ISSN PZz` k el wøzxq msl v AMÖnvqY- cšl 1424, ww m ^i 2017

Transcription

1 ISSN PZz` k el wøzxq msl v AMÖnvqY- cšl 1424, ww m ^i 2017

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3 Dc `óv m úv`k gbryi Avng` m úv`k Avey nvwg` jwzd PZz` k el wøzxq msl v AMÖnvqY- cšl 1424, ww m ^i 2017

4 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx mf ` v wpj Wªb-Gi wiw (READ) cö R± -Gi mn hvwmzvq ev dw-gi cökvkbv m úv`kxq cwil` Dc `óv m úv`k gbryi Avng` m úv`k Avey nvwg` jwzd m`m ggzvr Rvnvb gvnv ` gwreyi ingvb MŠZg ivq cö Q` Aveyj gbmyi

5 Publication Information Bangladesh Shikhsha Shamoiki (Bangladesh Education Periodical) is published by- Bangladesh Forum for Educational Development (BAFED) in collaboration with different organisations. Articles for publication in this journal are required to be of high standard and meet the criteria set by the editorial board. The articles are selected in two ways: either these are Collected by BAFED or these can be sent directly to the editor. In both cases, the journal follows a peer review process and is edited by a board of editors. The journal is published from Bangladesh twice a year in Bangla Language and the ISSN of the journal is Another publication of BAFED is Bangladesh Education Journal published in English. This is also published in collaboration with different organisations. Bangladesh Education Journal follows a peer review process. The journal is published from Bangladesh twice a year in English Language and the ISSN of the journal is ( ). Both the Journals are disseminated widely in print at national and international levels. They have a wide readership among those who are working in the area of education and development, both in the government and outside, as academics, researchers, policy makers, development partners and civil-society members. The contents of both Journals are posted on the website: Bangladesh Shikhsha Samoiki (Bangla Education Periodical), year-14, number-2, December, 2017 edited by Abu Hamid Latif and Shafiul Alam. Published by Nazmul Haq, Executive Secretary, BAFED, on behalf of Bangladesh Forum for Educational Development. (BAFED) 278/3 Elephant Road (3rd Floor), Kataban, Dhaka Phone: , bafed93@yahoo.com, Website: Printed by Arka, 3/1, Block: F, Lalmatia, Dhaka Phone: Price Tk US$ 5.00

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7 m úv`kxq evsjv ` ki wkÿv mvgwqkxi ez gvb msl vi PviwU cöe Üi cöwzwu Z wfbœ wfbœ welqe Av jvwpz n q Q wkï `i covi Af vm e w i ÿ Î MÖš vmvi Kxfv e f wgkv ivl Z cv i, Zvi GKwU Zzjbvg~jK wpî cviqv hv e cö_g cöeüwu Z wøzxq cöe Ü gva wgk Í ii wkÿv_ x `i MwYZ fxwzi KviY AbymÜvb Kivi cvkvcvwk Kxfv e GB fxwz KvwU q IVv hvq, mb mycvwik i q Q Z Zxq cöeüwu Av jvpbv K i Q evsjv fvlvi iæz c~y GKwU welq ÔKviÕnxb e Y i D PviY ˆewPÎ m ú K me kl cöe Ü RvZxq ch v q wkÿv_ x `i AR b hvpvb q m ½ mvÿizvi gvb Dbœqb K m úwk Z K i ZvwË K I cöv qvwmk we køly Kiv n q Q cö_g cöeüwui djvdj _ K `Lv hvq, cwikwíz Dcv q MÖš vmvi e envi Kiv n j Zv wkÿv_ x `i Rb wklb mnvqk cwi ek m wó Ki Z cv i wkïi covi Af vm I evamg Zv Dbœq b MÖš vmv ii f~wgkv: evsjv ` k mikvwi Ges KwgDwbwUwfwËK MÖš vmv ii Kvh µ gi cöfve g~j vqb wk ivbv gi M elyvwu Z M elke ` mikvwi I KwgDwbwUwfwËK MÖš vmv ii f wgkv bvbvfv e e vl v K i Qb M elke ` ebrjvbb Z _ i m ½ GÛjvBb Z _ i Zzjbvg~jK Av jvpbv K i MÖš vmvi e env ii mydjmg~n ey bv K i Qb G Z `Lv hvq, cövq me jv m~p KB ebrjvbb _ K GÛjvB b BwZevPKfv e MÖš vmvi e env ii mydj cviqv M Q we klz wkï `i MÖš vmvigylx Ki Z, covi Af vm M o Zzj Z I cvb `ÿzv Dbœq b MÖš vmvi jv f~wgkv ivl Z c i Q e j M elyvi djvdj _ K Rvbv hv Q cö qvrbxq G M elyvwu Avgv `i ` ki MÖš vmvi mwvkfv e e envi Ki Z mswkøó mevb K D zä Ki e gva wgk Í ii wkÿv_ x `i MwY Z fxwz wb q we ÍvwiZ Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q evsjv ` ki gva wgk Í ii wk v_x `i MwYZ wel q fxwzi KviY AbymÜvb cöeüwu Z jlke ` wkÿv_ x `i MwY Zi cöwz fxwzi KviY AbymÜvb K i Qb I wkqz ev Íe mgm v Zz j aivi cvkvcvwk Kxfv e GB fxwz KvUv bv hvq, m m ú K mycvwiki cö`vb K i Qb g~jz, MwY Zi BwZnvm m ú K Rvbvi Afve, gšwjk wel q aviyv Kg _vkv, Dchy³ I `ÿ wkÿ Ki Afv ei cvkvcvwk Dchy³ wkÿy KŠk ji Afve, wk ÿvcki Yi Afve, cwiev ii m`m `i D`vmxbZv BZ vw` welq M elyvq djvdj wn m e D V G m Q evsjv ` ki gva wgk wkÿvq wkÿv_ xiv h welq jv K me P q ewk fq cvq Ges Gi dj wn m e Zv `i g a `xn vqx fxwz m wó nq, MwYZ Zvi Ab Zg ez gvb M elyv MwYZ wel q hviv KvR Ki Qb, cöeüwu Zuv `i DcKv i Avm e e j Avgiv g b KiwQ evsjv fvlvq ^ie Y i wjwlz iƒ c Kvi-Gi mvnv h cökvk Kiv nq GB cökv ki wbr ^ wkqz aib I ixwz i q Q Z e m jvi wkqz wkqz RwUj Ges wkqz wkqz ÿ Î m jv K wbq gi g a Avbv KwVb evsjv fvlvq ÔKviÕ-nxb e Y i D PviY ˆewPÎ cöe Ü jlk D³ welq jv Zz j a i Kvinxb e Y i D PviY ˆewPÎ K mvg b i L mnr eva wkqz wbqg cö`vb K i Qb hw`i Gme wbqg evsjv fvlv wel q AwfÁ `i Rb nq Zv eo Kv bv mgm v bq, wkš wkÿv_ x `i Rb G jv iæz c~y jlk cöpwjz kãmg~n _ K wewfbœ kã we køly K i m jv K Ggbfv e we køly K i Qb hv ïay wkÿv_ xb bq, G _ K cö Z KB DcK Z n eb e j Avgiv wek vm Kwi

8 evsjv ` ki cöÿvc U mvÿizvi gvb Dbœq b ÔRvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvbõ qi m úk wk ivbv gi cöe Ü jlkøq RvZxq ch v q wkÿv_ x `i AR b hvpvb qi bvbv w`k Zz j a i Qb wkÿv I mvÿizvi gv bi m ½ wkÿv_ x `i AR b h c wz Z g~j vqb Kiv n Q, m jv ZvwË K ` wó KvY _ K we køly K i evsjv ` ki cöÿvc U wkqz cö kœi AeZviYv Kiv n q Q we klz, GB ai bi AR b hvpvb Kvb ai bi Z Ë i m ½ m½wzc~y, m wel q wepvi-we køly Kiv n q Q cöeüwu Z evsjv ` k cöv_wgk Í i wkÿv_ x `i cövwšík hvm ZvwfwËK AR b hvpvb qi h c wz I KŠkj e envi Kiv nq, m jvi DbœqbK í G cöeüwu fvebvi LvivK hvmv Z mÿg

9 m~wpcî wkïi covi Af vm I evamg Zv Dbœq b MÖš vmv ii f~wgkv: evsjv ` k mikvwi Ges KwgDwbwUwfwËK MÖš vmv ii Kvh µ gi cöfve g~j vqb gv gv k, gyeviivz Aviwdb, myivbqv gvwnb gvt AvwK`yj Bmjvg, kvwnb Bmjvg, ibk P `ª gnvší Rv qj Uvb vi, Avwi KvU m 9-20 evsjv ` ki gva wgk Í ii wk v_x `i MwYZ wel q fxwzi KviY AbymÜvb ˆmq`v BkivZ Rvnvb f Tv Gm Gg nvwdryi ingvb evsjv fvlvq ÔKviÕ-nxb e Y i D PviY ˆewPÎ Zvwid nvqvz Lvb evsjv ` ki cöÿvc U mvÿizvi gvb Dbœq b ÔRvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvbõ qi m úk gvt ZwiKzj Bmjvg dvinvbv iwk` 41-56

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11 wkïi covi Af vm I evamg Zv Dbœq b MÖš vmv ii f~wgkv: evsjv ` k mikvwi Ges KwgDwbwUwfwËK MÖš vmv ii Kvh µ gi cöfve g~j vqb * * gv gv k, gyeviivz Aviwdb, myivbqv gvwnb gvt AvwK`yj Bmjvg, kvwnb Bmjvg, ibk P `ª gnvší ** ** Rv qj Uvb vi, Avwi KvU m * * * mvims ÿc G M elyvi j wq jv, Beyond Access Bangladesh cökíwu MÖš vmvi K KZUzKz mdjzvi mv _ wkïevüe Ges wklb mnvqk cwi ek ˆZwi Ki Z c i Q cök íi AvIZvq hme KvR Kiv n q Q, Zv n Q wkï Dc hvmx eb, cvb mvgmöx Ges Ljvi gva g wk vjvf Kiv hvq Ggb DcKiY weziy, MÖš vmv ii wk v cöhyw³ wnmv e tablet ev tab-g wkï wkÿv mnvqk wewfbœ apps- Gi e envi, wkï `i MÖš vmvigylx Kivi Rb MÖš vmvi K mymw¾z Kiv G cök íi gva g MÖš vmvwik K `ÿ K i M o Zvjv n q Q hv Z MÖš vmv ii wkïevüe Avmv wkï `i K mnvqzv Ki Z cv i Ges AwffveK I vbxq MY gvb e w³ `i MÖš vmv ii mv _ m ú ³ Ki Z cv i G M elyvq e envi Kiv n q Q wgkª c wzñ msl K Ges YMZ Z_ hv wkï `i Av_ -mvgvwrk Ae v, MÖš vmv ii mvwe K Kvh µg, MÖš vmv i cvb mvgmöxi AwfMgb Ges wczvgvzv I mgv Ri m c ³Zvi welq jv K cökvk K i Z_ msmön Kiv n q Q cök íi AvIZvfz³ evsjv ` ki 6wU wefv Mi 18wU MÖš vmvi _ K M elyvq `Lv M Q h, wkï `i MÖš vmvigylx Ki Z, covi Af vm I cvb `ÿzv Dbœq b MÖš vmvi jv f~wgkv ivl Z c i Q wkï `i wiwws Kb vi MÖš vmv ii myweav jvi m ½ GKwU PgrKvi ms hvrb wq jv M elyvi djvdj köwyk i evb i covi my hvm, covi Af vm, Avb `i m ½ covi Rb e q Kiv mg qi Ici wfwë K i ebrjvbb Z_ i m ½ Zzjbv Kiv n q Q M elyvi cöavb djvdj jvi g a GKwU n jv Avb `i m ½ coviõ mgq e w c q Q, GÛjvB b hvi Mo mgq wq jv wgwbu hv ebrjvbb Rwi c * gv gv k, gyeviivz Aviwdb, myivbqv gvwnb, gvt AvwK`yj Bmjvg, kvwnb Bmjvg, ibk P `ª gnvší: mf ` v wpj Wªb, XvKv, evsjv `k ** Rv qj Uvb vi: B Uvib vkbvj wimvp GÛ G PÄ evw ** Avwi KvU m: B Uvib vkbvj wimvp GÛ G PÄ evw evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 9

12 1. cuf~wg wq jv wgwbu Dciš, eüy `i mv _ covi wkïi msl v 35.80% _ K e w c q 64.20% n q Q G M elyvq Early Grade Reading Assessment (EGRA) gvckvwvmg~n AšÍf~ ³ wq jv hv MÖš vmvi e envikvix I A-e envikvix wkï `i g a Zzjbv Kiv n q Q 2q Ges 3q kªwyi wkï `i g a MÖš vmvi e envikvixiv MÖš vmvi A-e envikvixi Zzjbvq cvb `ÿzvq AwaKZi Dbœqb `Lv M Q 2q kªwyi wkï `i g a 51% MÖš vmvi e envikvixiv evamg fv e co Z cv i cÿvší i G nvi A-e envikvix `i g a wq jv 32% GKB wpî 3q kªwyi wkï `i g a I cwijw Z nq 3q kªwyi wkï `i g a MÖš vmvi e envikvix 50% wkï evamg fv e co Z cv i, hv A-e envikvix `i g a wq jv 35% 1.1. cök íi msw ß weeiy: Beyond Access Beyond Access wej Ges gwjûv MUm dvd Ûkbi A_ vq b cwipvwjz GKwU D ` vm Beyond Access Bangladesh, mf ` wpj Wªb-Gi READ (Reading Enhancement for Advancing Development) Ges IREX (International Research and Exchanges Board; evsjv `k cvewjk jvb eªix (mvs wzk welqk gš Yvjq)-mn Ab vb K nvìvi `i GKwU hš_ cö Póv mv cöwzk mg q we` vj qi wkï fwz i nvi e o M ji cöv_wgk ch v q ch vß covi ` Zv AR bi Rb wk ve e vi cö Póv Ae vnz i q Q mgm vwu RwUj n q I V hlb wkï köwyk ch vß mgq cv Q bv Ges cö qvrbxq ` Zv I DcKi Yi Afv e Zv `i AwffveKiv Zv `i mšívb `i A_ c~y fv e co Z klvi Î Kvh Ki fzwgkv ivl Z cv ib bv GQvovI, evsjv ` k KwgDwbwU Ges MYMÖš vmvimg~ ni GKwU we Í Z buiqvk _vkv m Ë I MÖš vmvi wj mv izv e w i cö Póvq mwµq f wgkv cvjb Ki Z cvi Q bv cök Zc, MÖš vmvi wj cy iv bv Ges hye I eo `i e envikvix `i Rb Dc hvmx hw`i hye I cöexy cör b i gvbyl `i MÖš vmv ii h iyxq wz Av Q, ZiæY cör b i g a Zv `Lv hvq bv KviY MÖš vmvi jv mg qi cwiez bi mv _ hy Mvc hvmx Kiv nqwb G MÖš vmvi jv K wkï mnvqk I mg qvc hvmx K i M o Zvjvi D Ï k 2015 mv j, IREX Ges mf ` wpj Wªb mviv ` k 20wU MÖš vmvi (hvi g a 16wU KwgDwbwU MÖš vmvi Ges 4wU mikvwi MYMÖš vmvi)-gi mv _ G cökí ev Íevqb K i Q Beyond Access cök íi j n jv evsjv ` ki wewfbœ A j 20wU KwgDwbwU I MYMÖš vmv i D vebx Kvh µ gi gva g wkï `i mv izvi djvdj DbœZ Kiv Beyond Access MÖš vmv ii wkï `i covi DcKiY, mv izv cöhyw³ Ges cöwk Y cö`vb K i G cökíwui j we` vj qi evb i wk v_ x `i covi mgq e w Ges ^vaxb `ÿ cvvk wnmv e ˆZwi Kiv GQvovI cökíwu wkï `i covi Af vm evov bvi Rb AwffvK `i g a m PZbZv e w i j KvR Ki Q GBfv e 10 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

13 Beyond Access evsjv `k cöv_wgk Í ii wkï `i we` vj qi evb i MÖš vmv i G m wkïi covi Af vm I cvb `ÿzv e w i Î KwgDwbwUi kw³kvjx fzwgkv wbwðz Kivi ÿ Î KvR K i Q 1.2. g~j vqb j M elyvi D Ïk wq jv cökíwu K ZvUv mdjfv e MÖš vmvwik `i mv izv aviyvi Ici cö qvrbxq cöwk Y w` q Q, wkï ` K MÖš vmv i KZUzKz wklb mnvqzv Ki Z c i Q Ges evevgv qi AskMÖn Yi gva g Kxfv e wkï `i covi ` Zv e w Z fzwgkv ivl Q, Zv g~j vqb Kiv GQvovI GB M elyvq gva g wøzxq Ges Z Zxq köwy Z Aa qbiz wk v_ x `i g a hviv MÖš vmv ii wm q Q Avi hviv hvqwb Zv `i mv izv djvd j Kv bv cv_ K Av Q wkbv Early Grade Reading Assessment (EGRA) mvabx e envi K i Zvi GKwU ZzjbvgyjK wpî Dc vc bi D ` vm biqv n q Q 1.3. M elyvi cökœvejx G M elyvi g~j g~j vqb cökœ n Q: 1. kªwyk i evb i wkï `i covi mgq e w i Î MÖš vmvi jv KZUzKz fzwgkv i L Q? 2. MÖš vmvi jvi DcKiY Ges MÖš vmvwik `i bz Z cwipvwjz Kg m~wp jv wøzxq Ges Z Zxq kªwy Z Aa qbiz wk v_ x `i covi ` Zv e w Z Kx f~wgkv i L Q? 1.4. Kvh c wz Rwic DcKiY Ges cökœvejx cöviw K ch v q M elyv `j wkï AskMÖnYg~jK MÖš vmv ii bgybv Rwi ci Rb P~ovšÍ mgš^ qi gva g cökœvejx cö Z K i Q Ges cöwk Y cö`vb K i Q EGRA g~j vq bi Rb Z_ msmö ni Kv R U ve ju e envi Kiv n q Q Ges EGRA mvabxmg~n e env ii Rb Dchy³ mduiq v ii gva g Z_ msmön Kiv n q Q I qe ebr UvbwRwib cøvudig e envi Kiv n q Q bgybv AvKvi 18wU MÖš vmv i GB M elyvwu cwipvwjz nq, hlv b cökíwu ev ÍevwqZ n Q cöviw K bgybv AvKvi 18 cökí ev ÍevqbKvix MÖš vmvi _ K 234wU wkï wq jv Ges 2015 mv ji ww m ^i gv m ebrjvbb Rwi c AskMÖnYKvix GKB wkï `i KvQ _ K Z_ msmö ni cwikíbv wq jv Z e, DËi`vZv `i wkqz cökí ev ÍevqbKvix GjvKv Q o P j hviqvq Ges Zv `i Ae vb Rvbv bv hviqvi Kvi Y bgybv AvKvi K g 194- Z `vuwo q Q M elyvwu evsjv ` ki QqwU wefv M cwipvwjz n qwq jv (11wU Rjv I 18wU Dc Rjv) YMZ M elyvi Rb wbe vwpz MÖš vmv ii 5 Rb MÖš vmvwi Ki mv _ cvupwu KII, wkï `i AwffveK `i mv _ PviwU FGD Ges MÖš vmv ii AskMÖnYKvix wkï `i mv _ PviwU FGD Kiv nq evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 11

14 EGA Uzj mi gva g Z_ msmö ni Rb, Kv bv KwgDwbwU Z emevmkvix wkï `i g a hviv MÖš vmv i hvq Ges hviv hvq bv, Zv `i Dfq MÖæc _ K bgybv biqv nq bgybv _ K 2q ev 3q kªwy Z Aa qbiz 123 wkïi mvÿvzkvi biqv n qwq jv M elyvq AskMÖnYKvix wkï `i msl v wb œiƒc: mviyx 2: EGRA-Gi Rb bgybv AvKvi MÖš vmvi e envikvix MÖš vmvi A-e envikvix gvu 2. M elyvi djvdj MÖW MÖW bgybv Rwic _ K cövß Z_ vw` we køly Kiv n q Q cök íi w_iwi Ae PÄ-Gi Ici wfwë K i (wb œ w_iwi I PÄ) gvu jlwpî 1: w_iwi I PÄ SPHERE OF CONTROL SPHERE INFLUENCE SPHERE OF INTEREST Beyond Access Provided reading materials Beyond Access Provided children's materials Beyond Access Provided literacy technology Beyond Access training Library spaces are child- friendly, literacy enabling environment Librarians have skills to mentor children's reading Librarians have skills to support parents in engaging children Children increase library use Children spend increased time reading independently Increased reading support outside school (non-formal) tutoring Parents engage children in reading activities Improved children's literacy READ school based interventions 12 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

15 2.1.1 DËi`vZv `i RbmsL vzvwë K we køly GÛjvBb g~j vq bi Rb Kiv msl vzœk bgybv Rwi c 194 Rb wkï wq jv GB wkïiv 2015 mv ji ebrjvbb M elyvq DËi`vZv wnmv e Ask wb qwq jv bgybv AvKv ii g a 111 Rb (57%) Q j Ges 83 Rb (43%) g q wq jv DËi`vZv `i Mo eqm wq jv 11 eqi hlv b, 49% DËi`vZvi eqm eqi Ges 41% Gi eqm 8-10 eqi DËi`vZviv 1g _ K 8g kªwy Z cvviz 64% cöv_wgk we` vj q ZvwjKvfz³; hlv b 2% 1g kªwyi I 9% 2q kªwyi 36% gva wgk we` vj q ZvwjKvfz³ M n vwji Kv R mnvqzv M n vjxi Kv R e q Kiv wkï `i mg qi ebrjvbb I GÛjvB bi g a Zzjbv Ki j Avgiv `L Z cvb h, 2 NÈviI ewk mgq a i mvnvh Kiv wkï `i kzkiv nvi ebrjvb bi 16.9% _ K K g 3.9% n q Q 30 wgwb UiI Kg mgq a i mvnvh Kiv wkï `i msl v emjvb bi 4.9% _ K 26.5% G e w c q Q hvb nvk, wkï `i AwaKvskB Dfq M elyvq 30 wgwbu _ K 2 NÈv mgq e q K i Q mviyx 3: M n vjxi Kv R e q Kiv mg qi Zzjbv M n vjxi Kv R e q Kiv wgwbu/mgq 30 wgwb UiI Kg 30 wgwbu _ K 2 NÈviI Kg 2 NÈvi ewk ebrjvbb (%) 4.8% 65.1% 16.9% GÛjvBb (%) 26.5% 69.6% 3.9% MÖš vmvimg~ n wkï-evüe, wklb mnvqk cwi ek YMZ M elyv _ K cövß Z_ vw` _ K Bw½Z cviqv hvq h, MÖš vmv ii mnvqk cwi ek we kl K i cöv_wgk Í ii wkï `i (1g _ K 5g kªwy) AvKl Y Ges co Z mnvqzv Ki Z mÿg n q Q MÖš vmvwi Ki mv _ in-depth interview (IDI) wb ` k K i h, wiwws Kb vi jv wkï `i GKwU cvv hvm mwµq cwi ek ˆZwi Z Ae`vb i L Q GB wiwws Kb vi jv Z wkï Dc hvmx eb, cvb mvgmöx hgb cvrj, Qwe AuvKvi miävg, k ãi Ljv Ges wk vcöhyw³ hgb tablet Ges PC- jv Z AvKl Yxq wk vg~jk A vcm jv i q Q wkï `i m ½ Kiv FGD _ K Rvbv hvq h, wkï Kb vimg~n MÖš vmv i Avm Z AviI DrmvwnZ K i Q Ges MÖš vmvi jv co Z I Ljvi gva g wkl Z GKwU vb K i w` q Q MÖš vmvwik `i mv _ Kiv IDI _ K D V G m h, MÖš vmv ii mymw¾z wkï `i K AvK ly K i Q GKRb MÖš vmvwi Ki fvlvq, ÒcÖv_wgK ch v qi wkï `i AvK ó Kivi Rb wkï Kb v ii e e v Kiv GKwU iæz c~y f wgkv cvjb Ki Q GwU cov Ges `jmz Kvh µ g mv _ wkï `i wbivcëv Ges ^v Q ` w` q QÓ M elyvi cövq me DËi`vZvB (99%) MÖš vmv i Avm Z Pvq e j Rvwb qwq jv evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 13

16 jlwpî 2: MÖš vmv ii Kvh µg MÖš vmv ii Kvh Kjvc: ebrjvb bi mv _ GÛjvBb-Gi Zzjbv 46% 30% U ve, AuvKv, is Kiv, ` j KvR Kiv 33% 33% 21% 19% 5% 0% eb cov U v e jvwb Mí Kiv G vcm w` q Ljv ebrjvbb GÛjvBb 1% 0% Zgb wkqzb bv wkï `i cvb wk vq MÖš vmvwik `i ` Zv MÖš vmv i bexb cvvk K AvKl Y Kivi Rb MÖš vmvwikiv wewfbœ g bvgy»ki Abyôvbvw`, hgb cov Drme Av qvrb K i Qb Rwi c `Lv hvq h, 53% DËi`vZv cov Drm e hvm`vb K i Qb ewkifvm cöviw K Í ii wk v_ x cov Drm e Ask wb qwq jv, h nzz ZvivB wq jv G Drm ei cöavb jwÿz `j Rwi ci bgybv Z (sample) 1g _ K 8g kªwyi wk v_ x `i AšÍfz ³ Kiv n q Q d j AskMÖn Yi nvi wq jv 53% wcZvgvZv `i K wkï `i AviI m ú ³ K i Zvjvi Rb MÖš vmvwik `i ` Zv M elyvq AskMÖnYKvix wkï `i g Z, 55% AwffveK AšÍZ GKevi mßv n Zv `i mšívb `i MÖš vmv i wb q hvb, evwk 45% evev-gv gv m GKevi ev `yevi hvb wczvgvzv `i m c ³ Kivi Rb MÖš vmvwikmy wewfbœ Kg m~wp hgb wczvgvzv `i m PZbZv Avwa ekb Ges cov Drm ei Av qvrb K iwq jv FGD _ K cövß Z_ Bw½Z `q h, wczvgvzviv wkï `i K MÖš vmv i cvvv bvi Rb Av Mi P q ewk AvMÖnx wczvgvzviv Zv `i mšívb `i wk vmz K wz Z BwZevPK DbœwZ `Lvi Kvi Y GiKg n q Q ZvQvov wczvgvzviv Rvwb q Qb h, wczvgvzv `i m PZbZv mfvq AskMÖn Yi ci Zviv evwo Z wkï `i cvv eb qi evb ii Ab vb eb co Z klvq wb ` kbv I AbycÖvwYZ K i Q GQvovI wczvgvzviv MÖš vmvi _ K eb MÖnY Kivi Rb wkï `i wb ` kbv w` q Qb GKRb AwffveK e jb, ÒAvwg cöwzwu AwffveK wgwu O Ask wb qwq Avwg Avgvi g q K co Z DrmvwnZ Kivi wkqz KŠkj wk LwQ hlbb Avgvi g q A vkv WwgK cov jlv Ki Z Pvq bv, Avwg Zv `i M íi eb co Z wb ` k Kwi; KLbI KLbI Avwg Zv `i D P ^ i M íi eb c o kvbvb A-cÖvwZôvwbK eb cov Avgvi g q K we` vj qi eb qi cöwz DrmvwnZ Ki Z mnvqzv K i Q Ó 14 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

17 2.1.6.wkï `i MÖš vmvi cwi`k b GKwU wklb-mnvqk mwµq cwi ek ˆZwi Ki Z DbœZ cvv mvgmöx Ges covi cöhyw³i mnvqzvq, hv wkï `i MÖš vmv i Avmvi nvi K cöfvwez K i Q D jøl Kiv hvq h, DËi`vZv `i 97% mßv n AšÍZ GKevi MÖš vmv i hvq Zv `i g a, DËi`vZv `i AwaKvsk (52%) mßv n 2-3 evi, 24% cöwzw`b Ges 21% mßv n GKevi MÖš vmv i hvq ebrjvb bi m ½ MÖš vmvi cwi`k bi Z _ i Zzjbv Ki j Avgiv `wl h, cöwzw`b ( ebrjvbb 16%, GÛjvBb 24%) Ges mßv n 2-3 evi ( ebrjvbb 38%, GÛjvBb 52%) MÖš vmvi cwi`k b ebrjvb bi Zzjbvq e w c q Q MÖš vmvi _ K eb avi bqv wkï `i msl v 32.6% _ K e w c q 37% n q Q we` vj qi evb i covq mnvqzv wkï `i mv _ FGD _ K cövß Z_ Abyhvwq, mlvbkvi MÖš vmvwi Kiv Ges cwiev ii m`m hgb, Zv `i wczv-gvzv, e fvb evb Ges Ab vb `i KvQ _ K covi ÿ Î mvnvh cvq evev-gvi m ½ Kiv FGD-mg~nI Bw½Z `q h, MÖš vmv ii Øviv msmwvz wewfbœ Kvh µ gi c i Zviv we` vj qi evb i covi iæz eys Z c i Q cwiev ii m`m iv Zv `i wkï `i K co Z, eb Rv i Rv i covi I evwo Z eb mieiv ni DrmvwnZ K i Q G M elyvq M n vwj Z _vkv wewfbœ kªwyi eb qi cwiez b jv K ebrjvb bi wfwë Z `Lvi Póv Kiv n q Q ebrjvb bi mv _ Zzjbv K i `Lv hvq h, M íi eb, KwgKm Ges msev`cî covi msl v e w c q Q Ges ag xq eb cov K g Q jlwpî 3: wkïi evwo Z _vkv wewfbœ kªwyi eb % wkïi evwo Z _vkvi wewfbœ eb 35% 27% 26% 25% 31% 14% 14% 8% 7% 7% 1% 2% 0% 0% ag xq eb Le ii KvMR Ges g vmvwrb M íi eb wewfbœ iwob eb KwgK eb ebrjvbb GÛjvBb RxebKvwnbx Ab vb evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 15

18 2.1.8.wkï K covi mv _ m c ³ Kivi Î wczvgvzv `i f wgkv MÖš vmv ii Øviv cwipvwjz wewfbœ Kg Kv Ð Ask wb Z I wkï `i K AvK ó Kivi Rb evev-gv qiv wewfbœ KŠkj D veb K iwq jb 99.48% DËi`vZviv evwo Z cwiev ii m`m `i KvQ _ K covq mn hvwmzv c q Q emjvb bi mv _ Zzjbv Ki j `Lv hvq h, gv qiv wk v_ x `i Rv i Rv i Mí co Z ewk RwoZ ( ebrjvbb 31%, GÛjvBb 48%) wkïi cv b e q Kiv mgq M elyvi j wq jv DËi`vZviv Avb ` Ges Dc fv Mi Rb co Qb wkbv M elyvq `Lv M Q h, DËi`vZv `i Avb `i mv _ covi nvi e w c q Q (44% ebrjvb b, 61% GÛjvB b) hviv Avb `i Rb c ob, Zviv cöwz mßv n M o Pvi w`b c ob hviv ewk c ob Zviv cöwzw`b c ob Ges hviv GK`g Kg c ob Zviv cöwz mßv n AšÍZ GKwU w`b c ob Avb `i mv _ covi Rb emjvb b M o 14 wgwbu e q Kiv n qwq jv (mv vrkvi MÖn Yi c~e w`b); Ab w` K GÛjvB b GwU wq jv cövq wø Y 30 wgwbu/w`b DËi`vZviv Avb `i Rb M íi eb, iwob mwpî eb, KwgKm, ag xq BZ vw` wewfbœ ai bi eb c ob Avb `i mv _ covi ewkifvm (51%) M íi eb, 17% ag xq eb, 13% iwob mwpî eb, 10% KwgKm Ges 8% msev`cî I cwîkv c ob eüy `i m ½ cov wk v_ xiv M elyvq `Lv M Q h, 77% DËi`vZv mßv n Zv `i eüy `i mv _ eb c o wkïiv Zv `i eüy `i mv _ mßv n M o 3.15 w`b c o hme wkï eüy `i mv _ c o, Zviv mßv n cöwzw`b Ges Kgc GKw`b c o eüy `i mv _ covi Zzjbv Ki j `wl h, GwU 35.8% _ K 77% e w c q Q 53% DËi`vZv Zv `i cwiev i ev cwiev ii cvkvcvwk Ab wkï `i mv _ eb c o hv ebrjvb bi Zzjbvq 43% e o Q M elyvq `Lv M Q h, DËi`vZviv cwiev ii m`m `i Rb I c ob Zv `i g a 31% fvb- evb `i Rb, 25% gv qi Rb, 16% evevi Rb, 9% wczvgn `i Rb, 8% Zv `i cöwz ekx `i Rb, 7% Zv `i eüy `i Rb c o 3. cvb `ÿzv g~j vqb: EGRA (Early Grade Reading Assesment) 3.1. cöviw K Í ii cvb g~j vqb - EGRA _ K cövß Z_ vw` G M elyvq wøzxq Ges Z Zxq kªwyi wk v_ x `i cvb `ÿzv g~j vq bi Rb EGRA mvabx e venvi K i mvÿvrkvi bqv n q Q wkï `i ey gvjv mbv³kiy Íi, ^i m PZbZv, kãfvðvi ` Zv, ww KvwWs ` Zv, evk ˆZwi Ges covi ` Zv, wbf zjzv (ïay cvvk), mvejxjzv (ïay cvvk), evamg Zv (cvvk ïay), Ges wøzxq Ges Z Zxq kªwyi wk v_ x `i mgcwigvy evsvi ` Zv g~j vqb Kiv n q Q EGRA mvabx jvi e envi K i mv izv djvd ji g~j vqb Kivi Rb M elyvq wøzxq Ges Z Zxq kªwyi 236 DËi`vZvi bgybv biqv n q Q DËi`vZv `i g a 41% wøzxq kªwyi Ges 59% Z Zxq kªwyi wk v_ x wq jv 52.1% DËi`vZv wq jv MÖš vmvi e envikvix Ges 47.9% A- 16 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

19 e envikvix, 46% Q j DËi`vZv Ges 54% g q DËi`vZv 14.4% DËi`vZvi eqm 7 eqi, 31.8% fvm 8, 33.5 % 9 eqi, 17.4% fvm 10 eqi, 1.7% 11 eqi Ges 1.3% DËi`vZvi eqm 12 eqi wøzxq kªwyi wkï `i _ K cövß EGRA djvdj wkÿv_x `i RbZvwËK Z_ ( hgb, eqm, wj½ Ges cwiev ii m c`), N i wk vi cwi ek ( hgb, KvR, Mí ejv Ges eb qi cvö c Zv) Ges wk vi BwZnv mi ( hgb cvö K-cvÖ _wgk wk v, GKB kwª Y Z cby t-aa qb, we` vjq cwiezb, Mn -wk K _vkvi) Z_ G Rwi ci gva g msmnö Kiv n qwq jv mv izvi djvdj wby qi wøzxq kwª Yi 97 Rb DËi`vZvi bgby v biqv n q Q Zv `i g a ckö íi AšfÍ ³ y MšÖ v Mvi e envikvix wq jv 48.5% Ges A-e envikvix `i wq jv 51.5% wøzxq kwª Yi wk v_x `i g a 51.5% fvm wq jv g q Ges 48.5% wq jv Q j DËi`vZv `i eqm wq jv 7 eqi, 42.3% wq jv 8 eqi, 16.5% wq jv 9 eqi Ges evwk 6.2% DËi`vZv 10 eqi eqmx wq jv MšÖ v Mvi e envikvix Ges A-e envikvix `i DfqB mvgvwrk-a_ bwzk Ae v GKB wq jv cvvk ebvg A-cvVK GKwU wkï K cvvk wnmv e msávwqz Kiv nq hw` m GKwU Mí ^vaxbfv e co Z cv i GLv b wkÿv_x cö_g 30 m K Û mwvkfv e Kgc M íi cvupwu kã co Z cviv K cvvk wnmv e msávwqz Kiv nq cvv Kiv GB cvvwu kl bv niqv ch ší ev hz Y ch ší Zviv wb Riv co Z A ^xkvi K i, ZZ Y ch ší cov Pvwj q h Z cv i; g~j vqbkvixiv A-cvVK `i cov _vgvi ci wb Riv MíwU c o ïbv bv nq EGRA-Gi GÛjvBb g~j vq b Avgiv 47 Rb MÖš vmvi e envikvixi g a 41 Rb cvvk c qwq, Ab w` K 50 Rb MÖš vmvi A-e envikvixi g a cvv Ki msl v 39 Rb gvu 97 Rb wkïi, 80 Rb cvvk Ges 14 Rb A-cvVK wq jv hw` Avgiv READ ga ez x M elyvi mv _ Avgv `i M elyv djvdj Zzjbv Kwi, cvvk `i g a fv jv DbœwZ `Lv hvq hlv b wøzxq kªwy Z ga ez x M elyvi cvvk wq jv 60%, mlv b weqû A v mi cövwšík M elyvwu `Lvq h MÖš vmvi e envikvix cvvk 87% MÖš vmvi e envikvix Ges A-e envikvix `i g a Zzjbv MšÖ v Mvi e envikvix Ges A-e envikvix `i g a Z _ i Zjz bv Kiv nq ewkifvm Î A- e envikvix `i Zjz bvq MšÖ v Mvi e envikvix `i covi `ÿzv ewk `Lv M Q e envikvixiv mwvkfv e 90% A i D PviY Ki Z cv i, hlv b A-e envikvix `i g a Zv 85% cvö qkb e eüz kã jvi Î e envikvix 86% Ges A-e envikvix `i 75% kã wvkfv e co Z cv i MšÖ v Mvi e envikvix wk v_x iv GKB cvö iw K kã wji 85% Ges A-e envikvixiv 85% co Z cv i MšÖ v Mvi e envikvixiv 83% Ges A-e envikvixiv 74% wgîv ikvix kã co Z cv i wecixzv_k kã covi Î MšÖ v Mvi e envikvix Ges A-e envikvix Df qb Zjz bvgj~ Kfv e Lvivc djvdj K i Q (e envikvix `i 59%, A-e envikvix `i 54%) hme wk v_x K cvvk evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 17

20 wn m e wpwýz Kiv n q Q, Zv `i covi Î wbfjz Zvi i Ges covi MwZ gj~ vqb Kiv nq MšÖ v Mvi e envikvix mwvkfv e 94% hlv b A-e envikvix 92% kã wvkfv e co Z cv i MšÖ v Mvi e envikvix cvvkiv cwö Z wgwb U cvö q 45wU kã co Z cv i Ges A-e envikvixiv cwö Z wgwb U 48wU kã mwvkfv e co Z cv i evamg Zv hvpvb qi Î e envikvixiv 72% c Ö kiœ DËi wvkfv e w` q Q Ges A-e envikvixiv 66% DËi wvkfv e w` Z c i Q evamg Zvm úbœ cvvk wzbwu MÖæ ci cvvk `i g a I Zzjbv Kiv n qwq jv evamg Zvm úbœ cvvk: hviv 80% ev AviI ewk cö kœi mwvk DËi `q; cöv_wgk ch v q cvvk: hviv 80%-Gi P q Kg cö kœi mwvk DËi `q, Ges A-cvVK: wkÿv_x cö_g 30 m K Û mwvkfv e Kgc M íi cvupwu kã co Z bv cviv K A- cvvk wnmv e msávwqz Kiv nq A-e envikvix `i g a, 22% A-cvVK, 46% cöv_wgk ch v q cvvk Ges 32% cvvk ey S co Z cvi Zv e envikvix `i Î 13% A-cvVK, 36% cöv_wgk ch v q cvvk Ges 51% wq jv ey S co Z cv i GiKg cvvk jlwpî 3: wkÿv_x i covi evamg Zv % wkÿv_ xi covi evamg Zv A-e envikvix 22% 46% 32% e envikvix 13% 36% 51% A-cvVK cöv_wgk ch v q cvvk evamg Zv m úbœ cvvk 3.2. Z Zxq kªwyi wkï `i EGRA djvdj cvvk I A-cvVK EGRA-G GÛjvBb g~j vq bi mgq Avgiv `wl h, 93% wkï MÖš vmvi e envikvix cvvk, Ab w` K 87% A-e envikvix cvvk cvb m gzv wk v_ x `i covi m gzv wby q Kivi Rb ek wkqz cš v we epbv Kiv nq Zv `i K cövqkb e eüz evsjv kã jv Rv i Rv i co Z ejv nq G kã jv (20 kã) _ K mwvkfv e Rv i cov k ãi ZvwjKvB wq jv g~j vq bi cö_g cökœ ciez x g~j vqb wq jv, mwvkfv e D PvwiZ A_ nxb (pseudo) kã wji msl v cix v Kiv (20-Gi g a ) wk v_ x `i mwvkfv e evk MVb Kivi 18 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

21 m gzv m c K I g~j vqb Kiv n qwq jv (8-Gi g a ) wecixz kã g b ivlvi (10 k ãi g a ) m gzvi G g~j vq b Kiv n qwq jv 122wU k ãi GKwU ARvbv Mí wk v_ x Rv i Rv i co Z `Iqv nq M íi g a cvvkiv KZ jv kã wvkfv e D PviY K iwq jv, Zvi Ici gyj vqb wbf i K iwq jv wk v_ x `i cvvk wnmv e we epbv Kiv n Zv, hw` Zviv M íi Kgc 5wU kã mwvkfv e co Z cviz cöwz wgwb U wvkfv e cov (ïay cvvk) kãi MYbv Kiv n Zv GB g~j vqb h_vh_zv Ges mvejxjzv cwigv ci Rb e eüz nq cvv Kiv covi ci eys Z cöv Qb wkbv, Zv Rvbvi Rb evamg Zvi cökœ jv e eüz nq Gi g~j vq b MÖš vmvi e envikvix Ges A-e envikvwi `i Zzjbv mvaviyz, MÖš vmvi e envikvixiv A-e envikvwi `i Zzjbvq fv jv K iwq jv MÖš vmvi e envikvix `i 91% Ges A-e envikvwi `i 92% mwvkfv e cövqk e eüz kã mwvkfv e D PviY Ki Z c i Q A_ nxb kã jvi g a e envikvixiv 64% kã wvkfv e Rv i co Z Ges A-e envikvwiiv 57% wvkfv e co Z c i Q wecixz kã covi Î DfqB Mo m gzv `wl q Q (e envikvixiv 77%, A-e envikvwiiv 71%) e envikvix `i ˆZwi Kiv 77% evk wvk, Ab w` K A-e envikvwi `i 73% evk wvk wbf zj covi cwigv ci Î DfqB ai bi wk v_ xb kã jvi 89% mwvkfv e co Z c i Q MÖš vmvi e envikvixiv AvbygvwbK kã/wgwbu Ges A-e envikvixiv 47 kã/wgwbu mwvkfv e co Z c i Q MÖš vmvi e envikvixiv evamg Zvi cökœmgy ni 62% mwvk DËi Ges A- e envikvixiv 59% mwvk DËi w` Z c i Q evamg Zvm úbœ cvvk cvvk `i wzbwu ` ji g a Zzjbv Kiv n qwq jvñ hviv 80% ev AviI cökœ wvkfv e DËi w` qwq jv, 80%-Gi Kg cö kœi DËi wvkfv e w` q Q A-e envikvixi g a 13% A-cvVK, 52% cöv_wgk ch v qi Ges 35% evamg Zvm cbœ cvvk e envikvixi g a 7% A-cvVK, 43% cöv_wgk ch v qi Ges 50% evamg Zvm cbœ cvvk `Lv M Q jlwpî 4: wkÿv_x i covi evamg Zv % wkÿv_ xi covi evamgzv A-e envikvix 13% 52% 35% e envikvix 7% 43% 50% A-cvVK cöv_wgk ch v q cvvk evamg Zv m úbœ cvvk evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 19

22 4. Dcmsnvi weqû A v m cökíwu MÖš vmvi jv Z cvv DcKiY, wkï Zvl DcKiY, mv izv cöhyw³ Ges cöwk Y cö`vb K i Q cökíwui D Ïk wq jv we` vj qi evb i cv Vi cwi ek ˆZwi K i cv Vi mgq e w Ges wkï `i K ^vaxb cvvk wn m e ˆZwi Kiv GwU wkï `i co Z Drmvn Kivi Rb evev-gv q `i g a m PZbZv e w i j I KvR K i G M elyvi djvdj _ K `Lv hvq h, MÖš vmvi jv wkï `i MÖš vmvigylx Ki Z Ges covi cöwz AvMÖn ˆZwi Ki Z mÿg n q Q MÖš vmv ii wkï `i Rb we` gvb myweav wji mv _ wkï Kb vi GKwU AZ ší hy Mvc hvmx I iæz c~y ms hvrb wq jv G jv wkï `i MÖš vmv i hviqv Ges mlv b wewfbœ Kvh µ g AskMÖn Y DrmvwnZ K i Q d j M elyvi AskMÖnYKvix cövq me wkï DËi w` q Q h, Zviv MÖš vmv i (99%) h Z cq ` K i M elyvq `Lv M Q, ebrjvb bi (32%) Zzjbvq AwaK (37%) msl K wkï MÖš vmvi _ K eb wb Q eüy `i mv _ GKmv _ eb c o Ggb wkïi msl v ebrjvb bi Zzjbvq e w c q Q Ges Avb `i mv _ eb covi msl v I e o Q ( ebrjvbb 44% _ K GÛjvB b 61% n q Q) Avb `i Rb eb covi ÿ Î wkïiv M o Av Mi P q ewk mgq e q Ki Q ( ebrjvb b hlv b wkïiv 14 wgwbu e q Ki Zv, cövwšík M elyvi mgq Zv e o 30 wgwbu n q Q) cövwšík M elyvq wøzxq Ges Z Zxq kªwyi wkÿv_x `i cvb `ÿzvi g~j vq bi g a MÖš vmvi e envikvix Ges A-e envikvixi Zzjbv K i `Lv hvq, MÖš vmvi e envikvixiv A-e envikvix `i Zzjbvq fv jv Ki Q weqû A v m evsjv `k G ` ki Aí msl K MÖš vmv i gvî `yb eqi KvR K i Q AZGe, G cök íi cöfve m c K mvaviy gšíe Kiv KwVb Zey `Lv hvq, wkï wk vi DbœwZi Rb AbvbyôvwbK Dcvq jv wkï `i Drmvn `Iqvi Î fv jv KvR K i Q cök íi cöfve fv jvfv e eys Z cökíwu GKwU e nëi cwim i Ges `xn mg qi Rb Pvjv bv cö qvrb cökíwu MÖš vmvwik `i gva g evev-gv I ZË veavq Ki DØy Ki Yi wewfbœ Kvh µg hgb m PZbZv e w i Awa ek b, covi Drme BZ vw` mdjfv e m cbœ K i Q, hlv b evev-gv Ges ZË veavq Ki ^Ztù Z fv e AskMÖnb K i Q Gme Kvh µg evev-gv Ges ZË veavqk `i Zv `i wkï `i covi Î AviI ewk mnvqzv cö`vb Ki Z DrmvwnZ K i Zz j Q GwU wbwðzfv e, wkï `i mv izv djvdj ` Zv Dbœq b LyeB BwZevPK KŠkj 20 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

23 evsjv ` ki gva wgk Í ii wk v_x `i MwYZ wel q fxwzi KviY AbymÜvb * ˆmq`v BkivZ Rvnvb f~tv ** Gm Gg nvwdryi ingvb 1. f~wgkv mvaviyfv e gvby li Rxe b fq Kv bv we kl cwiw wz Z m wó nq, Avevi P ji hvq ^vfvwek wbq g hlb e w³rxeb _ K G fq `~ixf~z nq bv, ZLbB mgm v `Lv `q Avevi A bk mgq wk v_x `i g a A nzzk fq `Lv hvq Gme Ae v `~i Ki Z bv cvi j e w³rxe bi me v½xy wekvk m e n e bv (ivq, 2007) wkï hv Z fq bv cvq mw` K ` wó ivl Z n e fq AvZ wekv k evav `q wk K Gme fq wbqš Yi Rb wewfbœ cš v Aej ^b Ki Z cv ib hgbñ evievi cix v wb q, mnr cökœ w` q mvnvh K i, wewfbœfv e cyi vi w` q GB A nzzk fq Kwg q djv h Z cv i (wek vm I wek vm, 2003) AÁZvi Rb I A bk mgq fq m wó nq hgbñ MwYZ m ^ Ü A b Ki fq Av Q AwfÁZv evov j, welqe evamg K i Zzj j G fq K U hvq wbf xkzvi Av`k wkïi mvg b Zz j a ii wkï `i cöfvwez Kiv hvq Z e Dcnvm K i Kv bv Av em `gb Kiv hvq bv; eis Zv Av em e o hvq ZvB wk v_ xi Ae v ey S wewfbœ KŠk ji gva g ˆa h i m ½ IBme Av e Mi cöfve Kwg q Avbvi Póv Ki Z n e IqvUmb e vck cix Yi gva g cögvy K i Qb h, fq n Q GKwU mnrvz cö vf Ges gvî `ywu DÏxcKB bervz Ki g a fq RvMv Z mg_ nq cö_gwu n jv D Pkã Ges wøzxqwu n Q nvvr fvimvg nviv bv cö vfiƒ c fq wbk ózg I AZ ší wzki f qi cöfve aÿsmg~jk m½wzweav bi Amvg_ _ K fq Rb vq, wkš fq evo Z _vk j mb Amvg_ AviI e o hvq d j hzuzkz m½wzweavb Kiv e w³i mvg_ vqë, ZZUzKz KivI Zvi c m e nq bv fq e w³i gvbwmk ` pzv I AvZ wek vm bó K i `q fxz e w³ me P q ewk KiæYv K i wb R KB fq _ K gyw³ cviqvi ci e w³i g a cövqb AvZ Møvwb I wb Ri m ú K nxbgb Zv `Lv `q ( Nvl, 1991) e w³mëvi wewfbœ w`k A bk Î f qi Rb c~y fv e wekwkz n Z cv i bv d j e w³i g b `ye jzv I bvbvai bi Am½wZ wpi vqxfv e _ K hvq `ywðšív f qi mnmvgx eû Aev Íe fq cwiyz eq m `ywðšívi iƒc wb q `Lv `q Ges mȳ gvbwmk cªwµqvq cªwzeük n q I V GB ai bi phobia ev Aev Íe fq gvbwmk kw³ I mnrvz m ebv jv K bó K i `q Ges A bk mgq g bvwekv ii KviY n q I V * ˆmq`v BkivZ Rvnvb f~tv: mnkvix wkÿk, gwzwsj mikvix cöv_wgk we` vjq, XvKv ** Gm Gg nvwdryi ingvb: Aa vck, wkÿv I M elyv Bbw wudu, XvKv wek we` vjq, XvKv evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 21

24 2. M elyvi mgm vi weeiy wk v_ x `i MwY Zi fxwzi KviY wnmv e wk Ki A` Zv, wk vµg I cvv m~wpi ÎæwU, wk Y c wz-msµvší ÎæwU, cvvvmvi I cix vmv ii Afve, cvv cȳ ÍK I mnvqk eb qi Afve K we epbvq Avbv nq (mvgv`, 2000) Phobia AvZœweKv k evav `q Avi GB phobia-gi Kvi Y wk v_ xiv MwYZ K `y e va welq wnmv e g b K i wewfbœ M elyvq `Lv hvq, mkj wk K kªwyk ïay PK- Wv vi e envi K ib MwY Zi wewfbœ mgm v mgvavb K ib Ges kªwy-wk K wk v_ x `i hv Ki Z e jb, wk v_ xiv ïaygvî ZvB Kivi Póv K ib ZvB ejv n q _v K, ÒAvwg ïwb Avwg fywj, Avwg `wl Avwg iy Kwi, Avwg Kwi Avwg eywsó (wgzzj, 2011) wk v_ x `i KvR Kivi gva g MwYZ welqwu klv j Zviv IB welqwu fv jvfv e eys Z cvi e M elk `i GKRb MwYZ wk K Zuvi g Z, Avwg cöwzwbqz köwyk ÿ wk v_ x `i gv S MwYZ wklb wb q bvbvwea NUbv j K i _vwk mvaviyz K v m Avwg GKwU AsK wk v_ x `i eyws q `qvi ci wk v_ x `i KvQ _ K KviI G As K mgm v Av Q wkbv Zv Rvb Z PvB ZLb wk v_ xiv Avgv K mvaviyz Kv bv mgm vi K_v e j bv wkš hlb Avwg wk v_ x `i GKB ai bi Ab GKwU AsK Ki Z ev eysv Z ewj, ZLb wkqy wk v_ x cv i Avi wkqy wk v_ x cv i bv hme wk v_ x AsKwU cv i bv, Zv `i mv _ K_v ejvi mgq wkqy wk v_ x e jñ Òg vwvg, AsK A bk KwVbÓ Avevi wkqy wk v_ x e j _v KÑ ÒMwYZ welqwui ebwu Kb evwb q Q, GUv Zv A bk RwUj welqó GQvovI Avwg wewfbœ AwffveK `i mv _ K_v e j ` LwQ, Kv bv Kv bv Î wk v_ x `i AwffveKivI AsK K fq cvq `vm (1993) e j Qb, Òwk v_ xiv MwYZ K fq cvq Ges MwY Z gv UB AvMÖn cªkvk K i bv MwYZ G `i Kv Q KwVb I AevwÂZ e j g b nq cvkvcvwk Avgvi wk KZvi AwfÁZv _ K ej Z cvwi h, A bk wk v_ x MwYZ welqwu gyl K i _v K G Kvi Y Zviv MwYZ welqwu K fq cvqó Xvjx (2004) e j Qb h, A bk mgq cöpwjz ms vi e j mvavi Yi g a MwYZ m ^ Ü A nzzk fxwz mâvi nq 3. M elyvi hyw³wm wfwë kªwy-kvh µ g wkÿk wnmv e wewfbœ Kvh Kjvc _ K Avgiv eys Z cvwi, wk v_ xiv MwYZ welqwu fq cvq ZvB gva wgk Í ii wk v_ x `i MwYZ welqwui fxwzi KviY AbymÜvb Kivi Rb ez gvb M elyvq G mgm vwu Avgiv e Q wb qwq G M elyvwu Ab vb M elyv _ K c _K e j a i bqv n Q KviY B Zvc~ e `Lv M Q, lô köwyi MwYZ cvv m~px ev Íevq bi cwigvc wby q (AvLZviæ¾vgvb, 1986), gva wgk D PZi exrmwyz cvv cȳ Í Ki `ye j w`kmg~n wpwýzkiy, ms kvab I cwigvr b (Avng`, 2001), cöv_wgk Í ii MwY Zi g~j welq wji Dci beg köwyi wkÿv_x `i cvi`wk Zvi gvîv wby q (ZvQv`y¾vgvb, 1994), gva wgk we` vj q MwYZ wkÿv`v bi mgm v (Rvnvb, 1992), lô köwy Z exrmwyz eva Zvg~jK Kivi iæz hvpvb (f~ubqv, 1996), cöv_wgk Í i MwYZ wkÿvi mgm vmg~n wpwýzkiy (Bmjvg, 1997), gva wgk Í i MwYZ wel q ˆbe wëk cöez bi mgm v wbiƒcy (`vm, 1998) BZ vw` M elyvi welqe i mv _ Avgv `i GB Òevsjv ` ki gva wgk Í ii wk v_ x `i MwYZ welqwui fxwzi KviY AbymÜvbÓ M elyvwui cök wz 22 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

25 wfbœ wewfbœ M elyvq `Lv M Q, cvv cȳ Í Ki `ye j w`k, MwYZ wkÿv`v bi mgm v, cvv m~px ev Íevqb BZ vw` m ú K Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q wkš wkÿv_x `i MwYZ welqwui fxwzi KviY m ú K c~ e Kv bv M elyvq Av jvpbv Kiv nqwb G M elyvq Avgiv wk v_ x `i MwYZ wel q fxwzi KviY AbymÜvb Ki Z cvi ev G Z MwYZmswkøó welqmg~ ni cöwz wkÿv_x `i g bvfve Rvb Z mnvqk n e GQvov wkÿy-wklb mswkøó welqmg~n wkÿv_x `i MwY Zi cöwz fxwz m wó Z f~wgkv iv L wkbv ZvI Rvbv hv e G M elyvi djvd ji gva g MwYZ-welqK jlk, wkÿvµg cöyqbkvix, wkÿk, wkÿv_x, wkÿk cöwkÿk, AwffveK mevb h _ó DcK Z n eb ejv hvq ZvB Òevsjv ` ki gva wgk Í ii wk v_x `i MwYZ welqwui fxwzi KviY AbymÜvbÓ mgm vwu wb q M elyvwu m úv`bv Kiv h_vh_ I hyw³hy³ 4. M elyvi D Ïk G M elyvi D Ïk n Q evsjv ` ki gva wgk Í ii wk v_ x `i MwYZ wel q fxwzi KviY AbymÜvb Kiv A_ vr wk v_ x `i g a Kx Kx Kvi Y MwY Zi cöwz fxwz m wó nq Zv wbiƒcy Kiv 4.1. M elyvi cökœ 1. MwY Zi wkÿy-wklb-mswkøó welqmg~ ni cöwz wk v_ x `i g bvfve Kx? 2. MwY Zi wkÿy-wklb-mswkóø welqmgn~ wk v_x `i MwY Zi fxwz mw ó Z KZUKz z fw~ gkv cvjb K i? 5. mswkøó M elyvi weeiy I ch v jvpbv MwYZ welqwui fxwzi mv _ wewfbœ KviY RwoZ _vk Z cv i G KviY jv wpwýz Kiv Riæwi Kbbv Gi gva g wk v_x iv Zv `i MwYZ fxwzi KviY AbymÜvb Ki Z cvi e MwYZ wel q fxwzi cök Z KviY jv m ú K wb œ Av jvpbv Kiv n jv Glaisher e j Qb, ÒMwYZ K Zvi BwZnvm _ K c _K Ki j Zvi hv wz nq, Ab Kvb wel qb GZUv wz nq bvó ( Nvl, 2005) h Kv bv Aa vq Av jvpbvi Av M wk K hw` mb welqwu Kxfv e Avwe Z nj, ax i ax i Kxfv e Zvi AMÖMwZ NUj, Kx ai bi mgm v mgvavb Ki Z Zv D e n jvñ G jv Av jvpbv K ib, Zvn j welqwui cöwz QvÎ `i AvMÖn evo e Zviv eys e ev Íe Rxe bi mgm v mgvav b MwY Zi g~j KZLvwb ( Nvl, 2005) wb œ kªwy Z MwY Zi gšwjk welq jv AvqË bv Kivi d j MwYZ wk Y wk v_x iv Avi AMÖmi n Z cv i bv (Xvjx, 2004) Avevi MwYZ wk vq A bk QvÎ Lye fv jv dj jvf Ki Z cv i bv Giv MwY Zi mgvavb Ki Z gv UB AvMÖn Abyfe K i bv (`vm, 1993) Gi GKgvÎ KviY n jv gšwjk wel q aviyv bv _vkv ev Kg _vkv h Kv bv wk K Póv Ki jb mdj I mv_ K wk K n Z cv ib Gi Rb cö qvrb ˆah, Abykxjb I cö Póv wk K Ggbfv e MwYZ klv eb hv Z Qv Îiv wpšív Ki Z, wepvi Ki Z, hyw³ `Lv Z, evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 23

26 we køly Ki Z k L Zviv hb MwY Zi cvv welq ü`q½g K i, gyl Í bv K i wvkgz eys j AvcwbB g b _v K Avi fy j M ji Zv K cybivwe vi Ki Z cvi e ( Nvl, 2005) MwY Zi wkÿvµgwu Ggbfv e mvrv bv `ikvi hv Z cvv cȳ Í K cö`ë mgm v I D`vniY jv ev Íe RxebgyLx nq Kv bv Kv bv cvv cȳ Í K KvíwbK mgm vi AeZviYv Kiv nq hvi m ½ wk v_x `i ev Íe-Rxe bi Kv bv m úk bb Avgv `i `L Z n e h, mgm v jv hb wk v_x `i wewfbœ ev Íe AwfÁZvi mv _ mvgäm c~y nq ( Nvl, 2005) cö Z KwU cvv cȳ ÍK hb wbluyz nq Ges wk v_x i Kv Q wk Ki Afve c~iy Ki Z cv i MwYZ wk vi Rb g bv hvm, AvMÖn I ` p g bvfv ei cö qvrb MwYZ gyl Í K i g b ivlvi g Zv welq bq AwfÁZvi gva g MwYZ m ^ Ü Ávb AR b Kiv nq (PÆivR, 1991) Gi Rb cö qvrb wk v_x `i g bv hvm a i ivlv MvwYwZK Z_ h_v_ iƒ c g bv hvm-mnkv i bv AvqË Ki j Ges PÂj n j MvwYwZK Z_ mn R AvqË Kiv m e nq bv GRb MwY Zi wk vjvf Ki j wk v_x `i g bv hvm w` q avivevwnkfv e wpšív Kivi gzv e w jvf K i (`vm, 1993) MwYZ GKwU weg~z welq n ji g~z e i mvnv h MwYZ wk v w` j wk v_ xi MwYZ wkly vqx nq G e vcv i A bk MwYZ wk Ki Abxnv `Lv hvq wk K ïay MwY Zi ZvwË K w`kuv wk v_x `i Kv Q Dc vcb K ib d j MwYZ wk v_x `i Kv Q `y e va I KwVb n q `Lv `q (Xvjx, 2004) Nvl (2005) Zuvi MwYZ wk Y e j Qb, MwYZ Ggb GKwU welq, hvi PP v Ki Z M jb KZ jv gvbwmk gzv ^ZtcÖe Ë n q wb qvm Ki Z nq G jv n Q, gbtms hvm, ch e Y, wbf yjzv I ˆah GQvov MwYZ wk vi ga w` q KZ jv we kl gvbwmk gzvi Abykxjb nq hgb, weg~z wpšív Kiv I fve-cökv k h_vh_ k ãi e envi Kiv, we kølyx I Avwe v ii g bvfve MVb Kiv, hyw³hy³ wpšív Kiv, wepvi Kiv Ges ˆeÁvwbK ` wófw½ MVb Kiv MwYZ wpšív Kivi g a wk v_x iv Kv bvwkqy mwvkfv e wpšív I Dcjwä Ki Z cv i Ges mwvk ch e Y I mvgvwb Ki Yi gzv AR b K i, mewkqy mwvkfv e we køly, wm všíkiy I cökvk Ki Z cv i (`vm, 1993) MvwYwZK Z_ Av M bv wkl j KwVb Z_ AvqË Kiv m e nq bv MwY Z wzi Zzjbvq hyw³i PP v cö qvm Kivi my hvm ewk A bk we` vjq Av Q hlv b ^ícwimi N i MwYZ wk v `Iqv nq Gi d j MwYZ mn R wk v_x `i Kv Q mȳ úó nq bv A bk v b bvsiv I næ Mvj cwi e k MwYZ wk v `Iqv nq d j wk v_x iv mn R gv_vq XvKv Z cv i bv Avevi wk K cö Z n q cwikíbv K i bv G j kªwy Z me Y cvv wel qi cvv`v b fve Z fve Z mgq KvwU q `b wk v_x eys Z c i Q wkbv Zv Rvbvi mgq I my hvm _v K bv (`vm, 1993) AwaKvsk wk K eb Z ms køly c wzi h wbq g mgvavb Kiv Av Q, mb wbqgwu AbymiY K i K v m covb Avevi A bk MwYZ wk K wk v_x `i evsvi g Zv K i bv wkwl q wb R B QvgZ K i w` q hvb Gi d j MwYZ wk v_x `i Kv Q wbim n q `vuovq (`vm, 1993) 24 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

27 `vm (1993) Zuvi MwYZ I MwYZ wk Y e j Qb, MwYZ welqwu weg~z n ji MwY Zi Drm g~z e _ K MwYZ weávb kv GRb Dchy³ g~z e i e env i wk v w` j wk v_x iv MwY Zi ev Íe Dc hvwmzv Dcjwä K i MwY Zi e envi m ^ Ü mwz Kvi AwfÁZv mâq Ki Z cvi e DcKi Yi mvnv h welq jv g~z AvKv i Zz j ai j wk v_x iv mn R I mv_ Kfv e MwYZ K Rvb Z I eys Z cv i Ges Zviv MwY Zi mȳ úó ^qs aviyv jvf Ki Z cv i cvwievwik m ú ³Zvi Afv e wk v_x `i AR b evavi m ylxb nq `wi`ª, wbi i AwffveK wk v_x i AR b evavi KviY n q `uvovq cvwievwik mnvqzvi Afv e wk v_x iv jlvcovq AwbqwgZ n q c o d j Zviv Ab vb wel qi g Zv MwYZ wel qi `ye j n q c o (wgzzj, 2011) `vm (1993) Zuvi MwYZ I MwYZ wkÿ Y e j Qb, g~j vqb kªwy Z MwYZ wkÿv`v bi I wkÿvmön Yi Dchy³ cwi ek wbiƒcy K i g~j vqb wkïi MvwYwZK ÎæwU I wcwq q covi ev `ye jzvi KviY jv wby q K i Ges ÎæwU ms kva bi ev wbim bi cö qvrbxq wb ` k `vb K i ev Dcvq D veb K i g~j vqb wkÿ Ki wkÿv`vb KZUzKz mdj n q Q Zv wepvi K i Ges wkÿv`v b KZUzKz ÎæwU i q Q Zv wby q K i mwu DbœZ Kivi civgk `q (mvgv`, 2000) Dch y³ mvwnz Av jvpbv _ K `Lv hvq h, MwYZ welqwui fxwzi m wói Î MwY Zi BwZnvm cv Vi e e v, gšwjk wel q aviyv, Dchy³ wk K, h_vh_ cvv cȳ ÍK, wk v_x `i g bv hvm, MwY Zi KvwVb, MwYZ wkl b mgq, MvwYwZK wpšív I hyw³, kªwyk i wklb cwi ek, Dchy³ wk Y KŠkj, Dchy³ wk Y DcKiY, MwYZ wkl b cwiev ii f~wgkv, kªwyk ÿi h_vh_ g~j vqb e e v BZ vw` KviY Kv bv bv Kv bvfv e RwoZ 6. M elyv c wz G M elyvq gva wgk Í ii wk v_x `i MwY Z fxwzi KviY wby q Kivi Rb YMZ M elyv K wbe vpb Kiv n q Q G ÿ Î wk v_x `i MwY Z fxwzi KviY AbymÜvb Kivi Rb Zv `i AwfÁZv, wpšívfvebv I gzvgz MÖnY Kiv AZ ší Riæwi wqj G Kvi Y Avgiv GLv b YMZ M elyv K wbe vpb K iwq 6.1. M elyvi bgybv M elyv K g i bgybv n Q XvKv kn ii 5wU we` vj qi gva wgk Í ii 15 Rb wk v_x, 10 Rb wk K I 5 Rb AwffveK M elyv K g i G bgybv `j D Ïk g~jk c wz Z wbe vpb Kiv n q Q (gvb&bvb I gix, 2008) G ÿ Î XvKv kn ii we` vjq jvi GmGmwmi djvd ji wfwë Z gvsvwi ai bi 5wU gva wgk we` vjq K wbe vpb Kwi Gme we` vjq _ K wk v_x `i MwY Zi djvd ji wfwë Z cöwzwu we` vjq _ K gva wgk ch v qi wzb Rb K i wk v_x wbe vpb Kwi cöwzwu we` vjq _ K MwYZ wel q A c vk Z AwfÁZvm úbœ wk K K M elyvi Rb wbe vpb Kwi hme wk v_x MwY Z fq cvq, Zv `i AwffveK K bgybv wn m e bqv n q Q evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 25

28 6.2. Z_ msmö ni DcKiY ez gvb M elyvq wk v_x `i KvQ _ K Z_ msmö ni Rb Db y³ cökœgvjv K wbe vpb Kiv n q Q, Kbbv G ai bi cökœgvjvi mvnv h AwZ mn R AwaK msl K wbweo Z_ msmön Kiv hvq G M elyvq wk v_x, wk K I AwffveK `i KvQ _ K cö qvrbxq Z_ msmö ni Rb wzbwu Avjv`v Avjv`v Db y³ ai bi cökœgvjv ˆZwi Kiv n q Q D jøl, M elyvi Z_ msmö ni Rb cö_ g GKwU Av e`bc Îi gva g we` vjq jvi cöavb wk Ki KvQ _ K AbygwZ MÖnY Kiv n q Q 6.3. Z_ we køl Yi KŠkj Z_ we køly M elyv cöwµqvi Ab Zg iæz c~y KvR G M elyvq Db y³ DËimg~n K cö_ g wewfbœ ˆewk ó i Av jv K Kv W wef³ Kiv n q Q Ges Z_ jv K m Abyhvqx we køly Kiv n q Q wk v_x, wk K I Awffve Ki wewfbœ Z_ Zz j aiv n q Q GB Z_ we køl Y h nzz GwU YMZ M elyv, ZvB Gi Z_ we køl Yi Rb YMZ cöwµqv K Dchy³ g b Kiv n q Q 7. M elyvi djvdj ez gvb M elyvi G ch v q M elyvi djvdj jv K wk v_ x `i MwY Zi cöwz fxwzi wewfbœ Kvi Yi mv _ m úk hy³ K i Db y³ cökœgvjv _ K wk v_x, wk K I AwffveK `i AwfÁZv I gzvg Zi wfwë Z wb œ Dc vcb Kiv n jv 7.1. MwY Zi BwZnvm cv Vi e e v bv _vkv wk v_x `i cvv cȳ Í K MwY Zi BwZnvm _vkvi wel q mkj wk v_x B Zv `i BwZevPK g bvfve e ³ K i Q G Î MwYZ welqwu AviI mnr niqv (7 Rb), wewfbœ Z_ Rvbvi my hvm (6 Rb) I mwvkfv e MwYZ Kiv m e niqvi Rb MwY Zi BwZnvm cvv cȳ Í K _vkv Riæwi (2Rb) wk v_x `i cvkvcvwk ewkifvm wk KI MwYZ wel qi BwZnvm cv Vi e e v K mg_ b K i Qb Ab w` K wk K `i KD KD G Î wk v_x I AwffveK `i mv _ GKgZ cvly Ki ji Zuv `i Ab GKwU Ask (10 R bi 3 Rb) G wel q wk v_x I AwffveK `i gzvg Zi mv _ wøgz cvly K ib Zuviv KviY wnmv e MwY Zi cö Z K Aa v q g~j welqe _vk jb Pj e e j Qb Dc ii cövß Z_ we køly _ K Avgiv `L Z cvb, MwY Zi BwZnvm cv Vi e e v bv _vkvuv AwaKvsk AskMÖnYKvixi g Z wk v_x `i MwY Zi cöwz fxwz niqvi Ab Zg KviY wnmv e MY n Z cv i 7.2. gšwjk wel q aviyv Kg _vkv wk v_x `i MwY Zi gšwjk wel q aviyv Riæwi KZUzKzÑ G wel q mkj wk v_x B Zv `i BwZevPK g bvfve e ³ K i Q G Î gšwjk welqwu Rvbv _vk j AsK Ki Z myweav niqv (7 Rb), MwYZ fv jvfv e eysv (6 Rb), GgbwK AsK bv ey S Ki j fq m wó nq (2 Rb) BZ vw` gz e ³ K i Q wk v_x `i GB BwZevPK m wzi mv _ mkj wk K I AwffveKB GKgZ cvly K i Qb wk v_x `i MwY Zi gšwjk wel q aviyv bv _vkvi mv _ MwY Zi cöwz fxwz m wó niqv m ú K mkj wk v_x B BwZevPK g bvfve e ³ K i Qb hyw³ wnmv e gyl we` vi mvnvh biqv (5 Rb), AsK 26 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

29 Kivi mgq bvbv ikg mgm v niqv (5 Rb), eb qi AsK RwUj g b niqv (2 Rb), mwvkfv e AsK bv Kiv (3 Rb) BZ vw` KviY wn m e `wl q Q wk v_x `i GB BwZevPK m wzi mv _I mkj wk K I AwffveK GKgZ cvly K i Qb Dc ii cövß Z_ we køly _ K Avgiv `L Z cvb h, MwY Zi gšwjk wel q aviyv bv _vkvuv ewkifvm M elyv AskMÖnYKvixi g Z wk v_x `i MwY Zi cöwz fxwz niqvi Ab Zg KviY wnmv e MY n Z cv i 7.3. Dchy³ wk K bv _vkv MwYZ wel q Dchy³ wk K _vkv h Riæwi Zv wkÿv_ x, wkÿk Ges AwffveKiv wewfbœ hyw³i gva g cökvk K i Qb hgb, Dchy³ wk K mn R eysv Z m g (4 Rb), MwY Zi mgvavb w` Z cviv (6 Rb), g~j welq wk v_x K Rvbv Z m g (2 Rb) Ges Dchy³ wk K bv n j wk v_x `i `ye jzv m wó niqv (2 Rb), wkqyb wkl Z bv cviv (1 Rb), mvdj AR b Ki Z bv cviv (1 Rb) BZ vw` e j gzvgz w` q Qb wk v_x `i MwY Z Dchy³ wk K bv _vkvi mv _ MwY Zi cöwz fxwz m wó niqv m ú K mkj wk v_x B Zv `i BwZevPK g bvfve e ³ K i Qb hyw³ wnmv e mwvkfv e AsK eys Z bv cviv Ges gšwjk welq bv eysv bv K KviY wn m e `wl q Qb wk v_x `i GB BwZevPK m wzi mv _ mkj wk K I AwffveK GKgZ cvly K ib Dc ii cövß Z_ we køly _ K Avgiv `L Z cvb, MwY Z Dchy³ wk K bv _vkvuv ewkifvm M elyv AskMÖnYKvixi g Z wk v_x `i MwY Zi cöwz fxwz niqvi Ab Zg KviY wnmv e MY n Z cv i 7.4. Dchy³ wk Y KŠk ji Afve kªwyk Dchy³ wk Y KŠkj m ú K wkqy wk v_x GKgZ cvly Ki ji Zv `i Ab GKwU Ask 15 R b 6 Rb G wel q wøgz cvly K ib Zv `i e³ e i mg_ b Dchy³ wk Y KŠkj fv jvjv M KviY wkqy wk K g~j welq m ú K fv jvfv e eysvq (6 Rb) cvkvcvwk GB mkj wk Y KŠkj e env i wk K mkj K mwµqfv e AskMÖnY Kiv Z cv ib wkbv Zvi e³ e i mg_ b mg qi Afv e wk K mkj K AskMÖnY Kiv Z bv cviv, wk K eysv Z bv cviv, kªwy cwi e ki Afv e, eb `wl q ïay covq wk K BZ vw` e j gzvgz w` q Q wk v_x `i Dchy³ wk Y KŠkj bv cö qv Mi d j MwY Zi cöwz fxwz m wó niqv m ú K ewkifvm wk v_x B Zv `i BwZevPK g bvfve e ³ K i Qb hyw³ wnmv e eys Z bv cviv, wk Ki grvi KŠkj Aej ^b bv Kiv, AsK mgvavb Ki Z bv cviv e j gzvgz w` q Q wk v_x `i GB BwZevPK m wzi mv _ wk K I AwffveKivI GKgZ cvly K i Qb Dc ii cövß Z_ _ K Avgiv ej Z cvwi, ewkifvm M elyvq AskMÖnYKvixi g Z Dchy³ wk Y KŠk ji Kvi Y wk v_x `i MwY Zi cöwz fxwz niqvi Ab Zg KviY wnmv e MY n Z cv i 7.5. Dchy³ wk vcki Yi Afve wk v_x `i wk K K v m h wk Y DcKiY e envi K ib, Zv fv jvjvmv m ú K cövq mkj wk v_x B Zv `i bwzevpk g bvfve e ³ K i Qb Zv `i e³ e i mg_ b Dchy³ wk Y DcKiY e envi bv evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 27

30 Kiv, ïay PK-Wv vi e envi Kiv (8 Rb), wk K Zuvi wel q DcKiY wb q bv Avmv (6 Rb) e j gzvgz w` q Q cvkvcvwk GB mkj DcKiY e env i wk K mkj K mwµqfv e Ask MÖnY Kiv Z cv ib bv e j wkÿv_ xiv e ³ K i Q Zv `i e³ e i mg_ b wk Ki ev Íe DcKiY e envi bv Kivi welqwu Zviv D jøl K i Q wk v_x `i MwY Zi Dchy³ wk Y DcKiY bv e env ii mv _ MwY Zi cöwz fxwz m wó niqv m ú K mkj wk v_x B Zv `i BwZevPK g bvfve e ³ K i Q Zv `i e³ e i mg_ bñ wk K wewfbœ cökvi DcKiY e envi Ki j wk v_x `i fq K U hviqv, wk KB wk v_x `i gav K wekwkz K i mn R mgvavb w` Z cviv, wk K K v m DcKiY wb q Avm j mevb AvMÖnx niqv Ges Dchy³ wk Y DcKiY e envi `ikvi e j gzvgz w` q Q wk v_x `i GB abvz K m wzi mv _ mkj wk K I AwffveK GKgZ cvly K i Qb Dc ii cövß Z_ _ K Avgiv `L Z cvb h, ewkifvm M elyv AskMÖnYKvixi g Z, MwY Z Dchy³ wk Y DcKi Yi Afv ei Kvi Y wk v_x `i MwY Zi cöwz fxwz niqvi Ab Zg KviY wnmv e MY n Z cv i 7.6. MwYZ wkl b cwiev ii D`vmxbZv wk v_x `i MwYZ wkl b h Kv bv mgm vq cwievi mvaviyz KZUzKz mvnvh I mn hvwmzv K i m m ú K Zv `i g bvfve Rvb Z Póv Kiv n q Q G Î wkqy wk v_x MwYZ wkl b cwiev ii f~wgkv m ú K bwzevpk g bvfve e ³ K i Q Zv `i e³ e i mg_ b cwiev ii m`m `i e ÍZv, cwiev ii e w³em D Pwk vq wkw Z bv niqv, wk Ki Ici wbf ikxjzv, mg qi ^ízv K KviY wnmv e `wl q Q Avevi wkqy wk v_x MwYZ wkl b cwiev ii f~wgkv m ú K BwZevPK g bvfve e ³ K i Q hgb, MwY Z gv-evev, eo fvb- evb mvnvh K i e j D jøl K i Q cvkvcvwk MwYZ wel q cöz vwkz djvdj bv c j cwiev ii D ` vm biqv m ú K Zviv wewfbœ gzvgz hyw³i gva g cökvk Ki Q hgb, MwY Z ` wk K ivlv, PP v Kiv, MwYZ g bv hv Mi mv _ Kiv BZ vw` wk v_x `i cwiev ii D`vmbxZvi Kvi YB MwY Zi cöwz fxwz m wó niqv m ú K Rvb Z PvIqv n j cövq mkj wk v_x B G e vcv i Zv `i BwZevPK g bvfve e ³ K i Q Zv `i e³ e i mg_ b cwiev ii m`m `i iæz bv `Iqv, `vwi`ª, cwiev ii m`m e ` Awkw Z, KwVb D ` vm biqvi d j fq m wó niqv e j gzvgz w` q Q wk v_x `i Gme BwZevPK m wzi mv _ mkj wk KI GKgZ cvly K i Qb Ab w` K AwffveK `i KD KD G Î wk v_x Ges wk K `i mv _ GKgZ cvly Ki ji Zv `i Ab GKwU Ask (5 R bi 2 Rb) G wel q wk v_x I wk K `i gzvg Zi mv _ wkqyuv wøgz cvly K i Qb Zuviv KviY wnmv e cwiev ii D`vmxbZv _vk ji wk K, wk v_x `i D`vmxbZv Ges A bk cwiev ii AwffveK Awkw Z niqv K KviY wn m e wpwýz K i Qb Dc ii cövß Z_ we køly _ K Avgiv `L Z cvb h, MwYZ wkl b cwiev ii D`vmxbZvi Kvi Y KgmsL K M elyv AskMÖnYKvixi g Z wk v_x `i MwY Zi cöwz fxwz niqvi Ab Zg KviY wnmv e MY n Z cv i Dc ii cövß Z_ we køly _ K Avgiv AviI `L Z cvb h, MwYZ wkl b h_vh_ cvv cȳ K bv _vkv, wk v_ x `i g bv hvm bv _vkv, MwY Zi KvwVb, MwYZ wkl b mgq Kg `qv, MvwYwZK wpšív I 28 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

31 hyw³i Afve, kªwyk i wklb cwi ek bv _vkv, b ^i Kg cviqv, kªwyk ÿi h_vh_ g~j vqb e e v bv _vkv wk v_x `i MwYZ fxwzi Ab Zg KviY wnmv e MY n Z cv i cwi k l GKwU Q Ki gva g wkÿv_x `i MwY Zi cöwz fxwz m wói KviYmg~n, Zv `i gvîv I fxwzi aib jv `qv n jv M elyvq AskMÖnYKvixi aib ewkifvm M elyv AskMÖnYKvixi g Z AwaKvsk M elyv AskMÖnYKvixi g Z Kg msl K M elyvq AskMÖnYKvixi g Z MwY Z fxwzi KviY MwY Z Dchy³ wkÿk bv _vkv gšwjk wel q aviyv bv _vkv MvwYwZK wpšív I hyw³i Afve wkÿv_x `i g bv hvm bv _vkv Dchy³ wkÿy KŠkj e envi bv Kiv MwY Z Dchy³ wkÿy DcKi Yi Afve Kg b ^i cviqv kªwyk ÿ h_vh_ g~j vqb e e v bv _vkv MwY Zi BwZnvm cv Vi e e v bv _vkv MwY Zi DËg cvv cȳ Í Ki e e v bv _vkv MwYZ wkl b mgq Kg `qv MwY Zi KvwVb kªwyk ÿi wklb cwi ek bv _vkv MwYZ wkl b cwiev ii D`vmxbZv fxwzi aib wk v_x i wk vcöm~z fq wk v_x i AbyKiYcÖmyZ fq wk v_x i KviYRvZ fq wk v_x i wk vcöm~z fq AcÖxwZKi AwfÁZvcÖmyZ fq wk v_x i KviYRvZ fq wk v_x i KviYRvZ fq wk v_x i wk vcöm~z fq wk v_x i KviYRvZ fq wk v_x i KviYRvZ fq wk v_x i wk vcöm~z fq wk v_x i AwfÁZvcÖm~Z fq wk v_x i KviYRvZ fq wk v_x i KviYRvZ fq 8. M elyvi djvd ji Av jvpbv I cö qvm wewfbœ M elyvq `Lv M Q h, wkÿv_ x `i wewfbœ Kvi Y MwYZ wkl b AbvMÖn m wó nq ez gvb M elyvq `Lv M Q, MwYZ wkl b AbvMÖn ˆZwii wcq b MwY Zi BwZnvm cv Vi e e v I kªwyk ÿi h_vh_ g~j vqb e e v bv _vkv, gšwjk wel q aviyv Kg _vkv, wkÿv_ x `i g bv hv Mi Afve I b ^i Kg cviqvñ Gme KviY RwoZ MwYZ GKwU weg~z welq n ji g~z e i mvnv h MwYZ wkÿv w` j wkÿv_ x `i MwYZ wklbwu vqx nq ez gvb M elyvq `Lv M Q h, MwY Zi mgm v I D`vniY jv ev ÍegyLx bv Kivi cq b MwY Z h_vh_ cvv cȳ ÍK bv _vkv, Dchy³ wkÿ Ki Afve, MwYZ wkl b Kg mgq `Iqv I Dchy³ wkÿy DcKiY e envi bv Kivi KviY jv RwoZ ez gvb M elyvq AviI `Lv M Q h, wkÿv_ xiv wewfbœ Kvi Y fv jv djvdj jvf Ki Z cv i bv G jvi g a Ab Zg n jv, gšwjk wel q aviyv evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 29

32 Kg _vkv, MwY Zi KvwV b i Rb, MvwYwZK wpšív I hyw³ Kg _vkv I b ^i Kg cviqv GQvovI ez gvb M elyvq Ag bv hvmx Ges wbimfv e MwYZ wkl Z cöfvwez Kivi Rb MwY Zi BwZnvm cv Vi e e v bv _vkv K Ges mg qi ^ízvi Rb mgm vi mgvavb bv Ki Z cvivi Rb MwYZ wkl b mgq Kg `qv I kªwyk ÿi wklb cwi ek bv _vkv K KviY wnmv e `Lv M Q ZvQvov MwY Zi mgm v mgvav bi Rb wkÿv_ xiv Kv bv wkqz mwvkfv e wpšív I Dcjwä Kivi wcq b MvwYwZK wpšív I hyw³ Kg _vkv I Dchy³ wkÿy KŠkj e envi bv Kiv MwY Zi fxwz m wói mv _ RwoZ e j ez gvb M elyvq `Lv M Q ez gvb M elyvq cövß djvdj _ K `Lv M Q h, MwY Zi BwZnvm cv Vi e e v, h_vh_ cvv cȳ ÍK, MwYZ wkl b mgq, kªwyk ÿi wklb cwi ekñ Gme welq AwaKvsk M elyvq AskMÖnYKvixi g Z MwY Zi cªwz fxwz m wói mv _ m úk hy³ Avevi gšwjk wel q aviyv, Dchy³ wkÿk, wkÿv_ x `i g bv hvm, MvwYwZK wpšív I hyw³, Dchy³ wkÿy KŠkj, Dchy³ wkÿy DcKiY, b ^i Kg cviqvñ G jvi ewkifvm M elyvq AskMªnYKvixi g Z MwY Zi cöwz fxwz m wó niqvi Ab Zg KviY GQvov MwYZ wkl b cwiev ii f~wgkvi welqwu Kg msl K M elyv-askkvixi g Z MwY Zi cªwz fxwz m wói mv _ RwoZ e j `Lv M Q ez gvb M elyv _ K Avgiv R bwq, MwY Zi BwZnvm cv Vi e e v bv _vkv, h_vh_ cvv cȳ ÍK bv _vkv, MvwYwZK wpšív I hyw³ Kg _vkv I MwY Zi KvwVb Zvi Kvi Y wkÿv_ x `i MwY Z fxwz m wó n Z cv i G M elyvq djvdjwu Rvb Z c i MwYZ wel qi jlk DcK Z n e e j a i bqv hvq KviY jlk hlb wkÿv_ x `i Rb wewfbœ welq eb q Dc vcb Ki eb, ZLb Gme welq wpšív K ib ebwu wjl eb e j a i bqv hvq Avevi MwY Zi BwZnvm cv Vi e e v, h_vh_ cvv cȳ ÍK bv _vkv, gšwjk wel q aviyv, wkÿv_ x `i g bv hvm I MvwYwZK wpšív I hyw³ Kg _vkv, b ^i Kg cviqv I MwY Zi KvwV b i Kvi Y wkÿv_ x `i MwY Z fxwz m wó n Z cv i G M elyvq djvdjwu Rvb Z c i wkÿvµg cöyqbkvix DcK Z n eb KviY wkÿvµg cöyqbkvix hlb wkÿv_ x `i Rb wkÿvµg cöyqb Ki eb, ZLb Gme welq m ú K mywpšív I we køly K ib wkÿvµg cöyqb Ki Z cvi eb gšwjk wel q aviyv, wkÿv_ x `i g bv hvm, MvwYwZK wpšív I hyw³ Kg _vkv, Dchy³ wkÿk, kªwyk ÿi wklb cwi ek, Dchy³ wkÿy KŠkj I kªwyk ÿi h_vh_ g~j vqb e e v bv _vkv, Dchy³ wkÿy DcKi Yi Afve, MwYZ wkl b Kg mgq `qv Ges MwY Zi KvwV b i g bvfve _vkvi Rb wkÿv_ x `i g a MwY Z fxwz m wó n Z cv i G M elyvi djvdj R b MwYZ wkÿk I wkÿk cöwkÿke ` DcK Z n eb aviyv Kiv hvq KviY MwYZ wkÿk hlb wkÿv_ x `i wewfbœ welq m ú K aviyv ` eb, ZLb Gme wel qi cöwz g bv hvmx n q köwykvh µg cwipvjbv Ki Z cvi eb Avevi wkÿk cöwkÿk Gme welqe m ú K wkÿk `i cöwkÿ Yi gva g wewfbœ mgm vi mgvavb Ki eb ez gvb M elyv _ K Avgiv R bwq, MwYZ wkl b cwiev ii f~wgkv I MvwYwZK wpšív I hyw³ Kg _vkv, köwyk ÿi wklb cwi ek bv _vkv Ges b ^i Kg cviqvi d j wkÿv_ x `i MwY Z fxwz m wó n Z cv i M elyvi djvdj m ú K Rvb Z c i gva wgk Í ii wkÿv_x iv DcK Z n e e j a i bqv hvq KviY wkÿv_x iv hlb G welq jv m ú K Rvb e ZLb Zv `i m PZbZv evo e 30 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

33 GQvovI MwYZ wkl b cwiev ii f~wgkv Kg _vkv m ú K Rvb Z c i AwffveKivI DcK Z n eb ejv hvq AwffveKiv hlb G welq jv m ^ Ü Rvb eb, ZLb Zviv G welq jvi cöwz Lqvj i L mšívb `i jlvcovi cöwz Drmvn I AvMÖn m wó Ki Z cvi eb e j a i bqv hvq 9. Dcmsnvi M elyv Kivi c~ e Avgiv aviyv K iwqjvg, nq Zv MwYZ wkl b cwiev ii D`vmxbZv, MwYZ wkl b Kg mgq `qv, cixÿvq Kg b ^i cviqv, MwYZ K KwVb jv MÑ Gme Kvi Y wkÿv_ xiv MwYZ K fq cv Q GQvovI wkqz m `n (doubt) K iwqjvg h, nq Zv köwyk ÿi wklb cwi ek bv _vkv I Dchy³ wkÿ Ki Afv eb wkÿv_ xiv MwYZ K fq cv Q wkš ez gvb M elyvq bzzb welq c qwq h, MwY Zi BwZnvm cv Vi e e v bv _vkv, h_vh_ cvv cȳ Í Ki e e v bv _vkv, gšwjk wel q aviyv Kg _vkv, MvwYwZK wpšív I hyw³i Afve, Dchy³ wkÿy KŠk ji Afve, Dchy³ wkÿy DcKi Yi Afve, wkÿv_ x `i g bv hvm bv _vkv, kªwyk ÿi h_vh_ g~j vqb e e v bv _vkvi Kvi Y wkÿv_x `i MwY Z fxwz m wó n Q G M elyvi gva g Avgv `i hgb MwYZ fxwzi m ú K bzzb Áv bi ms hvm n q Q, Zgwb G M elyvwui djvdj we køly K i MwYZ welq-mswkøó mk jib bzzb aviyv ms hvwrz n e Z_ m~î AvjvDwÏb, gv. (2009). mvgvwrk M elyv: ˆeÁvwbK Ávb A šl^ Y c wz, XvKv: evsjv GKv Wgx Avn g`, Av. Av. Av. (2005). wk vq M elyv c wz, XvKv: cöfvwz jvb eªix AvLZviæ¾vgvb, gv. (1986). lô köwyi MwYZ cvv m~px ev Íevq bi cwigvc wby q, XvKv: XvKv wek we` vjq Avjx, W. gv. Av. (1988), wk v M elyv cwiwpwz, XvKv: evsjv GKv Wgx Bmjvg, G. K. Gg. Av. (1997), cöv_wgk Í i MwYZ wkÿvi mgm vmg~n wpwýzkiy, wkÿv I M elyv Bbw wudu, XvKv wek we` vjq Nvl, A. (1991). wk vkªqx g bvweávb, KwjKvZv: GWy Kkbvj G UvicÖvBRvm Nvl, ˆk. Ky. (2005). MwYZ wk Y, KvjKvZv: mvgv eyk G RÝx PÆivR, k v. (1991). MwYZ wk Y c wz, XvKv Rvgvb, wr. (1983). wk v M elyv: c wz I KŠkj, XvKv Rvnvb, i. (1994). gva wgk we` vj q MwYZ wkÿv`v bi mgm v, AcÖKvwkZ Gg.GW. w_wmm, wkÿv I M elyv Bbw wudu, XvKv wek we` vjq evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 31

34 ZvQv`y¾vgvb, Gm. K. Gg. (1994). cöv_wgk Í ii MwY Zi g~j welq wji Dci beg köwyi wkÿv_x `i cvi`wk Zvi gvîv wby q, wkÿv I M elyv Bbw wudu, XvKv wek we` vjq Zcb, kv. (1993). w_wmm I A vmvb g U wjlb c wz I KŠkj, XvKv: cöwzfv `vm, K. (1998). gva wgk Í i MwYZ wel q ˆbe wëk cöez bi mgm v wbiƒcy, AcÖKvwkZ Gg.GW. w_wmm, wupvm Uªwbs K jr, XvKv `vm, kªx. P. (1993). MwYZ wk Y, envjv, KwjKvZv: `vm eyk G RÝx wek vm, mv. K.z, Ges wek vm, my. (2003), wk vi gb ÍvwË K wfwë I wk vq wb ` kbv, XvKv: cöfvzx jvb eªix fbu~ qv, gv. gv. (1996). lô kwö Y Z exrmwyz eva Zvgj~ K Kivi iæz hvpvb, Gg.GW. w_wmm, wupvm Uwª bs K jr, XvKv gvb&bvb, gv. Av., Ges gix, mv. Lv. (2008). mvgvwrk M elyv I cwimsl vb cwiwpwz, XvKv: cözxk cökvkbv ms v wgzzj, ˆm. gv. (2011). mßg kªwyi wkÿv_x `i R vwgwz wkl bi `ye jzvi KviY AbymÜvb, wkÿv I M elyv Bbw wudu, XvKv wek we` vjq Avng`, gv. i. D. (2001). gva wgk D PZi exrmwyz cvv cȳ Í Ki `ye j w`kmg~n PwýZKiY, ms kvab I cwigvr b, XvKv: XvKv g UªvcwjUb wupvm Uªwbs K jr ivq, my. (1995). wk v g bvwe` v, KwjKvZv: mvgv eyk G RÝx mvgv`, gv. Av. (2000). MwYZ wk v I cªwk Y, XvKv: mvgv` cvewj Kkb GÛ wimvp mvgv`, gv. Av. (2010). wkÿv I M elyv, XvKv: evsjv GKv Wgx nv mb, gv. Rv. (2000). wk vg~jk M elyv, XvKv: g Uªv cvewj Kkb Xvjx, ^. Ky. (2004). MwYZ wk Y, XvKv: cöfvzx jvb eªix Best, J.W., & Khan, J.V. (2006). Research in education. New Delhi: Prentice Hall. Best, J.W. (2005). Research in education, New Delhi: prentice Hall. Lumsden, L. (2000). National education goals panel s (NEGP) case study results, ERIC Digest 116, Expectations for Students. 32 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

35 evsjv fvlvq ÔKviÕ-nxb e Y i D PviY ˆewPÎ * Zvwid nvqvz Lvb 1. f wgkv mvims c evsjv fvlvi wjwlz iƒ c ^iey K wewfbœ ÔKviÕ-Gi mvnv h cökvk Kiv nq cöwzwu ^ie Y i c _K c _K ÔKviÕ _vk ji Ô ^ i AÕ-Gi c _K Kv bv ÔKviÕ bb mvaviyfv e ÔKviÕ-nxb ey Ô ^ i AÕ cökvk K i; wkš me ÔKviÕ-nxb e Y i D PviY GKiKg bq Kv bvwu ÔAÕ, Avevi Kv bv Kv bvwu ÔIÕ Avevi KL bv ÔnmšÍÕ-Gi Abycw wzi wkqzuv wøz cökvk K i AwfÁ Pv L GwU eo mgm v bv n ji bzzb wk v_ x `i Kv Q A bkmgq G D PviY-cv_ K aiv KwVb d j ciez x Z fzj D PviY AuvK o _vkv A ^vfvwek bq Z e mzk Zvi mv _ j Ki j wkqz wbqg aiv c o G cöe Ü kãvsk K M elyvi Î wn m e we epbv K i mlv b ÔKviÕ-nxb e Y i QqwU Ae vb wpwýz Kiv n q Q Zvici cöpwjz kãmg~n _ K GB QqwU Ae v b ÔKviÕ-nxb e Y i D PviY ÔAÕ, ÔIÕ, ev ÔnmšÍÕ n e wkbv mwu wkqz wbq gi gva g wjwce Kiv n q Q GB wbqg jv K mnrfv e Dc vcb Kiv n q Q h jv g b ivl j bzzb wk v_ x `i c mwvkfv e evsjv D PviY Av ikuz mnr n Z cv i g~j kã: evsjv fvlv, D PviY, ^iey, Kvi evsjv fvlvi wjwlz iƒ c ^iey K msw ß K i ÔKviÕ wn m e jlv nq hgb Av- K ÔvÕ, B- K ÔwÕ, I- K Ô võñ GBiKg 11wU ^ie Y i cöwzwuib wbr ^ ÔKviÕ i qq, ïay ' ^ i A' Qvov (Shabnam & Piklu, 2013) mvaviyz ÔKviÕ-nxb ey ' ^ i A' cökvk K i, wkš me Kvi-nxb e Y i D PviY GK`g GKiKg bq (Kamal et. al., 2008) Kv bvwu ÔAÕ, Kv bvwu ÔIÕ, Avevi Kv bv Kv bvwu ÔnmšÍÕ D`vniY ^iƒc, ÔmKjÕ k ã ÔmÕ hfv e D PvwiZ nq, ÔKÕ mfv e D PvwiZ nq bv ÔmÕ-Gi D Pvi Y ÔAÕ-Gi cöfve Ges ÔKÕ-Gi D Pvi Y ÔIÕ-Gi cöfve _v K Avevi, k li ÔjÕ e Y I Kv bv ÔKviÕ bb, wkš mwu nmší-gi cöfv e Ôj&Õ wn m e D PvwiZ nq mv`v Pv L G `i cv_ K evsv m e bq g~jz AwfÁZvB GKRb wk v_ x K Gme cv_ K m ^ Ü IqvwKenvj K i Zv j Z e wkqz wbqg G jvi g b P j Ges m jv Rvbv _vk j bzzb wk v_ x mn R G `i cv_ K Uv eys Z cv i d j Zviv ciez x Z wvkfv e D PviY Ki Z cv i, KviY h_vh_fv e D PviY Ki Z cviv GKwU fvlv wvkfv e klvi Acwinvh kz (Mostafa et. al., 2016) G M elyvq mikg wkqz wbq gi AeZviYv Kiv n q Q, h jv cöpwjz e vkiy eb Z Abycw Z * W. Zvwid nvqvz Lvb: mn hvmx Aa vck, BDwbfvwm wu UK bvjwr gvj qwkqv, gvj qwkqv evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 33

36 2. cuf wg: k ã ÔKviÕ-nxb e Y i m ve Ae vbmg~n cöv_wgk M elyvg~jk ch e Y `Lv hvq, ÔKviÕ-nxb ey k ãi g a g~jz wzbwu vb `Lj Ki Z cv iñ 1. k ãi cö_ g, 2 k ãi g a I 3 k ãi k l k ãi g a G `i Ae vb k ãi ey msl v f ` wewfbœ v b _vk Z cv i wkš k ãi wfz i cöwzwu m ve Ae vb K c _Kfv e we epbv Ki j we køly hgb A nzzk wejw ^Z nq, Zgwb Zv iæz I nvivq kã K g~jz wkqz kãvs k fvm Kiv hvq Ges kãvsk K we køl Yi g~j Dccv` wn m e Dc vcb Ki Z cvi j mwu ek mnr eva I nq evsjv fvlvi ey K Ab vb A bk fvlvi g Zv Ôwm je&j&õ ev kãvs k fvm Kiv hvq hgb, Bs iwr fvlvq kãvsk GKwU ^iey K wn i _v K hvi wfwë n Q aÿwb (Kahn, 1976; Lapointe & Feinstein, 1982) D`vniY ^iƒc, pencil kã K pen Ges cil GB `ywu kãvs k fvm Kiv hvq m wn m e ÔcÖwZwbqZÕ kãwu K Bs iwr fvlvi Av` j kãvs k fvm Ki Z M j ÔcÖÕ, ÔwZÕ, ÔwbÕ, ÔqÕ, ÔZÕÑ me jvb G KKwU kãvsk wn m e ^xk wz cv e, KviY Gi cöwzwub GKwU ^iey K wn i Av Q wkš evsjv fvlvq mfv e kãvsk wpwýz nq bv GLv b ^iey jv ÔKviÕ wn m e e väbe Y i mv _ hy³ _v K, Ges avzz ( hgb, Ki&, Lj& BZ vw`) ev kãg~j ( hgb, Uzwc, Kjg BZ vw`), GK Î hv `i ÔcÖK wzõ ejv nq, m jv z`ªzg kãvsk wn m e wpwýz nq GQvovI DcmM ( hgb, civ, Ac, AwZ BZ vw`), cöz q ( hgb, AK, gvb, Avwg BZ vw`), ev wµqvi wewfbœ cökvk f` ( hgb, wqjvg, B ZwQ BZ vw`) G jv KI z`ªzg kãvsk wn m e wpwýz Kiv h Z cv i G jv K f O AviI z`ª kãvs k wef³ Ki Z M j G M elyv A nzzk cöjw ^Z n Z cv i ZvB Av jvpbvi myweav _ G M elyvq m jv KB z`ªzg kãvsk wn m e wpwýz Kiv n q Q h jv K e vki Yi Kv bv bv Kv bv Zvrch c~y wbq g cökvk Kiv hvq m wn m e, ÔcÖwZwbqZÕ kã K ÔcÖwZÕ I ÔwbqZÕ GB `ywu kãvs k wef³ wn m e wpwýz Kiv h Z cv i, KviY cö_gwu DcmM RvZ Ges wøzxqwu cöz qvší kã cö_gwui cö_ g I wøzxqwui gva gi k l ÔKviÕ-nxb ey Av Q (Av jvpbvi myweav _ ÔKviÕ-mn e väbey K GKwU ey wn m e D jøl Kiv n Q) AviI D jlø h, hme czö q, wefw³ ev mwürvz kãvsk i^ ey w` q ïiæ nq, m jv avzz ev kãg ~ ji c i h³y n j mb i^ eyw U avzz ev kãg ~ ji k li e Yi mv _ ÔKviÕ wn m e h³y n q hvq ZLb Zv `i K Avjv`v kãvsk wn m e G M elyvq aiv n Q bv A_v r, hme kãvsk e vki Yi wbq g Ab kãvs ki mv _ h³y n q c ~ ei iƒc A Z ivl Z cv i bv, m jv K kãvsk wn m e G M elyvq wpwýz Kiv n Q bv hgb, K+ AK (YK) = KviK G Î ÔKviKÕ- K GKwUgvÎ kãvsk wn m e a i bqvb G M elyvi Rb mwy eavrbk hw` `wy U kãvsk wg j wm q h³y v i, djv, id BZ vw`i Rb `q, m ÎI Zv `i Avjv`v kãvsk wn m e aiv n e bv hgb, mg+mvi = msmvi G Î ÔmsmviÕ- K GKwU kãvsk wn m eb G M elyvq aiv n e GKBfv e wbev Y, DËvc BZ vw`i GKwU kãvsk wn m eb MY n e A_v r, e vkiywm `wy U kãvsk h³y niqvi ci hw` msh³y niqvi v b h Kv bv GKwU ev `wy UB Avi ÔA ZÕ bv _v K, ZLb c y iv kãwu KB GK kãvs ki kã wn m e aiv n e GQvovI aÿwbrvz wbq g kãvsk fvm n e bv, hv c ~ eb ejv n q Q 34 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

37 ms c Av ikwu D`vni Yi gva g G wzbwu wbq gi e vl v `qv h Z cv i Ôew¼gÕ kã K aÿwb wn m e fvm Ki j ÔesÕ Ges ÔwKgÕ GB `ywu kãvsk cviqvi K_v Ges mwürvz kã wn m e fvm Ki j Ôe¼Õ Ges ÔBgÕ cviqvi K_v Av MB ejv n q Q cö_g wbqgwu G M elyvi evb i ivlv n q Q GQvov ÔBgÕ A Z bv _ K Gi ^iey wu Ôw¼Õ hy³v ii Ask n q hviqvq QvU kãvsk `ywu K Avjv`vfv e G M elyvq kãvsk wn m e aiv n e bv ZvB Ôew¼gÕ- K GK kãvskwewkó kã wn m eb wpwýz Kiv n e G wbq g GK kãvskwewkó k ã Ges GKvwaK kãvskwewkó k ãi Î, kãvsk jv ewkifvm ÎB `yb ev wzb e Y i nq hgb, ÔcUf~wgÕ kã K ÔcUÕ Ges Ôf~wgÕ G `ywu kãvs k fvm Kiv h Z cv i, hvi cöwzwu Z `ywu ey i q Q Ges hy³ niqvi mgq A ZB _ K M Q AviI eo k ãi D`vniYI `qv h Z cv i h jv K `yb ev wzb e Y i kãvs k fvm Kiv hvq hgb, ÔMYcÖRvZš xõ kã K ÔMYÕ, ÔcÖRvÕ Ges ÔZš xõñ GB wzbwu kãvs k fvm Kiv h Z cv i hv `i cö Z KB `ywu ey (ÔKviÕ-mn e väbey K ev hy³v i K GKwU ey wn m e a i wb q) wb q MwVZ GQvovI wz bi ewk ey wewkó e vkiywm Zvrch c~y kãvski _vk Z cv i, Z e mvaviyfv e wpšív Ki j m jv Z ÔKviÕ-nxY ey cviqv `y i KviY m Î m jv D PviY Kiv mnrmva n e bv ZvB m jv K G M elyvi evb i ivlv n q Q hgb, Ô bz Z vaxbõ kã K GB wzb wbqg g b Pj j Avi QvU Kv bv kãvs k fvm Kiv hv e bv m Î Gi cy ivwu KB GKwU kãvsk wn m e aiv h Z cv i kãwu Z G wbq g cvup ey wewkó GKwU kãvsk Av Q, wkš hwu G M elyvi Rb iæz c~y, Zv n jvñ GB eo kãvs k ÔKviÕ-nxb ey Kej GKwU Ges mwu me P q k l Gfv e we epbv Ki j GiKg eo AvKv ii kãvsk G M elyvq Lye ewk RwUjZvi m wó Ki Z cvi e bv e j cöviw K aviyv Kiv n Q ÔKviÕ-nxb ey D Pvi Yi Î Ôhy³v iõ-gi we kl f wgkv i q Q cövq 270wU hy³v i Av Q evsjv fvlvq (Shabnam & Piklu, 2013) k ãi g a G `i Dcw wz nq Zv Kv bv e vkiywm wbqg QvovB n Z cv i hgb, Abœ, fæ, MÜ BZ vw` K aÿwb wn m e kãvs k fvm Kiv M ji e vki Yi Kv bv wbq g z`ªzi kãvs k fvm Kiv hv e bv Avevi hy³v ii Dcw wzi Kvi Y ÔKviÕ-nxb e Y i GKwU bzzb Ae vbi g b bqv n Q, mwu n Q hy³v ii k l hgb, Dch y³ kã jv Z kl ey wu ÔKviÕ-nxb e Y i GKUv bzzb Ae vb Avevi Av ikuz eo kã, hgb, Ô ^¾bÕ k ã Ô¾Õ-Gi wøzxq ÔRÕ- KI ÔKviÕ-nxb e Y i Av ikwu Ae vb wn m e aiv n Q Ges mwu n Q kãvs ki g a D jøl, hy³v ii cö_g ey memgq nmší wn m eb D PvwiZ nq ZvB, hw`i hy³v ii cö_g ey ÔKviÕ-nxb, ZeyI Gi D PviY wb q gz ØZZv bb Av ikwu welq D jlø Kiv fv jv A bk mgq GK e Yi kãvski _vk Z cv i DcmM, czö q BZ vw`i h jv e vki Yi wbq g ckö w Zi mv _ wg j M ji A Z _v K, Zv `i KZ jv GK e Yi I n Z cv i m Î GK e Yi kãvski G M elyvq g b bqv n e hgb, ÔRjRÕ k ã kãvsk `wy UÑ ÔRjÕ Ges ÔRÕ, hvi wøzxqwu GK e Yi D jlø, hw` kãvsk K msávwqz Kivi G wbqg jv e vkiymzfv e wøg Zi AeKvkI mw ó K i, Zvi cfö ve ezg vb M elyvi c wz Z cfö ve evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 35

38 dj e bv KviY G M elyvq D Pvi Yi wbqg jv Av jvp ÔKviÕ-nxb e Yi msjmœ e Yi D PviY ˆewkó _ KB ei Kiv n q Q, kãvs ki ˆewkó _ K bq Av jvpbvi mwy eav _ M elyv c wz wb P `qv n jv 3. M elyv c wz ÔKviÕ-nxb e Y i Ae vb cy iv k ãi g a bv Lyu R G M elyvq g~jz mme kãvs ki g a B LuvRv n q Q, hlv b ewkifvm Î AšÍZ GKwU ÔKviÕ-nxb ey Av Q AZGe, cöwzwu kã K g~jz K Zv jv kãvs k fvm K i Zvici ÔKviÕ-nxb e Y i D PviY wpwýz Kivi Póv Kiv n q Q hy³v i K GKwU ey wn m eb wpwýz Kiv n q Q hvi wøzxq ey wu K we epbvq ivlv n q Q hw` GKwU k ã GKwUB kãvsk _v K, Zvn j Zv K kãvsk wn m eb D jøl Kiv n q Q Avi Ab vb kã K `yb ev Z ZvwaK kãvs ki mgš^q wn m e msávwqz Kiv n q Q Gfv e msávwqz Kivi ci kãvskmg~ n ÔKviÕ-nxb e Y i Qq cökvi Ae vb cviqv hvq m jv n jv: 1. GKgvÎ ev cö_g kãvs ki cö_ g; 2. GKgvÎ ev kl kãvs ki k l; 3. kãvs ki cö_ g, wkš k ãi cö_ g bq; 4. kãvs ki k l wkš k ãi k l bq (D jøl, 3 I 4-Gi Î ÔKviÕ-nxb ey wu GKvwaK kãvskwewkó k ãi wfz i Kv_vI Aew Z); 5. hy³v ii wøzxq e Y Ges 6. hy³v ii c~ e ÔKviÕ-nxb e Y i D PviY cökv ki Rb ÔAÕ, ÔIÕ, Ges ÔnmšÍÕÑ GB wzbwu cökvi f` we epbv Kiv n q Q 4. djvdj h nzz cöeüwu bzzb wk v_ x `i D Ï k wjwlz, ZvB evrv i cöpwjz câg kªwy ch ší wewfbœ evsjv cvv eb q e eüz mnr kãmg~n we køly K i KZ jv wbq gi cö Íve Kiv n q Q Z e Îwe k l eo ev KwVbZi kã ev kãvski Av jvpbvq Avbv n q Q Av jvp ÔKviÕ-nxb ey jv K wb P `vm w` q wpwýz Kiv n q Q M elyvq cövß wbqg jv Dch y³ QqwU Ae v bi wfwë Z Av jvpbv Kiv n jv 1. GKgvÎ ev cö_g kãvs ki cö_ g Aew Z ÔKviÕ-nxb e Y i D PviYÑ K. hw` c i nmší _v K, Zvn j ÔAÕ-Gi D PviY ÔAÕ n e D`vniY: Ni, ek, Qb 36 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

39 L. hw` c i ÔAvÕ-Kvi, ÔGÕ-Kvi, ev ÔIÕ-Kvi _v K, Zvn j ÔAÕ-Gi D PviY ÔAÕ n e cö_ g GK kãvskwewkó `ybe Y i k ãi D`vniY `qv n jv D`vniY: kjv, R ov, e U D jøl, wzb e Y i kãvsk ev GKvwaK kãvskwewkó k ãi cö_g kãvs ki Rb I GKB w b q g cö hvr, cö_g kãvsk GK e Y ib nvk ev GKvwaK e Y ib nvk GKvwaK kãvsk K Ô-Õ-Gi gva g Avjv`v `Lv bv n q Q D`vniY: m-evüe, KivZ, m d`, m ivr, K cvz, Ki-Zvwj M. hw` c i ÔBÕ-Kvi, ev ÔDÕ-Kvi _v K, Zvn j ÔAÕ-Gi D PviY ÔIÕ n e cö_ g GK kãvsk-wewkó `yb e Y i k ãi D`vniY `qv n jv D`vniY: Nwo, b`x, Kwj, Qwe, cuz, gay, aby D jøl, wzb e Y I kãvsk ev GKvwaK kãvskwewkó k ãi cö_g kãvs ki Rb I GKB wbqg cö hvr, cö_g kãvsk GK e Y ib nvk ev GKvwaK e Y ib nvk D`vniY: RwUj, gwz-pzi, gwy-gvjv AviI D jøl h, H-Kvi Ges J-Kvi e Y i mv _ hy³ _vk j ev GKKfv e _vk j ^Ztwm fv eb mb e Y i cö_g 'A'-Gi D PviY ÔIÕ n e D`vniY: eš, ˆK, ˆng, ˆkevj, Jla 2. GKgvÎ ev kl kãvs ki k l Aew Z ÔKviÕ-nxb e Y i D PviYÑ K. wkqz e wzµg Qvov me Î D Pvi Y ÔnmšÍÕ n e D`vniY: Ni, RU, bj, c`, Lei, RUv-ai e wzµg: g~p, wb o D jøl, wkqz e wzµg Qvov wzb ey wewkó ev GKvwaK kãvskwewkó k ãi ÎI me k l Aew Z ÔKviÕ-nxb e Y i D Pvi Y nmší n e D`vniY: fv½b, evmb, Dc- `k e wzµg: wkskz e -weg~p L. e wzµg n Q k l ÔiÕ, ÔjÕ, ÔZÕ BZ vw`i Dcw wz, h jv mvaviyz wµqvk ãi wewfbœ iƒc cökv ki Rb e eüz nq G jvi g a wkqz Î ÔIÕ-Kvi w` q jlvii iiqvr i q Q, Ges Zvi d j GB wøz Zvi Aemvb NUv Z cv i D jøl, G wbqgwu g~jz wµqvc `i mv _ RwoZ, bvg c `i mv _ bq evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 37

40 D`vniY: Ki (K iv), Lj ( L jv), nj (n jv), K i-wqj (K iwq jv) BZvw` wkš Ab vb wkqz Î ÔIÕ-Kv ii e envi G Kev ib Abycw Z D`vniY: wjwlz (D PviY wjwl Zv, wkš Gfv e jlv nq bv), cwvz (D PviY c w V Z v, wkš Gfv e jlv nq bv) BZ vw` Z e wkqz wµqvk ãi iƒc QvovI Ab vb e wzµgi Av Q D`vniY: fvj (fv jv) DwjøwLZ e wzµg jv m ez mg qi cöfv e cwiewz Z n q M Q 3. wzb ey wewkó kãvs ki gv S; A_ev GKvwaK kãvskwewkó k ã kãvs ki cö_ g, wkš k ãi cö_ g bq, GiKg v b Aew Z ÔKviÕ-nxb e Y i D PviYÑ K. G Î hw` ey wui c~ e ÔAvÕ, ÔGÕ, ev ÔIÕ-Kvi-hy³ ey _v K, A_ev ÔKviÕ-nxb k ã v s k _v K, Zvn j ÔAÕ-Gi D PviY ÔIÕ n e D`vniY: KLb, Kgb, QvUb, gmb, jey, Ki-g` b L. c~ e Aew Z ey wu hw` ÔBÕ/ÔCÕ, ÔDÕ/ÔEÕ, ev ÔHÕ ev ÔJÕ-Kvi hy³ nq, Zvn j ÔAÕ-Gi D PviY ÔAÕ n e D`vniY: wjlb, kxzj, ˆeVK, b~zb, f eb, ˆKeZ, Jla, hšeb, Rxeb GLv b GKwU welq D jøl Kiv cö qvrb mwu n Q, ÔHÕ ev ÔJÕ g~jz ÔIBÕ ev ÔIDÕ wn m eb D PvwiZ nq mrb hme wbqg B/C ev D/E-Gi Î cö hvr, m jv mvaviyz ÔHÕ ev ÔJÕ-Gi Rb I cö hvr nq; hgbwu `Lv M Q 1M ev 3L-Gi Î 4. wzb ey wewkó kãvs ki gv S; ev GKvwaK kãvskwewkó k ã kãvs ki k l, wkš k ãi k l bq, GiKg v b Aew Zi ÔKviÕ-nxb e Y i D PviYÑ G Î ey wui c i hv-b _vkzk, ÔAÕ-Gi D PviY ÔIÕ n e D`vniY: cu-f wg, Pj-gvb, NUbv 5. hy³v ii wøzxq e Y Aew Z ÔKviÕ-nxb e Y i D PviYÑ K. hw` hy³v iwu kãvs ki k l _v K, Zvn j memgq ÔAÕ-Gi D PviY ÔIÕ n e D jøl, Ô idõ Ges ÔhÕ-djv (hlb wøz D PviY nq)-i GB wbq g hy³v ii g a c o D`vniY: f³, AÜ, evk, `c, B `ª, we, gg, AšÍ, wm³ 38 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

41 GQvovI ÔiÕ-djv, ÔjÕ-djv, ÔgÕ-djv, ÔcÕ-djv, ev ÔbÕ-djv BZ vw` A bkuv ^Ztwm fv eb ÔIÕ wn m e D PvwiZ nq D`vniYt bgª, Kí, wb œ, Avß L. hw` hy³v iwui ci nmší-hy³ ey w` q kãvskwu kl nq, Zvn j hy³v ii c~ e i ey wu ÔKviÕ-nxb ÔAÕ-D PvwiZ ey n j hy³v ii wøzxq e Y i ÔAÕ-Gi D PviY ÔIÕ n e D`vniY: eèb, P `b, KÈK, ejøg, cjøf, gg i M. hw` hy³v iwui ci nmší-hy³ ey w` q kãvskwu kl nq, Zvn j hy³v ii c~ e i ey wu ÔKviÕ-nxb ÔAÕ-D PvwiZ ey Qvov Ab ÔKviÕ-hy³, ev ÔKviÕ-nxb ÔIÕ D PvwiZ n j hy³v ii wøzxq e Y i ÔAÕ-Gi D PviY ÔAÕ n e D`vniY: jyéb, K šíb, fv i, fq¼i, D¾ j, B¾Z, BÜb Z e, ÔKÕ, Ges ÔLÕ GB `yb wbq gib wkqz e vwzµg i q Q hgb, Ômy `iõ-g Ô`Õ-Gi D Pvi Y ÔAÕ Ges ÔIÕ `yb-b cöpwjz ZvB GB `yb wbq gi Rb AviI M elyv cö qvrb N. hy³v ii c i nmší-hy³ ey wu ÔqÕ n j, hy³v ii k li ÔKviÕ-nxb e Y i ÔAÕ-Gi D PviY ÔAÕ n e D`vniY: `yr q, wpb q, mäq 6. hy³v ii c~ e Aew Z ÔKviÕ-nxb e Y i D PviYÑ K. hw` c i hy³v i _v K Ges Zv Z ÔAvÕ-Kvi ev ÔKviÕ-nxb ey _v K, Zvn j ÔAÕ-Gi D PviY ÔAÕ n e D`vniY: e³v, AÜ, bgª, A vb, RÄvj, cî L. hw` c i hy³v i _v K, wkš Zv Z Ab h Kv bv ÔKviÕ _v K, Zvn j ÔAÕ-Gi D PviY ÔIÕ n e D`vniY: fw³, e `x, cwäkv, iw³g, f i, A¼zi, mwü G wbqg jv g b ivl j AviI eo eo kãi we køly Kiv m e hgb, Rbgvbek~Y (R bv-gv bve&- k~ Y v), cöjq¼vix ( cövj qv¼vix), m cömviy (m cövmv ivy&), mywbw` ó (my-wbw` óv), gnvgvb (gnvgv b v), fi K `ª (fi&- K `ªv) BZ vw` Gfv e e ov ev QvU me k ãb ÔKviÕ-nxb k ãi D PviY ÔAÕ, ÔIÕ, bvwk ÔnmšÍÕ n e mwu wbw` ó K i ejv hv e Gme wbqg Lqvj ivl j h Kv bv wbq g e wzµg _vk eb AviI Mfxi M elyvq m jvi wbqgi ewi q co Z cv i GQvov A bk we `wk kã evsjv fvlvq e eüz nq, h jv e vki Yi A bk mvaviy wbqg g b P j bv m jv K G M elyvi AvIZvq djv nqwb evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 39

42 5. Dcmsnvi nq Zv Avw` Z ÔIÕ wn m e D PvwiZ h Kv bv ey Z ÔIÕ-Kvi `Lv bv n Zv; Z e Kv ji cwiµgvq wkqz ÔIÕ-Kvi ` k Z wejyß n q Q, h jv GLb ÔKviÕ-nxb n q ÔAÕ-Kvi e Y i m ½ wg k M Q wkqz Î nmší-i nvwi q M Q AwfÁ Pv L G jv mgm v wn m e aiv c o bv, Z e bzzb wk v_ xi Kv Q Zv wkqz mgm v ˆZwi K i ˆewK G M elyvq D jøwlz wbqg jv Zv `i m mgm v wkqzuv n ji guv Z cvi e e j aviyv Kiv n Q Z_ m~î Kahn, D. (1976). Syllable-based generalizations in English phonology. Thesis- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, ISBN Kamal, M. S., Hoque, M. M., Hasan, M. M. U., & Arefin, M. S. (2008). Bangla vowel sign recognition by extracting the fuzzy features. In Proceedings of 11th international conference on computer and information technology (ICCIT 2008), December, Khulna, Bangladesh, pp Mostafa, S. S., Awal, M. A., Ahmad, M., & Rashid, M. A. (2016). Voiceless Bangla vowel recognition using semg signal. Springer Plus, 5:1522, DOI: /s Shabnam, A. & Piklu, D. S. (2013). An easily comprehendible unicode based sorting algorithm for Bangla words. International Journal of Computer Applications, 79(5): pp Shabnam, A., Urmi, T. T, & Islam, M. S. (2015). A faster approach to sort unicode represented Bengali words. International Journal of Computer Applications, 126(11): pp Lapointe, S. & Feinstein, M. (1982). The role of vowel deletion and epenthesis in the assignment of syllable structure. The structure of phonological representations, part II. 40 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

43 evsjv ` ki cöÿvc U mvÿizvi gvb Dbœq b ÔRvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvbõ qi m úk * gvt ZwiKzj Bmjvg ** dvinvbv iwk` 1. f~wgkv mvims ÿc RvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb bzzb welq bv n ji evsjv ` ki cöÿvc U Gi ev Íevqb Lye ewk cyivzb bq Kv bv wkÿy-wklb Kvh µ gi gva g wkÿv_x iv Kx AR b Ki Q, Zv bvbv c wz I KŠk ji gva g Rvbv hvq GKBfv e, wkÿvi I mvÿizvi gvbi Kv bv GKK Dcv`v bi Ici wbf ikxj bq ZvB ejv nq, wkÿy-wklb Kvh µ gi d j wkÿv_x iv mvÿizv-mswkøó c~e wba vwiz wklbdj K ZvUzKz AR b Ki Z c i Q Zv hvpvb qi Rb ÔRvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvbõ eûjfv e M nxz GKwU KŠkj G-c wzi bvbvwea ˆewk ó i Kvi Y c w_exi eû ` ki g Zv evsjv ` ki mvÿizvi gvb wbiƒcy I mvÿizvi gvb Dbœq b GwU cö qvm Kiv n Q ez gvb cöe Ü RvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb qi mv _ wewfbœ w`k mswÿßfv e Zz j aivi cvkvcvwk evsjv ` ki cöÿvc U wkqz cö kœi AeZviYv Kiv n q Q Gme cö kœi DËi LvuRvi gva g wek^vq bi G hy M Ôgvbm Z mvÿizvõ AR bi cöwzköæwz, AvMÖn I cö Póvi cöÿvc U evsjv ` k ÔRvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvbõ- Gi ms hvrb Kvb ai bi Z Ë i mv _ m½wzc~y wkÿvi D Ï k AR b K mg_ b w` Q, Zvi wepvi-we køly K i hšw³kfv e G c wzwu K mvÿizvi gvb Dbœq bi Ab Zg wfwë wn m e we epbv Kiv h Z cv i g~j kã: gvbm Z wkÿv I mvÿizv, RvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb, evsjv `k cöÿvcu mgmvgwqk ivr bwzk wezk I MYgva g wkÿvi gvb Dbœq bi welqwu cövqkb iæ Z i mv _ Av jvwpz n Q GwU Ggb GKwU Pvwn`v hv wkívwqz DbœZ ` k Ges hlv b me Rbxb cöv_wgk wkÿvi jÿ I AwR Z nqwb, mme AbybœZ ` ki mgfv e D PvwiZ n Q hy M hy M wkÿvi gvbwelqk Av jvpbv gv UI bzzb welq bq, eis GwU AR bi Rb bvbv ai bi ms vi cö Íve cöyqb I ev Íevqb Kiv n Q D`vniY wn m e ejv hvq, wkÿv-cöwzôv bi mvsmvwbk I wkÿvµ g cwiez b mvab, wkÿk-wkÿy I mnkgx `i KvQ _ K wklb, wkÿv-cöwzôv bi mv _ e vckfv e * gvt ZwiKjz Bmjvg: wcgbpww (M elk), jz Ae GW z Kkb, WwKb wekw^ e` vjq, A wª jqv; cfö vlk (wkÿv Qwz U), wkÿv Dbqœ b Bbw wudu, e ª vk wekw^ e` vjq, evsjv `k ** dvinvbv iwk`: cwipvjk, PvBìwPqvi cövk kke Dbœqb K `ª, XvKv, evsjv `k evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 41

44 AwffveK `i m ú ³KiY Ges G-ai bi A bk c` ÿc wkÿvi gvb Dbœq b ms v ii aviv AvRI Ae vnz Av Q Z e, wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb qi gva g wkÿvi gvb Dbœq bi welqwu Avwki `kk _ K wek^e vcx e vck cöfve we Ívi K i Avm Q ( KjøvMnvb I wmöavwb, 2001) G-wbe Üi Av jvpbvi ÿî ÔRvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvbõ-gi g a mxgve ivlv n q Q KviY wkÿvbxwz I wkÿv-welqk wm vší-cö YZvM Yi wbku ÔRvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvbõ-gi gva g cövß djvdj AZ ší iæz c~y Z _ i Drm wn m e we ewpz nq Av jvpbvi ÿî mxgve ivlvi A_ GB bq h, Avgiv wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb qi Ab vb c wz I KŠkj jv K iæz nxb we epbv KiwQ D`vniY ^iƒc ejv hvq, köwyk ÿ welqwfwëk wkÿ Ki gva g wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb wkÿvi gvb Dbœq b iæz c~y fv e BwZevPK cöfve d j GKBfv e, we` vjqwfwëk I wkÿv evw KZ K m úvw`z wewfbœ cixÿvi wkÿk `i wkÿy I wkÿv_x `i wkl bi ÿ Î D jøl hvm cöfve we Ívi K i e j wewfbœ M elyvi djvd j cözxqgvb nq Dciš, wkqz M elk GI e jb h, wkÿv_x `i wklb Dbœq b mycwikwíz cixÿv c wzi iæz c~y f~wgkv i q Q 1990 Ges 2000 mv ji w` K RvZxq I AvšÍ RvwZK ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb qi gva g wkÿvi gvb wbav i Yi welqwu AZ ší RbwcÖq DcKiY wn m e cöwzôv cvq G jvi RbwcÖqZvi welqwu `ywu iæz c~y Dbœqb I cwiez b K wb ` k K i cö_gz, GwU µgea gvb wek^vqb I mevi Rb wkÿv (BD b v, 2000)-Gi gz AvšÍR vwzk cöwzköæwzi cöwz AvMÖn K wb ` k K i wøzxqz, wkÿvi gvb wbiƒc Y BbcyU (wkÿv_x `i AskMÖn Yi nvi, fšz AeKvVv gvmz myweav, wkÿvµg, wkÿy-wklb DcKiY, wkÿk cöwkÿy) I AvDUKv gi (wbw` ó mgqkvj we` vjq Kvh µ gi mv _ hy³ niqvi Kvi Y wkÿv_x `i AwR Z Ávb I `ÿzv) g a m úk vc bi Rb m~wpz mvgwmök cwiez b K iæz cö`vb K i ( KjøvMnvb I wmöavwb, 2001) RvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i wklb AR b hvpvb Kvh µg wkÿv gš Yvj qi wkÿv-e e vcbv wefv Mi RvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb qi mÿgzv Dbœq bi welqwu K wb ` k K i GwU we klz K qkwu cwvz wel q wkÿv_x `i AR b wbiƒcy K i Ges AR bi gvîv K qkwu ÿ Î Zzjbv K i hgb, evjk-evwjkv, b ZvwË K Mvôx, kni-möv gi wkÿv_x Ges mikvwi I emikvwi we` vj qi wkÿv_x cöf wz G-Kvh µg Ggb ai bi Z_ -DcvË cö`vb K i hvi Ici wfwë K i mswkøó gš Yvjq GI ej Z cv i h, wkÿv_x `i AR bi gvb DbœZ n Q bvwk AebwZi w` K hv Q ZvB `Lv hvq, wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb qi eûwea A_ I cö qvm i q Q ez gv b, wkÿvi gvb Dbœq b wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb qi h wzbwu ˆewkó iæ Z i mv _ we epbv Kiv nq Zvi me jvb RvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb qi ÿ Î cwijwÿz nq G ˆewkó mg~n n jv, wkÿv_x `i AR bi w` K iæz v ivc, we` vj qi mv _ mswkøó bq Ggb Kv bv ms vi gva g wkÿv_x `i AR bi hvpvb Kvh µg m úv`b Ges hvpvb cöwµqv K wkÿvi gvb Dbœq b cwiez bi wbqvgk wn m e we epbv Kiv G-cÖe Üi D Ïk RvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb Kiv ev G-ai bi Kv bv Kvh µg _ K cövß Z_ K cvwimvswl K wepvi-we køly Kiv bq GgbwK G-ai bi Kvh µg msmvb cöwµqv A_ev Gi cöfve ev djvdj m ú K Gi mv _ mswkøó e w³em ev AskxR bi YMZ gzvgz we køly KivI 42 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

45 bq eis mvaviy wkqz cö kœi m~pbv Kiv hv ciezx Kv j evsjv ` ki cöÿvc U RvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb-mswkøó bxwzgvjv wepvi we køl Yi gva g cvwimvswl K Ges YMZ M elyvi wfwë vcb Ki Z cv i 2. wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb qi mv _ mswkøó wkqz aviyv GKRb ev GK`j wkÿv_x Kv bv wkÿv Kvh µ gi gva g Kx wklj A_ vr Zvi ev Zv `i AwR Z Ávb, AvPiY, g~j eva ev `ÿzv Rvbvi Rb h c wz Z ev Kvh µ gi gva g Z_ msmön Kiv nq Zv K Ôwkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb ev A v mm g UÕ ejv hvq wewfbœ c wz I KŠkj AbymiY K i wkÿv_x `i wklb AR b hvpvb Kiv hvq hgb, gšwlk, köey `ÿzv, wjwlz, e envwik, ch eÿy cöf wz G- ai bi hvpvb Kvh µg cö Z K wkÿv_x i Rb hgb Avjv`vfv e m úv`b Kiv hvq, Zgwb QvU `j, me wkÿv_x K GKmv _ wb q, GgbwK Kw úduv ii mn hvwmzv wb qi m úv`b Kiv hvq wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb qi mvgwmök ` wófw½i cwi cöwÿ Z ejv hvqñ GwU RwUj Kv bv Kv Ri P~ovšÍ iƒ ci Ici m úv`b Kiv nq hgb, Kv Vi gva g Kv bv e ˆZwi Kiv, Kv bv wel qi c ÿ ev wec ÿ gzvgz `qv A_ev Kv bv Lvevi cö Z Kiv Ab w` K, we kølyvzœk ` wófw½i cwi cöwÿ Z wkÿv_x `i AR b K QvU QvU fv M wef³ K i hvpvb Kiv nq hgb, GKwU welq K Rvbvi Rb A bk jv QvU QvU cökœ Kiv, Kv Vi Kv bv e ˆZwii ÿ Î ˆZwii cöwµqvwu `Lv wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb qi AvbyôvwbKZvi ÿ ÎI cv_ K jÿ Kiv hvq AvbyôvwbK hvpvb qi ÿ Î, wkÿv_x wbqwš Z cwi e ki g a wkqz msl K cö kœi DËi wbw` ó mg qi g a w` q _v K Ab w` K, AbvbyôvwbK cöwµqvq wkÿv_x i AvPiY Kv bv mgq ev KvVv gvi g a hvpvb Kiv nq bv ( KjøvMnvb I wmöavwb, 2001) 3. RvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb RvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb Kv bv Kv bv ÿ Î c wz hvpvb, wklb hvpvb Ges wklbdj hvpvb bv gi cwiwpz cöv_wgkfv e, AvÂwjK ev cöv `wkk ch v q Av R w Ubv, A ªwjqv, eªvwrj, fviz I hy³iv óª c wz hvpvb qi Rb h KŠkj AbymiY Kiv n qwq jv, Zv Z eûjvs kb RvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb qi ˆewkó mg~n cwijwÿz nq RvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb cwikíbv Kiv nq Kv bv GKwU wkÿve e vi GKwU wbw` ó eqm ev köwyi wkÿv_x iv wbw` ó wkÿvµ gi wklbdj Kx gvîvq AR b K i Q Zvi GKwU MÖnY hvm aviyv cviqvi Rb Gi gva g RvZxq ch v q wkÿv-cwikíbv cöyqbkvix `i wbku wkÿvi wewfbœ iæz c~y cöÿvc U wbixÿvagx q Z_ Dc vcb Kiv nq mvaviyz, G Z Kv bv wbw` ó eqmmxgvi mkj wkÿv_x ev bgybvq bi gva g wbav wiz wkqz msl K wkÿv_x i Ici wklb AR b hvpvb Kvh µg m úv`b Kiv nq wkÿve e vi Kv bv we kl w`k m ú K wek`fv e Z_ msmö ni Rb (wmöavwb I KjøvMnvb, 2008) ZvB, RvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb K GKwU cwikwíz Kvh µg wn m e ey bv Kiv hvq, hvi cwikíbv Kiv nq Kv bv wkÿve e vi mkj wkÿv_x `i ev Gi Kv bv GKwU As ki ( hgb, 3q köwyi ev 9 eq ii wkÿv_x ) AR bi gvîv wbiƒcy Kivi Rb G-ai bi AR b hvpvb qi Kvh µg `k f ` wbqwgz I AwbqwgZ Dfqfv eb msmwvz n Z `Lv hvq evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 43

46 4. RvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb I cvewjk cixÿvi cv_ K wb Pi Q K RvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb I cvewjk cixÿvi wkqz cv_ K D jøl Kiv n jv: D Ïk msmvbkvj mgqkvj AskMÖnYKvix cö kœi aib wkÿv_x, wkÿk I AwffveK `i wbku iæz wkÿvµ gi AvqZb wkÿ Yi ÿ Î cöfve köwy-wkÿ Yi evb i AwZwi³ wudkb MÖnY djvdj cövwß b ^i cö`vb wkÿv_x `i AR bi gvîvi Ici cöfve mg qi cwiez bi mv _ mv _ wkÿv_x `i AR bi cwiexÿy ÿgzv RvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb bxwzwbav ik `i Z_ -DcvË cö`vb Kiv cöwzwu cwvz wel qi Rb GKwU wbw` ó mgqv ší hgb, cöwz `yb eqi cici GK ev `yb w`b Kv bv we kl köwy ev eq mi wkÿv_x `i bgybv`j mvaviyz eûwbe vpbx Ges mswÿß DËi cökœ Kg iæz c~y mvaviyz GK ev `ywu wel qi g a mxgve _v K Lye mvgvb B mivmwi cöfve d j wkÿv_x iv K`vwPr AwZwi³ wudkb MÖnY K i wkÿv_x iv K`vwPr Zv `i AR bi djvdj c q _v K RwUj cwimvswl K c wz Z djvdj we køly Kiv nq mvaviyz Kv bv cöfve d j bv cwiexÿ Yi welqwu we epbv K i hvpvb Kvh µg cwikíbv Kiv n j Zv m e cvewjk cixÿv wkÿv_x `i wklb AR bi mb` cö`vb Kiv wkÿve e vi Pvwn`v Abyhvqx mvaviyz cöwzeqi ev eq i GKvwaKevi K qk mßvne vcx n Z cv i wbw` ó köwy m úv`bkvix mkj wkÿv_x hviv G cixÿvq AskMÖnY Ki Z Pvq mvaviyz e nr DËi Ges eûwbe vpbx cökœ A bk iæz c~y cöavb mkj welq K AšÍf y³ K i AZ ší iæz c~y cöfve d j KviY wkÿ Ki cöeyzv _v K cixÿvi Pvwn`v Abyhvqx wkÿy wkÿv_x iv mpivpi AwZwi³ wudkb MÖnY K i wkÿv_x `i Zv `i djvdj I mb` cö`vb Kiv nq c~e wba vwiz mij b ^i cö`vb c wz AbymiY Kiv nq wkÿv_x `i Lvivc djvdj ev AK ZKvh niqvi m vebv cövk-s i covi m vebv evwo q `q cwiexÿy Kiv m e bv, KviY cixÿvi cökœ I cixÿv_x cöwzeqib cwiewz Z nq 44 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

47 5. wewfbœ ` k RvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb c w_exi wewfbœ ` k RvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb qi c wz Z mvaviy wkqz ˆewkó jÿ Kiv hvq me ` kb Gi gva g cöavbz wkÿv_x `i fvlv I MvwYwZK `ÿzv hvpvb Kiv nq Kv bv Kv bv ` k wøzxq fvlv, weávb, Kjv, m½xz A_ev mvgvwrk weáv b wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb Kiv nq ev ÍweK c ÿ, mkj ` kb cöv_wgk ch v qi wkÿv_x `i G cöwµqvq AšÍ fz³ Kiv nq hme ` k gva wgk ch v qi wkÿv_x `i G cöwµqvq Avbv nq, mme ` k gva wg Ki mb ÍiI eva Zvg~jK wkÿvi AvIZvfz³ GQvov, ` k ` k RvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb q wkqy cv_ K cwijwÿz nq cö_gz, hvpvb c wz msnu bi mgqkv ji g a cv_ K cwijwÿz nq Kv bv Kv bv ` k G-ai bi Kvh µg cöwzeqi m úv`b Kiv nq, hw`i eqi f ` wkÿvµ gi hvpvb ÿ Î wfbœzv jÿ Kiv hvq Kv bv Kv bv ` k G-ai bi hvpvb Kvh µg K qk eqi cici m úvw`z nq wøzxqz, hvpvb Kvh µg cwipvjbvkvix cöwzôv bi ÿ Î cv_ K cwijwÿz nq G ÿ Î wkÿv gš Yvjq, RvZxq Kv bv M elyv cöwzôvb, wkÿv-m úwk Z msmv bi Kv bv RvU, Kv bv wek^we` vjq ev Kv bv wkÿv evw RvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb qi Kvh µg m úv`b K i _v K Z ZxqZ, wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb Kvh µ g wkÿvcöwzôvb Z_v we` vjqmg~ ni AskMÖnY eva Zvg~jK ev Hw QK n Z cv i AskMÖnY hlb Hw QK nq, ZLb wkqz we` vj qi AskMÖnY bv Kivi Kvi Y h djvdj cviqv hvq Zv A bk ÿ ÎB mvgwmök wkÿve e vq wkÿv_x `i AR bi cök Z wpî Zz j ai Z e _ nq (wmöavwb I KjøvMnvb, 2008) eva Zvg~jK AskMÖn Yi ÿ Î hgb ` ki mkj we` vj qi AskMÖnY jÿ Kiv hvq, Zgwb ˆ`ePq bi gva g cöwzwbwaz Kvix we` vjq wbe vpb K i wbe vwpz we` vj qi wbw` ó köwyi mkj wkÿv_x i AR b hvpvb Kivi c wzi `Lv hvq 6. RvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb qi hšw³kzv mkj ` k GKB D Ï k RvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb Kiv nq bv Z e KjøvMnvb I wmöavwb (2001) wewfbœ ` ki RvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb qi Z_ we køly K i wkqz mvaviy D Ïk Lyu R c q Qb G jv n jv: - wkÿvi ev mvÿizvi gvb Dbœq bi D Ï k RvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb Kiv nq wkÿvi ev mvÿizvi gvb Dbœq bi welqwu g~jz `ywu aviyv _ K D zz n Z cv i GK, hlb g b Kiv nq h wkÿvi ev mvÿizvi gvb w`b w`b AebwZi w` K hv Q A_ev `yb, hlb g b Kiv nq h ivóª K cöwz hvwmzvc~y A_ bxwz Z Zvj wgwj q Pj Z n j bvmwik `i Kg ÿ Îi Rb AviI D P Í ii Ávb I AwfÁZv AR b Ki Z n e - RvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb Kiv nq wkÿvi ev mvÿizvi gvb ervq ivlvi Rb A_ vr wkÿvi ev mvÿizvi h gvb AwR Z n q Q, Zv hb ez gvb Ae v _ K wb P b g bv hvq Zv cixweÿy Kivi Rb G-ai bi hvpvb Kvh µg m úv`b Kiv nq - wkÿv-cöwzôv bi aib Ges fš MvwjK Ae v bi wfwë Z wepvi-we køly K i A_ eivï, DcKiY mieivn I Rbej wb qv Mi Rb cö qvrbxq Z_ msmö ni Rb I RvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb Kiv nq evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 45

48 - wkÿv_x `i AR bi ÿ Î mswkøó AskxR bi Revew`wnZv wbwðz Kivi Rb RvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb qi gva g Z_ msmön Kiv nq - AvaywbKvq bi Ask wn m ei RvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb Kiv nq A_ vr, `vzvms vi Drmv n, UKmB Dbœq bi j ÿ ev RvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb qi gva g cövß Z_ Kxfv e Dbœqb Kg Kv Ði mv _ m úk hy³ Kiv hvq Zv Rvbvi Rb I G- Kg KvÐ ev Íevqb Kiv nq - RvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb qi gva g wkÿve e v wbqš YKvix ms vi cwiez b mvab Kiv hvq wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb qi GKwU c wz cöpjb Kivi gva g we` vj q Kx klv bv n e, m ÿ Î wkÿ Ki ckvmz wepvi-we epbvi cwie Z K `ªxq KZ c ÿi wbqš Y cöwzôv Kiv m e Gi gva g vbxq ch vq I K `ªxq ch v qi wkÿvwelqk KZ c ÿi g a I wbqš Y ÿgzv cwiez b Kiv m e - RvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb Kv bv Kv bv ÿ Î köwyk ÿ wkÿk KZ K ÎæwUc~Y ev `ye j g~j vq bi mgm v K gvkvwejv Kivi Rb I cöez b Kiv nq köwyk ÿ wkÿk `i ÎæwUc~Y g~j vq bi Kvi Y wkÿv_x `i S i cov ev GKB köwy Z evievi covi g Zv NUbvI NU Z cv i ZvB köwykÿ g~j vqb e e vq Kv bv `ye jzv Av Q wkbv Zv hvpvb Kivi Rb I RvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb Kiv nq 7. RvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb c wzi cöavb avcmg~n KjøvMnvb I wmöavwb (2001)-Gi g Z, wkÿv ÿ Î RvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb h nzz Zzjbvg~jK bzzb GKwU welq, eû wkÿvwelqk cwikíbvwe` Ges cökvmk cy ivcywi welqwu K bv R bb `vwq Z i LvwZ i c wzwui mv _ hy³ nb Z e mevb K c wzi cöwzwu ÍiB fv jvfv e Rvb Z ev Zv Z hy³ n Z nq bv wb œ RvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb c wzi cöavb avcmg~n ms ÿ c D jøl Kiv n jv - cöv_wgk wkÿvi mv _ mswkøó gš Yvjq ev ÍevqbKvix Kv bv ms v K RvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb c wz m úv` bi Rb wbhy³ K i Ges cö qvrbxq A_ eivï K i G ms v gš Yvj qi Af šíixy Kv bv wefvm ev Ab Kv bv ms v n Z cv i hgb, WvB i± iu Ae cövbgvwi GWz Kkb ev Kv bv wek^we` vj qi GKwU wefvm ev Kv bv M elyv ms v - wkÿv_x `i ARb hvpvb cwö µqvq Kx bxwzgvjv Abmy iy Kiv n e, Zv hgb gšy vjq GKKfv e wvk K i _v K; Zgwb wkÿvi mv _ mswkóø AskxR bi (wkÿk cwö Zwbwa, wkÿvµg we klá, e emvqx, AwffveK cfö w Z) mv _ Av jvpbvi gva gi Zv wbavi Y Kiv n q _v K - gš Yvjq ev Gi gva g wbhy³ Kv bv w qvwis KwgwU hvpvb qi Rb mgmök wba viy K i _v K hgb, Z Zxq köwyi wkÿv_x 46 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

49 - wkÿv_x `i AR bi Kvb ÿîmg~n hvpvb Kiv n e ZvI G ch v q wbav iy Kiv n q _v K hgb, fvlv I MvwYwZK `ÿzvi Rb wkÿvµ g wbav wiz wklbd ji ga _ K K qkwu wklbdj - ev ÍevqbKvix ms v G ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb qi Rb Dchy³ U, mn hvmx cökœgvjv Ges ev Íevq bi Rb bxwzgvjv mshy³ cyw ÍKv cöyqb K i - AR b hvpvb qi U Ges mn hvmx cökœgvjv cixÿvg~jkfv e bgybv wkÿv_ x `i GKwU ÿz`ª As ki Ici cö qvm K i Zv ch v jvpbvi gva g wkÿvµg I KvwiMwi ms kvab Avbqb Kiv nq - ev ÍevqbKvix ms v bgybv (A_ev mgmök) we` vjq ev wkÿv_x P~ovšÍ K i Zv `i mv _ hvmv hvm vcb K i Ges QvcvK Z U, cökœgvjv I Avbymvw½K DcKiY msmön K i - U cwipvjbvkvix `i ( köwy wkÿk, we` vjq cwi`k K A_ev wek^we` vjq _ K m` cvkkiv wkÿv_x ) ev ÍevqbKvix ms vi gva g cöwkÿy cö`vb Kiv nq - wbw` ó w` b Z_ msmö ni DcKi Yi ( U I cökœgvjv) gva g we` vjq jv _ K Z_ msmön Kiv nq - hvpvb-evqvb I we køl Yi Rb Z_ msmö ni DcKiYmg~n we` vjq jv _ K msmön K i ev ÍevqbKvix ms vi wbku cvvv bv nq 8. wewfbœ ` k RvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb qi Rb Abym Z g Wj mvaiyfv e ejv hvq, RvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b ev c wz hvpvb qi `ywu gšwjk g Wj i q Q hv mgq I cö qvr bi cwiez b bvbvfv e cwiewz ZI n q Q Gi g a 1969 mv j GKwU G m Q hy³iv óªi b vkbvj A v mm g Ae GWz Kkbvj cöv MÖm (GbGBwc), AciwU mv úªwzkkv ji ms hvrb hv 1988 mv j hy³iv R i RvZxq wkÿvµ gi mv _ m úwk Z n q Pvjy nq Dfq c wzb wkÿve e vi Kv bv GKwU Í i wkÿvµ g wbav wiz wklbd ji K ZvUzKz wkÿv_x iv AR b Ki Z c i Q, Zv Rvbvi Rb cvwimvswl K Z_ msmön K i GQvov, GB `yb g W ji g a Z_ we køly c wz, wkÿve e vi Ici cöfve Ges Li Pi w`k we epbvq iæz c~y cv_ K cwijwÿz nq KjøvMnvb I wmöavwb (2001) DwjøwLZ `ywu g W ji g a wkqz cv_ K D jøl K i Qb cö_gz, hy³iv óªi g W j bgybv we` vjq ev wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb c wz Z AšÍ fz³ Kiv nq hlv b hy³iv R i g W j wbw` ó eq mi mkj wkÿv_x G cöwµqvq AskMÖnY K i wøzxqz, hy³iv óªi g WjwU wkÿv_x `i AR bi we kølyvz K c wz AbymiY K i, hv Av`k vwqz kz mg~n AbymiY K i ev ÍevwqZ nq Ab w` K, weªwuk g Wj mvgwmök Ges wkÿv_x `i Øviv m úvw`z K g i we køl Yi Ici wbf ikxj GwU cövz wnk köwykvh µ gi mv _ GKxf~Z Ges welq wkÿ Ki gva g K qkw`be vcx ev ÍevwqZ nq ZvB Gi gva g wkÿy-wklb Kvh µg _ K wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb Kvh µ gi K wîgzv K Avjv`v K i `Lv hvq bv hw`i G-c wz Z cwiez b Avbqb Ges evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 47

50 Av`k vwqz Kivi cö Póv Ae vnz Av Q Z ZxqZ, hy³iv óªi c wz Z GKRb wkÿv_x K hvpvb Kvh µ gi mkj As k DËi cö`vb bv K i mgmö wkÿvµ g Zvi Rb wbav wiz GKwU ÿz`ª As ki DËi Ki Z nq Aciw` K, hy³iv R i mvgwmök c wz Z G KKRb wkÿv_x i wkÿvµ gi G KK As ki DËi cö`v bi my hvm bb PZz_ Z, hy³iv óªi g W j Kv bv GKRb wkÿv_x ev Kv bv GKwU we` vjq m úwk Z Z_ cviqv m e bq hv hy³iv R i c wz Z m e câgz, hy³iv óªi g W ji GKwU iæz c~y w`k n Q mg qi cwiez bi mv _ mv _ wkÿv_x `i AR bi cv_ K we køly Kiv hlv b hy³iv R i c wz Z Z_ msmö ni ÿ Î Av`k vwqz kz mg~n AbymiY bv Kivi Kvi Y mg qi cwiez bi welqwu we køl Yi wbf i hvm Zv nvivq cwi k l, hy³iv óªi g WjwU hw`i mivmwi we` vjq I wkÿk `i mivmwi cöfvwez Kivi Rb cö Z Kiv nqwb, ZeyI Gi gva g cövß Z_ we køly K i Ggb bxwzgvjv cöyqb Kiv hvq hv cwi k l we` vjq Ges wkÿk `i cöfvwez Ki Z cv i Ab w` K, hy³iv R i g Wj wkÿvµ gi iæz c~y ÿîmg~n I m jv hvpvb cöwµqv Rvbv bvi Rb `ywu avc AbymiY K i cö_gz, Av`k hvpvb cöwµqv Kx Zv wkÿk `i K nv ZKj g `Lv bv Ges wøzxqz, cöwzwu we` vj qi wkÿv_x `i AR b Avjv`vfv e cökvk Kiv 9. RvZxq chv q wkÿv_x `i ARb hvpvb cwö µqvq wkÿv_x `i wklb ARb eyb v cwö µqv RvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb cöwµqvq msm nxz Z _ i gva g wkÿv_x `i wklb AR b ey bv Kivi Rb bvbvwea c wz AbymiY Kiv nq ( KjøvMnvb I wmöavwb, 2001) G jvi g a wkqz wkqz wkÿv_ x `i m úvw`z KvR K we ÍvwiZfv e Av jvpbv K i hgb, Afxÿvi cöwzwu AvB U g kzkiv KZRb wkÿv_x mwvkfv e DËi Ki Z c i Q Zv ey bv Kiv nq G-ai bi we ÍvwiZ Av jvpbvi mej w`k n jv, Gi gva g wkÿv_x `i AR bi mej I `ye j w`k jv Rvbv hvq Ab w` K, GwU wkÿv_x `i evamg Zv ev hvm Zvi AšÍ wbwnz w`k ey bv Ki Z mÿg bq Zgwb, hv `i D Ïk wkÿvµg we køly bq, Zv `i wbku GwU Z _ i Avwa K fvivµvší e ji g b nq wkÿv_x `i wklb AR b ey bv Kivi Av ikwu Dcvq n jv, wklb AR b hvpvb Kvh µ g wkÿv_x `i m úvw`z KvR Zv `i AwR Z `ÿzvi wewfbœ gvîv ev Í i Dc vcb Kiv G ÿ Î wkÿv_x `i m úvw`z KvR K wewfbœ Í i fvm K i cöwzwu Í i wkÿv_x `i K Zv Ask `ÿzvi mb gvîv AR b Ki Z c i Q, Zv Dc vcb Kiv nq Kv bv Kv bv ÿ Î wkÿv_x `i AR b K wewfbœ Í i wefvr bi G c wz A hšw³k I cÿcvz`yó e ji cwijwÿz nq GKBfv e, wkÿv_x `i AwR Z Ávb I `ÿzv K ey bv Kivi Rb cöwzwu Í ii wkqz ˆewkó wbw` ó Kivi wb qvwrz cö PóvI G jvi KvwiMwi w`k wepvi-we køl Yi cöÿvc U A bk wezk I mgv jvpbvi D e K i Q 10. RvZxq chv q wkÿv_x `i ARb hvpvb qi mv _ gvbm Z wkÿv I mvÿizvi m úk mgmvgwqk wkÿvwelqk M elyvc Î Ôgvbm ZÕ kãwu Lye ewk Av jvwpz n Q, hw`i Gi me RbM nxz msáv bb G Ae vq, Kv bv wel q c~e wba vwiz D Ïk mg~ ni mv _ Kg m úv` bi ci cövß AR b K Zzjbv K i Kv Ri ev Kg cö Póvi gvb wbav iy Kiv nq Dciš, ÔgvbÕ kãwui mv _ cwigvc I Yv Yi m úk i q Q GKwU e hgb fv jv ev Lvivc gv bi n Z cv i, Zgwb GwU 48 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

51 Kvw ÿz Yv Y AR b Ki Z cv i, Avevi bvi Ki Z cv i wkÿvi gvb msávwqzki Yi ÿ Î mgm v ZLbB D ~Z nq hlb wkÿvi mv _ mswkøó Kv bv GKwU Dcv`v bi Ici we kl bri `qv nq wkÿvi h nzz A bk D Ïk I Dcv`vb i q Q, ZvB AeKvVv gv, we` vjq feb, cökvmb, wkÿk cöwkÿy, wkÿy A_ev wkÿv_x `i AR bmn mswkøó cöwzwu wel qb gvb wb q cökœ Zvjv hvq Gme Dcv`vb ci úi-m úwk Z Ges GKwUi gvb AR b Kivi ÿ Î Ab vb Dcv`vb jvi cöfve Ab ^xkvh ( KjøvMnvb Ges wmöavwb, 2001) AZx Z wkÿvi gvb wbav i Yi ÿ Î ïay wkÿv_x `i AskMÖn Yi nvi, fšz AeKvVv gvmz my hvm-myweav, wkÿvµg, cvv cȳ ÍK Ges wkÿk cöwkÿ Yi g Zv welq jv K (hv wkÿvi ÔBbcyUÕ wn m e wpwýz) we epbv Kiv n Zv ez gv b wfbœ wpî jÿ Kiv hv Q KviY Gme Dcv`v bi Kv bv GKwU wel qi NvUwZ GKwU ` k cwijwÿz n ZB cv i ZvB, M elk I bxwzwbavikiv wkÿvi AvDUKv gi w` K bri w` q Rvb Z Pvb wkÿvcöwzôv b m úvw`z Kvh µ gi ms ú k G m wkÿv_x iv Kvw ÿz Ávb, `ÿzv, g~j eva I AvPiY AR b Ki Z c i Q wkbv mswkøó wewfbœ c ÿi Zid _ K wkÿvi D Ïk Abyhvqx wkÿv_x `i AR b Rvbvi welqwu mn R evamg n ji D Ïk Abyhvqx wkÿv_x `i AR bi c wzmz Z_ cviqvi welqwu Lye KgB jÿ Kiv hvq D`vniY wn m e ejv hvq, wkÿv-e e vck I bxwz-wba viykvixiv Rvb Z PvB Z cv ib h, wkÿve e vq hme DcKi Yi mieivn wbwðz Kiv n q Q Zv wkÿv_x `i wklb AR b K ZvUzKz f~wgkv ivl Z c i Q GKBfv e, wkÿvwelqk Kv bv cybm Vb Kvh µ gi djvdj gvvch v q wkÿv_x `i AR bi Z_ A_ev Ggb Z_ hvi gva g Zviv fš MvwjK cv_ K i we epbvq wkÿv_x `i AR b K we klvwqz Ki Z cv ib Zv Zv `i cö qvrb n Z cv i wkÿkiv Zv `i wkÿ Yi Kvh KvwiZv hvpvb Kivi Rb I cy iv wkÿve e vq wkÿv_x `i AR bi Z_ Ges mlv b Zv `i wb R `i wkÿv_x `i AR bi Z _ i cö qvrbxqzv Abyfe Ki Z cv ib 1990 mv j _vbj v Ûi RgwZ q b Ômevi Rb wkÿvõ-welqk AvšÍ RvwZK m j b ÔAvDUKvgÕ welqk Ab Zg cöfve we ÍviKvix e³e cviqv hvq mlv b ejv n q Q, mevi Rb wkÿvi Av qvrb A_ c~y n e hw` me wkï cök Zc ÿb cö qvrbxq Ávb, we køly ÿgzv, `ÿzv Ges g~j eva AR b Ki Z cv i G ÿ Î, mevi Rb wkÿvi AvšÍ RvwZK NvlYvc Îi (1990) 4bs AvwU K j D jøl Kiv n q QÑ gšwjk wkÿvi ÿ Î ïay we` vj q fwz, msmwvz wklb Kvh µ g Ae vnz AskMÖnY Ges mb` cviqvi Rb cö qvrbxq Kvh µg m úv` bi w` K bri bv w` q wkÿv_x `i cök Z wklb AR b Ges wklbdj AR bi w` K iæz v ivc Ki Z n e ciezx Z, RgwZ qb m j bi `k eqi ci WvKvi d«giqvk di A vkkb (BD b v, 2000)-GI wklbd ji Ici iæz v ivc Kiv n q Q G Z me m Z mvzwu j ÿ i g a ejv n q Q h, 2015 mv ji g a wkÿvi gv bi mv _ mswkøó me jv w`k we klfv e fvlvmz, MvwYwZK I Rxeb`ÿZvi welq jv mevi gva g M nxz n e Ges cwigvc hvm wklbdj mevb AR b Ki Z cvi e (BD b v, 2000) G D Ï k i g a wbwnz e³e n jvñ cö_gz, mkj `k mevi Rb wkÿv AR bi Rb me m Z wøzxqz, wkÿvi gvb Dbœq bi Rb hme c` ÿc MÖnY Kiv cö qvrb, Zv Z Ggb KŠkj AšÍ fz³ Ki Z n e hvi gva g wkÿv_x `i AR b m ú K cwigvc hvm Z_ cviqv hvq d j, wewfbœ ` ki mikvi Ges `vzv ms v jv RvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb Ges cwiexÿ Yi gva g mvÿizv-mswkøó Kvh µg cwipvjbv I mn hvwmzv cö`vb Ki Q Ges gvbm Z wkÿv I mvÿizv AR b K g~j vwqz Ki Q evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 49

52 11. evsjv ` k RvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb Ges mvÿizvi g a m úk we køly evsjv ` k cövbgvwi GWz Kkb W fjc g U cövmövg-2 (wcbwwwc-2) ev ÍevqbKvjxb 2006 Ges 2008 mv j b vkjvj z W U A v mm g U (GbGmG) ev RvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb ev Íevqb Kiv n ji G jvi wkqz mxgve Zv _vkvi Kvi Y wcbwwwc-3 ev ÍevqbKvjxb 2011 mv j h GbGmG msmwvz nq, Zv K RvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb qi 1g ivdû wn m e AewnZ Kiv nq ciezx Z 2013 mv j evsjv ` k GbGmG-Gi wøzxq ivdû ev Íevqb Kiv nq (wwwcb, 2012; wwwcb, 2015) G-ai bi cöwµqvq hlb cöwzwu wkÿv_x i AR bi welqwu Avjv`vfv e we epbv bv K i mvgwmökfv e RvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb Kiv nq, ZLb bvbvwea D yz welq Av jvpvbvi AeKvk iv L G jvi g a hgb i q Q, wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb qi Rb A v mm g U DcKiY ˆZwi, bgybvqb I Z_ we køly; Zgwb wkqz welq i q Q ivr bwzk hv bxwzgvjv cöyqb Ges cöavb AskxRb `i wbku _ K mn hvwmzv MÖn Yi mv _ m úwk Z cöe Üi G ch v q evsjv ` k ev ÍevwqZ GbGmG-mg~ ni wewfbœ ˆewkó Av jvpbvi cvkvcvwk mvÿizvi mv _ G jvi m úk Dc vcb Ges wewfbœ M elyvi Av jv K fwel Z Kg cwikíbv MÖn Yi ÿ Î we ep welqmg~n Av jvpbvi cöqvm Pvjv bv n q Q GbGmG-Gi D Ïk : cöv_wgk wkÿvi gvb, Ávbg~jK I Ab vb `ÿzvi ÿ Î wkÿv_x `i wklbdj AR b cwigvc Kivi Rb wwwcb cöv_wgk Í ii wkÿv_x `i Rb ÔRvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i wklb AR b hvpvbõ Kvh µg MÖnY K i Q (wwwcb, 2015, c. 2) wwwcb (2015) ewy Z GbGmGi Ab vb D Ï k i g a i q Q cöv_wgk wkÿvi AvDUKvg hvpvb Kiv Ges wkÿy-wklb Dbœq b mycvwik cöyqb Kiv wwwcb M nxz GB Kvh µg ÔcÖv_wgK wkÿvi gvbõ, ÔÁvbg~j Ki evb i Ab vb `ÿzv hvpvbõ, ÔÁvbg~jKÕ cwigvc, ÔAvDUKvg hvpvbõ I ÔwkÿY wklb Dbœq b mycvwik cöyqbõ-gi mv _ KZUzKy mvgäm c~y Zv ez gvb cöe Üi G ch v q Av jvwpz bv n q ciezx As k Av jvwpz n q Q 50 `ke vcx en r cwim i wkÿv_x `i ARb hvpvb qi G Kvhµ gi Av ikwu iæzc Y~ D Ïk n jv, wkÿv_x `i wklb ARb DbZœ Kivi j ÿ wkÿvgj~ K cy~ MV b Kvhµ g bxwzgvjv cyö q bi Rb Z_ mieivn Kiv 2011 mv j h GbGmG msmwvz n q Q mwu K fwel Zi wkÿvwelqk Dbqœ b cwiexÿ Yi wfwë wn m e we epbv Kiv nq cwiexÿ Yi Kvhµ g wn m e GbGmG AskxRb `i K wewfbœ wel q wkÿv_x `i m úvw`z Kv Ri I AR bi v^ axb I wbi cÿ Z_ c`ö vb K i (wwwcb, 2015) wmaö vwb I Kjvø Mnvb (2008)-Gi g Z, wewfbœ Kvi Y RvZxq chv q wkÿv_x `i ARb hvpvb Kiv nq mvaviyz, RvZxq chv q wkÿv_x `i ARb hvpvb cwö µqv ev eí vq bi cq b e emv e e v cbv (K cv iwu ) c wz Pvjiy gva g mikv ii wkÿve e v K ÔAvawy bkxkiyõ-gi c Ö Póv K jÿ Kiv hvq G-c wzwu e emvwqk `wy bqvq e eüz KŠkjMZ cwikíbv, DcKi Yi hvmvb I m Abhy vqx djvdj ARb Ges m úvw`z Kv Ri gva g Revew`wnZv cfö w Z aviyvi mgš ^ q MwVZ n q Q G cÿö vc U ejv hvq, RvZxq chv q wkÿv_x `i ARb hvpvb Ggb GKwU DcKiY hv bxwzevsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

53 wbav ik, ivrbxwzwe` Ges wkÿvi mv _ mswkóø en r Mvôxi wbku iæzc Y~ Ggb mxwgz K qkwu wel q AvDUKv gi djvdj eyb v K i ZvB D Ïk we klø Yi G-chv q Ley mvaviy h ckö wœ Ui D e nq Zv n jv, wewfbœ cwö Z e` b Dwjwø LZ D Ïk mg ~ ni evb i, ckö Z c ÿ Kb evsjv ` k RvZxq chv q wkÿv_x `i ARb hvpvb c wz Pvjy Kiv n jv? Ab fv ei ejv hvq, G-ai bi hvpvb c wzi gva g K ev Kviv ckö Z jvfevb n Q? cvö qvwmk w`k _ K hv Rvbv c Ö qvrb Zv n jv, h K cv iwu c wz Pvjy Kivi gva g evsjv ` ki wkÿv_x `i wklb ARb hvpvb Kiv n Q, Zv wb R `i Dc hvmx K i c Ö qvm Kivi g Zv Rbej I `ÿzv G ` ki wkÿv-mswkóø mikvwi cwö Zôvb jvi Av Q wkbv! hw` _v K Z e wkÿv, A_b xwz I bvmwikz cfö w Z ÿ Î K cv iwu c wzi h m v e cfö ve Zv gj~ vqb Kiv n q Q wkbv Avi hw` bv _v K Z e hv `i mn hvwmzvq GwU ev eí vwqz n Q Zviv fwel Z evsjv ` ki cpö wjz wkÿv-ckö vmb K A`ÿ e j K cv i Ui Kv Q G K Z z j `qvi mcy vwik Ki j Zvi cfö ve Kx n e cfö w Z welq f e `Lv iæzc Y~ Abym Z avc, g Wj I Z_ we køly c wz: evsjv ` k cöv_wgk I MYwkÿv gš Yvjq RvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb Kivi Rb cöv_wgk wkÿv Awa`ß ii Aaxb cwiexÿy I g~j vqb wefvm K `vwqz cö`vb K i _v K cöv_wgk wkÿv Awa`ßi (wwwcb) I RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvv cȳ ÍK evw (GbwmwUwe)-Gi ZË veav b we klá`j wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb qi Rb Afxÿv DcKiY cöyqb K i (wwwcb, 2012; wwwcb, 2015) GQvovI, KjøvMnvb I wmöavwb (2001) RvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb c wzi cöavb h avcmg~n D jøl K i Qb, Zvi me jv avcb evsjv ` ki GmGmG- Z Abym Z niqvi welqwu jÿ Kiv hvq evsjv I MwY Z RvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb qi c wz jv 3q I 5g köwyi wkÿv_x `i Ici cö qvm Kiv n ji Zv wbqwgzfv e A_ vr cöwzeqi ev wbw` ó K qk eqi ( hgb, `yb eqi) cici ev Íevqb Kiv n Q bv D`vniY wn m e ejv hvq, 2011 mv ji `yb eqi ci 2013 mv j GbGmG ev Íevqb Kiv n ji 2016 mv ji Ryb gvm ch ší G-ai bi Kvh µg ev ÍevwqZ nqwb ev ÍevwqZ `ywu GbGmG- Z Q bgybvq bi gva g we` vjq wbe vpb Kiv n q Q 2011 mv ji GbGmG- Z mviv ` ki 7wU cökvmwbk wefv Mi 32wU Rjvi 66wU Dc Rjvi 726wU we` vjq _ K Z Zxq köwyi 17,615 Rb Ges câg köwyi 13,854 Rb wkÿv_x AskMÖnY K i (wwwcb, 2012) GKBfv e, 2013 mv ji GbGmG- Z mviv ` ki 7wU cökvmwbk wefv Mi 32wU Rjvi 64wU Dc Rjvi 1,035wU we` vjq _ K Z Zxq köwyi 22,871 Rb Ges câg köwyi 17,828 Rb wkÿv_x AskMÖnY K i (wwwcb, 2015) bgybvwqz Q Abyhvqx ( RÛvi, we` vj qi Ae vb: kni I MÖvg, Ges we` vj qi aib: mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vjq I wbewüz emikvwi cöv_wgk we` vjq) wkÿv_x `i AR bi cv_ K evsvi Rb RvZxq, wefvmxq I Rjv ch v qi Z_ Mfxifv e we køly Kiv n q Q ID I nb mevb (2012) RvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb qi hme w`k Zz j a i Qb, Zv Z ejv n q Q, Gi gva g cövß Z _ i gva g e nr msl K wkÿv_x i AR b Zzjbv Kiv hvq D`vniY wn m e Zvuiv D jøl K i Qb, cövß djvdj Avgv `i K evjk I evwjkv, kni I MÖv gi wkÿv_x Ges ÿz`ª fvlv Mvôxi g a Zzjbv Ki Z mnvqzv K i Avevi, bgybvq bi gva g we` vjq I wkÿv_x wbe vp bi welqwu K KjøvMnvb I wmöavwb (2001) Dc vwcz g WjØ qi g a hy³ivóªxq g W ji mv _ Zzjbv Kiv hvq evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 51

54 G g W j Dc vwcz AviI wkqz ˆewkó hgb, mg qi cwiez bi mv _ mv _ wkÿv_x `i AR bi cv_ K we køly Kiv Ges cövß Z_ we køly K i bxwzgvjv cöyqb Kivi welqwu evsjv ` ki ÿ Î cwijwÿz nq Z e, hy³iv óªi g WjwU Z Afxÿv DcKiY h Av`k vwqz kz mg~n AbymiY K i ev ÍevwqZ nq, Zvi Kv bv D jøl wwwcb cökvwkz cöwz e` b cviqv hvqwb Ab w` K, hy³iv óªi c wzi GKwU mgv jvpbv n jv, GKRb wkÿv_x K hvpvb Kvh µ gi mkj As k DËi cö`vb bv K i mgmö wkÿvµg _ K Zvi Rb wbav wiz GKwU ÿz`ª As ki DËi cö`vb Ki Z nq G c wzwui evsjv ` k Abym Z nq bv Ges G KKRb wkÿv_x i wkÿvµ gi G KK As ki DËi cö`v bi Kv bv my hvm bb KjøvMnvb, wmöavwb, I gyi&ivq (2009) RvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb cöwµqv ev Íevq bi gva g Z_ msmö ni ÿ Î h PviwU welq K we epbv Kivi Rb civgk w` q Qb Zv n jv: GK. AskMÖnY: wkï `i we` vj q AskMÖn Yi ÿ Î cöwzeükzv hgb, v bi ^ízv I wkÿv_x i evwo _ K we` vj qi `~iz `yb. gvb: we` vjq Kvh µg K mwvkfv e m úv` bi Rb cö`ë BbcyU I Gi gva g cövß AvDUcy Ui gvb ej Z wklb K mn hvwmzv Kivi Rb cövß m ú` I my hvmmyweav (wkÿvµg, wkÿk `i `ÿzv, cvv cȳ ÍK), wkÿy wb ` kbv cö`vb, wkÿk-wkÿv_x i wg_w Œqv Ges wkÿv_x i wklb K eysvq wzb. `ÿzv: wkÿk-wkÿv_x i AbycvZ, fwz K Z gvu wkÿv_x i msl v Ges GKB köyx Z GKvwaK eqi covi nvi cöf wzi Ici gvbm ú` I A_ bwzk m ú `i h_v_ e envi wbf i K i Pvi. mvg Zv: RÛvi, fvlv, b ZvwË K Mvôxi cwipq Ges fš MvwjK Aee vb wbwe k l wkÿvi my hvm Ges wklb AR bi Rb mvg Zv wbwðz Kiv G civgk jv AbymiY Kivi gva g evsjv ` k Abym Z c wzi hme `ye jzv hgb, Kv bv GKRb wkÿv_x ev Kv bv GKwU we` vjq m úwk Z Z_ bv cviqv Ges cövß Z _ i gva g mivmwi we` vjq I wkÿk `i mivmwi cöfvwez bv Ki Z cvivi welq jvi mgvavb Kiv m e n e GKB mv _, wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb K AviI wbf i hvm Kivi Rb hy³iv óªi g WjwU Z Afxÿv DcKiY h Av`k vwqz kz mg~n AbymiY Kiv nq, ZvI AšÍ fz³ Kiv Avek K evsjv `k mikvi 2011 mv j h ms kvwaz GbGmG Pvjy K i Q, Zv g~jz AvaywbK AR b hvpvb Z Ë i Ici wbf ikxj G ZË wu AvB Ug imcý w_iwi (AvBAviwU) bv g cwiwpz AvBAviwUi gva g gvvch vq _ K Z_ msmön K i RvZxq ch v q evsjv I MwY Z wkÿv_x `i AR b cwigvc Kiv nq Ges GB AR b wewfbœ ˆewkó (evjk-evwjkv, kni-mövg, mikvwi- emikvwi we` vjq) Abyhvqx Zzjbv Kiv nq Gi gva g U i cöwzwu AvB U g kzkiv KZRb wkÿv_x mwvkfv e DËi Ki Z c i Q Zv ey bv Kiv nq bv ZvB Gi gva g wkÿv_x `i AR bi mej I `ye j w`k jv Rvbv hvq bv ( KjøvMnvb Ges wmöavwb, 2001) GbGmGi gva g wkÿv_x `i AR bi h Z_ cviqv hvq, Zvi cvwimvswl K we køly g~jz AvBAviwUi Ici wbf ikxj j v ii gva g Kiv n q Q j v i, AR bi `ÿzvi Ici wbf i K i 5wU Íi (5 e vûm) cöyqb Kiv n q Q Íi cvupwu n jv: e vû 1Ñ Z Zxq köwy _ K A bk wb P, e vû 2Ñ Z Zxq köwy _ K wkqzuv wb P, e vû 3Ñ Z Zxq köwyi mggvb, e vû 4Ñ Z Zxq köwy _ K wkqzuv Dc i Ges e vû 5Ñ câg köwyi mggvb cöwzwu Íi K cökvk Kivi Rb welqwfwëk wkqz c~e wbav wiz ˆewkó wba viyi Kiv n q Q cvwimvswl K we køl Y wkÿv_x `i AR bi Íi Abyhvqx K `ªxq cöeyzv, wepÿ wz Ges kzkiv wnmve we epbv Kiv 52 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

55 n q Q (wwwcb, 2012) KjøvMnvb I wmöavwb (2001)-Gi g Z, Kv bv Kv bv ÿ Î wkÿv_x `i AR b K wewfbœ Í i wefvr bi G c wz A hšw³k I cÿcvz`yó e ji cwijwÿz nq Dciš, wkÿv_x `i AwR Z Ávb I `ÿzv K ey bv Kivi Rb cöwzwu Í ii wkqz ˆewkó wbw` ó Kivi wb qvwrz cö PóvI G jvi KvwiMwi w`k wepvi-we køl Yi cöÿvc U A bk wezk I mgv jvpbvi D e K i Q e j Zuviv D jøl K i Qb Av jvpbvi G ch v q h cökœ jvi D e n q Q Zvi g a iæz c~y n QÑ GbGmG hw` ` ki wkÿvi ev mvÿizvi gvb wb ` k Ki Z Ges Dbœq b iæz c~y f~wgkv ivl ZB cv i Ges hlv b wwwcb (2015) ej Q GwU GB cöwzôv bi GKwU avivevwnk Kvh µg, Zvn j 2011 I 2013 mv j gvî `yb eq ii e eav b GbGmG ev Íevqb Kiv n ji 2016 mv ji Ryb gvm ch ší G-ai bi Kvb Kvh µg ev ÍevwqZ nqwb Kb? ev Íevqb cwikíbv cök Zc ÿ K MÖnY K i Ges Kb K i? mvÿizv, wkÿvi gvb Ges GbGmG: evsjv ` k RvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb A_v r GbGmG Pvjy Kivi cöÿvcu wn m e ejv n q Q, hme wkÿv_x cöv_wgk Íi kl K i Zv `i A b KB fvlv I MvwYwZK `ÿzvi MÖnY hvm gvb AR b Ki Z cvi Q bv Avevi, 2015 mv ji g a mevi Rb wkÿvi (BD b v, 2000) jÿ gvîvq wkÿvi gv bi mv _ mswkøó me jv w`k we klfv e fvlvmz, MvwYwZK I Rxeb`ÿZvi welq jv AR bi cöwzeükzv Acmvi Yi DcKiY wn m ei GbGmG Pvjy Kiv K hyw³hy³ g b Kiv n q Q (wwwcb, 2012) A_ vr mvÿizvi gvb cwigv ci Rb GbGmG K Av`k c wz we epbv K i GwU ev ÍevwqZ n Q; wkš BD b v (2000) ewy Z ÔRxeb `ÿzvõi welqwu B hvpvb cöwµqvi AšÍ fz³ bq 2015 mvj ch ší evsjv ` k 1g _ K 5g köwy ch ší cvup eq ii cöv_wgk wkÿv Ges GK eq ii cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv Pvjy wq jv cöv_wgk wkÿvµ g AšÍf z³ 9wU welq n jvñ evsjv, MwYZ, Bs iwr, weávb, evsjv `k I wek^ cwiwpwz, ag xq I ˆbwZK wkÿv, Pviæ I Kviæ Kjv, ^v wkÿv Ges m½xz ID I nb mevb (2012)-Gi g Z, ˆkk e wkï `i fvlvmz I MvwYwZK `ÿzv Dbœq bi ÿ Î h welqwu me P q ewk f~wgkv cvjb K i, Zv n jv Kjv Avgiv hw` m Rbkxj, Kíbv kw³m úbœ Ges wpšívkw³ Z RvMÖZ RvwZ PvB, Z e Kjv we klfv e m½xz wkÿvq ewk mgq w` Z n e Zuviv A ªwjqvq RvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb qi Rb cwipvwjz Ôb vkbvj A v mm g U cövmövg- wjuv iwm GÛ wbi gwiwm (b vcjvb)õ-gi D`vniY w` q e jb, Avgiv hw` KíbvcÖeYZvnxb ive Ui `k PvB h b vcjvb U i Rb Dchy³, Z e Avgv `i mevi G-ai bi wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb cöwµqvi w` K hviqv DwPZ cöv_wgk Í i cöpwjz DwjøwLZ welq jvi g a GbGmGi gva g ïay evsjv I MwY Z wkÿv_x `i AwR Z wklbdj hvpvb Kiv nq ejv n QÑ wkÿvi gvb Dbœq bi j ÿ GbwmwUwe KZ K cöewz Z hvm ZvwfwËK wkÿvµg Abymi Y cwipvwjz cöv_wgk Í ii 3q I 5g köwyi `ywu welq GbGmGi gva g hvpvb K i evsjv ` ki cöv_wgk wkÿvi gvb m ú K Rvbv hvq Avevi, GI ejv n Q h, GbGmG cöpj bi ÿ Î cöv_wgk I MYwkÿv gš Yvj qi D Ïk n jv, evsjv ` ki cöv_wgk wkÿvi AvDUKvg g~j vqb Kiv Ges wkÿy wkl bi gvb Dbœq b mycvwik cöyqb Kiv 1990 mv j evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 53

56 _vbj v Ûi RgwZ q b Ômevi Rb wkÿvõ-welqk AvšÍ RvwZK m j b ÔAvDUKvgÕ welqk Ab Zg cöfve we ÍviKvix e³e cviqv hvq mlv b ejv n q Q, mevi Rb wkÿvi Av qvrb A_ c~y n e hw` me wkï cök Zc ÿb cö qvrbxq Ávb, we køly ÿgzv, `ÿzv Ges g~j eva AR b Ki Z cv i wkš GbGmGi gva g ïay wkÿv_x `i Ávbg~jK `ÿzv hvpvb Kiv n q Q Ges Ávbg~jK Wv gb bi D PZi Íi hvpvb bv K i Ávb, evamg Zv I cö qvm GB wzbwu wb œ Í ii `ÿzv hvpvb Kiv n q Q evsjv ` ki GbGmG- Z eûwbe vpbx cökœ Ges mswÿß DËi cökœ _v K hv wmöavwb Ges KjøvMnvb (2008) ewy Z RvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb qi Rb cö K Z Afxÿvi AvB U gi ai bi ˆewk ó i mv _ m½wzc~y GbGmGi Rb h Afxÿv DcKiY cö Z Kiv nq Zvi AwaKvskB cvv cȳ ÍK _ K bqv nq Ges wjlb I cv bi Rb cöyxz cökœi wkÿv_x `i wbku Lye cwiwpz cv bi mv _ mswkøó cökœ jv eûwbe vpbx KvVv gvi Ges mnr I mvaviy kãfvðv ii mgš^ q cöyxz wjl bi AskwU Z gvî cuvpwu mswÿß I wbw` ó evk wjl Z nq MwY Zi As k h AvB Ug hy³ Kiv nq Zv eb _ K Zz j `qv nq Ges wkÿv_x `i Kv bv we kølyagx wpšív Ki Z nq bv (wwwcb, 2012, c. 12) Dc ii Av jvpbv _ K ejv hvq, evsjv ` k m úvw`z wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb qi G-Kvh µg Kxfv e cöv_wgk wkÿvi `ywu Í ii gvî `ywu wel q AcÖPwjZ c wz Z wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb K i ÔcÖv_wgK wkÿvi gvbõ m ú K wm v ší DcbxZ n Z mnvqzv Ki Z cv i, Zv wb q YMZ M elyv Avek K GKBfv e, ÔAvDUKvg hvpvbõ-gi ÿ Î Ávb, we køly ÿgzv, `ÿzv Ges g~j eva cöf wz iæz c~y we ep welq n ji Ávbg~jK Wv gb bi wb œ Í ii `ÿzv eûwbe vpbx Ges mswÿß cökœ cö qvm K i hvpvb Kvh µ gi gva g ÔAvDUKvgÕ Rvbvi wel q `vwe Kiv n q Q Avevi, cöv_wgk wkÿvi ÔwkÿY wklbõ Dbœq bi ÿ ÎI Zgwb Kxfv e AwaKvsk welq Ges wkÿv_x `i AR bi mvwe K w`k we epbv bv K i mycvwik cöyqb Kiv hvq Zv AbymÜv bi `vwe iv L 12. Dcmsnvi wkÿv_x `i AR b Rvbvi Rb RvZxq ch v q cwipvwjz AwaKvsk hvpvb c wzi gva g Avgiv wkÿv_x `i wklb AR b, wkÿv_x `i AwR Z Ávb I `ÿzvi mej I `ye j w`k, RÛvi ev GjvKv Abyhvqx wkÿv_x `i m úvw`z KvR Ges AR bi mv _ wewfbœ wel qi m úk Rvb Z PvB GQvov, wkÿvµ gi Kvb wel qi AR b hvpvb Kiv n e, Kvb ai bi wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb Kiv n e, Kvb köwy I eq mi wkÿv_x iv G Z AskMÖnY Ki e, Afxÿv DcKi Yi aib Kgb n e, mgmök bvwk bgybv wkÿv_x hvpvb Kvh µ g AskMÖnY Ki e, Kxfv e djvdj Dc vcb Kiv n e, ciezx Z Kxfv e cövß djvdj e envi Kiv n e Ges K wkÿv_x i djvd ji wel q Revew`wnZv Ki e cöf wz wel q RvZxq ch v q cwipvwjz wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb c wzi g a cv_ K cwijwÿz nq ZvB evsjv ` k cwipvwjz GbGmG mvÿizvi gvb hvpvb I Dbœq b G jv Kxfv e m úwk Z Zv Rvbv I fwel Z Kg cwikíbv MÖn Yi ÿ Î we ep wkqz welq G cöe Ü Dc vcb Kiv n q Q wkÿv_x `i djvdj fv jv Kivi Pjgvb cöeyzv _ K hw` GbGmG- Z we` vjq jv K fv jv Ki Z n e Ggb 54 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

57 Pvc m wó Kiv nq, Z e cvewjk cixÿvi g Zv cwiw wz m wó n e Ges wkÿv_x `i K mgm v mgvav bi ÿgzv Ges AbymwÜrmy gvbwmkzv m wó _ K AviI `~ i wb q hviqv n e wkÿvbxwz I wkÿvµ g wkÿvi D Ïk I jÿ D jøl Kiv _vk ji cök Zc ÿ wewfbœ wel qi Ici wbf i K i G jv cwiewz Z I ev ÍevwqZ nq KviI wbku wkÿvi D Ïk n Z cv i wkÿv_x i Ávbg~jK, ˆbwZK I mvgvwrk Dbœq b mnvqzv Kiv; KviI Kv Q wkÿv n Q mvgvwrk msnwz I RvwZ MV bi Dcvq; Avevi KviI g Z, wkÿv n jv Kv Ri Rb `ÿzv AR b Kiv Kv bv wkÿve e v wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb qi mgq hw` K iæz `q, Zvi wfwë Z wkÿvi D Ïk cwiewz Z nq ZvB hvpvb Kvh µ gi D Ïk hw` nq AvDUKvg Rvbv, ZLb wkÿv_x `i D P Í ii Ávbg~jK Wv gbb, g~j eva, fwel Z cwikíbv, AvZœ cvjwä Ges mvgvwrkxki Yi welq jvi RvZxq ch v q wkÿv_x `i AR b hvpvb qi ÿ Î we epbv Ki Z n e cwi k l, evsjv ` k cwipvwjz GbGmG m ú K Ges Gi gva g wkÿv_x `i AwR Z mvÿizvi gvb wb q K_v ejvi Rb AviI K qkwu welq we epbv Kiv Avek K G jv n jv, köwykÿ I we` vj q wkÿk `i wkÿy I g~j vqb c wzi mv _ GbGmGÕi m úk, GbGmGÕi gva g Kvb ai bi hvm Zv hvpvb Kiv nq Ges m jv Kb iæz c~y A_ vr G jv wkÿvi D Ï k i Kvb Z Ë i mv _ m½wzc~y, wek^vq bi Kvb ai bi Pvwn`v hvpvbk Z `ÿzvi gva g c~y Kiv m e, Kb GmGmG- Z mvgvwrk `ÿzv hvpvb Kiv nq bv, Gi gva g wkÿy-wkl bi wel q KZUzKz Z_ cö`vb Kiv m e, 30 _ K 40wU cö kœi gva g wkÿµ g DwjøwLZ welqwfwëk wklbd ji KZUzKy hvpvb Kiv hvq, GbGmG _ K cövß Z_ h c wz Z we køly Kiv nq, Zvi mv _ wkÿv-cökvm bi K `ªxKi Yi Kv bv m úk Av Q wkbv Ges GbGmG- Z Av_ -mvgvwrk I wkÿk `i Z_ bqvi Rb h cökœgvjv cöyqb Kiv nq, Zv Z wek^e vs Ki RvZxq civgk K Kx ai bi wb ` kbv cö`vb K ib cöf wz Z_ m~î DPE. (2012) National Student Assessment for Grades 3 and 5 National Report. Dhaka: Directorate of Primary Education (DPE), Government of the People s Republic of Bangladesh. DPE. (2015). National Student Assessment 2013 for Grades 3 and 5: Directorate of Primary Education (DPE), Government of the People s Republic of Bangladesh. Greaney, V., & Kellaghan, T. (2008). Assessing national achievement levels in education (Vol. 1): World Bank Publications. Greaney, V., Khandker, S. R., & Alam, M. (1998). Bangladesh: Assessing basic learning skills: World Bank Dhaka, Bangladesh. Kellaghan, T., & Greaney, V. (2001). Using assessment to improve the quality of education: Unesco, International Institute for Educational Planning. evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 55

58 Kellaghan, T., Greaney, V., & Murray, S. (2009). Using the results of a national assessment of educational achievement (Vol. 5): World Bank Publications. UNESCO. (2000). The Dakar Framework for Action. Education for all: meeting our collective commitments. Paper presented at the World Education Forum, Dakar, Senegal. World Declaration on Education for All. (1990). In World Conference on Education for All, Meeting Basic Learning Needs), Jomtien. Wu, M., & Hornsby, D. (2012). Inappropriate uses of NAPLAN results. Say No to NAPLAN: Retrieved 06/06/2016 from 56 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

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