi K i w` Zv ( Pvi Ges fv½vixi `vkvb`vi K wkqz UvKv w` q) 25

31 ew i ivrv, ivr I ivrvibxwz mg ew evmxi Kv Q Gg. G. Rvgvb (mfvcwz, ev nviv mgvr Kj vy mwgwz- mev msn) LyeB RbwcÖq wzwb RbwcÖqZvi kx l Ae vb Zv Ki ZbB, mv _ ew evmxivi Zv `i A bk i Z c~y wel qi wm vš biqvi fvi Zvi Dci Q o w` Zb Ges cövß Z_ _ K `Lv M Q wzwb H ew i ivrv wnmv e ek my `ifv e Zvi ivr cwipvjbv Ki Zb, KviY ivrbxwz Z wzwb ek ` M elyvc Îi c iiw` K G wel q Av iv Z_ _vk e iwdkzj Bmjvg iwdkzj Bmjvg n jb Kj vycyi HBRI Gi ww i±i ek K qkevi Póv K ii Zvi mv _ K_v ej Z cvwiwb ew evmx `i Kv Q wzwb LyeB Av jvwpz e w³ KviY ew D Q `i cöavb BÜb`vZv wnmv e mevb Zv K wpwýz K i _v K dkv cvmjv GB ew i MuvRv wewµi bzv ( mebkvixi e U) dki wïb Ii d dkv cvmjv Av jwpz PwiÎ jvi GKwU ew D Q `i ciw`bb wzwb Kj vycyi GjvKv Z vm K i Qb `yõw`b Póvi ci Zvi GK cwiwp Zi Kv Q _ K ez gvb wvkvbv msmön Kwi Rvb Z cvwi mvfvi ngv qzcyi _ K 20/22 wk. wg. `~ i ev v evrv i b g, f v b K i aj vevrv i wm q cv q nu U Dbvi evwo Z (ez gvb) h Z nq müvi ci Qvov Zv K evwo Z cviqv hvq bv Ges mevi mv _ K_vI e jb bv Avgvi cöavb Z_ `vzv `i GKRb civgk `b wkwí Avcv K ( vbxq GK GbwRI Kgx, Zuvi mv _ Avgvi cwipq wqj) wb q hvb, Avcv K dkv cvmjv g q e j Wv K, Zv K wb q M j KvR n e XvKvq wdi Z A bk ivz n e, c_ wpwb bv, mv _ ÔwkwíÕ Avcv _vk e Ñ G ai bi A bk wpš v gv_vi g a _vk ji GKw`b müvq wvkb iiqvbv nb cv q nu U hlb Zuvi evwo Z cušqvjvg ZLb 8Uv ev R GKw` K wzwb wb R K e½eüzi Mvwoi WªvBfvi wnmv e wb R K cwipq `b, gyw³hy K i Qb, gywre Zv K mikvwi evwo w` qwq jv, wrqv muv K o wb Q Ñ G ai bi K_v e jb Avevi Ab w` K Ñ jv nvdjv KB j Av M kqzvb `Šo w`z, ez gv b Kv Q G m e m, Kviv bi A vkkb K g M Q G ai Yi Ava vwz K K_vI e jb wkwí Avcv Ñcwiw wz ^vfvwek K i `b, Av Av dkv cvmjv K_v ej Z ïi K ib Ñ wzwb `ytl K i e jb ÔAvRivBj d ikzv QzwU Z, ZvB `vlx jvkrbi cvi c q hv Q Ñ GRb Avgvi (wb Ri) Dci GZ KóÕ wzwb wb R K MuvRv mebkvix wnmv e ^xkvi K ib -ÔMuvRv L q gmwr` ch š evbvbjvgõ Ges MuvRv we µzv wnmv e cwipq w` ZI wzwb wpwš Z bq-ôcywjk Avgvi KvQ _ K MuvRv L q hvqõ ew i WªvM wel q hlb Avwg wbw` ó K i Rvb Z PvB ZLb wzwb e jb, ÔAvwg 49 eqi a i MuvRv LvB, Avgvi `yõwu ed, 22 Q j g q, Avwg Rvwb Ñ bkvi g a ew Z GKgvÎ MuvRv wewµ nb Zv, Avi wkqz bv Õ wzwb Av iv Rvbvb 8 bs ew Z ajv wgqv GKevi Póv K iwqj g` wewµi, mevb Zv K D Q` K i Gme wkqzi evb i wzwb Kj vycyi ew i WªvM m ú K wkqz Z_ `b Ñ Kv_v _ K MuvRv Avm Zv, KqwU cwievi Gi mv _ (H AvÇvi Z _ i mv _ wg j hvq) hy³ wqj Ges cywj ki weo ^bv wk ai Yi wq jv me k l wzwb ` ki me Lvivc gvbylwu K mveavb K i `b Ñ ÔAvRivBj Nym Lvq bv m nzz mveavb, mevi wepvi n e Õ D Q`ce Ñ Kj vycyi ew cövq 25 nvrvi jvk emevmkvix Kj vycyi ew hw`b D Q` nq mw`b wewfbœrb wewfbœfv e wbr wbr f~wgkv cvjb K i D Q` n q hviqv ew evmxiv GLbI wb R `i g a Av jvpbv, mgv jvpbv K i -Ôew fv½vi w`b K wk K iwqj, K K ebgvbx K iwq jv, wk wk Ki j ew D Q` VKv bv h Zv, wb R `i f~wgkv wk niqv DwPZ wq jv?õ ew D Q `i w`b K Kvb f~wgkvq wqj? wkfv e D Q`ce m úbœ n qwqj? GB welq jv hw`i GB M elyvi Ask wkš h nzz D Q`ce mivmwi ch e Y Kiv m e nqwb, m nzz D Q`Kvjxb mg q H ú U Dcw Z, ew evmx _ K ïi K i vbxq jvkrb, `vkvbv`vimn wewfbœ GbwRI `i mv _ K_v ejvi gva g cövß Z _ i DciB cy ivcywi wbf i Ki Z n q Q 26

32 cövß Z_ _ K `Lv M Q ew D Q `i w`b wewfbœ kªyxi ev cwip qi jvkr bi f~wgkvmz wkqz cv_ K wqj hgb GbwRI Kgx `i f~wgkvi mv _ ew i wjwvi wksev ew evmxi f~wgkvi g j bv K qk eqi cicib ew f ½ `Iqv n e Ggb GKUv Re I V, ew evmxiv A b K GUv K ÔwK QvÕ e j ey bv K i _v Kb KviY bvwuk `q ew fv½vi, gvbwks K i ew fv½v n e wkš kl ch š fv½v nq bv Ñ A b K GB cöwµqv K ivlvj Avi ev Ni M íi mv _ Zzjbv K i Qb KviY ivlvj, evn G m Q Ñ GUv wg_ v K i evievi ej ji GKevi mwz mwz evn Avm j KD mvnvh Ki Z GwM q Av m bv Ñ Zgwbfv e GeviI ew fv½vi bvwuk Ges 19/12/2003 ZvwiL wekv j gvbwks Ki ji A b K wek vm K i bv h, Avm jb ew fv½v n e 20/12/2003 Zvwi L ew hw` fv ½ Avgiv wkfv e VKv ev Ñ Ggb GKUv aviyv gv_vq wb q ew i bzv, RvZxqZvev`x ew evmx mwgwz, ev nviv mwgwz Ges mvaviy jvkrb (ew i) wgwus G e mb wgwus-gi bz Z `b ev nviv mwgwzi mfvcwz GgG Rvgvb H wgwus G Dcw Z jvkrb Gi g Z H w`b mevb ÔbvqKÕ `i gz K_vevZ v e jb, hgbñ Ôgi Z Zv mevb K GKw`b bv GKw`b n eb, `ikvi n j KvjB gie, eyj WRv ii mvg b hv ev ZvI ew fv½ Z w`e bvõ Av ikrb e jb, Ô10 eqi Av MB A vkwm W U K i cövq givi nvz _ K wd i G mwq GLb `ikvi n j eyj WRv ii mvg b Rxeb w` q w`e ZeyI fv½ Z `e bvõ Gai Yi A bk K_vevZ vi ci GgG Rvgv bi bz Z i Dci mevb Av v i L Ñ c ii w`b mkvj _ K ( hw`b ew fv½vi K_v) ew Z mevb Ae vb MÖnY Ki e GB wm vš biqv nq Ges me k l mevb wg j kc_ bq h Kvb g~ j ew i v Kie 21/12/2003 ZvwiL mkvj _ KB ew evmx, wewfbœ GbwRIÕi cöwzwbwa, GgG Rvgvb mv n ei bz Z ew Z Ae vb K i Ab w` K wecyj msl K cywjk, Avbmvi Ges g vwr ªU I HBRI Gi jvkrb, mv _ `yõwu eyj WvRvi wkš msmwvz ew evmxi mvg b Giv Amnvq KviY GgG Rvgvb mv ne ew evmx `i wb q mgv ek, e³ Zv Ki Qb, mevb K wzwb msmwvz Ki Qb Ñ e j Qb, Ô KD P j hv eb bvõ Ñ Ôew fv½ Z `Iqv n e bvõ- Ôeyj WvRvi Av M Avgvi kix ii Dci w` q hv e Zvici ew iõ, eoai bi Mvjgv ji Avk¼vq ew fv½v ïi I Ki Z cvi Q bv D Q`Kvixiv µ g `kuv, GMv ivuv K i ejv Mwo q `ycyi `yõ Uv e R hvq, ZeyI ew evmx `i mnvqzvq GgG Rvgvb Gi cöwz iv a ew fv½v m e nq bv- G mgq mevi Kv Q ew fv½v, Kvbfv eb m e bq e j g b nq wekvj 2:30 wgwb Ui w` K cwiw wz bvukxqfv e Ab w` K gvo bq ÑGKRb e jb-ôhy Î GKc i mbvcöavb hw` wb ` k `b- GLb jvâ Gi mgq n q Q mevb A d j Pj LvB Z hvb Ñ Zvn j G `i cwiw wz hgb n e Hw`b ew evmx `i cwiywz wvk ZvB n qwqjõ `ycyi `yõ Uvi ci _ K Rvgvb mv n ei gvevb j evievi dvb Avm Z _v K (Drm CUP-Gi Kgx, whwb Hw`b Rvgvb mv n ei Kv Q wq jb) Ges GKUv ch v q wzwb mevb K e jb Ñ ÔA bk ejv n q Q, yavi j M Q, P jv mevb jvâ eªk-g hvbõ GZ Y mgm vq _vkv cywjk evwnbx Gevi Pv½v n q I Vb ZZ Y ew evmxiv jvâ eª K (Rvgvb mv n ei `Iqv) P j M Q ÑgvVLvjx, `ª Z eyj WvRvi Xy K c o ew Z, fvz i L ew i jvkrb evievi Rvgvb mv ne K gvevbj Ki Z _v Kb wkš wzwb Avi wd i Av mb bv wew Qbœfv e K qkrb euvav `Iqvi Póv K i e _ nb KviY cywjk jvwv cuv Ki Z _v K my `i GKUv k³ cöwz iva mvgvb GKUv Ôjv eª KÕ bó n q hvq eyj WvRvi ivdê K i m ú~y ew i Pvicv ki Ni jv f ½ `q f q jvkrb wb RivB wb R `i Ni f ½ d j GgG Rvgvb mv n ei GB Ôjv eªkõ K A bk GbwRI cöwzwbwa, vbxq `vkvb`vi, Ges A bk ew evmx-d Ïk g~jk, mikv ii KvQ _ K UvKv L q K i Q-Gfv e e vl v K ib ciez x GKUv Aa v q Rvgvb mv n ei mv vrkvi biqv n q Q- huv ew m ú K Zuvi Ae vb, wpš vfvebv, ^v_ cwi vi Ki e h _ó mgq Av M bwuk bv cviqv Ges iv Zi ejv ew D Q `i d j m ó fqven cwiw wz-ciez x Aa vq jv Z Av iv cwi vi n e Ôew n jv ivg, GUv hlb aÿsm nq ZLb Avgv `i bx ivi g Zv euvwk evrv bv Qvov Avi Kvb Dcvq wqj bvõ ew D Q `i w`b wk K iwq jb? GB cö kœi Rev e vbxq md mf GbwRIÕi g v brvi Dc ii K_vwU e jb, wb R `i Amnvq wnmv e ey bv K i e jb -ÔDci _ K wkqz bv Ki j Avgiv wdì vdiv wk Kie?Õ ew 27

33 evmxivi D Q `i w` b GbwRI `i f~wgkv ` L Lywk bq A bk ej Z ï bwq, ÔAv Mievi ew fv½v Z Avm j (K qk eqi Av M Av ikevi ew fv½vi Póv Kiv n qwqj) me GbwRIiv wg j ew evmxi cv k `uvovq Ges ew fv½ Z euvav `q, wkš Gevi gvbv dwk K i Q GbwRIivÕ ew D Q `i w`b GbwRI `i f~wgkv wel q Rvbvi Rb hgb ew evmx `i mv _ K_v ejv n q Q Zgwb GbwRI jvi gvvkgx mn, KZ ve w³ `ii Z_ msmö ni gva g wnmv e e envi Kiv n q Q ÔdyjwKÕ GbwRIÕi gvvkgx iv Rvbvb Ñ ÔAvgiv cö_ g wek vm Kwiwb h Avm jb ew f ½ w` e, ZviciI nw Awd m Uwj dvb Ki j Avgv `i K ew i Dci Ges Awd mi Dci bri ivl Z e j Avcv (KZ ve w³) G m D Q `i w`b mkv j ew Ny i hvq c i hlb mwz mwz ew fv½ Z _v K ZLb nw Awd m Avevi Rvbv j Awd mi gvjcî mveav b ivl Z e j, c i GKUv UªvK W K G b me gvjcî wb q hvq Avgiv ew fv½vi mgq Awd mi wrwbmc Îi Kvb wz n Z `qwbõ Ñ G ch v q K_v ewj H GbwRIÕi nw Awd mi KZ ve w³i mv _ wzwb e jb, ÔAvgiv nw Awdm _ K wdì vd `i e j w`b- Av M Av M me gvjcî ei Kiv hv e bv, G Z K i ew evmxiv Avgv `i ^v_ ci fve e, hw` wkqz gvjcî bói nq ZeyI cy iv ew fv½vi ci gvjcî ei Ki Z n e Zvn j ew evmxiv Avgv `i K Avcb fve eõ Ô gix óvcõ Ñ wk wbkwu A bk w`b a i ew Z wqj G `i gvvkgx e jb- ÔAvgiv Av M aviyv Kwi Ab vb ev ii gz GeviI ew fv½ e bv, c i mwz mwz fv½v ïi Ki j nw Awd m dvb Kwi Ges ZLbB Awdm _ K Mvwo G m JlacÎmn mewkqz wb q hvqõ `yõwu Pqv ii cv f ½ M Q Ges wk wbk-gi mvbb evw Pzwi n q M Q e j Zviv ew evmx `i - Ô PviÕ e j MvwjI `b Avgvi mvg b myiwf bv g wk vi mv _ hy³ GbwRIwUi gvvkgx `i mv _ hlb K_v ewj, Zviv Lye Lywk KviY ew D Q `i mgq Zv`i Zgb Kvb wz nqwb, zjwu wqj fvovi, Kgx iv- z j _vkv Aí wkqz KvMRcÎ Ges emvi gv`yi wbivc ` mwi q d j, wkqz nvivqwb nw Awd m dvb Ki ji KD Av m bv Z e gvvkg xiv Rvbvq `~i _ K hlb Zviv eyj WvRvi Pvjv bv `LwQj ZLb bvwk Zv `i ek Lvivc ivlwqj ew evmx `i Rb GKBfv e ÔivÇvÕ Ñ wk wbk Gi Kgx ivi Kj vycyi ew D Q `i w`b `ª Z f vb W K gvjcî mwi q djvi g a B Zv `i `vwqz cvjb kl K i Ô mc mfõ bv gi z`ªfy Kvh µ gi mv _ hy³ GbwRIwU Kj vycyi ew Z A bkw`b a ib Zv `i Kvh µg Pvjvw Q jv GKw` K hgb GB GbwRIÕi gvvkgx `i Ab w` K G `i KZ ve w³ `i mv _I K_v e j ` LwQ G `i wkqzb Kivi wqj bv Avi me P q eo K_v n jv GbwRI jv Av M _ K eys Z cv iwb ew fv½ e wkbv- GBme GbwRIÕi gvvkgx iv Zv `i nw Awd m dvb Ki j nw Awdm _ K KZ ve w³iv Av m Gici Zuviv ew D Q `i Qwe Zz j Ges Zv `i FYMÖnYKvixiv D Q` n q bzzb Kvb RvqMvq hv Q Zvi wvkvbv wb qb `vwqz kl K ib Zv `i Awdm wb q Kvb wpš v wqj bv, KviY Zv `i Awdm ew i cv ki GKwU fe b wbivc `B wqj Kj vycyi ew i Av kcv ki gnj vevmx `i g a GKwU welq ek Av jvwpz Ñ ew Z _vk Zv 25 nvrvi jvk, Avi ew D Q `i w`b gvî K qkk jvk mvg b Avm jv? Ñ G wel q A b Ki mv _ K_v e jwq Ges Gi KviY wnmv e mvg b G m Q Ñ ÔgvwjKvbvÕ Av Mi GKwU Aa v q `Lv M Q Kj vycyi ew Z ewkifvm cwievi Nifvov K i _vkz Giv `L jv ÔGLv bi UvKv w` q _vwk, D Q` n ji bzzb RvqMvq UvKv w` q _vk ev, Zvn j wk `ikvi wb Ri wz K i eyj WvRv ii mvg b wm q gvwj Ki Ni euvwp qõ? cy iv ew evmx `i Kv Q AvMÖ ni K `ªwe `y Z Ae vb Ki Q ew i GZw` bi bzviv hviv wkbv MZevi ew D Q `i Póv Kivi mgqi mvg b _ K bz Z w` q D Q` VwK qwq jv Gevi Zviv Kv_vq?- ewkifvm ew evmx g b K i Av M _ KB bzv `i UvKv w` q nvz K i Q D Q`Kvixiv Gi cögvy wnmv e `yõrb bzv ek Av jvwpz hviv ew D Q `i K qkw`b Av M wb R `i Ni wewµ K i GjvKv Z vm K i Q Avevi K qkrb bzv Avkcv k _vk ji D Q `i w`b Zgb f~wgkv bqwb- G gzvgz ew evmxmn vbxq mk ji 28

34 D Q `i w`b Avkcv ki gnj vi jvkrb- Sv gjv ev DrcvZ we`vq n Q Ggb GKUv gvbwmkzv wb q PzcPvc e m wq jv-ômvgwqk fv e gvjcî ivl Z PvB ji ivl Z `qwbõ,-ôwgwuwgwu n m Q Avi grv ` L Q, euvav `Iqv Zv `~ ii K_vÕ- G ai bi gš e A bk ew evmxib Ab w` K ew evmx `i A bk KB H w`b `Lv hvq D Q ` euvav `Iqvi P q ew i BU, wub, bjk c wewµi Rb `L j biqvi g a wb R `i `vwqz cvjb mxgve i L Q 29

35 PZz_ Aa vq D Q` ciezx Kj vycyi ew GB M elyv KvRwUi D Ï k i GKwU cöavb Ask Ry o wqj D Q` ciezx ew i ev ezv Rvbv G Î wewfbœ ` wó KvY _ K Kj vycyi ew i D Q` ciezx Ae v `Lv n q Q `Lv M Q, wkqz ew evmx GLbI ew Z _ KB wu K _vkvi Póv Ki Q Avevi ewkifvm jvkb ew Z vm K i Póvq Av Q bzzb fv e eu P _vkvi ew i w` K ZvKv j Kvb fv eb evsvi Dcvq bb h GLv b GK mgq nvrvi nvrvi jvkrb emevm Ki ZvÑ GKw` K Wª bi cvwb Z m ú~y GjvKv GKvKvi Ab w` K BuU DVv q biqv Ge ov _e ov iv v, emzevoxi fmœvsk-hv Zv `i cwiz v³ wrwbm w` q XvKv, Avevi wkqz RvqMvq `Lv h Zv f ½ biqv evwoi PKP K wfu ( g S) hlv b nqz wkqzw`b Av MB emevm Ki Zv Kvb cwievi, Ljv Ki Zv ev Pviv- hv GLb ïayb wz ew D Q` weo ^bv ew D Q `i ci ew i AeKvVv gvmz Ae v LyeB Lvivc h jvk jv ew Z GLbI wu K Av Q Zv `i Ae v gvb ezi GbwRI `i Kiv Ges e w³mzfv e cöwzwôz jwuªb jvi Kvb wpýb ez gv b ew Z bvb, cyi l, gwnjv mevb K Lvjv jwuªb e envi Ki Z nq A_ev wekí wnmv e mü v bvgvi Rb A c v Ki Z nq mü vi ci gwnjv `i e`bv nv Z ei n q Avm Z `Lv hvq KviY w` bi ejvq H Lvjv RvqMvq KD eva bv n j jwuªb Ki Z Av m bv KviY H PU, c jw_ bi ˆZwi jwuªb gwnjv `i Rb e envi Kiv weeªzki cy iv ew i g a GbwRI Ges wmwu K cv ik bi mn hvwmzvq cö Z K ivõ Z GKwU K i cvwb a i ivlvi RvqMv wq jv Ñ ew fv½vi mgq muvi XvKbv jvkrb wb q wm q Q, cvwbi cvbc ch š Ly j wb q M Q cy iv ew Z ez gv b 2wU cvwbi RvqMv Qvov evwkme jv A K Rv d j H `yõwu RvqMvq cvwbi Rb my`xn jvbb c o me P q mgm vrbk e vcvi N U `ycyi ejvq mevb hlb (gwnjviv) Mvmj Ki Z Av m Avwg A bk w`b j K iwq gwnjviv H Lvjv RvqMvq weeªzki Ae vq Romo n q Mvmj Ki Q iv Zi ejv ew i w` K `~i _ K ZvKv j Pv L c o `~ i `~ i n vwi Kb A_ev Kzwc R j Av Q-GK mgq hlv b we`y r Gi Av jv wqj mlv b GLb AÜKvi gwr bvi gz A b Ki mv _ K_v n q Q hviv Ñ we`y r bv _vkv K cöavb mgm v wnmv e ey bv K i Qb Ñ Ôg b nq Ke ii g a AvwQ GKUz MvbI kvbv hvq bvõ wkqz jvkr bi mv _ Avgvi K_v nq hviv GB (D Q`) Ae v K c U jvw_ gvivi mv _ Zzjbv K i GB wzuv Kvbfv eb g b wb Z cv i bv, Zviv e j Ñ ÔgvÎ K qk gvm Av M mvivrxe bi mâq w` q gv_v MuvRvi Rb ew Z Ni wk bwqjvgõ A b K e j, ÔgvÎ MZ gv m jvb K i Ni wvk K iwqjvg, N i is K iwqjvg, Kv i U Gi KvR K iwqjvg, me klõ G `i mevib GKK_v Ñ Avi Kq gvm Av M fv½ jb Zv Avi GB me bvkuv nq bv, UvKv jv eu P hvq ew fv½vi d j abx _ K Mixe niqvi D`vniY wnmv e Avqmvi bvg Av m Avgvi cwipq cviqvi ci e jb Ñ Ôwe qb i ( gzvmxb ` ji bîx) fvu w` q fyj KiwQ, we qb Avgv Mv i -i g a dj jvõ ew fv½vi Av Mi Ges c ii Lvivc Ae v Zzjbv K ib Gfv e Ñ ÔAv M ^vgxi c K Ui _ K 30/40 UvKv gviv (bv e j biqv) h Zv, ew fv½vi ci ^vgxi c K U Avi UvKvB _v K bv, Zvi Avi gvi ev wkfv eõ? ew fv½vi Av M 7wU wikkv wqj, 5wU N ii fvov c Zv Zviv GLb mgm v- K mi f q (ew Z gvivgvwii) ^vgx, mš vb cjv q _v K, wikkv `Lv kvbv/pvjv e K? GRb 2wU ev ` evkx 5wU wikkv wewµ w` Q GLb GK`gB Mixe wnmv e wb R K ey bv K ib wzwb e jb ÔZviv (Kwgkbvi, Gg wc) _vk e 7 Zjvq Avgv Mv i (ew evmx `i) gvwui ZjvqI wvkgz _vk Z w` e bvõ fv Ui Av M Ggwc Rwo q a i GB -i g a (ew Z) G m e j Q-Ôcvk Ki j mevi GKUv K i Ni cvkv K i w` ev Avi GLb (D Q` niqvi ci) G m GKUz mvš bvi `q bvõ ew Z Avgvi wkqz QvU eüz wq jv- G `i mv _ wewfbœ wel q K_v n Zv Ñ ew fv½vq Zv `i me P q eo `ytl nj Nywo Dov bvi Rb myzvq gvrb `Iqvi (myzv K k³ Ges aviv jv Kivi GKUv c wz) UvKv PvB j Av Mi gz evev, gv w` Z Pvq bv, Kq Ñ Ô `LQ bv ew fv½v Q, AfveÕ 30

36 ckvi Dci cöfve ew evmx `i ckv m ú K M elyvc Îi ïi ZB GKUv aviyv `Iqv n q Q, Gch v q D Q`K Z Kj vycyi ew i ckvmz cöfve (D Q `i Kvi Y) evsvi Póv Kiv hvk- (K) vb ew i g a cwjw_ bi ˆZwi Szcwo Ni, em j gv_vq Qv` eu a hvq Dcw Z 4 Rb Zvm Lj Q 6 Rb `k K, mevb eq Avwg wr Ám Kijvg, ÔwK K ib fvb? GKUz eme Avcbv `i mv _Õ? ÑÔ ` nb bv wk Kwi? Zvm Lwj, e mbõ Avwg ejjvg Avcwb Ô Kvb KvRKvg, e emv, evwyr wkqz K ib bv? Zvm Lj Z Qb `ycyi ejvõ -ÔDcvq bvb fvb, Av M gvwj Ki wikmv PvjvBZvg mevb, ew fv½vi ci GLb gvwjk wikmv `q bv, wek vm K i bv, e j Ñ vqx wvkvbv bvb Avgv `i, hw` wikmv wb q cvjv q hvb ZLb Kv i ai eõ? GB GKB NUbvq e m Av Q ïay H 10 Rb bq, Av iv A b Ki mv _ K_v nq hviv wikmv Pvjv Zv, GLb gvwjk f q wikmv w` Q bv, nqz mevb Avevi bzzb Kvb Drm _ K wikmv c q hv e- wkš ew fv½vi cicib hlb UvKvi `ikvi, _vkvi RvqMv bvb ZLb wikmv Pvjv Z bv cviv LyeB mgm v GKB ikg mgm vq cov A bk wmgbwr PvwjZ U vw ` LwQ hv `i K ew fv½vi K_v ï b gvwjk Avi wmgbwr PvwjZ U vw Pvjv Z w` Q bv wek vm K i, hw` wmgbwr wb q cvwj q hvq G f q (L) Mv g U m PvKzwi Ki Zv Ggb A bk gwnjv `i mv _ Avwg K_v e jwq ew fv½vi ci Zv `i mgm v nj-`y ai bi- (1) G GjvKvq emevm KiZ, Kg ÎI GB GjvKvq wqj, ez gv b vb Z vm K i GZ`~ i M Q h, PvKzwi Qvo Z eva n q Q Ges bzzb Mv g U m PvKzwi LyuR Q wkš cv Q bv (2) vb Z vm K i GKUz `~ i M Q Ges PvKzwi a i i L Q wvkb wkš wewfbœ RwUjZvq co Z n Q ewoeuva GjvKvq wkqz gwnjvi mv _ K_v nq Zviv e jb- Av M Mv g Um G hvbzvg nu U (ew Z _vkvi mgq) GLb ivr A bk UvKv jv M ev m hvb Z, Avevi müvi ci Mv g Um QywU n j evwo Z wd i Avmvi mgq ivz n q hvq d j iv vq jvkrb Av Rev R K_v e j Ab w` K hviv bzzb Mv g Um Lyu R cv Q bv Zviv nzvk, Rv b bv wk Ki e (M) ew i g a fuv½vwoi e emv (cwiz ³ wnmv e c o _vkv KŠUv, evzj Kzwo q wewµ Kiv) wq jv GB e emvi LuvRLei biqv Rb byi fvb (ew i cvbkvi) Gi mv _ K_v ewj Zvi mv _ hlb K_v ej Z _vwk ZLb GKRb 500 UvKvi bvu fvswz Ki Z Av m Dwb Lye `ytl K i e jb, Ô mb w`b Avi bvb i, ew Avi Kcvj GKmv _ f ½ QÕ K_v ejvi Rb Zv K e Q bevi KviY nj GB e emvi mv _ hy³ cövq mevb vb Z vm K i Q, ZvQvov Zvi mv _ K_v ejvi GKUv m~î Lyu R c qwqjvg Ges Dwb bvgkiv cvbkvi wq jb GB e emvi c wz n jv Ñ ew i jvk, hviv fuv½vwo Kyovq cvbkvi gnvrb b~i fvb Rvbvb, ew i A bk jvk GgbwK A bk wkïi GB e emvi mv _ hy³ wq jv, mvivw`b wewfbœ wrwbm Kzwo q G b wewµ Ki Zv Ñ ˆ`wbK 20 UvKv _ K 100 UvKv ch š I G ew i jvkrb Avq KiZ G e emvi gva g GLb wrwbm Kzov Z Kvb mgm v bvb, wkš cvbkvi `i h `vkvb jv wq jv m jv Avi GKUvI Aewkó bvb G ckvi mv _ hy³ wqj Ggb ew i jv Ki mv _ K_v e jwq, Zviv e j Qb, Av M cvbkvi ( vbxq) Gi mv _ GKUv jb `b wqj Kvbw`b KvR wvkgz bv n ji 50 UvKv biqv h Zv wkš ez gv b mgm v, GLv b _vk Z cvie wkbv ZviB wvk bvb e emv K i wk Kie? ew GjvKvq Lwoi, KuvPvgvj, Qvcov nv U ji e vck e emv wqj Ges Gi mv _ A b Ki i wu-i wr hy³ wqj wkš ez gv b wkqzb Aewkó bvb GQvov ew i gwnjv `i Av ikwu eo e emv wq jv gvwui Pzjv ˆZwi K i wewµ Kiv Ges KvM Ri VvOv wewµ Kiv (evwo Z e m ˆZwi K i wewµ Kiv) ek K qkrb gwnjvi mv _ Avgvi K_v nq hv `i msmvi Pj Zv Gi gva g (GKwU gvwui Pyjv 15 _ K 20 UvKvq wewµ n Zv) H e emv jv ew i DciB wbf i Ki Zv KviY gvwui Pyjv wksev nv Uj G m ei Kv gvi wq jv ew i jvkrb (N) QvU dj ( hgbñfvj Av½yi dj e Q biqvi ci cupv jv), wwg wm, PUcwU, AvPvi, AvBmwµg, cv vi, dzj Gme wewµ KiZ A b K h jv ew fv½vi mv _ mv _ eü n q Q KviY cöavb µzvb wqj ew i jvk 31

37 Avevi ew Z vm K i Q hme e emvqxiv Zviv ewkifvm ÎB ek `~ i P j M Q ( hgb mvfvi, ewoeuva) Ñ GZ `~i _ K XvKvi g a G m e emv Kiv LiP A bk evwo q `q hšb e emvi Dci cöfve Lvw`Rv Ges nvwm h hšb e emvi mv _ hy³ wq jv GK_v ew i cövq mevb RvbZ e gv mn cuvpr bi msmvi Lvw`R K Pvjv Z n Zv G ckvi gva g ez gv b ew D Q` niqvi Kvi Y DcvR b eü _vkvq LyeB K ói g a Zvi w`b hv Q-ÔNi fvov w` Z cvwiwb, evrvi Ki Z cv iwb, N i Pvj bb e j gv ekvewk K i Q, gvi w` q Q Õ Ab w` K nvwm cö_g w` K mewkqy A ^xkvi Ki ji GKUv ch v q mewkqy ^xkvi K ib- wkfv e wzwb GKw`b Mv g U m KvR K i wd i Avmvi mgq wkwb vc nb? wkfv e wzwb cvwj q Av mb? c i wkfv e Dbvi we q nq? wkfv e ^vgx Ab g q wb q ZviB mvg b ù wz Ki Zv e j mb we q f ½ hvq- Gmemn wewfbœ wel q wzwb A bk K_v e jb ÔLvw`RvÕ Ñ8g kªyx ch š jlvcov Kiv wzwb hlb Avgvi mv _ K_v ejvi Rb GmGm, GbwRIÕi Awd m Av mb ZLb Zvi mg Mv q ayjv Ges nv Z, cv q gv ii `vm, KviY Zvi gv Zv K g i Q wb Ri 2 evb, 1 fvb I gv K wb q msmvi Zv KB Pvjv Z nq H hšbe emvi UvKvq ew fv½vq ivrmvi cövq eü ZvB Nifvov (bv fv½v As k _v K) w` Z cv iwb, evrvi Ki Z cvwiwb, Pvj wkb Z cvwiwb e j gv qi nv Z gvi L Z n q Q ew fv½vi Av Mi BbKv gi UvKv A bk RvqMvq fvm w` Z n ji ZLb (D Q `i Av M) Rxe bi GKUv wbðqzv wq jv, msmvi Pj Zv wvkg Zv ew fv½vi ci gvî wzbrb ew Z Av Q evwk mevb RvqMv (ew ) Z vm K i Ab RvqMvq P j M Q G `i Lei wvkg Zv Rvbv Rvq bv cywj ki f q Kv gviiv GLb ew Z Av m bv, Avm ji wvkg Zv (Zv `i K) Lyu R cvq bv vb Z vm Kiv GK gwnjvi ( hšbkg x) K_v ÔnvwmÕ Rvbvq h, m gnj vq Nifvov K iwq jv wkš Kv gvimn aiv covq gnj vevmx g i Zvwo q w` q Q Av M e emvq A bk jv wekí RvqMv wqj wkš ez gv b ïay nv Uj wbf i n q h Z n q Q wzwb Av iv Rvbvb ew Z (D Q `i ci) Zvi `ybrb Kv gvi G mwqj wkš ÔdigvÕ (cywj ki Bbdigvi) m ` n jvkrb ew _ K ei K i w` Q ew D Q `i w` b wzb mu Kvco Ges `yb Rvov bzzb m Êj nvwi q GLb w`kvnviv Ae v KviY nv U j h Z n j bzzb Kvco c i Ô nbqvgõ(my ek) n q h Z nq, bv n j wvkgz Kv gvi nq bv wvkg Zv Kv gvi bv niqvq ez gv b GKcÖKvi D cvm _vk Z nq, Nifvov ch š evwk c o Av Q Ab w` K ew i cv ki Lvjv (i Kwm) ez gv b Zvi evwo Z e emv eü K i w` q Q KviY H e emvi P q Nifvov `Iqv wbivc` Ges ewk UvKv cviqv hvq (ew D Q `i ci GB GjvKvq H ai bi Kg UvKvi N ii fvov ewk n q M Q) GB Amnvq Ae vi (ew D Q` ciezx ) my hvm h gvby l wb Z Pv Q Zvi cögvy wnmv e Lvw`Rv I nvwm `yõwu NUbvi K_v ey bv K ib Ñ(1) ÔLvw`RvÕ K GKRb jvk cö ve w` q Q- Zzwg Avgvi mv vkev, mevb Rvb e Zzwg Avgvi bvzwb-evwoi me KvR Kiev, ivbœvevbœv Kiev - ivr Zvgv K 50 UvKv K i w` ev (2) ÔnvwmÕi evev gv qi Kv Q GK e jvk cö ve w` q Q 50 nvrvi UvKvi wewbg q mviv Rxe bi Rb wk b wb q hv e, Z e gv S g a evev-gvõ G m ` L h Z cvi e ed wnmv e ^xk wz w` e bv Z e A bk w`b ivl e GbwRI `i Kvh µ g cöfve ew Z ỳ ªFY cwipvjbvkvix GbwRI jv GK ai bi Re, RwUjZvi m ylxb KviY Zv `i wkw Avmv eü n q Av Q A b K (ew evmx) e jb, GbwRIIqvjv Mv Zv Avi wpš v bvb cökœ Kwi Ô KbÕ? DËi `q, Ô Kb, Rv bb bv? ciwkkv (cöwkkv) mdwu ( md mf) me GbwRIÕi UvKv Zv Lv j`v wrqv kva K i w` q Q mrb KvwU KvwU UvKv ew Z c o Av Q, ZvI ` Lb bv, Zviv wkqz e j bv, bv n j wvkb GbwRIÕiv ew fv½ Z w` Zv bvõ Avevi ew i wn iv Gg G Rvgvb ew Z G m wgwqj K i GKUv R vjvgqx fvly w` q M Qb, ÔAvcbviv (ew evmx) mkj GbwRIÕi wkw `Iqv AvMvgx `yb gv mi Rb eü K i `b GbwRIÕi fvb `i ejwq Avcbviv KD wkw biqvi Rb ew Z Avm eb bv, cvi j bm` UvKv, MigKvco, bjk~c ew evmx `i K w` q hvbõ wkw bv `Iqvi Rb ew evmxiv G jv K ARynvZ wnmv e e envi K ib 32

38 Gme wkqzi evb ii wewfbœ KviY `wl q ew i jvkrb wkw w` Z Abxnv cökvk K i _v Kb, hgb - ÔwKw w` Z cvie bv, Avgvi nv U i AmyL, Wv³vi e j Q mviv kixi G i Ki Z n e A bk UvKv cª qvrbõ, ÔK qkw`b ci Q ji gymjgvbx, A bk UvKvi cö qvrb GLb wkw w` Z cvie bvõ Ñ Ô Zvi Q ji gymjgvbx mb K e n q M Q bv? Avevi w`weõ? Ñ cv ki Av ik gwnjv fyj a i, Ôwel LvIqvi UvKv bb wkw w`e wkfv e? cvi j UvKv A_ev wel w` q hvb, L q g i euvwpõ, Ôew fv½vi mgq cvk eb bó n q M Q, Av `v R wkfv e w`e? c i Awd m wm q wnmve-wbkvk K i UvKv w` q w`eõ, ÔH Avcv i (wkw Av`vqKvwi) UvKv w` q w`wq, Zv i W K Av bbõ, Ñ Zv K (Avcv) wb q Avmvi ci e jb-ôgb Avcv i bv H gvuv Avcv i (Ab Rb) w`wqõ Gfv e weåvš Kiv nq, ÔAvcv Avcbv Mv j¾v K i bv? GB Ae vi g a I UvKv wb Z Av mb? Av M GKUz k³ n q wbb Zvic i w` q w`eõ - G ai bi A bk KviY z`ªfy cök íi mv _ hy³ GbwRI wnmv e Gm Gm-Gi Ae v `L jb D Q` ciezx Zv `i wpš v fvebv jv úó n e Ñ ew fv½vi ciw`b _ KB jvb cö`vb eü K i `Iqv n q Q GK gv mi g a jvkej (K v j±i) Kwg q 7 Rb Gi v b 3 Rb K i djv n q Q evwoiqvjv K (Awd mi) e j `qv n q Q mvg bi gv m (D Q `i ci `yõgvm) Avgiv Awdm Q o `e Kj vycyi kvlvi D³ `vwqz cövß Kg KZ v Rvbvb ew GLv b Avi nevi m ebv bvb, Avi ew Avevi n ji SuzwK _vk e mrb GLv b Avi Kvh µg Pvjv bv n e bv, h UvKv D V Av m muvb jvf G ch v q Avgiv ^v I wk v Kvh µg Gi mv _ hy³ GbwRI jvi cwiewz Z cwiw wzi wpš vfvebv m ú K Z_ `qvi Póv Kie dzjwk GbwRIwUi D Q` ciezx Kvh µg ew evmx `i nvwmi LvivK KviY G `i Awd mi RvqMvwU euvk cwjw_b w` q wn i GKRb gwnjv K fvov i L Q cvnviv `qvi Rb (RvqvMv `Lj ivlvi Rb ) dzjwki wc. wm-gi mv _ Avgvi K_v nq, wzwb H v b ew I Avi n e bv cövmövgi Avi Pvjvb n e bv e j gzvgz `b Z e wzwb ew i cvk ezx gnj vq GKwU W Kqvi m Uvi Lvjvi m vebvi K_v Rvbvb KviY ew Z wu K _vkv A bk Mv g Um Kgx dzjwk K evievi Aby iva Ki Q W Kqvi m Uvi Kivi Rb hv Z Zviv ev Pv i L wm q PvKzwi Ki Z cv i gix vcm wk wb Ki gvvkgx iv Zv `i AwfÁZv _ K wkqz Mí Avgv K kvbvb, Ôew fv½vi ci, nw Awdm _ K A c v Ki Z e j, GLb wk wbk Kiv m e bq e j Rvbvq wkš ew evmxiv Zv Avi nw Awdm P b bv, Zviv Avgv `i K ( vbxq gvvkgx ) evievi wei³ K i, wk wbk Kivi Rb hw`b ew fv ½ Zvici w`bb 3 gwnjvi (Dbv `i m`m ) cövq MvQ Zjvq, Lvjvgv V ev Pv nq, Avgiv wkqzb Ki Z cvwi bv Avevi ^í gqv`x h cwievi cwikíbv c wz Avgiv A bk K w` qwqjvg Zv `i A b Ki bzzb K i c wz biqvi mgq P j M Q, wk wbk eü _vkvq w` Z cvwiwb 4 R bi Lei Rvwb hv `i ev Pv bqvi B Qv wqj bv wkš Avgiv Bb RKkb bv w` Z cvivq Zviv Mf ezx n q M Q mevb evwo G m (gvvkg x `i) Ila, ewo, KbWg PvB, Kv iv cöme e`bv DV j evwo Z P j Av m wkš wk wbk Zv eü, wk KieÕ? GB wk wb Ki gvvkgx iv AviI Rvbvb -Ôgv S gv S gvby li `ytl `L j Kó nq Ñ Kv Q A vw Uev qvwuk _vk ji w` q w`zvg, L q hv nq n ZvÕ, GKRb gvvkgx e jb, Ôj¾vi K_v wk eje fvb, gwnjv `i KvbœvKvwU ` L Avgvi ^vgxi wb q Avmv (Avgvi Rb ) wcj _ K Zv `i K A bk mgq w` q w`bõ A bk cyiv bv ivmx e j, ÔAvcbv `i ( gix ªvcm) Ilya bv L j fvj n ev bv Õ gvvkgx iv e jb, Ôgvby li Kó mn Ki Z bv c i nw Awd m ewj, m vi wk wbk Ly jb, mevb wei³ K iõ nw Awdm _ K e j, ÔwK wbk Kiv hv e, wkš Wvbviiv wk wbk ew Z `L Z PvqÕ ciezx Z gvvkgx `i wb R `i 33

39 cö Póvq ew Z (bv fv½v As k) Avevi 3,000 UvKvq Ni fvov wb q wk wb Ki Kvh µg ïi n q Q gvvkgx iv Rvbvb mevb K (ew evmx) bzzb wk wbk Pbv Z Zv `i A bk mgq P j hvq GRb Kv Ri mgm v nq GGmwW z ji Î `Lv hvq, 40 Rb Gi g a ez gv b 5/6 Rb K i QvÎQvÎx Dcw Z nq, KviY ewkifvm QvÎQvÎxi AwffveK GLvb _ K P j M Q, ZvB Dcw wzi G nvj Ab w` K wkï kªwgk Qvov, QvÎQvÎx wnmv e biqv hv e bv e j wk Kiv wb R `i PvKzwi wb q wpwš Z, KviY nw Awdm _ K ejv n q Q QvÎQvÎx `i Dcw wzi nvi bv evo j zj eü K i `qv n e ivçv wk wb Ki jvkrb ew fv½vi ek K qk w`b ci ew Z Av m (Avwg mw`b Dcw Z wqjvg) ew evmxiv G m hlb evievi cökœ K i GZw`b Av mbwb Kb? ZLb wk wb Ki jvkrb weeªz eva K i Ges ew evmx `i K Zv `i A gzvi K_v evsv Z _v K ÑÔAvgv `i wkqzb Kivi bb, Avgiv Avm jb ev Avcbv `i wk jvf n ZvÕ? Ñ Gici ew evmx `i Kv Q gvd P q wb q A vqxfv e n ji GKUv RvqMv w` Z e jb hlv b e m ew evmx `i (Aewkó) ^v mev w` e GKUv ch v q Dcw Z ew evmxiv wm vš `b, ÔZv n j gmwr `i eviv `vq e mbõ Ñ Dcw Z Kg KZ v K cökœ K iwqjvg ez gvb cwiw wz Z Avcbv `i wpš vfvebv wk? - Ô nw Awdm _ K Kvb wm vš w` Z cvi Q bv, Avgv `i A c v Ki Z e j Q, Ges ew i cwiw wzi Dci bri ivl Z e j Q, cwiw wz fvj n j ZLb bzzb K i wpš vfvebv Ki e Gi AvMch š åvg gvb wnmv e, Mvwo Z IlyacÎ G b ew evmx `i mev `Iqv m e wkbv wpš vfvebv Pj QÕ K qkrb gvbyl Aveyj Lv q ii Mí Aveyj Lv qi AvK ` bvqvlvjx _ K G m 17 eqi Av M ew Z Ni Zz jwqj ew fv½vi w`b gvjcî i L bzzb RvqMv LuvRvi Rb ei nb Ges cwiwpz GKR bi KvQ _ K Lei cvb evjyi U K Kg`v g, RvqMv cviqv hvq (Dbvi Ni `ikvi bvb, KviY Ni ˆZwii wubeuvk wq jv huv w` q ïay RvqMv fvov wb q Ni Ki jb P j) mlv b wm q cupv Wvevi cv k A bk K ó 20 UvKv nvz wnmv e 32 nvz RvqMv wzwb fvov bb KviY ed, wzb Q j, Q j ed, bvwz wb q A bk eo msmvi wkš 5/6 w`b _vkvi cib eys Z cv ib GLv b Avi _vkv hv e bv, cupv Wvevi MÜ, gkvi e vck DrcvZ Ges Nievwo Z hviqvi iv vi Ô envjõ Ae v GLv b Av iv RwUjZv wq jv KviY g~j ckv Ô Uvs `vkvbõ `qvi Kvb RvqMv GLv b hgb wqj bv, Avevi h Q j K w` q cv vi Gi e emv Kiv Zb mi `~i Z i Kvi Y XvKvq wm q wvkgz e emv Ki Z cv i bv Ggb mgq weqvb ( Q ji k ïi) Gi KvQ _ K Lei cvb Av`vei 40 UvKv nvz RvqMv cviqv hv e- P j Av mb bzzb RvqMvq- RvqMvUv ek fvjb wqj KviY `vkvb `Iqvi RvqMv wq jv GLv b `ª Z wzwb Nievwo ˆZwi K i d jb GLv b nvvr bzzb mgm v wnmv e `Lv hvq GjvKvi wu K qk isevr bzzb Ni, `vkv bi Rb Pvu`v `vwe K i 13,000 ( Zi nvrvi) UvKv Ô13 UvKvB bb Avevi 13 nvrvi- ZeyI mvnm K i `vkvb LywjÕ Ñ H w`bb gv vbiv `vkvb fvspzi K i Rwgi gvwjk K mgm v Rvbv j- ÔAvwg wk Ki evõ- Ggb fve `Lvq wzwb ïi K ib bzzb RvqMvq LvuRv, eo Q j Lei wb q Av mb, Mv `i U K fvj RvqMvq Av Q 40 UvKv nvz wnmv e 23 nvz Ges `vkvb emv bv eve` gv m 700 UvKv fvov wnmv e GLv b Av Mi RvqMv _ K hvezxq mewkqz (wub, eov, evuk) Ly j wb q Av mb GLv b G mi m kvwš Z bvb, KviY G RvqMvwU eo MZ fivu K i ˆZwi Kiv, cv k GLbI MZ i q Q, el vkv j emevm Kiv K ói n e Ñ ZvQvov bzzb GjvKv, `vkv bi wewµi Zgb GKUv bvb KmvB qi ^vaxbzv h kv ii Kvgvj KmvB Gi KvR Ki Zv ew fv½vi w`b Zvi GK mnkgx e jb, Ôew ZI fvov w` q _v Kv (600 UvKv) GLv bi fvov w` q _vkev, Avgvi cv k GKUv i g Lvwj Av Q ( Mv `i UK) GLv b P j AvmÕ d j Hw`b mü vqb 800 UvKv fvov wnmv e GLv b P j Av m Ô ^vaxbzv bvbõ- wzwb Av iv e jb Ôevwo Z AvZ xq Avm j cvwb eü K i `q, ev Pv Rv i KvbœvKvwU Ki j evwo Q o w` Z e j, Rv i K v mu evrv bv 34

40 hvq bv gvwjk ekvewk K iõ Lye K ó Av Qb e j wzwb Av iv e jb ew hw` Avevi nq Ges fvov hw` 1000 UvKvI nq ZeyI wzwb Avevi ew ZB hv eb Amnvq gv gbv GKwU Awd mi wcib wnmv e KvR KiZ (gxicyi) ^vgx nviv gv gbv ew fv½vi ci cöwz ekx `i mv _ mi P j Av m mvfvi ZLb eys Z cv ibwb wzwb h mvfv i Ni fvov Kg wvkb, wkš PvKwi wukv q ivlv Kó n e GZ `~i _ K wm q Awdm Ki j ew Z _vkvi mgq KD Kvb mgm v KiZ bv, g q `ywu K wb q wbivc ` wq jb ez gvb Ae vi K_v ey bv Ki Z wm q wzwb e jb- ÔGLb Awdm _ K divi c _ ivr wzb euv cq b jv M, mw`b iv Z N ii `irvqi UvKv w` Q, Avwg wprkvi `Iqvq mevb cvwj q M QÕ Ñ ew hw` nq wzwb Avevi ew Z wdi Z Pvb AvZ x qi evwo ew i kvnxb wgqv ew fv½vi ci Ab mevi gz ZZUv wpš vq c owb KviY MveZjx Z Zvi QvU evb _v K ^vgx, mš vbmn 600 UvKv fvovi ew i Ni fv½vi ciw`bb ed, ev Pvmn ev bi evwo Z I V GB D Ï k h GLv b `yõgkw`b _ K c i bzzb Ni ` L fvov wb q D V co e wkš 7/8 w`b _vkvi cib ev bi ^vgx ivmvivwm K ib Ñ ÔK e evwo Qvo eõ? ÑAvevi evwo Q o P j h Z e jb, Ôwb RiB _vkvi RvqMv bvb Avevi...Õ, H w`b iv ZB kvnxb wgqv bzzb RvqMv LyuR Z ei nq Ges Kv_vI myweavrbk wkqz bv c q ew Z P j G m Lvjv RvqMvq c jw_b, euvk w` q Ni K i (Rwgi gvwj Ki Kv Q K qkw`b _vk Z PvIqvi AbygwZ wb q) _v Kb, wkš kx Zi g a QvU ev PvwUi AmyL Ges Nygv bvi K ói Kvi Y Ri wi wfwë Z evwo Lyu R AvMviMuvI GjvKvq G RvqMv ei K ib Ges 900 UvKvq GKUv Ni fvov K ib ez gv b wzwb AvMviMuvI Av Qb Z e LyeB wpwš Z KviY, mvgvb KuvPvgv ji e emv K i wkfv e 900 UvKv Ni fvov w` q ed ev Pv wb q L q c i eu P _vk eb! nviv bv gyiwm gvî 6 gvm Av M Aveyj (ew fv½vi) mvb Kj, f vb, wikmv gkvi (wg x) Gi eyw I ` Zv m ^j K i Kzwgj v _ K XvKv P j Av m KviY MÖv g gvgjvq (gvivgvwi msµvš ) c o kl m ^j Rwg wewµ K ii kl i v nqwb 600 UvKvi fvoviqvjv i g ew Z ek fvjb wqj KviY x Ges QvU `ybwu ev Pv wb q Zvi QvU msmvi wqj ew hw`b D Q` nq mw`b Ônvwi q hviqv gyiwmi mv _ wb R K Zzjbv K ib, KviY-gyiwM nvwi q Ab cvovq P j M j, mü vi ci hw` gvbylrb ` L Zvn j a i L q d j H gyiwmi gzb wzwb bvwk H w`b Amnvq wq jb Lvjv RvqMvq gvjcî (ew i cv k), ed-ev Pv i L Ñ AcwiwPZ gvbylr bi Kv Q Rvb Z _v Kb Ñ Ô Kv_vq Kg `v g Ni fvov cviqv hvq Nyi Z, Nyi Z wzwb MveZjxi cq bi w` Ki GKUv RvqMvq P j hvb Ñ ZLb ek ivz, Lvjv AvKv ki wb P i L hviqv gvjcî Ges cwiev ii wpš vq wzwb ZLb Aw i Gmgq mlvbkvi GK DwK ji mv _ Zvi `Lv nq (H DwK ji evwo HLv bb) mek_v ï b gvjcî, cwievi wb q DwKj Zvi evmvq P j Avm Z e jb Ñ Aveyj ZLbB ew Z wd i f vbfvov K i mewkqz wb q ivz `kuvq H DwK ji evwo Z P j Av m c i DwK jib evwo (cövq ew ai bi) Lvwj n j (fvovwuqv P j hvq) 800 UvKv fvovq `kw`b ci D V c o G `kw`b DwK ji evwoi eviv `vq cwievi wb q _vk Z `qv K Aveyj Ôev ci Kvg K i Q e j ivq `qõ Avwjg fvb Gi gvwjk wmgbwr PvjK Avwjg gvj v ew Z _vk Zv 9 eqi a i wmgbwr Gi gvwjk Zv K Lye cq ` Ki Zv wvkgz UvKv, cqmv jb `b Ki Zv e j, GgbwK Avwjg cwievi wb q gvwj Ki evwo Z `viqvz L q Q e j Rvbvb ew fv½vi cicib Avwjg gvwj Ki mv _ `Lv K i, gvwjk ebviwm cj x Z _vkv Zvi GK Kg Pvix K `vwqz `q Avwj gi e e v (_vkvi) Kivi Rb c i H Kg Pvix K wb Ri evwo Z wb q wm q Zv `i K gvjcîmn H iv Zi Rb iv L, Gici c ii w`b H GjvKvq 1,100 UvKv fvovi GKUv N i Zv K DwV q `q G bzzb 35

41 RvqMvq fvjb Av Qb e j Avwjg Rvbvb fvov K qkõk UvKv ewk jvm ji GLvbKvi cwi ek fvj ZvQvov gvwj Ki evwo cv k Av Q, myweav-amyweavq gvwjk LuvRLei iv L Gfv e wewfbœ gva g e envi K i ew i jvk jv vb (ew ) Z vm K i bzzb RvqMvq, bzzbfv e Rxebhvcb ïi K i Q Avi G vb Z vm Kiv ew evmx `i Ae v `Lvi Rb hlb wewfbœ RvqMvq wm qwq ZLb j K iwq ew D Q` gv b Ñ ÔbZzb ew i m wóõ XvKv kn ii fzi _ K GKUv ew D Q` Kiv gv b H ew i jvk jv g~j kni _ K GKUz `~ i wm q bzzb Av ikuv ew i m wó K i D`vniY wnmv e GK NUbv Dc vcb KiwQ Mv `i UK nj MveZjxi cq bi GKUv RvqMv hlvb _ K XvKv kn ii eo eo wewìs jv cwi vi `Lv hvq wkš mlv b h Z n j eo GKUv euv ki muv Kv Ges cupv cvwbi GKwU bvjv bškvq cvi n Z nq j Kijvg GLvbKvi ewki fvm cwievib g~j XvKv kni _ K S i cov nq D Q` n q A_ev RxebhvÎvi gv bi mv _ LvcLvIqv Z bv c i GLv b G m Q GLvbKvi RxebhvÎvi gvb evsv Z GKUv K_vB h _ó Ñ Ôkvjviv g` Lv QÕ Ñ (Avwg Ges g v brvi Gm Gm hlb KvK LvB H GjvKvi g a ZLb Nywo Dov Z _vkv K qkwu Q j G K_v e j) ew Z vm Ñ wu K _vkvi Póvq G welq m ú K Z_ msmö ni Rb cöavb Z_ `vzv ( vbxq GKwU GbwRI g v brvi I K v j±i)ñ `i K v q U `i (hviv vb Z vm K i Q) wvkvbv a i a i wewfbœ RvqMvq hgb Ñ ˆM `i UK, ewoeuva, MveZjx, mvfvi, wgicyi h Z n q Q ew Z vm Kivi ci bzzb cwiw wz Z Lvc-LvIqv bv ev wu K _vkv Ñ welqwu evsvi Rb gvu 89wU cwiev ii mv _ K_v e jwq G `i bzzb RvqMv Z Avmvi c wz ev gva g jvi we k ly _ K wb gœv³ wpî cviqv hvq - mviyx 11. ew Z v Mi gva g hvi gva g vb Z vm K i Q mvgvb cwiwpz (eüz ai bi) mnkgx i (wikmv, evm kªwgk) wbku AvZ xq (fvb evb ai bi) ew ZB wrwbm i L Kg `v gi evmv Lyu R gvwj Ki ( `vkvb gvwjk ai bi) ga Zvq msl v (89 R bi g a ) 19 Rb 17 Rb 18 Rb 15 Rb 7 Rb bzzb RvqMvq (ew D Q `i d j) G m jvkrb h ai bi mgm v ev Amyweav K cöavb wnmv e fv e m jv K Gfv e `Lv bv hvq- ev ci evwoi gvqv ew Z (D Q `i ci) Nyi Z _vk j `Lv hv e wkqz jvk ïkbv gy L Ny i eovq, Pv Lvq, Mí K i Ñ G `i ewkifv Mi mv _ K_v ej jb Zviv Rvbvq ÔgvqvÕ jv M ZvB `L Z Avwm `xn w`b GB ew Z _ K Q GLb bzzb RvqMvq wm q H gvqv K Z vm Ki Z bv c i A bk K Pv Li cvwbi dj Z ` LwQ Avwg Kvwibvi mv _ K_v nq, m Rvbvq 16 eqi ew Z wqjvg GLb Kj vycyi _vwk gb cy o, Q j i KBjvg Avgv i ew `wl q wb q Avq, Q j Mvwo Z K i GLv b G b Q wkš Mvwo _ K bvgvi ci Avi cv Pj Z Pvq bv, Kvbœv Av m ew I (Dci) c i ev ci evwoi gz gvqv R b M QÕ 36

42 d«x Ôew Z A bk fvj wqjvg fvb Nifvov jvmz bv, cvjv cv bi cov kvbvi UvKv jvm Zv bv (wewfbœ GbwRIÕi zj wqj), kvjvi KbWgI wdª cvbzvg, nv Zi Kv Q Wv³vi wqj (GbwRI jvi wk wbk), gnvrb ( z`ªfy cwipvjbvkvix GbwRI) wqj wec ` UvKv `Iqvi Rb, Avi GLb KD bvb, bzzb wec`õ Gfv e A b K ew i bvggvî ev wdª cviqv mev jv ez gv b cviqv hvq bv e j `ytl K i Kg j `~ i gv gbv, h wkbv ez gv b ewoeuva _v K, m ew Z _vkvi mgq 1,000/- UvKv ez b wmgbwr Kv úvwb Z PvKzwi Ki Zv, Awd mi Mvwo Z hvzvqvz Ki Zv, ez gv b Awdm Ki Z ivr 25 UvKv LiP nq Ggb A bk Mv g Um Kgx i mv _ K_v n q Q hv `i ezb Ges hvzvqvz fvovi (ez gvb evm vb _ K) e eavb LyeB Kg ev cövq bvb Q j i L hzvg Ô Q j i L ( QvU ev Pv) Kv R ( nv U ji _vjvevwu avqv) hvbzvg, cöwz ekxivi fvz w` ZvÕ Ñ `xn w`b GK mv vkvi d j h cvi úwik jb `b/mn hvwmzv M o D VwQj, mwu K `vi Yfv e Abyfe K i vb Z vm K i A bk ew evmx Xjvgv i, wkm `q hme cwievi jv Z we q bv niqv Zi Yx g q Av Q Zv `i GKgvÎ Ges cöavb wpš v wnmv e GwU K ey bv K ib bzzb RvqMvq Avmvi ci GjvKvi DVwZ eq mi Q jiv wei³ K i Avwgbyj e jb Ñ ÔAvgvi eo `yb g q Mv g U mi wwdwu K i evwo Avmvi mgq cö Z K w`b iv vq cvjviv wkl `q, Xjv gv i, Avgv K KvR ev` w` q MvW `Iqvi Rb ( g q `i) iv vq `uvwo q _vk Z nq AvPvi ejyb AvwbP fvb Gi AvPvi (Av M nvwdryi bvg wqj, AvPv ii mv _ wgjv q wb Ri bvg wb RB AvwbP i L Qb ) gvm jg fvb Gi ejyb e emvi Ôev ivuvõ e R Q ez gv b mvfvi _vkvq KviY XvKvi y ji, msm` fe b, cv K i mvg b M j 2 N Uvq h AvPvi wewµ n Zv mvfv i mviv w` bi Zv wewµ nq bv, Ggb Av iv A b Ki mv _ K_v n q Q hviv ez gvb cwiw wz Z e emvrwbz mgm vq Av Q ew D Q` Ñ weëevb `i cöw Z D Q` ciezx Kj vycyi ew Z wm q KD hw` cyiv ew GjvKv wpb Z Pvq Z e Zv K 6bs BDwb U wm q mgm vq co Z n e, GLv b Kvb ew i AvjvgZ bvb, mewkqz SKS K, cwi vi cwi Qbœ KviY vbxq Kwgkbvi (mikvi `jxq) Lye my `i K i cªvpxi w` q wn i cy iv RvqMvwU `Lj K i wb q Qb Zvi K_v Abymv i G KvR Kivi D Ïk - Ôgnr (!), evsjv fvlvi cöwz m vb `Lv Z n e (!), 21 deª qvix Z GLb _ K gnj vi jvkrb K hv Z dzj w` Z Avi `~ i h Z bv nq GRb nv Zi Kv QB (`LjK Z RvqMvq) knx` wgbvi Zwi Kiv n eõ (!) 2004 mv ji 26 RvbyqvwiÕi ivz K ew evmxiv MR ei ivz wnmv e wpwýz K ib KviY iv Zi ejv 4 Rb digvi (cywj ki Bbdigvi) Ges 12 Rb cywjk G m ew i 11 Rb cyi l K a i wb q M Q Ôhv K cvi Zv K a ivõ- GB wfwë Z `yõrb e KI a i wb q M Q ek wkqz gwnjv (Zv `i Kv iv ^vgx, Kv iv Q j K a i wb q M Q) GB Ab vq MÖdZv ii wei cywjk K hviv evav w` qwq jv, Zv `i K AgvbweKfv e cuv bv n q Q Pv L, gy L i³ Rgv, cv qi e _vq wvkgz nuvu Z bv cviv ek K qkrb gwnjv K Avwg `Ljvg 37

43 me P q i Z c~y welq n jv cywjk, Ges Zv `i Bbdigviiv H iv Zi ejv ew i g a nuvwo-cvwzj, bzzb Kvco ch š jyu K i Q ie PvPv, whwb cywjk ` L R` vi KŠUvi g a UvKv i L evwj ki wb P i LwQ jbwkš cywjk mlvb _ KI H KŠUv ei K i UvKv jv wb q M Q ew i mevb aviyv Ki Q, ew Z NUv gvivgvwii K m G `i XywK q `Iqv n e bvg bv ivlv ev PvwUi Rb ew fv½vi wzb w`b Av M cöpê VvÊv, evievi RvqMv cwiez b, ïaygvî cwjw_ bi wb P _vkv H wkïwui g Zz N U ew D Q` Gici gv_v MuvRvi VuvB nviv bv H ev PvwUi gv, evevi c Kvbfv eb H ev PvwU K wb q c jw_ bi ˆZwi N i _vkv Ges mvgvb Zzjv w` q Rwo q ivlvi ewk wkqzb Kivi wqj bv Ñ GB VvÊvq (H mg qi) h _ó kx Zi Kvco _vk ji hlv b gvbyl evb i ei n Z Pvq bv mlv b H Lvjv AvKv ki wb P cwjw_b w` q ˆZwi Lycwo N i Avi hvb nvk H mvgvb Zzjv K m ^j K i H wkïwui c eu P _vkv m e wqj bv VvÊvq ey K Kd R g hlb wbtk vm eü nevi Dcµg ZLb Zv K nvmcvzv j wb q hviqvi e _v Póv Kiv n qwqj, hvi djvd j c _B wkïwu gviv hvq ev PvwUi `v`v Avgv K ` L `uš o G m Rwo q a i e jb, ÔAvcbviv wk... wqu ob, GBme Qwe Zz j- ccv i w` Z cv ib bvõ? Avwg Avgvi cwipq, gzv úó K i ewj ÑÔQwe Zzj Z cvwi Z e ccv i w` Z cvie bvõ Ñ GiciI Zviv mevb Avgv K Qwe Zvjvi Rb Aby iva K i Ges Avwg hlb Qwe Zzj Z ïi Kwi ZLbB A yz NUbvwU N U Ñ ev PvwUi gv Mv q Pv`i w` q ev PvwUi cv k wm q Qwei Rb iww n q e m ew i cv kb abx jvk emevmkvix gnj vi wkqz jv Ki mv _ K_v e jwqjvg Ñ ew i wel q ew D Q` niqvq Zviv ek Lywk Ges GB ai bi ew DVv q `qv DwPZ e j gš e K ib Avwg wbw` ó K i Lywk nevi KviY Rvb Z PvB, ZLb Zviv e jb Ñ ÔhLb ew wq jv ZLb cvwbi mvc v q wvkgz cvwb AvmZ bv, KviY ew evmxiv ewk cvwb LiP K i dj Zv Avevi we`y r-gi fv ër memgq Kg _vk Zv KviY ew evmxiv ewk we`y r Pvjv ZvÕ grvi e vcvi n jv ew i wkqz gvbyl wb R `i N ii fv½v BU GLbI wkqz wkqy Rwg q i L Q Ñ hw` ew I V hvq ZLb Kv R jvm e Avwg A bk mg qb j K iwq gnj vi abx jvkrb QvU ev Pv `i K 5/10 UvKv w` q H ew i BuU GKUv GKUv K i G b wb R `i evwoi Avw½bvq Rwg q iv L- nqz wb Ri 4 Zjvi Dci Av ik Zjv Kivi mgq GB BU Kv R jvm e ew D Q `i ci ew i A bk jv Ki Kv Q GKwU K_v ï b Lye AevK n qwq Ñ Ôm vi g b K iwqjvg Kj vycyi GjvKv ZB _vke, gvqv c o M Q GB GjvKvi Rb, wkš ew D Q `i cicib vbxq evwoiqvjviv Zv `i Nifvov evwo q w` q Q KviY ZLb mevb ey S M Q Ni fvov biqvi jv Ki Afve bvbõ K qk R bi mv _ Avgvi K_v nq Zviv LyeB `ytl K i e jb ÑÔew Z wqjvg ïb j jvkrb Nifvov w` Z Pvq bv, Kq Zvgv Mv cvjvcvb ewk, RvqMv bvsiv Ki, Zvgv Mv `L j Nbœv K iõ ewkifvm GbwRI Kgx, gnj vi jvk, ew i jvk, vbxq `vkvb`vi- ew D Q `i w` b GKwU Kv Ri Lye mgv jvpbv K i _v Kb Ñ ÔGKw` K eyj WvRvi w` q Nievwo fv½ Q Ab w` K ew ib jvkrb wb Ri Ni/m ú` mvgjv bvi P q bri H ew i bjk~c, jwuªb, wub, iv vi BU, cvwbi U vswki XvKbv, G jvi w` K, Ges Kvi Av M K Ly j wb Z cv i m cöwz hvwmzv P j Zv `i A c v Kiv `ikvi wq jv Avevi hw` ew e m ZLb mgm v hv Z bv nqõ? Ñ wb Ri cv q wb Riv Kzovj g i Q, e ji A b K gš e K ib A b K `ytl K ib- GZw` bi mvrv bv MvQv bv ew wu Pv Li cj K gvwui mv _ wg k M jv, eyj WvRvi Avi KqwU Ni fv½v jv Ñ wb RivB Zv wb R `i me wrwbm bó Ki jv Ñ gvv K g i k li w` K cök Z NUbv D vi Kwi, ew evmxivb H KvR jv K i Q GK_v wvk wkš Giv mevb gvwjk ew evmx A_ vr ew Z G `i A bk fvov `Iqv Ni wq jv Ges ew i gzvpp vi kx l B G `i Ae vb wq jv GK_v Rvb Z cvwi ew Z NUv 2wU gvivgvwi _ K- GB gvivgvwi n jv H BuU, wub, bjk~c wewµi UvKvi fvm wb q gvivgvwi Ñ GKc, Av ikc K MvwjMvjvR Ki Q Avi fz ii K_v jv AbM j e j hv Q Ñ ÔwKfv e bjk~c, wub wewµi UvKv Kg w` q Zv K VKv bv n q Q, 2 Mvwo B Ui wnmve wvkgz wgj Q bv, GB K_v Zv wqj bv h- gb Ri Avwj 600/- UvKv ÔMvovqÕ (Pzwi) w` e GQvov cöavb Z_ `vzv `i KvQ _ KI Rvb Z cvwi H NUbvi mv _ cök Z ew evmxiv RwoZ wqj bv Ôew i bzv `i BÜ b GB KvR jv mw`b N UwQj Ges GB Kv Ri UvKvi fvm bzv `i c KU ch š wvkb cuš Q wqjõ 38

44 mikvwi Rv bvqvi, Av gwikv ebvg BivK cy iv ew Z GKUv NiI bvb A_P 1 I 5 bs BDwb Ui ( gvu 8wU BDwbU wqj ew Z) me Ni jv my `i Ae vq i q Q grvi e vcvi n jv fv½v As ki A b KB Avgvi G msµvš cökœ Kivi ci fve Z e m Ñ ÔAvm jb Zv, 1 Avi 5 fv½ jv bv KbÕ? ewkifvm gvbylrb QvULvU K_vq, D`vni Y GB AmgZvi KviY e vl vi Póv K i -ÔPvPv Avcbv Mv RvqMv fv½ jv, 1 Avi 5 bs BDwbU fv½ jv bv K bv?õ- PvPv, Ô1 Avi 5 G _v K mikvwi Rv bvqvi (mikvi mg_ K, bzv A _ ) Avi evwk BDwb U Avgiv hviv _vkzvg Zviv -Kcv jõ (Kcv j weóv jvmv/lvivc Kcvj) Gi evb i wewfbœ ai bi K_vevZ v Av Q Ñ Ô1 I 5 GBPweAviAvB-Gi RvqMv bvõ, ÔGUvi gvwjk gvu 30 Rb H 30 Rb fv½vi e vcv i GKg Z Avm Z cvi Q bv e j fv½v n Q bv,õ Ô1 I 5 mikv ii RvqMv wvkb, Z e GLv b wkïcvk evbv e, Gi KvR c i ïi n e ZvB GLb fv ½wbÕ, ÔKwgkbv ii wbe vpb cöwzkö wz knx` wgbvi ˆZwi Ges GBPweAviAvB-Gi RvqMv D vi Kiv, Gi g a 1 I 5 c o bv e j fv ½wbÕ, 3bs ew Z Pv qi `vkvb`vi K cökœ Kwi Kb fv½j bv? Ñ Ô1 I 5 n jv Av gwikv Avi ev`evkx jv nj BivK, Av gwikv Zv BivK fv ½BÕ g~j NUbv Ñ cöavb Z_ `vzv, GBPweAviAvB-Gi GKRb Kg Pvix, Ges ek K qkrb ew evmxi KvQ _ K cök Z NUbv Rvb Z cvwi- Kwgkbv ii jvk A_ vr mikvi `jxq ewkifvm jvk _v K 1 I 5 bs ew Z we ivax `j mg_ K Zv ni gvj v, nv kg KbUªv±i, bvmi Avjx `i cöfve wqj fv½v As k Ges UvKvi Lwb L vz GwZgLvbv ( jvkr bi `vb, Kvievwbi Pvgov, UvKv, cqmv w` Zv e j) wq jv H fv½v As k huvi wbqš Y (g v bwrs KwgwU) wqj GB MÖ ci, ZvQvov GB MÖ ci wjwvi `i A bk Ni wqj H fv½v As k Ab w` K mikvi mg_ K i ûj Avwgb, gnmxb `i cöfve I wbqš Y Ges Ni wqj GB 1 I 5 bs-g (bv fv½v As k) GB MÖ c H GwZgLvbvi wbqš Y bevi Póv K i Q evievi wkš m e nqwb myzivs Awbevh cwiywz wnmv e ew fv½vi mgq 1 I 5 fv½v nq bv Avevi Av ikwu hšw³k aviyv/k_v A b K e j _v Kb Ñ ÔAv M GKevi ew fv½vi Póv K iwq jv ZLb me wjwvi (wegbwc, AvIqvgxjxM) GK n q hviqvq Zv fv½v m e nqwb ZvB Gevi Av M _ K c vb K i wegbwc-gi wjwvi `i K nvz K i, UvKv LvB q Zv `i Ask fv½v n e bv e j Pzw³ K i, hv Z Zviv evwk Ask fv½ Z evav bv `qõ Avgvi ch e Y _ K ` LwQ mikvi mg_ K wjwviiv ek fvj Ae v ZB 1 I 5 G Ae vb Ki Q GB wjwviiv h mevb abx ev Ab vb ew evmx _ K Avjv`v Zv bq, wkš GB Mixe `i g a I (1 I 5 ebvg Ab vb e K) h ivr bwzk is w` q we f` m wó Kiv n q Q Ñ GUv ek KŠZ~nj DÏxcK welq - ÔnqZ K qkw`b ci 1 I 5 f ½ djv n e wksev nvvr K i Av b j M hv eõ Ñ ew m ú K A bk AwfÁ e w³iv GB ai bi m `n K i _v Kb Avwg GBPweAviAvB-Gi Awdm _ K R bwq 1 I 5 bs ew I mikvwi RvqMv Ges wkïcvk evbv bvi Kvb wpš vfvebv bvb, Z e Kb fv½v nj bv m m ú K cwi vi K i KD wkqz e j bv ew evmxi mgm v-abxi myweavñôci `kxõ ew i GZ jv jv Ki Rb ivzvivwz M nnxb n q hviqv n jv Ñ GB Ôew D Q`Õ jvkrb (Aewkó ew evmx) memgq Avkv K i _v K Ñ mikvwi ev emikvwi Kvb cökvi mvnv h i ew i Kvgvj PvPv Avgv `i gz kvu, c v UIqvjv f`ª jvk `L jb fv eb Kvb mvnv h i ev wiwj di AvjvgZ eyws Ñ Gme mgq wzwb GKwU Mvb M q mevi ` wó AvKl Y Kivi Póv K ib Ñ Ò Zvgvi wk jv M bv `ytl..? Avgv Mv i `wl... I... I... I... ci `kx Ó Zvi mv _ K_v ewj, Zvi cwi vi K_v- ÔAvj v eyov n q M Q, Zv bv n j wk Avi ew fv ½? mvïvgb wk Avi aiv c o?õ GB ew hlb cy o hvq ZLbKvi wiwjd e e vi `vi Y GKwU Mí Avgv K wzwb e jb Ñ ÔiIkvb 39

45 Gikv` (ZrKvjxb ivóªcöav bi x), K v giv Avi 100 UvKvi 8/10wU bvu wb q ew Z Av m H bvu jv 8/10wU gwnjvi nv Z w` q Qwe DVv q evievi wuwf Z `Lvq Avi e j- j, KvwU UvKv mvnvh Kiv n q Q ew Z hvi, hvi- Ni h v b wq jv muv euvk Ges c jw_b w` q A vqx Ni K i `Lj ivlvi cövycy Póv Ki Z n Q Ggb wk e`lj n q hvevi f q mvivivz R MI ew Z H c jw_ bi wb P A b K _vk Q diz cviqvib wbðqzv bvb ZviciI mevb mva gz Póv Ki Q wkš GB RvqMv jvi e`lj n q hv Q, Av kcv ki jvkrb GK ev `yõw`b KD RvqMv cvnviv bv w` j RvqMv `Lj K i wb Q 5 Rb cök Z gvwj Ki mv _ K_v e jwq hviv `LjKvix `i KvQ _ K A bk NvivNywii ci 500 UvKv K i w` q RvqMv diz wb q Q h RvqMvi fwel ZiB wvk bvb muv `Lj ivlvi Rb Ges wd i cviqvi Rb GB kx Zi ivz R M cvnviv `Iqv Ges UvKv w` q `Ljgy³ Kiv KŠZ~nj DÏxcK me P q `ytlrbk welq n jv Ñ `Lj ivlvi Rb ew evmx `i h euvk Ges cwjw_b `ikvi, vbxq evrv i Ñ H `ywu wrwb mi `vg evwo q `Iqv n q Q, 50 UvKvi euvk ez gv b 80 UvKv KviY e emvqxiv Rv b `vg evov ji ew evmxiv cö qvr bi ZvwM ` euvk wkb eb Ab w` K ew Z Av bi f q mevb fxz KviY AvMviMuvI ew i AwfÁZv _ K mevb e j Ñ GKevi D Q` n j c i Avevi Ni Ki j Av b w` q `Iqv nq ÔKwgkbvi AvR 200 jvk wb q Avm e gvivgvwi Kivi Rb, mikvi cywjk w` q ew i Pvwiw` K KuvUvZv ii eov w` e, Gici mevb K Mjv av v w` q ei K i w` e, cywjk Avm Q, hv K cv e Zv KB ai e, Km w` e, h Kvb mgq ew Z Av b w` Z cv i, Ñ Gai Yi fxwzki Re memgq ew i g a Pj Z _v K Ñ gwnjviv memgq N ii cyi l m`m K wbivc ` ivl Z Pvq Avwg ` LwQ Ñ cyi liv fvz Lv Q, mf Ki Q, Mvmj Ki Q Ñ Ggb mgq cywjk Avm Q ïb j mevb mewkqz d j `Šo `q Avevi A bk gwnjv K ` LwQ ^vgx mš vb K ekvewk Ki Q- ew Z Kb G m Q, (evb i jywk q _vk Z e j) Aewkó ew evmx (hviv GLbI c jw_ bi N ii g a wu K Av Q) `i GKUv eo Awf hvm n jv- Ôiv Zi ejv AvbQviiv N ii c jw_b a i Uvb `qõ ew evmxi g Z GUv Kivi KviY n jv hv Z fq c q ew i `Lj Q o P j hvb GB h Mix ei Kó ` L abx/ gzvevb `i wbwe Kvi _vkv Gi D`vniY nj ÔivRvKv ii ev PvÕ (ew i g a i fv½v Pviv GKUv B Ui N ii evwm `v, hv K ew i mevb GB bv g Wv K) GB ÔivRvKv ii ev PvÕi mv _ K_v ewj Ñ wzwb mikvwi cv ú (cvwbi) Pvjv bvi myev `, wb R K mikvwi PvKzwiRxex e j cwipq w` Z cq ` K ib K_vevZ vi g a wzwb ew msµvš gzvgz `b Ñ Ô`ywbqvi AvKvg me GB ew Z nb Zv, mikvwi Rwg mikvi wb q fvj K i QÕ Avwg cökœ Kwi GB h GZeo ew D Q` n q Mj, Avcwb wk Ki jb Ñ Ô wk Avevi Kie? GB me AvKv g mikvwi jv Ki hviqv P j bvõ Ô n Avj vn Lv.. j...k v K my K i `vi, n hb ` k G m Avevi Mix ei... gvi Z cv iõ Ñ ew i g a NyiwQ GK gyiweÿ `wl nv Z GKUv ccvi ( jvkvj Ggwc- Gm G Lv jk wpwkrmv Rb we ` k i q Q, Zvi cwievi cwîkvq Zvi Qwe w` q `kevmxi Kv Q `vqv P q Q, my Zvi Rb ) wb q Rv i Rv i wprkvi K i Avj vni Kv Q gvbvrv Zi fw½ Z Dc ii K_v jv ej Q Av MB D j L Kiv n q Q wiwjd Ges Re Gi K_v Av ikwu e vcvi Ôwj Õ Ges ÔQwe ZvjvÕ ew evmxiv memgq wewfbœ GbwRI cöwzwbwa Ges wewfbœ msmv bi jvk `i K m ylxb nq (hviv A bk KB Qwe DVvq, NUbv bvu iv L) Avwg ` LwQ Qwe DVv bv wb q- DgyK m vi Avgvi N i Kb Mj bv Qwe DVv Z Ñ Gme wb q A bk mgq SMov ch š K i ew evmxiv GKw`b GK e v `Šov Z, `Šov Z md mf GbwRIÕi Gi Awd m G m e j- Ôf wg wkõ (m ez f~wgnxb `i wj )-G Z Avgvi bvg DVv q bvi f~wg wk- wk?- wkqzb Rv b bv e v, ïay Rv b HLv b bvg w` Z n e bzv `i Lvjm cvëv bv gvevbjmn Ab vb gva g Zvi mv _ hvmv hvm Kivi Póv K i hlb e _ ZLb nvvr ïwb AvR wzwb ew Z Avm eb, wekvj mv o wzbuvq KviY MZiv Z cywjk 11 Rb K ew _ K MÖdZvi K i Q ew Z GKUv Drme fve, A b KB Kv R hvqwb, AvwgI A c v K i AvwQ AvR Zvi mv _ K_v eje 3Uv, 4Uv, _ K hlb 5 Uv evr jv ZLb wzwb Avm jb GKUv Kv jv Mvwo Z, my `i UvB KvU c i G mb 40/50 Rb ew evmx, bvix-cyi l Gi RUjvi g a wzwb Xy K M jb MZiv Zi MÖdZv ii Lei c qb wzwb gwnjv `i Dci PvUcvU wb Z jvm jb ÑÔGZ jv gwnjv, mevb GKUv K i RyZv gvi ji Zv cywjk D o hvqõ Ñ GB ai bi cywjwk Sv gjvq 40

46 wzwb gwnjv `i K jvwv, RyZv, BU wb q GwM q Avmvi Rb K vwimg vwuk K É DrmvwnZ Ki Z jvm jb Gici `ª Z wzwb wkqz KvR Ki jb- mevb K Afq w` jb, MÖdZvi niqv `i Qvovevi e e v Ki eb e j K_v w` jb, mwgwzi wzbrb wjwvi K Avov j W K wkqz ej jb, Gici ej jb ÑÔKv `i bv g Km Av Q? Avgvi mv _ P jv _vbvq wb q wm q cywjk K e j w` ev, Avi Sv gjv Ki e bv Õ ÑZvovZvwo `yrb Mvwo Z D V co jv DwbI Mvwo Z D V P j M jb Avwg evievi Póv Kijvg K_v ejvi wkš ew evmx `i Pv c Ges wf o m e n jv bv Dwb P j hviqvi ci ïi nj SMov KviY H RUjvq Dcw Z cövq me cyi l ZLb wb Ri K_v ej Q Ñ ÔAvgv K cywjk ewk ww ve K i, Avgv K bv wb q I `i K wbj Kb?Õ Ñ GB Bmÿ Z Ggb mgq MZiv Z cywj ki gvi LvIqv GK gwnjv `Šov Z, `Šov Z Avm jv Ñ ÔRvgvb mv ne KB?Õ nvm Z nvm Z GKRb DËi w`j Ñ ÔH h Kv jv Mvwoi... (gvby li cðv` `k) `Lv hvq, HWvi g a Zvgvi Rvgvb mv neõ Avwg K_v ej Z e _ n ji H wzbrb wjwvi K Rvgvb mv ne wk e j M jv Rvbvi Póv Kwi, wkš Ñ wpš v Ki Z gvbv Ki jv Avi iv Z, iv Z 2/1wU K i Ni DVv q dj Z ej jv -Gi ewk wkqy Rvbv m e nqwb ev nviv mgvr Kj vy mwgwzi, KjY vycyi ew i mfvcwzi mv _ K_v ewj Ñ ÔwKfv e Rvgvb mv n ei mv _ `Lv Kiv hvq?õ wzwb Avgv K wmwu K c v ik bi (Kj vycyi Awd mi) wvkvbv `b wmwu K c v ikb, Kj vycyi Awd mi Ki wefv Mi cöavb Rvgvb mv ne K Avgvi cwipq Ges D Ïk e j m vi m ^vab Kivq wzwb Lywk n q Avgv K Pv LvIqvb Ges c ii w`b wekv j Zvi msmv bi nw Awd m ( wj vb) Avgv K Avm Z e jb Ñ ÔK_v ej ev Ges cö qvrbxq KvMR w` ev Õ wbw` ó mg q Awd m wm q AevK nb ek eo GKUv d vi fvov K i Zv `i Awdm evbv bv n q Q Ñ Awd m eo eo `ywu cv vi GKwU Z Lv j`v wrqv Ges Ab wu Z kl gywre! Awd mi g a eo GKUv mvbb evw - ÔmfvcwZ Ges m µuvwii Pqv i KD em eb bvõ Gici wewfbœ welq wb q Avwg Zvi mv _ K_v ewj Ñ evwo Kv_vq? evev wk Ki Zb? zj Rxeb, K jr Rxeb, PvKzwi, msmvb me wel q wzwb A bk mgq wb q wb RB K_v e jb, Gig a wzwb e jb Ñ ÔAvcbviv (eª vk) Avgv K wk w` Z cvi eb? ew evmx `i Rb wzwb evievi Avg K e jb Ñ Avcbvi GbwRI _ K 500 euvk `b Avgv K, Avwg ivzvivwz ew `uvo Kwi q w`e ZLb Avcbv `i jvb (eª v Ki z`ª FY cövmövg GB ew Z wq jv e j Dbvi aviyv) Avevi Zz j wb Z cvi eb, Avcbv `i (eª v Ki) Zv A bk UvKv ew Z c o Av Q wkqz c Z n j wkqz w` Z nq H UvKv hw` Zzj Z Pvb Z e 500 euvk `b Avgv KÕ Iqvì dzw -G wzwb Uªwbs K i Qb GUv wb q hgb Dwb LyeB Mwe Z (evievi mvwu wd KUUv Avgv K `Lvb) Zgwb RvwZms Ni Kvb GKUv KwgwU _ K wkqz evsjv cwîkv Av m Zvi bv g GUv wb qi Zvi A bk Me GQvov evsjv ` k ew evmx `i fv Ui AwaKvi Dwb G b w` q Qb e j `vwe K ib wzwb mvsevw`k m jb K i Qb K qkevi GwUI evievi e jb wzwb Kj vycyi ew D Q `i w` b wkfv e A bk Póv K ii i v Ki Z cv ibwb Zvi ey bv `b Avi- ÔKj vycyiõ Ñ jlv dvbjuv Ly j Avgv K Kj vycyi ew msµvš wewfbœ KvMR (wewfbœ mg qi ccvi KvwUs, K mi KvMRcÎ, Kj vycy ii wb Ri msmvb msµvš KvMRcÎ BZ vw`) `Lv Z _v Kb AvwgI ek AvMÖn f i KvMR jv `L Z _vwk Ges Avgvi cö qvrbxq KvMR jv Avjv`v Ki Z _vwk nvvr GKwU KvMR ` L Avwg _ g hvb Ñ Ô`wjjÕ (Dmgvb k Li KvQ _ K mikvi 1961 mv j GB ew i RwgwU A v Kvqvi K i bq Ges 1965 mvj ch š mikvi Kvb Kv R bv jvwm q d j iv L `xn w`b c o _vkvi ci Avevi mikvi wenvix `i cybe vm bi D ` vm bq wkš GUvI e _ nq Ges RvqMv Lvwj c o _v K, c i ax i ax i ew M o I V mikvwi wbqgvbyhvqx Rwg A v Kvqvi Kivi ci 3 eqi Kv R bv jvwm q d j ivl j Rwgi gvwjk mwu Avevi diz cv e H Dmgvb kl A bk Av MB gviv M Q GLb Zvi Iqvwik ev DËim~wiiv GB Rwg diz cviqvi Póv Ki Q `wjjwu wq jv GB DËim~ix `i) GB `wjj Avcbvi Kv Q Kb? Avgvi GB cö kœ wzwb weeªz nb, `wjjwu jykv bvi Póv K i e _ nb KviY ZZ Y mwu Avgvi nv Z -ÔGB Dmgvb k Li DËim~wiiv Rwg diz c j ew evmx `i jm bv? RvqMv Q o w` Z n e bv ew evmx `i? Avgvi GB cö kœi Rev e wzwb weeªz nb Ges e jb-bv Amyweav n e bv Ñ GB gvwjkc i mv _ Avgvi K_v n q Q, Zv `i K Rwg D vi K i w` Z cvi j GKUz Rwg ew evmx `i Rb Q o w` eb, ew evmxiv mlv b wewìs evwb q _vk Z cvi eb (!!!) Dbvi GKwU gš e wqj Ggb Ñ Ôi B, KvZjv (gš x Avgjviv) GB mvbvi Lwbi (ew i RvqMv) Rb gyf Ki Q Avi GBPweAviAvB Zv bvgkv Iqv mvbb evw Õ Zvi KvQ _ K we`vq biqvi mgq Avevi `Lv Ki Z cvwi ev Av iv K_v ej Z cvwi Ñ GB K_v e j Zvi wfwrwus KvW PvB Ñ Wªqvi Ly j KvW ei K i evq Z _v Kb- Avgv K GKUv w` eb Avwg Z Zv Y (`yõai bi) 41

47 `ywu KvW B nv Z wb qwq (e 1)Ñ GKwU Kv W AvIqvgxjxM kãwu _vk ji Ab wu Z bvb Gi KviY Rvb Z PvB j wzwb e jb Ñ Ômy hvm ey S j ej cvëv Z nqõ e 1. my hvm ey S j ej cvëv bv wegbwcõi mg qi KvW AvIqvgxjxM mg qi KvW mikvi e` ji mv _ mv _ Zv `i j ej e` j hvq, Dbv `i Awd m eo `yõwu ` ji (ivr bwzk) cv vi _v K, Zviv ew evmxi c Av `vjb K i Avevi wmwu K cv ik bi g Zv mikvwi PvKzwi K i Zviv ew evmx `i K e jb iv Zi ejv 2/1 Uv K i Ni DVv q d jv Avevi ew i cök Z gvwjk Gi KvMRcÎ iv L GB k Z Ñ Rwg diz c j, wkqz Rwg ew evmx cv e G `i DciB Avevi ew i wbixn jvk `i Amxg wbf izv, GivB Avevi ew fv½vi mgq jvâ eªk `q ew i msnl : ch e Y ebvg cî-cwîkvi eqvb GB M elyv KvRwU Kivi Rb hlb ew evmx `i mv _ K_v ewj Ñ ZLbB j Kwi Zviv Zv `i GB K ói mg q h KqwU Drm _ K mvnv h i Avkv K i Zvi cö_g w` KB ÔcÖPvi gva gõ Av Q, A_ vr ÔZv `i GB AmnvqZ, cwîkv jv cöpvi K i mikvimn `kevmxi ` wó AvKl Y Ki e Õ wkš Avwg ew Z _vkvkv j ew Z `yõc i g a msnwuz msnl Ges cwîkvq G msµvš wi cvu cvkvcvwk ivl j PvIqv (Zv `i) Ges ev ezvi Zdvr mn RB Pv L c o ew Z _vkvkvjxb mvg q Avgvi mvg bb msn l i NUbvwU N U gvivgvwii GKc ew evmx Ab c mikvi mg_ K Kwgkbvi I Zvi K vwvievwnbx, GBPweAviAvB-Gi nz vkz v, Avbmvi Ges cywjk h nzz welqwu Avgvi mvg bb N U mrb cö_g Ask Avgvi wbr Pv L `Lv msnl Ges ciezx Z G msµvš cwîkvi wi cvu jv `L j welq jv cwi vi n e Gw`b mkv j ew Z wm qb eys Z cvwi cwiw wz wkqzuv _g_ g, KviYÑ wvkv`vi, Kwgkbvimn Ab iv ew Z Dcw Z n q cövpxi w` q wn i djvi Póv Ki Q Ab w` K ew evmxiv GB NUbvq DrKwÉZÕ KviY Zviv Rv b GB cövpxi ïay cövpxi bq Gi mv _ Zv `i Aw Z Rwo q Av Q KviY GKevi cövpxi `Iqv n q M j RvqMvwU cy ivcywi nvzqvov Z_v iv Z gv_v MuvRvi VuvBUzKzI nvwi q djv GKw` K wew ß, `ye j, gzvnxb, bz Z nxb ew evmx Ab w` K gzvevb, msmwvz, mej K vwvi, cywjk, Kwgkbv ii bz Z ew i g a mvdvq ( Kv_v _ K msmön Kiv n q Q Rvwb bv) e m cvkvcvwk (K vwvi Ges cywj ki) A i L wmmv iu Lv Q, Mí Ki Q Avi ivrwg x Ô `L Avgiv KZ gzvevbõ- Ggb fw½ Z cövpxi wbg v Yi KvR Pvwj q hv Q `ytlrbk e vcvi n jv j vsov Kvgv ji bz Z GKUv MÖ c (hviv wkbv ew evmx) Kwgkbv ii mv _ hvm w` q Q Ñ mevb aviyv K i UvKvi jv f G Ae vb wkqz gwnjv RUjv n q Av Q cövpx ii KvR Pjvi v b GKw` K cövpx ii KvR Pj Q Ab w` K ew i fz ii iv vq- RvqMvq, RvqMvq RUjv Ñ Avwg nuvu Z _vwk, cwiw wz `L Z _vwk Avi cövq me jv RUjvq `uvwo q Zv `i (ew evmx) Av jvpbvi welqe ïb Z _vwk 42

48 RUjv-1 GLv b GKRb eq jvk K_v ej Qb Avi evwk mevb g bv hvmx kövzv wnmv e ïb Qb eq jvkwui K_v n jv-ôhw` cövpx ii KvR eü Ki Z nq Zvn j gwnjv `i cö_ g GwM q wm q evav `Iqv DwPZ, ciezx Z Avgiv gyiweÿiv GwM q hve KviY cywjk gwnjv `i fq cvq, wkqz ej Z cv i bv Avi gyiweÿiv Av M mvg b M j cywjk MÖdZvi Ki eõ Zviv hvezxq vf gwnjv `i Dci - Kb Giv (gwnjv) GwM q hv Q bv evav w` Z? `vwo, UzwcIqvjv gyieÿx gv S g a gwnjv `i MvwjMvjvR Ki Q Avevi gv Sg a QvU ev Pv `i cvvv Qb cywjk Av Q wkbv ` L Avmvi Rb, KviY- cywjk bv _vk j wzwb bvwk mvg b hv eb Ges evav w` eb RUjv-2 GB RUjvq Av jvpbv n Q- h cywjk GLv b G m Q Zviv Kvb Rv Zi cywjk? iv vi? _vbvi? nvwej`vi? Iwm? bzzb Wª mi? `v½v? wji IqvW vi Av Q? Gme welq wb q ZK Ki Z Ki Z cövq nvzvnvwzi ch v q P j hv Q- KD hw` e j cywj ki wji AW vi Av Q Zv Ab Rb e j bv bvb KD hw` e j iv vi Zv Ab Rb e j bv Giv _vbvi cywjk cy iv ew i g a Gmgq Gg G Rvgvb, Gg G Rvgvb (ev nviv mwgwzi mfvcwz) ie mevi gy LB ïbjvg Ñ Rvgvb mv ne K hw` Lei `Iqv hvq ( gvevbj K i) Z e wzwb G m cövpxi wbg v Yi KvR eü K i w` Z cvi e gvevbj-gi `vkvb _ K wprkvi Ki Z Ki Z GKRb `Š o Av m Ñ ÔRvgvb mv ne i Lei `Iqv n q Q nvb Kv U i ivq Agvb K i cövpxi wbg vy Pj e bv, gvevbj K iwq, Rvgvb mv ne Avm QÕ RUjv-3 gwnjv, wkï, hyek, e K mvg b hv e? Ñ Zzgyj Av jvpbv n Q GB wel q Avi- KLb Rvgvb mv ne Avm e Ñ KLb wb ` k w` e wk Ki Z n e- GB fimvq mevb A c v Ki Q mgq P j hvq bzv (Rvgvb mv ne) Avi Av m bv KD KD Avevi nzvk n q wd i hv Q Ñ bvn& wkqyb Kivi bvb, cövpxi n eb K qkrb wprkvi K i jvkrb K msmwvz Kivi Póv K i G ai Yi K_v e j ÑÔ Zvgiv ei n q AvmQ bv Kb? jvwv, euvk, BuU wb q G m evav `vi KvIqvjx `L Qv bvwk?õ, bzv GLbI Av m bv ew i bvgkiv MvRv mebkvix ÔKweiÕ cywjk K gvivz K fvlvq MvwjMvjvR Ki Z _v K GKRb jvk, Kwei Gi K_vevZ vi AZxó n q Pzc _vkvi Rb agk `q Ñ ÔPvcv gviq K võ? ÔKweiÕ DËi `q Ñ ÔAvwg Pvcvi wó Pz...Õ G mgq m my `i K i Awfbq K i `Lvq Ñ wkfv e ew i bzviv UvKv L q Pzc K i M Q wb Riv (wjwvi) cq b _ K mvaviy gvbyl `i Ô fv`vbõ ( evkv) evwb q mvg b GwM q w` Q hv Z Giv Km Lvq I mgm q c o RUjv-4 wkqz eq v gwnjvi GKUv RUjv j Kwi Avwg GKUz GwM q h ZB ïwb GK e v Qov KvU Q Ñ Ômš vmx Mv Kv j, L j`v wrqv (mikvi cöavb) `v jõ GKRb eq gwnjv Avgv K e j ÑÔLvwj LvZv Kjg wb q NvivNywi Ki HLv b wm q cövpx ii KvR _vgv Z cvi bvõ? Avwg Avgvi mxgve Zvi K_v Dbv K evsv Z _vwk wkš Dwb Avgvi K_v wvkg Zv bv ky bb, cwi vi evsjvq e j `b Ñ ÔeySwQ- Zzwg Avgvi nviqvi gi`õ GK jvk e fv e/ri wifv e Avgv K W K wb q wm q e jb Ñ Ôfvj K i cwîkvq GKUv wi cvu K i `bõ Dbv K wb q K_v ejvi Rb mc mf GbwRIÕi Awd mi Kv Q G mwq Ñ ZLbB Av ikevi `Šovwb w`j (wbg vy Kv Ri cv k jvkrb ewk n q M j Kwgkbv ii jvkrb GKUv K i `Šovwb `q, mevb ew i fz i Xy K hvq Avevi Av Av HLv b GKwÎZ nq) grvi e vcvi n jv A bk mgq P j M Q wkš GLbI bzv Av mwb (wjwv ii Rb mevb A c v Ki Q) nvvr wji kã ïwb Gici Rwmg fvb qi cxovcxwo Z ( md mf -Gi g v brvi) md mf Gi Awd m (ew i cv kb `vzvjvq) P j Avwm Ges e vjkbx Z `uvwo q gvivgvwii cy iv NUbvwU `wl, huv Ggb Ñ wewfbœ w`k _ K ew i jvkrb jvwv, evuk, BuU wb q Kv Ri (cövpxi wbg v Yi) w` K `Š o hv Q Gici Kwgkbv ii jvkrb, cywjk, Avbmvi, wg xi w` K e vck BU co Z jvmj Ñ Avbmviiv Zv `i cyiv bv A jv Nv o Zz j K v úi Gi w` K `Šo w` jv, cici 3/4wU wji kã Ges Aí mg qi g a Kwgkbv ii K vwviiv cywj ki 43

49 mvg b w` q, nv Z AvaywbK (cywj ki P q) A wb q, KD nv Z euvk wb q ew evmx `i Zvwo q w`j, Ges wj Ki Z jvm j ew i jvkrb ZLb KvYVvmv, QÎf½, wew ßfv e wewfbœ w`k _ K BuU gvivi Póv Ki Q Ñ `ye jfv e BwZg a Avbmviiv mvnmx f½x Z fv½v e `yk Nv o K i g  (ew Z) Dcw Z, KviY ew evmxiv ZLb Zv gâ _ K `~ i cywjk G mgq bxie, mvdvq e m Kwgkbv ii mv _ wmmv iu Lv Q (c i `vkvb`vi `i KvQ _ K ï bwq) A bk Kó K i c jw_b w` q ˆZwi ew i Ni jv Avgv `i Pv Li mvg b fv½v Z _v K K vwviiv Ñ G mgq gwnjv, wkï `i `Šov `Šwo, wprkvi kvbv hvq Dcw Z mevb KD Ñ ÔAgvbweKÕ, Ômxgv ii KvRÕ, ÔAgvby li KvRÕ, Ôcïi gz KvRÕ, Ñ G ai bi kã e envi KiwQ jb BwZg a ew evmx `i K qkrb Avevi msmwvz nevi Póv K i Ges BU gvi Z _v K, j Kwi Ñ Avbmviiv fv½v e `yk Nv o K i `Šo w` jv K v úi w` K Kwgkbv ii K vwvi `i Gevi m ez m v b jv M Ñ ÔGZeo mvnm wj Kwi ZeyI BU gvwimõ- Ggb GKUv ivm _ K Avevi wø Y msl vq wj Ki Z Ki Z ew i g a Xy K c o Ges gwnjv, wkï Kvb wkqzb evqwepvi K i bv, hv K cvq Zv KB cuv Z _v K, `ytlrbk GKUv NUbv Avgiv H e vjkbx _ K `L Z cvb Ñ GK gwnjvi cq b euvk nv Z K qkuv Q j `Šov Q cuv e e j Ñ gwnjv `Š o G m cövq Avgv `i mvg bi GKUv cwjw_ bi N ii g a Xy K Mv q jc Rwo q wb jv, N ii mvg b Pzjvq fvz ev Ab wkqzi Rb cvwb dzuwqj mb Mig cvwbi cvî a i Q j jv N ii g a Xy K gwnjvi j ci Dci X j w`j Ñ m ½ m ½ gwnjv wprkvi w` q evb i ei n q Avm jv Ñ gyl, nvz me cvov Ñ Q j jv nvm Z nvm Z P j Avmj grvi e vcvi nj bzv ZLbI Av mbwb cy iv ew i g a ZLb cywj ki mvg b, Kwgkbv ii jvkrb ZvÊe Pvjv Q nvvr ew i g a i gmwr `i gvbk _ K KD GKRb wprkvi K i ej Z _v K Ñ Ôew i fvb, ev biv Zvgiv jvwv, euvk, hvb cvi ZvB wb q ew i gmwr `i mvg b P j Av mvõ jvkrb K msmwvz Kivi Póv Ki Z _v Kb wzwb K vwviiv wec` eys Z c i ew Q o w` q mevb A nv Z Qz U hvq gmwr `i w` K Ges wm qb evuk w` q we`ÿ r-gi Zvi wewqbœ K i `q hb gvb K Avi jvkrb K msmwvz Ki Z bv cv i Gici jvwv, euvk nv Z wb q K qkrb K vwvi RyZv Ly j (!) gmwr `i fz i cö ek K i Ges H gvb K NvlYv `Iqv jvkwu K U b gmwr` _ K ei K i G b cuv Z _v K bzv ZLbI ew evmx `i mvnvh Kivi Rb Av mwb ew i wkqz jvkrb wcuvwb L q `Š o G m. md mf Awd mi wewìs-g DV Z Pvq wkš evwoiqvjv Sv gjvq co Z Pvq bv, ZvB gbb M Ui `irvq Zvjv jvwm q `b hw`i j Kijvg cv ki evwoiqvjv wvkb MBU Ly j GB wec ` cov jvk jv K evwoi fz i XyK Z w` jb e vjkbx _ K j KiwQ GZ NUbv N U P j Q Gi g a B GK gwnjv ev Pv Kv j K i wbwe Kvi fw½ Z e m wk hb ivbœv Ki Q K qkrb G m Zvi N i euvk w` q evwo w` jv wkš wzwb wbwe Kvi Zvi hvezxq g bv hvm H fv Zi w` K Ñ Ab wkqy Z Zvi wkqzb G m hvq bv nvvr 2/3 Rb K i ek wkqz jvk ew i g a i b`xi cv k (cpv ai Yi Wvev, mevb b`x e j) R ov n Z _v K Avwg wprkvi K i Rvb Z PvB wk n q Q? Ñ GKRb K g i, Kwgkbv ii jvkrb b`x Z d j w` q Q mevb eo eo euvk w` q cvwbi g a LyuR Z _v K nvvr Avwe Z nq hv K LuvRv n Q m b`x Z bq- nvz, cv fv½v Ae vq ew i g a B Av Q ew evmxiv m ú~y KvYVvmv, Kwgkbv ii jvkrb A DwV q Ny i eov Q Ggb mgq Avbmviiv Avevi e `yk Nv o K i ú U cö ek Ki jv grvi e vcvi nj ZLbI bzv Av mwb aviyv Kiv nq- wec `i mg q Giv Av m bv nvvr `wl cy iv ew i g a QvULvU ai Yi GKUv jyucvu ïi n q M Q ew i wkqz jvkrbb GKv Ri nvzv ek wkqz jvkrb K `wl wb R `i gvjcî wb Riv eu a wb RivB cvwbi g a d j w` QÑc i Rvb Z cvwi jy Ui nvz _ K gvjcî evpv bvi GUv ew evmx `i cyivzb GKUv c wz Dci _ KB j Kwi A bk jvkrb gvjcî, ev Pv Kv j K i RvqMv Q o P j hv Q wkš Zv `i mv _ K_v ej Z cvwiwb KviY wb P ZLb gvivgvwi gvivgvwi k l wb P Avmjvg, j Kwi wb R `i g a jvkrb Av jvpbv Ki Q Ñ AvnZ `i wpwkrmv LiP K w` e? bzv Kb Avm jv bv? Ñ gvivgvwii m~îcvz wb q hlb Z_ ei Kivi Póv Kijvg ZLb j Kwi ew evmxiv GKB ai bi K_v e j Ñ ÔAvgv `i gwnjv `i Iiv Acgvb K i Q, Zvici gvivgvwi ïi n q M QÕ Ab w` K bzyb evrv i Pv qi `vkv b Kwgkbv ii `yõ Q ji (K vwvi) mv _ K_v nq Ñ (gvivgvwi K i G m Pv Lv Q) Zviv gvivgvwii m~îcvz m ú K e j Ñ ew i jvkrb Ggwc Lv j Ki QvU fvb Ges Kwgkbv ii w` K BuU gv i c i gvivgvwi ïi nq cy iv gvivgvwi k l hw` jvf wzi wnmve Kiv nq, Zv n j Ggb `uvovq- (K) ew evmx `i cwjw_ bi ˆZwi Ni jv f ½ `Iqv n jv (L) wu K _vkvi PóviZ wkqz jvk ew Q o P j 44

50 M jv (M) wbiciva wkqz jvk (ew evmx) AvnZ n q nvmcvzv j Mj (N) cövpxi ˆZwii KvR _ g Mj (O) c ii w`b Kwgkbvi ew evmx `i bv g, ew evmxiv Kwgkbv ii bv g _vbvq Km Ki jv Ges iv Z `yõrb gwnjvmn 18 Rb K cywjk A v i K i wigv Ê wb jv MÖdZvi niqv cwievi jv ek Sv gjvi g a Av Q Ab w` K cövpx ii iw, BuU mewkqz ew evmxiv Ly j wb q M Q gvivgvwii djvdj _ K `Lv hvq ew evmxiv A bk jv wzi m ylxb n ji Zviv h ew i cövpx ii KvR _vgv Z c i Q GUv ek eo GKUv e vcvi Hw` bi cyiv NUbvwU wqj H ikg Avbmvi `i K v ú wqj ew _ K ek `~ i- cy iv gvivgvwii mgq Ggb cwiw wz KLbB m wó nqwb h- ew evmxiv Avbmvi K v ú nvgjv K i jyucvu K i grvi e vcvi nj c ii w`b cövq mekqwu RvZxq cwîkvq-g msµvš wi cvu Av m hw`i 25 nvrvi jv Ki _vkvi RvqMv GB cvov ew ivzvivwz D Q` K i 25 nvrvi jvk K M nnxb K i `Iqv n ji m msµvš Kvb wi cvu Zgbfv e Kvb RvZxq cwîkvq Av mwb wi cvu jvi wk ivbvg wqj Ggb Ôˆ`wbK B ËdvK 13 Rvbyqvwi, cö_g c ôv Ñ ÔXvKvq Avbmvi K v ú jyuñcywj ki m ½ ew evmx `i msn l AvnZ 50Õ g~j wi cvu n jv- ÔbM` UvKv, 16 ivdê wj, wecyj cwigvy gvjcî ew evmxiv jyu K i QÕ ˆ`wbK cö_g Av jv 13 Rvbyqvwi, kl c ôvq eo K i Ñ ÔKj vycyi ew Z msnl, wj jyuõ Ô16 Avbmvimn 20 Rb AvnZÕ- g~j wi cvu nj Ñ Ôgvjvgvj I 16 ivdê wj jyu Kwgkbvi I GBPweAviAvB-Gi jvkrb K ew evmxiv wn i d j Ges G jvcvzvwo gviai ïi K iõ ˆ`wbK msev` 13 Rvbyqvwi, cö_g c ôvq eo K i Ñ Ôwgicyi Avbmvi K v ú nvgjv wj, cvkvk I ikb jyu Ñ GKRb Avbmvi AvnZÕ G `i wi cvu wu GKUz Ab ikg n ji wkqyuv wfwë Av Q ÑÔew evmxiv wj, cvkvk I ikb jyu K i wb q M Q Kwgkbvi kvgxg cvi f Ri bz Z GB nvgjv n q Q e j Awf hvm wg j QÕ Ñ ew evmx `i g a A bk K ej Z ï bwq _vbvq hv Z Km Ki Z myweav nq mrb Kwgkbvi Zvi Q j `i w` q GB KvR Kwi q Q, hv Z Km k³ nq ˆ`wbK fv ii KvMR 13 Rvbyqvwi, cö_g c ôvq eo K i Ñ ÔKj vycyi Avbmvi K v ú ew evmxi nvgjv, wj jyu Ñ KgvÊvimn 20 Avbmvi, 2 cywjkmn AvnZ 50, G `i g~jwi cvu Ñ Ôew evmxiv, Avbmvi K v ú fvspzi K i Q, 16 ivdê wj jyu K i Q, Ges gvjvgvj jyu K i QÕ ˆ`wbK hymvš i 13 Rvbyqvwi kl cvzvq eo K i Ñ Ôew evmxi nvgjvq Kj vycy i 7 Avbmvi AvnZÕ Ñ G `i g~jwi cvu nj Ñ Ôew evmxiv evgv dvwu q Q, ZvÊe Pvwj q Q, jvwv w` q Avbmvi `i wcuv q Q, Avbmvi `i gvjvgvj I 16 ivdê wj wb q M Q ew evmxivõ ˆ`wbK AvR Ki KvMR 13 Rvbyqvwi kl c ôvq eo K i Ñ Ô Ôwgicyi Avbmvi K v ú D Q` niqv ew evmx `i nvgjv, wj el Y, 11 Rb MÖdZvi AvnZ 3Õ Ñ Zv `i g~jk_v ew evmxiv Avbmvi K v ú nvgjv, fvspzi K i Q Ges 16 ivdê wj wb q M Q ˆ`wbK gvberwgb 13 Rvbyqvwi 8 bs c ôvq QvU K i Ñ ÔKj vycyi Avbmvi K v ú mš vmx nvgjv, fvspzi jyucvu, 16 Rb AvUK g~jk_v wj jyuõ e 2. msnl : ch e Y ebvg cîcwîkvi eqvb ch e Y NUbvi myîcvz cövpxi wbg vy K wn i wbg vyvaxb cövpx ii Kv Q ew evmx `i RUjv Kwgkbv ii K vwvi KZ K RUjvKvix `i aviqv ew evmx `i QÎf½ Ki Z K vwvi `i nvgjv nvgjvq ew evmx `i Nievwo fvspzimn A b KB AvnZ wkqz ew evmx KZ K jyuzivr cywjk I Avbmv ii NUbv j n Z wbivc` `~i Z Ae vb cwîkvi wi cvu NUbvi myîcvz wel q bxiezv ew evmx KZ K Kwgkbvi Ges GBPweAviAvB Kg x `i NivI ew evmx KZ K Avbmvi K v ú nvgjv Avbmvi K v ú _ K ew evmx `i gvjvgvj I wj jyu wekr bi AwaK Avbmvi I cywjk AvnZ `Lv hvq (e -2) cö Z KwU cwîkvqb ˆKŠk j NUbvi g~j bvqk Kwgkbvi K ev` `Iqv n q Q Ñ hb wzwb Av `Š ew Z wq jb bv Ab w` K me jv cwîkv ZB ew evmx `i mš vmx wnmv e, jyukvix wnmv e, Av M nvgjvkvix, evgvevr, A ea `LjKvix wnmv e `Lv bv n q Q 45

51 `ye ji cöwz iva GB gvb ezi cwiw wz ZI `wi`ª ew evmxiv wbr ^ ai b gzvevb `i wei cöwz iva cöwzev` Rvbv bvi Póv K i hv ek KŠZzn jvïxck ewkifvm Î `Lv hvq Ñ ew D Q` gv b ÔmKj ew evmx vbz vm K i QÕ Ggb GKwU mvaviy aviyv `Iqv nq Ñ wkš GB M elyvi Î Z_v Kj vycyi ew i Î `Lv M Q jvkrb `ybfv e wu K _vkvi Póv Ki Q Ñ (1) ew Z _ KB (2) vbz vm K i jlvi G Aa v q Ôew Z _ KBÕ Gi Dci Av jvkcvz Kivi Póv KiwQ K qkwu Km vwwi gva g welqwu cwi vi n e h D Q`K Z ew evmxiv wkfv e GKw` K QvU QvU NUbv, Re K AuvK o a i wu K _vk Z Pvq Avevi Ab w` K wgwqj, B QvK Z SMov, gvivgvwii gva g Ñ gzvevb `i PvL ivov bv D c v K i QvULvU cöwz iv ai gva g wu K _vkvi Póv K i ew Z wfbœ ai bi wgwqj Ô`ywbqvi...(Mvwj) GK niõ Ñ ew D Q `i ci Ñ A bk cwiev ii wekí _vkvi RvqMv bv _vkvq ew ZB euvk Ges cwjw_ bi N i Ae vb Ki Q wu K _vk Z n j Ñ wgwqj Ki Z n e Ñ Ggb GKUv aviyv _ K vbxq wjwvi ai bi jvkr bi D ` v M ew ZB GKUv wgwqj-gi Av qvrb Kiv nq wekvj ejv hlb wgwqj ïi nq ZLb KvQ _ K ch e Y K iwq Avi `kuv mvaviy wgwqj Gi g Zv GUv wqj bv 10/12 Rb gwnjv, cyi l `uvwo q wgwqj ïi i Póv Ki Q wkš jv Ki Afv e ïi Kiv hv Q bv Ô`ywbqvi ew evmx GK niõ Ñ wprkvi w` q hlb jvk R ovi Póv Ki Q GKRb ZLb Av ikrb jvk cvk _ K e j I V Ñ Ô`ywbqvi...GK niõ Ñ Avwg H jv Ki Kv Q Rvb Z PvB-G K_v ej jb Kb? Ñ ÔGLb GZ dvjvdvwj K i jvf Av Q? Ñ ew fv½vi w`b Zv KD mvg b GwM q Avm jv bvõ A bk K Rvi K i wgwq j Avbvi Póv Ki j e j Ôe b evm K i Kzwg ii mv _ weev` K i jvf bbõ GiciI D ` v³viv ` g bv wm q wø Y Drmv n wgwqj Kivi Póv Ki Z _v K GK mgq wgwqj ïi nq-whwb vmvb Gi bz Z w`w Q jb wzwb wvk g Zv wgjv Z cv ib bv hgb wzwb hw` e jb Ñ ew evmxi cybe vmb PvB, mevb ej Q Ñ iwdkzj Bmjvg Reve PvB GKUv ch v q wjw w` Z _v Kb GKUv KvMR nv Z wb q 46

52 e 3. KvMR ` L wjw `Iqv me P q AevK Kiv welq n jv wgwq ji mvg b 4/5 Rb eq v gwnjv, Giv mg kw³ w` q wprkvi Ki Q, Kvb vmv bi avi avi Q bv- Avi kã K i KvbœvKvwU Ki Q 2 Rb jvk K `Ljvg- Zviv wgwqj Ki Q bv wkš wewfbœ mkkb _ K wprkvi K i K i jvk RvMvo Ki Q, - H 8 bs Gi ecgvbiv ed wb q N i ï q AvQm K vb? wgwq j AvqÕ cy iv wgwq j gwnjv `i D j L hvm AskMÖnY _vk ji e³e `Iqvi mgq Zviv kªvzv Avi wzbrb cyi l wb Ri B QvgZ e³e w` Z _v Kb wb Ri e³ e i gv S wb RB _ g e jb Ñ Ômy jvmvb `Õ- mevb e j I V ÑÔcÖkvmb Reve PvBÕ Avevi GKRb e³v nv Z wj L G b ` L, ` L 5wU gšwjk AwaKvi-Gi K_v e j D j L K ib, G jv msm ` ivlv Av Q Ñ G jv w` Z mikvi eva Avgv `i Avwg, wewwavi Avmvi R e Kvb bv `Iqvi Rb mzk Kiv nq, ivzvivwz cövpxi hv Z bv w` Z cv i m wel q mzk Kiv nq ÔDc i Avj v, wb P Kvgvj nv mbõ Ñ G ai bi GKK e w³i Dci fimvi Zv `i e³ e cökvk cvq ew i GK jvk (e ) GKw`b 4/5 Rb K m ½ wb q wkw Z jvk LyuR Z _v K Lv j`v wrqv K wpwv jlvi Rb Avgvi mv _ `Lv n j Zv `i Aby iv a Avwg Zv `i K_v Abymv i wb Pi wpwvwu wj L w`b Zviv wbwðz GB wpwv Lv j`v wrqv K cvvv e, m co e Ges ew i v Ki e 47

53 e 4. Lvjv wpwv 786 Avcv (Lv j`v wrqv), Ki Y Kvwnbx kv bb, Avgv `i (G ew evmx) wenvix `i P qi Lvivc Ae vq Avcwb i L Qb Zviv (wenvix) ikb cvq, cvwb cvq, _vkvi RvqMv Av Q Avgv `i Zv wkqzb bvb Avgiv wk GZeo g~j nxb? Avgv `i ïay fvu Av Q Ñ HWvI K o wb q cyuwk Z jvw_ w` q, K q `b Ñ c w_exi Kvb ` k Avgiv _vke? Avgiv gi ji h Kvco ci ev, h N i _vke, Avcwb gi ji H N i _vk eb Zvn j fv Ui Av M e jwq jb ew evmx `i cybe vmb Kie mb K_vi ei Ljvc Ki jb K vb? Avcv Avcwb GB Kwgkbv ii gz Pjv ejv mvgjvb, bb j wec` Zvgvi wk bvb i `qv.. I.. I.. wbôzi gqbv Ñ BwZ Zvgvi fvb Mvj KvUv gwz bi ûskvi ew i g a `vkv b e m AvwQ ew Z NUv gvivgvwi Z Kwgkbv ii c _ K ew evmx `i wei wj Kiv `ybrb jvk nu U hvq Ñ mevb ZvwK q _v K, KD wkqz e j bv Zviv A bk `~ i P j hviqvi ci MvjKvUv gwzb (mš vmx bq, wbixn ew evmx) wprkvi K i, MvwjMvjvR Ki Z _v K Ñ ÔAvgvi mv _ Avi 2 Rb jvk _vk j BuU g i Kz.. ev Pv `i gv_v dvwu q w`zvgõ- GB K_v hlb e j, Avwg wbwðz ` LwQ H `ybrb hviqvi mgq MvjKvUv gwzb Gi cv k 5/6 Rb jvk wqj, hviv mevb ew evmx wgicy ii eüz ew i jvkr bi mv _ fvj cwipq n q hviqvq, gvuvgywu melv b hviqvi Ges mek_v kvbvi AbygwZ wqj Avgvi ek wkqz jv Ki GKUv wgwus ` L AvwgI e m cwo Zv `i mv _ Zv `i Av jvpbvi welqe ek KŠZzn jvïxck, mvgvb GB gv_v MuvRvi VuvBUzKz i v Kivi Rb Zv `i wk AvKyjZv Ñ K qkrb wg j cö ve K i Ñ ÔAvgiv mevb jvjuzi ( gzvmxb QvÎ` ji mfvcwz) Kv Q hvb, Zvi evwo fvjvi wkecyi Avgv `i ewkifvm jv Ki evwoi Zv wkecyi, Zvi Kv Q wm q Avgiv mvnvh PvB j wbðq ew wuk eõ K qkrb nviqv 48