my `ie bi m ú` msmönkvix I mswk ó `i Avq I Avq elg - GKwU we k ly *

Transcription

1 evsjv `k Dbœqb mgx v AóweskwZZg LÊ evwl K msl v f~wgkv my `ie bi m ú` msmönkvix I mswk ó `i Avq I Avq elg - GKwU we k ly * K Gg bexdj Bmjvg ** gvt bri j Bmjvg *** evsjv ` ki `w Y-cwðgvÂj I cwðg evsjvi Askwe kl wb q MwVZ my `ieb c w_exi GKK e nëg g vb MÖvf ebvâj GwU BD b v NvwlZ Iqvì nwi UR mvbu my `ie bi gvu AvqZ bi 60 kzvsk GjvKv evsjv ` k Aew Z evsjv ` ki gvu AvqZ bi 4.2 kzvsk Ges gvu ebvâ ji 44 kzvsk GjvKv Ry o we Z Z G e bi cövk wzk I A_ bwzk i Z Acwimxg cövyxr, RjR I ebr m ú` wgwj q Adziš cövk wzk m ú `i Avavi my `ieb Rxe- ˆewP Î i Ab Zg cövy K `ª GKB mv _ GB eb msjmœ GjvKvi jvl jvl gvby li Rxeb-RxweKvi Drm wn m e Ae`vb i L Avm Q `ytlrbk n ji mz h, MZ K qk hym a i gvîvwzwi³ I ec ivqv m ú` Avni Yi d j my `ie bi A bk m ú` I cörvwz wejyß n Z P j Q my `ie bi m ú` AvniY we k ly Ki j GKwU h eo ˆewkó j Kiv hvq Zv n jv, AvniYKvixiv nz `wi`ª _ K hvq A_P hviv m ú` AvniY cwipvjbv K i Zviv A_ vr ^v_ jvfx ga ^Z fvmxiv eo AvKv ii gybvdv AR b K i ejv evûj h, Zviv mgv Ri gzvkxb `i GKvsk (SBCP Report 2003, Rahman, CNRS 2007) GKwU we k l Y `Lv M Q, my `ieb cöfvwez A j (Sundarban Impact Zone-SIZ) Aew Z 10wU Dc Rjvq nz `wi `ªi nvi 42.3 kzvsk hlv b evsjv ` ki Aewkó Dc Rjv jvq G nvi 26.2 kzvsk 1 ^fvezb cökœ DV Z cv i Kb SIZ Rb Mvôx Pig `vwi `ª i g a evm Ki Q? Zvn j wk Zv `i `vwi`ª Ae vi Rb my `ie bi m ú` AvniY cöwµqv `vqx? g~jz GB cö kœi mv _ m úwk Z GKwU we k ly Kiv n q Q weavbwwgm KZ K cwipvwjz GKwU mgx vq 2 * cöeüwu BD.Gm.GBW Gi A_ vq b Integrated Protected Area Co-Management (IPAC) - Gi Rb cwipvwjz A Study of the Principal Marketed Value Chains Derived from the Sundarbans Reserved Forest kxl K mgx vi Dci wfwë K i iwpz n q Q (Islam 2010) ** wmwbqi wimvp d jv, weavbwwgm *** wimvp Awdmvi, weavbwwgm 1 BBS _ K msm nxz AcÖKvwkZ Dcv Ëi wfwë Z Head Count Ratio (HCR)-c wz Z GB Pig `vwi `ª i (Extreme Poverty) nvi wba viy Kiv n q Q 2 A Study of the Principal Marketed Value Chains Derived from the Sundarbans Reserved Forest, IPAC, IRG, 2010

2 88 evsjv `k Dbœqb mgx v D³ mgx vq my `ie bi m ú` AvniY m úwk Z GKwU A_ bwzk we k ly mwbœ ewkz Kiv n q Q GQvovI D³ we k l Y g~j -k sl ji we k ly (Value Chain Analysis)-Gi gva g cöwzwu av c m ú` Avni Yi mv _ mswk ó Kvievix `i ( µzv-we µzv K) g a Kvi cvi úwik m úk Ges AvniY m úwk Z evav I cöwzeükzvmg~n wpwüz Kiv n q Q hv nvk, ez gvb cöe Üi cöwzcv` n Q my `ie bi m ú` Avni Yi mv _ mswk ó `i Avq I Avq ˆelg wbiƒcy Kiv GRb cö_ g Drcbœ `ª e i g~j -k slj Ges AvniY-mswk ó Kvievix `i DcvR bk Z Av qi Dci Av jvkcvz Kiv n q Q 2 my `ie bi Drcbœ `ª e i g~j -k sl ji we k ly 2.1 g~j -k slj g~j -KvVv gv Drcv`b ev e emv qi Kg Kv Êi KŠkjMZ cwikíbvi Rb GKwU kw³kvjx we k lyagx cš v, hv mswk ó Kvievix `i K mỳ p eü b Ave K i I Zv `i g a m ú K i mzzeüb ˆZwi K i, hv Avevi evrv ii Pvwn`v c~i Y mn hvmxzv K i h Kv bv g~j we k l Yi Ab Zg D Ïk n Q Kg g~ j ewk g~j ms hvrb (Value Addition) Kiv g~j ms hvr bi GB aviyv mswk ó Kvh µ gi UKmB I cöwz hvwmzvg~jk evrvi m wó Z (sustainable competitive advantage) f~wgkv iv L Giƒc c` c c Y i Drcv`b, Drcvw`Z c Y i eèb I wecyb BZ vw` Kvh vejxi g a ms hvm I mgš^q m wó K i g~j -k sl ji cö Z KwU avc KvR Abymv i g~j wba viy K i ewa Z g~j m wó K i e emvi jf vsk wbf i K i Zv KZUv ` Zvi mv _ g~j k sl ji wewfbœ avc AwZµg K i GKRb me kl µzv Drcvw`Z cy ev mevk g i Rb h g~j cwi kva Ki Z Pvq, Zv me jv av ci mswk ó gvu Li Pi AwaK n Z n e hv nvk, ev e g~j -k slj we k ly GKwU RwUj welq, hv wbiƒc Y wbijm cö Póv I mg qi cö qvrb nq ez gvb we k l Y my `ie bi Pvicvk n Z h mkj m ú` AvniY Kiv nq m jv AvniY _ K fv³v ch š h g~j ms hvwrz nq, Zv g~j -k slj we k l Yi gva g `Lv bv n q Q Z e G Av jvpbvq ißvwb hvm `ªe A_ vr ißvwbkvik `i K m ú ³ Kiv nqwb, Kej `kxq I vbxq ckvrxwe `i m ú ³Zv we epbv Kiv n q Q my `ie bi m ú `i evrvi e e vcbvi gšwjk KvVv gv wpî 1 G Dc vcb Kiv n q Q

3 [ Bmjvg I Bmjvg: my `ie bi m ú` msmönkvix I mswk ó `i Avq I Avq ˆelg 89 wpî 1 my `ieb _ K AvnwiZ c Y i evrvi e e vcbvi gšwjk KvVv gv cöv_wgk evrvi (cy Lvjv mi NvU/ vb) gva wgk evrvi gnvrb hvmvb`vi msmönkvix Kwgkb G R U AvoZ`vi wbjvgkvix cvbkvi fv³v LyPiv we µzv LyPiv evrvi 2.2 g~j -k sl ji wewfbœ av c g~j cwiez bi mvwe K Ae v mnrfv e ej Z M j, my `ie bi Drcbœ `ªe vw` msmönkvix `i KvQ _ K ch vqµ g dwoqv/e vcvix, QvU gnvrb, eo gnvrb, AvoZ`vi, cvbkvi I me k l LyPiv e emvqxi nvz n q evrvirvz nq (wpî 2) A_ bwzk cwigv ci g~j m~pk jv n Q LiP, gybvdv, Avq I wewb qvm KvVv gv G jv g~j -k slj we k l Yi wewfbœ ch vq wpîvq b we kl i Z enb K i Z e A bkmgq wewfbœ i mypvi fv e LiP, g~j -e eavb Ges gybvdv wba viy Kiv RwUj; ïaygvî weµqg~j mwvk fv e wba viy Kiv m e GRb ez gvb M elyvq ïaygvî weµqg~ j i Î g~j ms hvrb we epbv Kiv n q Q wpî 2 my `ieb mswk ó ckvrxwe `i evrvi e e vcbv I g~j -k sl ji mvwe K wpî (% LyPiv g~ j i ) msmönkvix dwoqv/ e vcvix QvU gnvrb eo gnvrb AvoZ`vi cvbkvi LyPiv we µzv g~j ms hvrb=? e q/lip=? gvwr b=? g~j ms hvrb=? e q/lip=? gvwr b=? g~j ms hvrb=? e q/lip=? gvwr b=? g~j ms hvrb=? e q/lip=? gvwr b=? g~j ms hvrb=? e q/lip=? gvwr b=? g~j ms hvrb=? e q/lip=? gvwr b=? g~j ms hvrb=? e q/lip=? gvwr b=? gvwr b = g~j ms hvrb LiP

4 90 evsjv `k Dbœqb mgx v mgm vwu AviI RwUj AvKvi aviy K i hlb ckvrxweiv wbqg ewnf ~Zfv e jb `b K i Ges GKB ckvrxwe GKB mv _ A bk jv KvR K i D`vniY ^iƒc, wkqy dwoqv QvU gnvrb K cvk KvwU q mivmwi eo gnvrb A_ev AvoZ`v ii Kv Q cy wewµ K i Kv bv Kv bv Î Ab ga ZvKvix e emvqxivi Abyiƒc KvR K i myzivs weµqg~j ev g~j ms hvrb me Î wbqggvwdk nq bv Ab w` K Kv bv Kv bv e vcvix, gnvrb, AvoZ`vi mivmwi wb RivB msmön Kvh µg cwipvjbv K i d j Zviv jv fi Ask K qkfv e Zz j bq cö_gz, Zviv jf vsk cvq AskMÖn Yi Rb ; wøzxqz, jf vsk cvq wewb qv Mi Rb ; Z ZxqZ, evrvi g~ ji P q Kg g~ j cy wkb Z cv i; Ges PZz_ Z, Zv `i ^vfvwek gybvdv Zv Av QB h mkj msmönkvix gryixi wfwë Z KvR K i, Zv `i Kv bv g~jab _v K bv d j g~j wba vi Y Zv `i Kv bv f~wgkv _v K bv bxwzmzfv e ejv hvq, cö_g we µzvi weµqg~j ciezx µzvi µqg~ j i mgvb n e h nzz wkqy e emvqx Ab `i cvk KvwU q mivmwi eo e emvqxi Kv Q cy wewµ K i m nzz mkj c Y i weµqg~j Ges g~j ms hvrb GKB wbqgvbymv i wnmve Kiv hvq bv mswk ó AskMÖnYKvix f ` D j L hvm fv e µqg~j Ges weµqg~ j i ZviZg j Kiv hvq mrb ez gvb mgx vq Mo µqg~j I Mo weµqg~j wnmve K i ~j (Gross) I bxu (Net) Avq cöv jb Kiv n q Q msmö ni c wz Ges Kvievix `i g a g~ j i fvmvfvmx LyeB RwUj Ges m Kvi Y ïaygvî Avq e qi wnmve Kiv KwVb ez gvb mgx vq gvu 9wU c Y i Rb g~j -k sl ji Dci we k ly `Lv bv n q Q 3 cy jv n jv h_vµ g: (1) MvjcvZv, (2) ov 4 gvq, (3) mv`v 5 (eo) gvq, (4) Bwjk, (5) Mj`v wpswo (eo), (6) evm`v wpswo (eo), (7) wpswo cvbv (Mj`v I evm`v), (8) KuvKov Ges (9) gay MvjcvZv MvjcvZv Mix ei XDwUb wn m e cwiwpz GwU g~jz N ii Pvj Zwi Z e eüz nq mvaviyz GK bškv MvjcvZv AvniY Ki Z 32 w`b mgq jv M AvniYK Z MvjcvZv AwaKvsk Î Kvn b MYbv Kiv nq (1 Kvnb = 16 cy, 1 cy = 80wU MvjcvZv) MvjcvZv Avni Yi vb n Z cö_g Lvjv mi NvU ev v bi Mo AvbygvwbK `~iz 50 wk jvwguvi GKwU wuª c GKRb gvwsmn 8 _ K 10 Rb msmönkvix (eviqvjx) _v K Rwi c `Lv M Q, 10 Rb AvniYKvixi GKwU bškv M o cövq 1,000 cy MvjcvZv msmön K i, hvi IRb cövq 500 _ K 550 g bi KvQvKwQ MvjcvZv weµ qi cwigvy, g~j, Avq-e q, g~jab, g~j ms hvrb BZ vw` wel q hvezxq Z_ mviwy 1G Zz j aiv n q Q 3 MvQ msmö ni Î eb wefv Mi wb laváv ejer Av Q Gw` K wmwi ciezx mg q Miv bi DciI Abyiƒc wb laváv ejer _vkvq ez gvb mgx vq KvV I Mivb Aš fy ³ Kiv hvqwb 4 ov gvq ej Z my `ie bi vbxqiv QvU cörvwzi gvq K evsvq, hv `i g a Ab Zg n Q Avgv`x, d vbmv, Pjv, KvDb ev h Kv bv ai bi QvU gvq 5 my `ieb GjvKvq eo gvq K Ômv`vÕ gvq ejv nq

5 Bmjvg I Bmjvg: my `ie bi m ú` msmönkvix I mswk ó `i Avq I Avq ˆelg 91 we µzvi aib Mo weµq g~j / cy mviwy 1 MvjcvZvi weµqg~j, g~j ms hvrb I Avq-e q Gi wnmve weµq g~ j i Dci g~j ms hvrb MvjcvZvi weµqg~j g~j ms hvrb I Avq-e q gvwmk Mo weµ qi cwigvy (cy) msmönkvix (0.6) gvws/e vcvix (3.7) QvU gnvrb ,150 (6.6) eo gnvrb ,865 (27.7) AvoZ`vi ,184 (40.9) cvbkvi ,867 (16.3) LyPiv we µzv (4.2) gvu ,547 (100.0) ~j Avq (gvwmk) 10,192 (2.9) 14,102 (4.1) 28,750 (8.3) 136,220 (39.4) 107,760 (31.2) 28,670 (8.3) 19,872 (5.8) 345,566 (100.0) gvwmk e q bxu Avq (gvwmk) 3,647 6,545 (2.7) 3,938 10,164 (4.2) 6,691 22,059 (9.0) 46,315 89,905 (36.8) 25,920 81,840 (33.5) 8,649 20,021 (8.2) 6,400 13,472 (5.5) - 244,006 (100.0) PjwZ g~jab (WC) bxu Avq PjwZ g~j a bi (%) - - 8, , , , , , bvu: 1 Kvnb = 16 cy, 1 cy = 80wU MvjcvZv PjwZ g~ja bi AvbycvwZK nv i Avq `Lv bv n q Q mvaviyfv e GKRb we µzvi Mo weµqg~j ciezx µzvi Mo µqg~ ji mgvb niqvi K_v wkš wkqy e emvqx ga ZvKvix Qvov mivmwi eo e emvqxi Kv Q cy wewµ K i GB mkj Kvi Y weµqg~j ev weµqg~j ms hvrb me Î GKB wbq g nq bv ev e GgbwK GKB e emvqxi Rb weµqg~j Ges µqg~j wfbœ wfbœ nq hvi d j Mo weµqg~ j i mv _ Mo µqg~ j i mgš^q K i ~j I bxu Av qi wnmve Kiv n q Q Gw` K msmönkvix hviv A b i n q ev ez b KvR K i Zv `i Kv bv g~jab _v K bv eª v K Ui msl v Kjvg-Gi AvbycvwZK nv i Avq `Lv bv n q Q g~j ms hvrb (Value Addition) I e emvi cwimi (Volume of Trade) GB ch v q cöavb D Ïk n jv, gvu (msmön _ K LyPiv wewµ ch š ) weµqg~ j i Dci g~j ms hvrb ei Kiv, hv msmönkvix n Z fv³v ch š av c av c n q _v K wpî 3 n Z cwi vi `Lv hv Q, gvu weµqg~ j i Dci msmönkvix me P q ewk g~j ms hvrb K i (49.7 kzvsk) msmönkvixi c i ch vqµ g Av m LyPiv we µzv, QvU gnvrb, gvws/e vcvix, AvoZ`vi, cvbkvix we µzv I eo gnvrb GLv b j Yxq h, me P q Kg g~j ms hvrb K i eo gnvrb, gvî 1.5 kzvsk wpî 3

6 92 evsjv `k Dbœqb mgx v MvjcvZvi weµqg~j ms hvrb (kzvs k) ïay weµqg~j A_ev g~j ms hvrb e emv ev gybvdvi mvwe K wpî bq GKRb we µzv wk cwigvy cy Kbv- epv Ki jv ZvI we epbv Ki Z n e µzv we µzv f ` c Y i cwim ii GKwU Zzjbvg~jK wpî cviqv hv e mviwy 1 n Z µzv-we µzvi g a me P q eo cwiwai e emv K i AvoZ`vi (40.9 kzvsk) Gic ib h_vµ g eo gnvrb (27.7 kzvsk), cvbkvi (16.3 kzvsk) I LyPiv we µzvi Ae vb (4.2 kzvsk) me P q wb Pi ii we µzv n Q msmönkvix Zviv gvu weµ qi GK kzvs kii Kg (0.6 kzvsk) weµq K i ~j Avq I bxu Avq (Gross returns and net returns) cö Z KwU e emv qi gvwmk ~j I bxu Avq Avjv`vfv e ei Kiv n q Q (mviwy 1) gvwmk bxu Avq wnmve Kiv n q Q gvwmk yj Avq n Z gvwmk e q ev` w` q mviwy 1 n Z `Lv hv Q eo gnvrb Ges AvoZ`vi me P q ewk Avq K i _v K gvwmk ~j I bxu Av qi wnmve cix v Ki j `Lv hvq, Zviv gvu gvwmk ~j I bxu Av qi h_vµ g 37 I 39 kzvsk Avq K ib Ab `i ~j I bxu Avq h_vµ g AvoZ`vi kzvsk, QvU gnvrb 8-9 kzvsk, cvbkvi 8 kzvsk I LyPiv we µzv 6 kzvsk Ab w` K msmönkvixi ~j I bxu Avq gvî 3 kzvsk Av qi gvîv ev jf vsk wbf i K i wewb qv Mi Dci h nzz gvsx ev e vcvixi Pvjvb Lye Kg, m nzz Zv `i Avq Pvjv bi Abycv Z A bk ewk (121 kzvsk) gvsx ev e vcvix K ev` w` j Pvjv bi Abycv Z AvoZ`v ii Avq A bk ewk (25.2 kzvsk), Zvic ib eo gnvrb (23.3 kzvsk) Ges QvU gnvrb (22.7 kzvsk) Gi Ae vb Pvjvb Abycv Z cvbkvi ev LyPiv we µzvi Avq 7 _ K 13 kzvsk ov gvq

7 Bmjvg I Bmjvg: my `ie bi m ú` msmönkvix I mswk ó `i Avq I Avq ˆelg 93 my `ieb K wn i AmsL b`x, Lvj, gvnbv/lvwo Ges mvmi Rv ji g Zv Qwo q Av Q hlv b bvbv ai bi ov gv Qi Avevm j ov gvq ej Z my `ie bi vbxqiv QvU cörvwzi gvq K evsvq, hv `i g a Ab Zg n Q Avgv`x, d vbmv, Pjv, KvDb ev h Kv bv cökvi QvU gvq GB wekvj Rjvf~wg (175,000 em wk. wg.) I ov gvq my `ieb cöfvwez AÂ j (SIZ) emevmiz mvaviy RbM Yi RxweKvi GKwU Drm mvaviyz ov gvq Gi wuªc GK mßvnkvj vqx nq, wkqy wkqy Î Avevi cöwzw`bi gvq aiv nq Z e Agvem v I c~wy gvi Dci wfwë K i gv m `ybwu Mvb cviqv hvq fiv Mvb I giv Mvb cö Z K Mv b Pvi _ K cuvp w`b cöpzi gvq aiv hvq evwk w`b jv Z gvq Kg cviqv hvq `yb _ K Pvi Rb msmönkvix wewkó GKwU bškvq M o 60 _ K 120 KwR gvq aiv nq mvaviyz dwoqv R j Pzw³e AvoZ`vi ev cvbkvi Qvov Ab Kv iv Kv Q gvq wewµ Ki Z cv i bv d j ewkifvm Î Zviv gv Qi b vh g~j cvq bv Z e ov gv Qi Î dwoqviv gvq aivi vb n ZI gvq wewµ Ki Z cv i wkqz dwoqv mivmwi gvq msmö ni mv _ RwoZ _v K, Giv Kv bv Kv bv mgq MÖv g-m Ä dix K i gvq wewµ K i ewkifvm Î ov gv Qi Avq-e q ei Kiv LyeB RwUj, KviY msmönkvixiv ovgv Qi mv _ Ab vb RjR m ú` hgb, KvKov, kvgyk, wpswo Ges eo gvqi AvniY K i Ab vb m ú` Avni Yi g Zv GLv bi wkqz ga ZvKvix weµq Kvh µ gi mv _ mivmwi RwoZ _v K D`vniY ^iƒc, wkqz dwoqv wb RB msmönkvix, Avevi wkqz gnvrb wb RB AvoZ`vi ev cvbkv ii f~wgkv cvjb K i ez gvb mgx vq g~jz ov gvq msmön I weµ qi mv _ mswk ó `i Avq-e qi wnmve Kiv n q Q g~j ms hvrb I e emvi cwimi `Lv M Q, msmönkvix n Z fv³v ch š gvu g~ j i wn m e msmökvixiv me P q ewk g~j ms hvrb K i, cövq `yb Z Zxqvsk (64.6 kzvsk) msmönkvixi c i LyPiv we µzv ewk g~j ms hvrb K i (12.3 kzvsk) Gic i h_vµ g dwoqv (9.2 kzvsk), cvbkvix we µzv (7.7 kzvsk), AvoZ`vi (4.6 kzvsk) I QvU gnvrb (1.5 kzvsk) Gi Ae vb mswk ó AskMÖnYKvix `i g a AvoZ`vi me P q ewk cy µq-weµq K i _v K (72.7 kzvsk), Zvic i cvbkvi (11.8 kzvsk), LyPiv we µzv (5.2 kzvsk) Ges QvU gnvrb (5.0 kzvsk) dwoqv Ges msmönkvix Kg cwigv Y cy µq-weµq K i h_vµ g 4.7 kzvsk I 0.6 kzvsk ~j Avq I bxu Avq mswk ó AvniYKvix `i g a AvoZ`v ii bxu Avq me P q ewk, cövq 89,000 UvKv (wpî 4) AvbycvwZK wnmv e AvoZ`v ii ~j I bxu Avq cövq 59 kzvsk cvbkvi, LyPiv we µzv I QvU gnvr bi Î G nvi h_vµ g 12-13, 8-9 I 7-9 kzvsk msmönkvix I e vcvixi gvu I bxu Avq cövq 5 _ K 6 kzvsk msmönkvixi P q AvoZ`v ii Avq cövq 16 Y ewk wewb qv Mi w`k w` q LyPiv we µzvi Ae v me P q fv jv (78.7 kzvsk) LyPiv we µzvi

8 94 evsjv `k Dbœqb mgx v c ib h_vµ g dwoqv (12.9 kzvsk), AvoZ`vi (11.1 kzvsk), QvU gnvrb (10.9 kzvsk) I cvbkvi (9.1 kzvsk) Gi Ae vb LyPiv we µzv cvbkvi AvoZ`vi QvU gnvrb dwoqv msmönkvix wpî 4 ov gv Qi gvwmk bxu Avq (UvKvq) ov gv Qi gvwmk bxu Avq (UvKvq) bxu Avq (nvrv i) mv`v (eo) gvq mv`v gv Qi g a Ab Zg cörvwz n Q iƒcpuv`v, fvjv, fukx, cv½vm, cvbiv BZ vw` ov gv Qi g Zv mvaviyz mv`v gvqi mßvnkvje vcx msmön Kiv nq Aí wkqy Î ˆ`bw `b wfwë ZI msmön Kiv nq mvaviyfv e Zv wbf i K i Mv bi Dci Ab vb gv Qi g Zv mv`v gv Qi ÎI `ybwu Mvb Av Q hgb, fiv Mvb I giv Mvb cö Z K Mvb 4 _ K 6 w`b vqx nq evwk w`b jv Z gvq Kg cviqv hvq 4 _ K 8 Rb msmönkvixi GKwU bškv gv m `yb evi my `ieb h Z cv i Ges cöwz Pvjv b M o 4 _ K 5 gb gvq aiv nq mvaviyz mv`v gv Qi Î gvsxi we kl Kv bv f~wgkv _v K bv bškvi BwÄb Pvjv bvi Zj, Rvj givgz Ges gvsx I msmönkvix `i Lvevi mn hvezxq DcKi Yi LiP gvwjk enb K i Ges wnmv ei mgq cwipvjb e q ev` w` q Avq wnmve Kiv nq Kv bv Kv bv Î jf vsk fvmvfvmx Kiv nq Z e AwaKvsk ÎB msmönkvixiv ez b KvR K i _v K cªwzwu Pvjv b 5 _ K 10 nvrvi UvKv Lv` eve` LiP nq g~j ms hvrb I e emvi cwimi mviwy 2 G mv`v gv Qi Avq I e qi wnmve `Lv bv n q Q ez gvb cöe Ü weµq ` ii Dc i g~j ms hvrb wnmve Kiv n q Q bxu Avq g~ja bi kzkiv wn m e Avjv`v fv e `Lv bv n q Q úózb cözxqgvb nq h, msmönkvix me P q ewk g~j ms hvrb K i, gvu g~ j i `yb Z Zxqvsk, cövq 63 kzvsk AbycvZ wnmv e ov gv Qi g Zv mv`v gv Qi LyPiv we µzv me P q ewk g~j ms hvrb K i (15.5 kzvsk) Gi c ib i q Q h_vµ g dwoqv (11.5 kzvsk),

9 Bmjvg I Bmjvg: my `ie bi m ú` msmönkvix I mswk ó `i Avq I Avq ˆelg 95 cvbkvi (4.5 kzvsk), AvoZ`vi (4.0 kzvsk) Ges QvU I eo gnvr bi (1.0 kzvsk) Ae vb mviwy 2 n Z `Lv hv Q AvoZ`vi me P q ewk cwigvy mv`v gvq Kbv- epv K i (41.2 kzvsk) Abyiƒcfv e cvbkvi ( KD KD AvoZ`v ii f~wgkvi cvjb K i) 25.3 kzvsk, eo gnvrb 18.2 kzvsk, LyPiv we µzv 7.6 Ges QvU gnvrb 3.8 kzvsk Kbv- epv K i wb Pi ii we µzv, msmönkvix I dwoqv Lye Kg cwigvy cy Kbv- epv K i, h_vµ g 3.2 kzvsk I 0.6 kzvsk we µzvi aib Mo weµq g~j ( KwR) mviwy 2 mv`v (eo) gv Qi weµqg~j, g~j ms hvrb I Avq-e q Gi wnmve weµq g~ j i Dci g~j ms hvrb (%) mv`v eo gv Qi weµqg~j, g~j ms hvrb I Avq-e q gvwmk Mo weµ qi cwigvy ( KwR) msmönkvix (0.63) e vcvix/ dwoqv (3.2) QvU gnvrb (3.8) eo gnvrb ,300 (18.2) AvoZ`vi ,210 (41.2) cvbkvi ,200 (25.3) LyPiv we µzv (7.6) gvu ,631 (100.0) bvu: mviwy 1 Gi bvu `Lyb ~j Avq I bxu Avq ~j Avq (gvwmk) 9875 (4.6) 10,580 (5.2) 12,000 (5.9) 62,100 (30.6) 46,890 (23.1) 32,000 (15.7) 29,760 (14.6) 203,205 (100.0) gvwmk e q bxu Avq (gvwmk) 3,171 6,704 (4.6) 2,450 8,404 (5.8) 1,540 10,460 (7.2) 4,600 57,500 (39.8) 16,023 30,867 (21.4) 15,140 16,860 (11.7) 15,980 13,780 (9.5) - 144,575 (100.0) PjwZ g~jab (WC) bxu Avq PjwZ g~ja bi (kzvs k ) 2, , , , , , , ~j I bxu Dfq Av qi Î eo gnvrb Ges AvoZ`vi me P q ewk cwigvy Avq K i mviwy 3 n Z `Lv hv Q, eo gnvr bi gvwmk bxu Avq 57,500 UvKv Ges AvoZ`v ii Avq 30,867 UvKv ~j I bxu Av qi Î AvbycvwZK wnmv e eo gnvr bi Av qi AbycvZ cövq kzvsk, AvoZ`v ii Î G AbycvZ kzvsk cvbkvi, LyPiv we µzv I QvU

10 96 evsjv `k Dbœqb mgx v gnvr bi Î G nvi h_vµ g kzvsk, 9-14 kzvsk I 6-7 kzvsk msmönkvix ev e vcvixi Av qi AbycvZ 5-6 kzvsk AvoZ`v ii Avq msmönkvixi Av qi cövq 16 Y wewb qv Mi w`k w` q LyPiv we µzvi jvf me P q ewk (103 kzvsk), h nzz Zv `i wewb qvm Ki Z nq Kg Abyiƒcfv e QvU gnvr bi Î G nvi 66.6 kzvsk, dwoqv/ e vcvix 56.0 kzvsk, eo gnvrb 45.4 kzvsk, cvbkvi 12.0 kzvsk Ges AvoZ`v ii Î 6.4 kzvsk Bwjk Ab vb gv Qi g Zv Bwjk gv Qi ÎI `ybwu Mvb Av Q - fiv Mvb I giv Mvb cö Z K Mv b 4 _ K 5 w`b ewk gvq a Z nq evwk w`b jv Z gvq msmö ni cwigvy Kg Qq _ K `k Rb msmönkvixi GKwU bškvq cöwz Pvjv b M o 12 _ K 20 gb (AvenvIqv, vb, Kvj I ` Zvi Dci wbf ikxj) gvq aiv hvq AwaKvsk kªgrxwe R j Rvj/ bškvi gvwjk Gi mv _ GKwU Pzw³i gva g gvq msmö n hvq gvws `j bzv wn m e msmön Awfhvb cwipvjbv K i Pzw³e _vkvq R jiv evrv ii Ab Kv bv AvoZ`vi ev cvbkv ii Kv Q gvq wewµ Ki Z cv i bv g `v gšmy g Rvj ev bškvi gvwj Ki KvQ _ K R j kªwg Kiv AwMÖg UvKv wb q _v K GB k Z h, cy iv gšmyg Zvi n q KvR Ki e mvaviyz a Z gv Qi gvu g~ j I UvKv n Z Pvjv bi mkj cwipvjbv e q (Lvevi, Zj I Rvj givgz BZ vw`) ev` w` q cövß UvKvi 16 fv Mi 10 fvm gvwjk cvq, evwk 6 fvm cvq R j kªwg Kiv gvws ev ` evwk mevb mgvb cvq, gvws GKv `yb fvm cvq 6 cöwz wuª c LvIqv eve` M o 10 _ K 12 nvrvi UvKv, Zj eve` 40 _ K 50 nvrvi Ges eid eve` cövq 10 nvrvi UvKv LiP nq wkš mvb K vb A_ev WvKv Zi Kvi Y A bk mgq me wkqz Lvqv Z nq ZvB gvwj Ki A bk SyuwK _v K g~j ms hvrb Ges e emvi cwimi mviwy 3 G Bwj ki gvwmk Avq e qi LiP `Lv bv n q Q GQvov bxu Avq g~ja bi KZ kzvsk ZvI `Lv bv n q Q Ab vb gv Qi g Zv Bwj ki ÎI msmönkvixiv me P q ewk g~j ms hvrb K i, gvu g~ j i cövq `y-z Zxqvsk (63.3 kzvsk) mviwywu n Z `Lv hv Q Gi c ib LyPiv we µzvi Ae vb LyPiv we µzvi ci ch vqµ g gvws/dwoqv, QvU gnvrb, AvoZ`vi Ges cvbkv ii Ae vb mviwy 3 Bwj ki weµqg~j, g~j ms hvrb I Avq-e q Gi wnmve 6 Ali et al (2009). The Supply Chain and Prices at Different Stages of Hilsha Fish in Bangladesh, PPSU, G Z Abyiƒc k Z i K_v Rvbv M Q

11 Bmjvg I Bmjvg: my `ie bi m ú` msmönkvix I mswk ó `i Avq I Avq ˆelg 97 we µzvi aib Mo weµq g~j ( KwR) weµqg~ j i Dci g~j ms hvrb (%) msmönkvix gvws/dwoqv QvU gnvrb eo gnvrb AvoZ`vi cvbkvi LyPiv we µzv (2.0) gvu (100.0) bvu: mviwy 1 Gi bvu `Lyb Bwj ki weµqg~j g~j ms hvrb I Avq-e q gvwmk Mo ~j Avq gvwmk bxu Avq weµ qi (gvwmk) e q (gvwmk) cwigvy ( KwR) 13,300 5, (0.47) (5.3) (4.2) 20,490 6,352 14,138 (4.6) (8.2) (7.3) 44,880 3,990 40,890 (5.5) (18.0) (21.0) 70,896 9,994 60,896 (17.0) (28.5) (31.3) 67,500 22,50 45,000 (50.5) (27.1) 0 (23.1) 20,699 3,726 16,973 (19.9) (8.3) (8.7) 11,100 2,410 8,690 (4.5) 248,86 5 (100.0) (4.5) - 194,747 (100.0) PjwZ g~jab (WC) bxu Avq PjwZ g~ja bi (kzvs k ) , , , , NA NA NA NA - - mviwywu n Z `Lv hv Q g~j ms hvrb Kg Ki ji AvoZ`v ii e emvi cwiwa A bk eo, hv gvu jb ` bi cövq A a K Abyiƒcfv e ciezx Ae v b i q Q h_vµ g cvbkvi, eo gnvrb I QvU gnvrb ^fvezb wb Pi ii ga ZvKvix dwoqv I msmönkvixiv me P q Kg cy jb `b K i ~j Avq I bxu Avq ~j I bxu Av qi w`k w` q eo gnvrb, AvoZ`vi I QvU gnvrb ewk Avq K i _v K mviwy 3 n Z `Lv hv Q Zv `i gvwmk bxu Avq h_vµ g 60,896 UvKv, 45,000 UvKv Ges 40,800 UvKv wpî 5-G wewfbœ ai bi we µzvi Ae vbwu cwi vifv e Zz j aiv n q Q ~j Av qi ÎI cövq GKB Z_ cö hvr msmönkvix Ges e vcvixi bxu Avq gvî 4 _ K 7 kzvsk Ab w` K msmönkvixi Zzjbvq eo gnvr bi bxu Avq cövq 7 Y ewk Bwjk msmönkvix R j `i cövqb eo As Ki `v`b wb Z nq wewb qvm we epbv Ki j, PjwZ g~ja bi Dci bxu Avq me P q ewk gvws/e vcvixi (132 kzvsk), Kbbv Zviv Lye Kg PjwZ g~jab LvUvq mw`k _ K wepvi Ki j, QvU gnvrb Zzjbvg~jKfv e fv jv Ae v b i q Q (59.8 kzvsk) QvU gnvr bi ciezx Ae v b i q Q eo gnvrb (21.3 kzvsk) I AvoZ`vi (12.3 kzvsk) wpî 5 Bwj ki gvwmk bxu Avq (UvKvq)

12 98 evsjv `k Dbœqb mgx v Mj`v wpswo (eo) Mj`v wpswo msmönkvixiv mvaviyz mßvnkvje vcx gvq a i A bk Î msmönkvixivi jv fi wkqz Ask c q _v K Mj`v wpswo weµ qi cwigvy, g~j, Avq-e q, g~jab, g~j ms hvrb BZ vw` wel q hvezxq Z_ mviwy 4 G Zz j aiv n q Q g~j ms hvrb I e emvi cwimi msmönkvixiv gvu g~ j i Dci wzb-pzz_ vsk (75.0 kzvsk) weµqg~j ms hvrb K i _v K (mviwy 4) msmönkvix ev` w` j LyPiv we µzv ewk g~j ms hvrb K i (8.7 kzvsk) Abyiƒcfv e g~j ms hvr bi w`k _ K LyPiv we µzvi c ib i q Q h_vµ g gvws/e vcvix (5.0 kzvsk), QvU I eo gnvrb Df q Î (3.3 kzvsk), AvoZ`vi (2.5 kzvsk) Ges cvbkvix we µzv (2.2 kzvsk) mviwy 4 n Z cwi vifv e `Lv hv Q, mkj e emvqx `i g a AvoZ`vi me P q ewk cwigvy cy Kbv epv K i (40.2 kzvsk) ciezx Ae v b i q Q cvbkvi (28.9 kzvsk), eo gnvrb (13.4 kzvsk) I QvU gnvrb (8.2 kzvsk) úóz wb Pi ii ckvrxwe e vcvix Ges msmönkvix me P q Kg cwigvy cy µq-weµq K i _v K, h_vµ g 5.1 kzvsk I 0.31 kzvsk mviwy 4 Mj`v wpswoi (eo) weµqg~j, g~j ms hvrb I Avq-e q Gi wnmve

13 Bmjvg I Bmjvg: my `ie bi m ú` msmönkvix I mswk ó `i Avq I Avq ˆelg 99 we µzvi aib Mo weµq g~j ( KwR) msmönkvix gvws/dwoqv QvU gnvrb eo gnvrb AvoZ`vi ,850 cvbkvi ,050 Mj`v wpswoi (eo) weµqg~j g~j ms hvrb I Avq-e q weµqg~ j i gvwmk Mo ~j Avq gvwmk Dci weµ qi (gvwmk) e q g~j ms hvrb cwigvy (%) ( KwR) 9,900 (0.31) (7.3) 10,800 (5.1) (8.0) 11,600 (8.2) (8.6) 19,000 (13.4) (14.0) 42,750 (40.2) (31.6) 26,650 (28.9) (19.7) 14,560 LyPiv we µzv (3.9) gvu ,092 (100.0) bvu: mviwy 1 Gi bvu `Lyb ~j Avq I bxu Avq (10.8) 135,260 (100.0) bxu Avq (gvwmk) 3,450 6,450 (6.1) 3,600 7,200 (6.8) 3,850 7,750 (7.4) 4,560 14,440 (13.7) 8,596 34,154 (32.4) 3,850 22,800 (21.7) 2,083 12,477 (11.9) - 105,271 (100.0) Ab vb gv Qi g Zv Mj`v wpswoi (eo) ÎI AvoZ`v ii gvwmk ~j I bxu Avq me P q ewk, h_vµ g 42,750 UvKv I 34,154 UvKv AbycvZ wn m e AvoZ`v ii ~j I bxu Av qi AbycvZ me P q ewk (cövq kzvsk) gvu Av qi Zzjbvq msmönkvixi ~j I bxu Av qi AbycvZ me P q Kg (6-7 kzvsk) AvoZ`v ii Avq msmönkvixi P q cövq 5 Y ewk evm`v wpswo (eo) g~j ms hvrb I e emvi cwimi evm`v wpswo weµ qi cwigvy, g~j, Avq-e q, g~jab, g~j ms hvrb BZ vw` wel q Z_ mviwy 5-G Zz j aiv n q Q mviwywu n Z `Lv hv Q, Mj`v wpswoi g Zv evm`vi ÎI msmönkvixiv g~j ms hvrb K i me P q ewk, `yb-z Zxqvs kii ewk (66.7 kzvsk) msmönkvixi c ib h_vµ g Av m LyPiv we µzv, gvws/e vcvix, QvU gnvrb I eo gnvrb Df q, AvoZ`vi Ges cvbkvi mviwywu n Z AviI `Lv hv Q, AvoZ`v ii weµ qi cwigvy me P q ewk (45 kzvsk), Zvic ib cvbkvi I eo gnvr bi Ae vb msmönkvixi weµ qi cwigvy 1 kzvs kii Kg ~j Avq I bxu Avq

14 100 evsjv `k Dbœqb mgx v mviwy 5 n Z cwi vifv e `Lv hv Q yj Avq I bxu Avq Dfq ÎB AvoZ`v ii cwigvy me P q ewk Zvic ii Ae vb h_vµ g cvbkvi, eo gnvrb, QvU gnvrb Ges msmönkvixi msmönkvixi gvu bxu Av qi gvî 6 kzvsk Avq K i we µzvi aib mviwy 5 evm`v wpswoi (eo) weµqg~j, g~j ms hvrb I Avq-e q Gi wnmve Mo weµq g~j ( KwR) msmönkvix gvws/e vcvix QvU gnvrb eo gnvrb AvoZ`vi ,850 cvbkvi ,250 LyPiv we µzv (3.5) gvu ,626 (100.0 bvu: mviwy 1 Gi bvu `Lyb wpswo cvbv ev iyy (Mj`v I evm`v) evm`v wpswoi (eo) weµqg~j g~j ms hvrb I Avq-e q weµqg~ j i gvwmk Mo ~j Avq gvwmk e q Dci weµ qi (gvwmk) g~j ms hvrb cwigvy (%) ( KwR) 10,800 (0.42) (6.4) 14,400 (5.6) (8.6) 15,200 (8.8) (9.1) 19,000 (11.0) (11.3) 61,600 (44.6) (36.8) 31,500 (26.1) (18.8) 15,000 (9.0) 167,500 (100.0) bxu Avq (gvwmk) 3,650 7,150 (5.5) 3,820 10,580 (8.2) 4,050 11,150 (8.6) 4,890 14,110 (10.9) 12,650 48,950 (37.8) 6,450 25,050 (19.3) 2,480 12,520 (9.7) - 129,510 (100.0) wpswo cvbv ev iyy cöwzw`b ev mßvnkvje vcx AvniY Kiv nq h mkj msmönkvix eb wefvm _ K cvk wb q my `ie bi Rjvkq I Lv j cvbv ev iyy msmön K i Zviv mßvnkvje vcx Ae vb K i Avi hviv vbxq b`x ev Lv j iyy AvniY K i Zviv cöwzw`b iyy msmön K i _v K `yb _ K wzb Rb msmönkvix wewkó GKwU bškvq 300 _ K 600 cvbv msmön Kiv hvq msmönkvixiv g `v gšmy g dwoqv ev gnvr bi KvQ _ K `v`b wb q _v K GB k Z h, mviv gšmy g wbw` ó g~ j dwoqv/gnvr bi Kv Q cvbv mieivn Ki e hym hym a i FY cö`v bi GB aviv P j Avm Q ZvB my `ie bi Ab vb msmönkvixi Zzjbvq ZvivB ewk Ab vq kvl Yi wkkvi n q Avm Q dwoqviv mviv eqib cvbv msmönkvixi KvQ _ K Kg- ewk cvbv µq K i _v K µqk Z cvbv Zviv Avevi AvoZ`v ii Kv Q wewµ K i, AvoZ`vi GLv b Kwgkb G R U wn m e KvR K i wkqz AvoZ`vi Avevi dwoqv ev e vcvix K FY w` q _v K GB k Z h, dwoqv ev e vcvix

15 Bmjvg I Bmjvg: my `ie bi m ú` msmönkvix I mswk ó `i Avq I Avq ˆelg 101 ïaygvî Zvi Kv Q cvbv mieivn Ki e wkqz wkqz Î cvbv wewµ ev Ab Kv bv ga ^Z fvmxi Kv Q hviqvi Av M bvm vix Z ivlv nq dwoqv I AvoZ`vi g~j ms hvr bi cy iv e vcviuv wbqš Y K i FY `vzv ev `v`b`vi GK PwUqv e emv K i, GKevi Kv bvfv e FY w` Z cvi j FYMÖnxZv Zvi Kv Q cy wewµ Ki Z eva vbxq evrv ii cvbv Kbv- epv n q _v K Z e KviLvbv ev ww cvi wba vwiz g~ j i wkqy K g Gfv eb cy iv cöwµqvwu `v` bi Rv j ew ` n q c o eq ii ci eqi cvbv msmönkvix `i GKUv eo Ask wkï I gwnjv GB ai bi wkqz msmönkvix bškv wb q Avevi wkqy msmönkvix bškv QvovB cvbv ev iyy a i cvbv ev iyy msmön wbgœga weë `i Kg ms v bi GKwU eo Aej ^b g~j ms hvrb I e emvi cwimi my `ie bi h Kv bv c Y i g~j -k sl ji Zzjbvq wpswo cvbvi g~j -k slj A bk ewk RwUj wewfbœ ai bi µzv, we µzv I ga ^Z fvmx GB g~j -k sl j Ave hw`i ejv nq, cvbv msmön Kiv wbwl, ZeyI vbxq cökvm bi hvmmvr m msmö ni KvRwU Pvwj q hviqv gv UI KwVb bq GB cöwµqvi mv _ RwoZ msmönkvix, dwoqv I AvoZ`vi weµqg~ j i Dci g~j ms hvm wepvi Ki j msmönkvixiv A bk ewk g~j ms hvrb K i _v K, gvu weµqg~ j i cövq kzvsk (wpî 6 I 7) wpî 6 Mj`v cvbvi weµqg~j ms hvrb (kzvs k) wpî 7 evm`v wpswoi (eo) weµqg~j ms hvrb (kzvs k)

16 102 evsjv `k Dbœqb mgx v ~j Avq I bxu Avq Mj`v AvoZ`v ii gvwmk bxu Avq dwoqv `i PvB Z A bk ewk Mj`v AvoZ`v ii gvwmk bxu Avq wnmve Kiv n q Q 1,34,300 UvKv hlv b dwoqvi gvwmk Avq 63,375 UvKv AvoZ`v ii gvwmk bxu Avq msmönkvixi P q 10 Y ewk evm`vi Î Avq Mj`vi Zzjbvq A bk Kg D`vniY ^iƒc, evm`vi AvoZ`vi I dwoqvi gvwmk bxu Avq h_vµ g 30,720 UvKv I 11,075 UvKv KuvKov Avš R vwzk evrv i KuvKovi Pvwn`v w`b w`b e o hviqvq ez gv b Av Mi P q ewk cwigv Y KuvKov aiv n Q my `ie bi Dci wbf ikxj R j `i Kv Q GUv GKwU m ú~ik ckv wnmv e mycwiwpz KuvKov aivi Rb Lye mvaviy DcKi Yi cö qvrb nq, hv msmönkvix `i c e e v Kiv mnr mvaviyz msmönkvix R jiv mßvnkvje vcx KuvKov msmön K i `yb Rb msmönkvix wewkó GKwU bškv gv m 2 _ K 3wU wuªc w` Z cv i Kv bv Kv bv Î AvoZ`vi I dwoqv mivmwi KuvKov msmö ni mv _ RwoZ _v K `ybrb msmönkvix R j wewkó GKwU bškvq 20 _ K 40 KwR KuvKov msmön Kiv hvq mvaviyz dwoqv ev QvU AvoZ`vi msmö ni vb n Z KuvKov msmön K i ww cv Z Rgv K i hme dwoqv mivmwi msmö ni mv _ RwoZ Zviv KuvKov msmön K i Zv mivmwi AvoZ`v ii Kv Q wewµ K i mviwy 6-G KuvKovi weµqg~j, g~j ms hvrb I Avq-e q Gi wnmve Dc vcb Kiv n q Q g~j ms hvrb I e emvi cwimi my `ie bi Ab vb AvnwiZ c Y i g Zv gvu weµqg~j wepv i msmönkvix me P q ewk g~j ms hvrb K i mviwy 6 n Z `Lv hv Q Zviv gvu weµq g~ j i 50 kzvsk g~j ms hvrb K i mviwywu n Z cwi vi `Lv hv Q, msmönkvixi c ib dwoqv/e vcvixi Ae vb (17.6 kzvsk) dwoqv e vcvixi c ib h_vµ g QvU gnvrb (13.8 kzvsk), AvoZ`vi (8.3 kzvsk), eo gnvrb (6.9 kzvsk) I cvbkvi (3.4 kzvsk) Gi Ae vb

17 Bmjvg I Bmjvg: my `ie bi m ú` msmönkvix I mswk ó `i Avq I Avq ˆelg 103 AvoZ`vi Ges eo gnvrb Kg g~j ms hvrb Ki ji Ab vb `i P q A bk ewk cwigvy cy jb `b K i mviwywu n Z `Lv hv Q AvoZ`vi Ges eo gnvrbiv h_vµ g gvu weµ qi 37.1 kzvsk Ges 28.8 kzvsk weµq K i jb ` bi Î GB `yb ` ji c ib h_vµ g cvbkvi (19.3 kzvsk) Ges QvU gnvrb (10.6 kzvsk), gvws/dwoqv (3.5 kzvsk) I msmönkvix (0.64 kzvsk)õi Ae vb mviwy 6 KuvKovi weµqg~j, g~j ms hvrb I Avq-e q Gi wnmve we µzvi aib Mo weµq g~j ( KwR) weµq g~ j i Dci g~j ms hvrb (%) KuvKovi weµqg~j, g~j ms hvrb I Avq-e q gvwmk Mo weµ qi cwigvy ( KwR) msmönkvix (0.64) gvws/ dwoqv (3.5) QvU ,166 gnvrb (10.6) eo gnvrb ,872 (28.8) AvoZ`vi ,559 (37.1) cvbkvi ,920 (19.3) gvu ,355 (100.0) bvu : mviwy 1 Gi bvu `Lyb ~j Avq I bxu Avq ~j Avq (gvwmk) 18,850 (3.4) 36,108 (6.5) 86,640 (15.5) 117,440 (21.0) 181,416 (32.5) 117,600 (21.1) 558,054 (100.0) gvwmk e q bxu Avq (gvwmk) 6,720 12,130 (4.1) 17,249 18,859 (6.3) 50,517 36,123 (12.1) 53,40 64,034 6 (21.5) 95,154 86,262 (29.0) 37,500 80,100 (26.9) - 297,508 (100.0) PjwZ g~jab (WC) bxu Avq PjwZ g~ja bi (kzvs k) 7, , , , , , ~j I bxu Avq Dfq Î Zzjbvg~jKfv e AvoZ`vi, eo gnvrb, cvbkvi Ges QvU gnvr bi Avq A bk ewk Ges msmönkvixi gvwmk Avq me P q Kg KvKovi bxu Av qi Î wewfbœ we µzvi Ae vb wpî 8-G Zz j aiv n q Q mviwy 6 n Z `Lv hv Q AvoZ`v ii gvwmk Avq 86,262 UvKv hlv b msmönkvixi gvwmk bxu Avq gvî 12,130 UvKv msmönkvixi Zzjbvq AvoZ`v ii gvwmk bxu Avq 7 Y ewk KuvKov msmönkvix `i Rb eo ai bi `v` bi `ikvi nq wewb qv Mi w`k w` q PjwZ g~ja bi Dci gvws/dwoqvi gvwmk bxu Avq A bk ewk (27 kzvsk), Kbbv Zv `i Lye Kg g~ja bi `ikvi nq PjwZ g~ja bi Dci AvoZ`v ii gvwmk bxu Avq kzvsk Ges PjwZ g~ja bi Dci QvU gnvr bi gvwmk bxu Avq 17.6 kzvsk wpî 8 KuvKovi gvwmk bxu Avq (UvKvq)

18 104 evsjv `k Dbœqb mgx v gay cövk wzkfv e gay Avni Yi Ab Zg cöavb Î my `ieb my `ie bi gay msmön GKwU gšmyg wfwëk KvR cöwz gšmy g wecyj cwigvy gay AvnwiZ n ji ez gv b bvbv Kvi Y hgb mbvzb AvniY c wz, Rjevqy cwiez b BZ vw` Kvi Y gay msmö ni cwigvy K g Avm Q mvaviyz Ljwm, MivY, MIqv, evbb, KuvKov, KIov Mv Qi dzj n Z gay msmön Kiv nq Gme Mv Qi g a Lwjmv dz ji gay DrK ó gv bi mvaviyz g gvm _ K Ryb gvm ch š mg q my `ieb _ K gay msmön Kiv nq Z e gvp, GwcÖj gv mi wkqy gay msmön Kiv nq eb wefvm _ K cvk msmª ni gva g 6 _ K 9 R bi GKwU `j 1 gv mi Rb gay msmö n ei nq ïaygvî AbygwZ cövßivb my `ie bi gay Avni Y AskMÖnY Ki Z cv i gvws ev bškv PvjK (`j bzv) msmö ni cy iv welqwu `Lv kvbv K i msmönk Z gay mßvn Aš i gnvr bi Kv Q cvvv bv nq gay msmönkvix `i mvaviyz gšqvj ejv nq jv fi Askx`vi wn m e ev evrvi g~ j i P q Kg `v g wewµi k Z gnvrb gšqvj `i A _ i hvmvb `q Kv bv Kv bv Î gvws gnvr bi f~wgkv cvjb K i _v K H GKB k Z KL bv KL bv msmökvixiv wb RivB wb R `i cö qvrbxq DcKi Yi e e v K i gay msmö n AskMÖnY K i _v K j Kiv M Q, AwZ m cöwz wkqz msmönkvix wb RivB GbwRIi g Zv MÖ c ev `j MVb K i g~jab hvmvo K i gay msmö n AskMÖnY K i _v K gšqvjx `i cö Z K wuª c Lv` I Ab vb cö qvrb eve` M o 40 _ K 60 nvrvi UvKv LiP n q _v K Qq _ K bq Rb gšqvjx wewkó GKwU bškv gv m 12 _ K 14 gb gay msmön Ki Z cv i g~j ms hvrb I e emvi cwimi mviwy 7-G gayi weµqg~j, g~j ms hvrb I Avq-e q Gi wnmve Dc vwcz n q Q mviwywu n Z `Lv hv Q weµqg~ j ms hvrb wepv i msmönkvix gvu g~ j i Dci me P q ewk g~j ms hvrb K i Zviv gvu g~ j i cövq 5 fv Mi 3 fvm g~j ms hvrb K i msmönkvixi c ib LyPiv we µzv ewk g~j ms hvrb K i (16.7 kzvsk) ciez x g~j ms hvrbkvixiv n jv gvws/e vcvix (12.0 kzvsk), eo gnvrb (6.7 kzvsk), cvbkvi (3.3 kzvsk) I QvU gnvrb

19 Bmjvg I Bmjvg: my `ie bi m ú` msmönkvix I mswk ó `i Avq I Avq ˆelg 105 (1.3 kzvsk) gayi g~j -k sl j Kv bv AvoZ`vi bb, cvbkvib AvoZ`v ii f~wgkv cvjb K i gvu gybvdv c Y i Kbv epvi cwigv Yi Dci wbf i K i µzv-we µzvi g a cvbkvi me P q ewk cy Kbv epv K i (54.4 kzvsk) cvbkv ii c ib eo gnvrb (25.3 kzvsk) I QvU gnvrb (8.7 kzvsk) ewk g~j ms hvrb K i wb æi i Ae vbkvix msmönkvix/ dwoqv me P q Kg cy Kbv epv K i, h_vµ g 7.3 kzvsk I 1.1 kzvsk ~j Avq I bxu Avq mviwy 7 n Z `Lv hv Q cvbkv ii gvwmk ~j I bxu Avq me P q ewk Zviv h_vµ g Avq K i 34,400 UvKv I 26,852 UvKv ciezx Ae v b Av Q eo gnvrb I dwoqv msmönkvixi gvwmk ~j I bxu Avq me P q Kg msmönkvixi P q cvbkv ii gvwmk bxu Avq 4.2 Y ewk cvbkvi ev gnvr bi gvuv As Ki PjwZ g~ja bi cö qvrb n ji GKRb msmönkvixi PjwZ g~ja bi cwigvy me P q Kg g~ja bi Dci msmönkvixi bxu Avq me P q ewk (120 kzvsk) GKB Kvi Y dwoqv/gvwsi gvwmk Avq ewk, cövq 65 kzvsk Zv `ii Lye eo As Ki PjwZ g~ja bi cö qvrb nq bv g~ja bi Dci jvf we epbvq QvU gnvr bi gvwmk Avq ek Kg, 12 kzvsk, cvbkv ii Î G nvi gvî 9 kzvsk we µzvi aib Mo weµq g~j ( KwR) mviwy 7 gayi weµqg~j, g~j ms hvrb I Avq-e q Gi wnmve weµq g~ j i Dci g~j ms hvrb (%) msmönkvix (1.1) gvws/dwoqv (7.3) QvU gnvrb (8.7) eo gnvrb ,600 (25.3) cvbkvi ,440 (54.4) LyPiv we µzv (3.2) gvu ,320 (100.0) gayi weµqg~j, g~j ms hvrb I Avq-e q Gi wnmve gvwmk Mo ~j Avq gvwmk bxu Avq weµ qi (gvwmk) e q (gvwmk) cwigvy ( KwR) 12,240 (9.6) 16,632 (13.1) 22,000 (17.9) 32,000 (25.1) 34,400 (27.0) 10,000 (7.9) 127,272 (100.0) 5,875 6,365 (6.7) 2,587 14,045 (12.9) ,820 (17.8) ,880 (26.3) ,832 (28.4) ,400 (7.8) - 96,342 (100.0) bvu : mviwy 1 Gi bvu `Lyb 3 my `ie bi m ú` msmönkvix mswk ó `i Avq I Avq ˆelg PjwZ g~jab (WC) bxu Avq PjwZ g~ja bi (kzvs k) 5, , , , , ,

20 106 evsjv `k Dbœqb mgx v c~e ezx Aby Q ` my `ie bi m ú` msmö ni m ½ mswk ó `i m ú` msmön Kvh µ gi Avqe qi wnmve Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q ez gvb Aby Q ` D³ msmönkvix-mswk ó `i evwl K Avq I Zvi eèb Ges Avq ˆelg Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q Avq AmgZv ev Avq ˆelg GKwU i Z c~y mvgvwrk welq my `ieb _ K msm nxz I g~j -k sl ji AvIZvq wewfbœ c Y i msmönkvix-mswk ó `i cö Z Ki Rb Avjv`vfv e cöavb Av qi wnmve Kiv n q Q (cwiwkó mviwy jv Z) 7 evwl K Avq gvwmk Mo Av qi wfwë Z fiv gšmyg Ges g `v gšmy gi g a mgš^q K i ei Kiv n q Q g `v gšmy gi gvm jv K Kvh w`e mi Dci wfwë K i cök Z Kvh -gv m mgš^q I iƒcvš wiz Kiv n q Q Z e gvu Avq ev Avq ˆelg cö`k bi Rb GUvB cök Z msl v bq G e vcv i AviI web v mi cö qvrb i q Q Av qi AmgZv welqwu mȳ úó Kivi Rb mswk ó `i Mo Avq, Av qi `knvix Z (decile) eèb Kiv n q Q AmgZv ej Z `knvixi wfwë Z ckvrxwe `i Mo Avq Ges gvu Av qi AbycvZ K cö`k b Kiv n q Q my `ie bi m ú` fvmxi Avq web vm I wepz wzi e vwß wby q Kiv n q Q mkj ckvrxwe `i ga _ K KwZcq ckvrxwe K wb q `ywu cövwš K `j ( hgb msmönkvix Ges AvoZ`vi K ev gnvrb) wbw` ó K i Zv `i g a AmgZvi gvîv cwigv ci Póv Kiv n q Q Avq ˆelg cwigv ci Rb wmwb wb ` wkkv (Gini Co-efficient) GKwU fv jv m~pk, hv my `ie bi mkj Drcbœ`ª e i Rb cöv jb Kiv n q Q 8 cö_ g MvjcvZv w` q ïi Kiv hvq 3.1 MvjcvZv MvjcvZv msmönkvix `i evwl K Mo Avq gvî 23,451 UvKv ckvrxwei Ges wkqyuv Av qi µgvbymv i `L j, gvws/e vcvixi evwl K Avq 33,939 UvKv, QvU gnvr bi 76,904 UvKv, eo gnvr bi 323,878 UvKv, AvoZ`v ii 368,280 UvKv, cvbkv ii 97,425 UvKv Ges LyPiv we µzvi Avq 81,098 UvKv evwl K Av qi w`k n Z Avq ˆel g i gvîv Lye ewk Kbbv GKRb msmönkvix AvoZ`v ii P q 16 Y Kg Avq K i (cwiwkó mviwy 1) Avq ˆelg cwigvck wmwb wb ` wkkv n Z `Lv hvq, g~j -k sl ji AvIZvq wewfbœ ckvrxwe `i Avq gvu Av qi KZ Ask mb Ae vb _ K j Kiv hvq h, msmönkvix `i Avq gvu Av qi gvî 2.3 kzvsk wpî 9-G MvjcvZv mswk ó wewfbœ ckvrxwe `i Ae vb Zz j aiv n q Q wpîwu n Z cwi vi `Lv hv Q gnvrb Ges AvoZ`viB me P q ewk Avq K i wpî 9 my `ieb mswk ó ckvrxwe `i evwl K Av qi web vm kzvs k : MvjcvZv 7 Avq ej Z ïaygvî SRF Drm n Z Avq evsv bv n q Q Ab Kv bv Drm _ K cövß Avq GB M elyvq we epbv Kiv nqwb 8 bgybvi msl v Kg niqvq Lye mzk Zvi mv _ cöv wjz wmwb wb ` wkkv e envi Kiv cö qvrb

21 Bmjvg I Bmjvg: my `ie bi m ú` msmönkvix I mswk ó `i Avq I Avq ˆelg 107 Av qi `knvix (decile) web v m Av qi AwaKZi ew¼gzv (Skewness) wb ` k K i mviwy 8-G MvjcvZv mswk ó mkj ckvrxwe K `ybwu `knvix Z fvm Kiv n q Q `knvix 1 G me wbæ Av qi ckvrxwe `j K Ges `knvix 10 G me P q D P Av qi ckvrxwe `j K `Lv bv n q Q j Ki j `Lv hvq h, `knvix 10 Gi ckvrxweiv `knvix 1 Gi ckvrxwe `i P q 20.5 Y ewk Avq K i wpî 10 cökvk Ki Q MvjcvZvi Avq ˆelg cwigvck cöv wjz wmwb wb ` wkkv 0.51, hv AZ š ewk 9 Av qi `kk mviwy 8 my `ieb mswk ó ckvrxwe `i evwl K Av qi `kk : MvjcvZv Av qi Ask (kzvs k) MvjcvZv 1g `kk 2.0 2q `kk 2.5 3q `kk 3.5 4_ `kk 3.6 5g `kk 5.0 `knvix : 1g - 5g ô `kk 5.4 7g `kk 9.1 8g `kk g `kk g `kk 41.0 `knvix : 6ô - 10g 83.4 `knvixi AbycvZ : 1g `kk nb Z 10g `kk 1:20.5 wmwb wb ` wkkv (Gini Co-efficient) 0.51 wpî 10 j iä ilv (Lorenze curve) : MvjcvZv 9 HIES (2008) Abyhvqx mvwe Kfv e evsjv ` ki MÖvg GjvKvi wmwb wb ` wkkv 0.30 Ges kni GjvKvq Zv 0.38

22 108 evsjv `k Dbœqb mgx v 3.2 ov gvq wbgœ Avqm úbœ cwiev ii Rb ov gvq LyeB i Z c~y ov gvq msmönkvix `i Mo evwl K Avq gvî 47,153 UvKv ( MvjcvZvi P q mvgvb ewk) ckvrxwe `i µgvbymv i `L j `Lv hvq dwoqv/e vcvix 1,00,481 UvKv, gnvrb 1,16,046 UvKv, AvoZ`vi 6,35,830 UvKv, cvbkvi 1,86,550 UvKv Ges LyPiv we µzv 1,49,286 UvKv (cwiwkó mviwy 2) Av qi GB cwigvy úózb cökvk Ki Q evwl K Av qi elg Zvi gvîv Lye ewk GB ˆel g i e vwß úózi n Q wpî 11-G wpîwu n Z `Lv hv Q gvu Av qi kzvsk wnmv e msmönkvixi Ae vb me wb æ, gvî 4 kzvsk Ges AvoZ`v ii Ae vb me D P, 52 kzvsk ciezx Ae vb jv n Q, dwoqv/e vcvix, gnvrb, cvbkvi Ges LyPiv we µzvi Av qi `knvix web v mi w` K bri w` j GB AmgZv AviI mȳ úó n q D V (mviwy 9) GLv b `ybwu `knvix `Lv bv n q Q, 1g Avq `knvix wbæ ii ckvrxwe Ges 10g Avq `knvix Z D P ii ckvrxwe `i wb ` k Kiv n q Q `Lv hvq h, cö_g `k kzvsk jv Ki Av qi Zzjbvq D P ii `k kzvsk jv Ki Avq cövq 34 Y ewk ov gv Qi cöv wjz ˆelg cwigvck wmwb wb ` wkkv 0.53, MvjcvZvi Zzjbvq hv AviI ewk wpî 11 my `ieb mswk ó ckvrxwe `i evwl K Av qi web vm kzvs k : ov gvq

23 Bmjvg I Bmjvg: my `ie bi m ú` msmönkvix I mswk ó `i Avq I Avq ˆelg 109 mviwy 9 my `ieb mswk ó ckvrxwe `i evwl K Av qi `kk : ov gvq Av qi `kk Av qi Ask (kzvs k) ov gvq 1g `kk 1.1 2q `kk 2.5 3q `kk 2.7 4_ `kk 3.1 5g `kk 4.8 `knvix : 1g - 5g ô `kk 6.2 7g `kk 7.6 8g `kk g `kk g `kk 36.8 `knvix : 6ô - 10g 85.8 `knvixi AbycvZ : 1g `kk nb Z 10g `kk 1:33.5 wmwb wb ` wkkv (Gini Co-efficient) mv`v gvq mv`v gvq msmönkvix `i evwl K Mo Avq 63,311 UvKv (hv MvjcvZv I ov gv Qi Zzjbvq wkqyuv ewk) (cwiwkó mviwy 3) mv`v gv Qi Î eo gnvr bi Avq me P q ewk (hv MvjcvZv ev ov gvq Gi e wzµg) eo gnvrb Kv bv Kv bv Î AvoZ`v ii f~~wgkvi cvjb K i j Kiv M Q mv`v gv Qi Î evwl K Mo Avq ˆel g i gvîv Lye ewk eo gnvr bi evwl K Mo Avq msmönkvixi evwl K Mo Av qi cövq 10 Y GB gv Qi Ab vb ckvwrex `i ZzjbvqI gnvr bi Avq Lye ewk GB Avq el g i e vwßwu cwi vifv e `Lv hv e wpî 12 n Z wpî 12

24 110 evsjv `k Dbœqb mgx v my `ieb mswk ó ckvrxwe `i evwl K Av qi web vm kzvs k: mv`v (eo) gvq Av qi `knvix web vm Kiv n q Q mviwy 10-G mkj ckvrxwe `i K `ybwu `knvix Z wb ` k Kiv n q Q mviwywu n Z `Lv hv Q Av qi w`k n Z wb Pi ii cö_g `k kzvsk ckvrxwe D P ii `k kzvsk jv Ki Zyjbvq 19 Y ewk Avq K i wpî 13 wb ` k Ki Q mv`v gv Qi ˆelg cwigvck cöv wjz wmwb wb ` wkkv 0.44, hv my `ie bi Ab vb Drcbœ c Y i P q wkqyuv Kg mviwy 10 my `ieb mswk ó ckvrxwe `i evwl K Av qi `kk: mv`v eo gvq Av qi `kk Av qi Ask (kzvs k) mv`v eo gvq 1g `kk 1.6 2q `kk 2.5 3q `kk 4.3 4_ `kk 4.5 5g `kk 7.4 `knvix : 1g - 5g ô `kk 7.5 7g `kk 9.1 8g `kk g `kk g `kk 30.6 `knvix : 6ô - 10g 79.7 `knvixi AbycvZ : 1g `kk nb Z 10g `kk 1: 19.1 wmwb wb ` wkkv (Gini Co-efficient) 0.44 wpî 13 j iä ilv : mv`v gvq

25 Bmjvg I Bmjvg: my `ie bi m ú` msmönkvix I mswk ó `i Avq I Avq ˆelg Bwjk Bwjk Avgv `i RvZxq gvq ißvwb Z Ae`v bi cöw ZI Gi i Z Acwimxg Bwjk msmönkvix `i gvwmk Mo Avq wnmve Kiv n q Q 40,413 UvKv ckvrxwe `i µgvbymv i Ab vb `i Ae vb n Q gvws/e vcvix 97,308 UvKv, QvU gnvrb 1,87,517 UvKv, eo gnvrb 3,16,195 UvKv, AvoZ`vi 3,05,473 UvKv, cvbkvi 1,32,692 UvKv Ges LyPiv we µzv 71,722 UvKv (cwiwkó mviwy 4) MvjcvZv I ovgv Qi g Zv Bwj ki ÎI AvoZ`vi `i P q eo gnvr bi Avq ewk GLv bi Gi cöavb KviY n Q h A bk Î eo gnvr biv AvoZ`v ii f~wgkvi cvjb K i _v K G ÎI wewfbœ ai bi ckvrxwe `i evwl K Mo Av qi AmgZvi gvîv Lye ewk GB AmgZvi e vwßi GKwU ^ Q aviyv cviqv hv e wpî 14 n Z wpî 14 my `ieb mswk ó ckvrxwe `i evwl K Av qi web vm kzvs k : Bwjk mviwy 11-G Bwjk mswk ó ckvrxwe `i evwl K Av qi `knvix web vm Kiv n q Q G ÎI Av qi web vm AwaKZi ew¼gzv wb ` k Ki Q hv cökvk Ki Q AmgZvi gvîvi ewk

26 112 evsjv `k Dbœqb mgx v j Kiv M Q, wbæ ii 10 kzvsk jv Ki Av qi Zzjbvq D P ii 10 kzvsk jv Ki Avq 43 Y ewk (1t43) 10 Bwjk gv Qi wmwb wb ` kk cöv wjz n q Q 0.48, hv ov gvq I mv`v gv Qi Zzjbvq mvgvb Kg mviwy 11 my `ieb mswk ó ckvrxwe `i evwl K Av qi `kk: Bwjk Av qi `kk Av qi Ask (kzvs k) Bwjk 1g `kk 0.7 2q `kk 1.5 3q `kk 3.3 4_ `kk 4.9 5g `kk 5.8 `knvix : 1g - 5g ô `kk 7.6 7g `kk g `kk g `kk g `kk 31.0 `knvix : 6ô - 10g 83.6 `knvixi AbycvZ : 1g `kk nb Z 10g `kk 1:42.9 wmwb wb ` wkkv Gini Co-efficient eo wpswo (Mj`v I evm`v) wpswo K 4wU fv M fvm Kiv n q Q, h_v Mj`v wpswo (eo), evm`v wpswo (eo), Mj`v wpswo ( QvU) I evm`v wpswo ( QvU) ißvwb Av q eo wpswoi (Mj`v I evm`v) i Z c~y Ae`vb i q Q ez gvb mgx vq ïaygvî `kxq e emvqx `i we epbvq biqv n q Q A_ vr ißvwbkvik `i we epbvq biqv nqwb eo wpswo (Mj`v I evm`v) msmönkvixi Mo evwl K Avq wnmve Kiv n q Q 60,000-66,000 UvKv hv ov gvq Ges MvjcvZv _ K A bk ewk (cwiwkó mviwy 5 I 6) wpswoi Î `Lv M Q h, AvoZ`v ii evwl K Avq me P q ewk, 3,26,000 4,67,000 UvKv msmönkvixi evwl K Mo Av qi P q AvoZ`v ii Avq A bk ewk, cövq 5 _ K 7 Y ewk Mj`v wpswo (eo) I evm`v wpswo (eo)õi Î Avq el g i e vwß Zz j aiv n q Q wpî 15 Ges 16 Z wpî 15 my `ieb mswk ó ckvrxwe `i evwl K Av qi web vm kzvs k : Mj`v wpswo (eo) 10 bgybv msl v Kg niqvq Gi e envi mzk Zvi mv _ Kiv cö qvrb

27 Bmjvg I Bmjvg: my `ie bi m ú` msmönkvix I mswk ó `i Avq I Avq ˆelg 113 wpî 16 my `ieb mswk ó ckvrxwe `i evwl K Av qi web vm kzvs k : evm`v wpswo (eo) 3.6 wpswo cvbv ev iyy (Mj`v I evm`v) eq ii ewki fvm mgq wpswo cvbv msmön Kiv nq Mj`vi Î AviI ewk mgq a i msmön Kiv nq evm`v cvbvi P q Mj`v cvbvi `vg A bk ewk Mj`v I evm`v msmönkvix `i evwl K Mo Avq h_vµ g 63,368 UvKv I 46,505 UvKv (cwiwkó mviwy 7 Ges 8) Ab w` K Mj`v I evm`v AvoZ`v ii evwl K Avq A bk ewk, h_vµ g 5,86,334 UvKv I 1,15,204 UvKv Mj`v I evm`v cvbv msmö n mswk ó `i Av qi AmgZvi gvîvi e vck `Lv M Q, Mj`v I evm`v cvbvi Î msmönkvixi P q AvoZ`v ii evwl K Mo Av qi cwigvy h_vµ g 9 Y I 2.5 Y ewk wpswo cvbvi wmwb wb ` wkkv cöv jb Kiv n q Q 0.44, hv my `ie bi Ab vb m ú `i Zzjbvq A bk Kg 11 (wpî 17) wpî 17 j iä ilv : wpswo cvbv 11 bgybvi msl v Kg niqvq Mj`v I evm`v GKÎ K i wmwb wb ` wkkvi cöv jb Kiv n q Q

28 114 evsjv `k Dbœqb mgx v 3.7 KuvKov Avš R vwzk cö vc U KuvKovi Drcv`b Zzjbvg~jKfv e ewk m vebvgq GwU Ggb GKwU Kg KvÊ hv cövq mviv eqib cwipvwjz nq GKRb KuvKov msmönkvix eq i 86,334 UvKv Avq Ki Z cv i (hv MvjcvZv Ges gv Qi Zzjbvq A bk ewk) Avq I ckvrxwe `i µgvbymv i `L j Ab vb `i Ae vb Giƒc dwoqv/gvws 1,58,582 UvKv, QvU gnvrb 2,31,264 UvKv, eo gnvrb 4,87,307 UvKv, AvoZ`vi 5,13,512 UvKv Ges cvbkvi 6,32,490 UvKv (cwiwkó mviwy 10) AwaKvsk Ab vb c Y i g Zv G ÎI AvoZ`vi me P q ewk Avq K i AvoZ`v ii mv _ msmönkvixi Av qi AmgZvi gvîv A bk ewk `Lv M Q, GKRb AvoZ`vi GKRb msmönkvixi P q 9 Y ewk Avq K i KuvKovi m ½ mswk ó ckvrxwe `i evwl K Av qi g a el g i e vwßwu Zz j aiv n q Q wpî 18 Z wpî 18 my `ieb mswk ó ckvrxwe `i evwl K Av qi web vm kzvs k: KuvKov `knvix wnmv e Av qi web vm Ki j Gi ew¼gzv A bk ewk cözxqgvb nq (cwiwkó mviwy 11) `ybwu `knvix we epbv Ki j `Lv hvq, Dc ii 10 kzvs ki Avq wb Pi 10 kzvs ki Av qi 35 Y ewk (1:35) wmwb wb ` wkkv cöv jb Kiv n q Q 0.52, hv Ab vb c Y i Zzjbvq A bk ewk

29 Bmjvg I Bmjvg: my `ie bi m ú` msmönkvix I mswk ó `i Avq I Avq ˆelg gay gay GKwU gšmygwfwëk Kg KvÊ hv eq ii LyeB ^í mgqkvj (`yb _ K wzb gvm) e vcx cwipvwjz nq GKRb msmönkvixi evwl K Mo Avq gvî 14,830 UvKv (hv my `ieb mswk ó mkj Drcbœ`ª e i g a me P q Kg) Avq Ges ckvrxwei µgvbymv i `L j, eq i dwoqv/ gvws 32,725 UvKv, QvU gnvrb 51,498 UvKv, eo gnvrb 49,760 UvKv, cvbkvi 53,664 UvKv Ges LyPiv we µzv 54,068 UvKv Avq K i (cwiwkó mviwy 12) Av qi w`k n Z we epbv Ki j msmönkvixi Ae vb mevi wb P Ges cvbkv ii Ae vb mepvb Z Dc i `Lv M Q GKRb cvbkvi GKRb msmönkvixi P q cövq 4 Y ewk Avq K i µgcywäz Av qi AbycvZ Ki j `Lv hvq, msmönkvixi Avq gvî 5.8 kzvsk Abyiƒcfv e Ab `i Avq n Q gvws/dwoqv 12.8 kzvsk, QvU gnvrb 20.1 kzvsk, eo gnvrb 19.4 kzvsk, cvbkvi 20.9 kzvsk Ges LyPiv we µzv 21.1 kzvsk mviwy 12-G `knvix wnmv e Avq K mvrv bv n j `Lv hvq gayi Î Zzjbvg~jKfv e ew¼gzvi gvîv Kg wb Pi ii cö_g `k kzvs ki Avq D P ii `k kzvs ki Av qi P q 17 Y ewk (1:17) cöv wjz wmwb wb ` wkkv 0.40, hv my `ie bi Ab vb `ª e i Zyjbvq mvgvb Kg (wpî 19) mviwy 12 my `ieb mswk ó ckvrxwe `i evwl K Av qi `kk : gay Av qi `kk Av qi Ask (kzvs k) ga~ 1g `kk 1.5 2q `kk 2.3 3q `kk 3.9 4_ `kk 5.5 5g `kk 9.0 `knvix : 1g - 5g ô `kk 9.1 7g `kk g `kk g `kk g `kk 25.7 `knvix : 6ô - 10g 77.8 `knvixi AbycvZ t 1g `kk nb Z 10g `kk 1: 17.1 wmwb wb ` wkkv (Gini Co-efficient) 0.39 wpî 19 j iä ilv: gay

30 116 evsjv `k Dbœqb mgx v 4 my `ieb n Z AvnwiZ m ú `i mvwe K we k ly mkj m ú` GKwÎZ K i GKwU mwbœ ewkz we k ly _ K `Lv hvq h, Kv bv Kv bv Kvh µ gi ckvrxwe `i Avq ˆel g i gvîv Ab vb Kvh µ gi Zyjbvq A bk ewk (mviwy 13) j Kiv M Q, AvoZ`vi ev gnvr bi Avq msmönkvixi Zzjbvq 5 _ K 7 Y ewk mk ji Avq GKwÎZ Ki j `Lv hvq, gvî 4.9 kzvsk Avq K i msmönkvix mviwy 13 my `ieb mswk ó ckvrxwe `i evwl K Av qi web vm : mkj m ú `i we µzvi aiy evwl K Avq gvu Av qi kzvsk (my `ie bi mkj m ú `i) msmönkvix gvws/e vcvix QvU gnvrb eo gnvrb AvoZ`vi cvbkvi LyPiv we µzv gvu bvu: evwl K Avq gvwmk Mo Av qi wfwë Z fiv gšmyg Ges g `v gšmy gi g a mgš^q K i ei Kiv n q Q g `v gšmy gi gvm jv K Kvh w`e mi Dci wfwë K i cök Z Kvh -gv m mgš^q I iƒcvš wiz Kiv n q Q Avq eè bi ew¼gzv QvU QvU MÖ c fvm K ii `Lv bv m e `Lv M Q h, my `ieb cöfvwez A ji 12 ckvrxwe `i Avq web v mi ew¼gzv A bk ewk (mviwy 14) `knvixi wb Pi A a K (1g _ K 5g `kk) ckvrxwe `i Avq gvu Av qi 15.4 kzvsk, `knvixi Dc ii A a K (6g _ K 10g `kk) ckvrxwe `i Avq gvu Av qi 84.5 kzvsk 1g `knvix Ges 10 `knvixi Av qi AvbycvwZK nvi 1:29 cy f ` 1g `knvix Ges 10 `knvixi AbycvZ 1:17 _ K 1:43 cy f ` wmwb wb ` wkk 0.40 _ K ez gvb mgx vi GjvKv my `ieb cöfve AÂj (Sundarbans Impact Zone SIZ)-Gi 5wU Rjvi 10wU Dc Rjv wb q MwVZ 13 c~ e i Footnote HIES (2005) Abymv i evsjv ` ki wmwb wb ` wkkv n Q 0.42

31 Bmjvg I Bmjvg: my `ie bi m ú` msmönkvix I mswk ó `i Avq I Avq ˆelg 117 mviwy 14 my `ieb mswk ó ckvrxwe `i Av qi web vm (my `ie bi mkj m ú `i) Av qi `kk Av qi Ask (kzvs k) my `ie bi mkj Drcbœ`ª e i 1g `kk 1.4 2q `kk 2.1 3q `kk 2.9 4_ `kk 3.9 5g `kk 5.1 `knvix : 1g - 5g ô `kk 6.5 7g `kk 8.2 8g `kk g `kk g `kk 41.0 `knvix : 6ô - 10g 84.5 `knvixi AbycvZ : 1g `kk nb Z 10g `kk 1: 29.3 wmwb wb ` wkkv Gini Co-efficient 0.52 gv Ui Dci my `ieb mswk ó A ji wmwb wb ` wkkv Abygvb Kiv n q Q 0.52 (wpî 20) c~ e i Av jvpbv _ K `Lv hvq, cy f ` wmwb wb ` wkkv cwigvc Kiv n q Q 0.44 _ K 0.53 BIDS-Gi mv cöwzk GK M elyv n Z `Lv M Q, DcK~jxq A ji Rjv jv Z wmwb wb ` wkkv 0.19 _ K 0.36 (cwiwkó mviwy 14) 14 DcK~jxq A ji D³ Rjv jvi wmwb wb ` wkkv KvbUvB ez gvb mgx vq cöv wjz wb ` wkkvi P q ewk bq, Avevi KvQvKvwQI bq wpî 20 j iä ilv : my `ieb n Z AvnwiZ mkj m ú `i 5 Dcmsnvi Ges mycvwik 14 Islam et al (2009). Benefit Monitoring and Evaluation of Small Scale Water Resources Sector Project II (SSWRDSP-II), Local Government Engineering Department (LGED), sponsored by ADB, BIDS, Dhaka.

32 118 evsjv `k Dbœqb mgx v Dc ii Av jvpbv n Z úózb cözxqgvb nq h, my `ieb mswk ó A ji ckvrxwe `i Avq ˆelg e vck Dc ii ii ckvrxwei 10 kzvs ki Avq wb Pi ii ckvrxwe `i P q 43 Y ewk (wmwb wb ` wkkv cöv jb Kiv n q Q , hv mgmö evsjv ` ki Zzjbvq A bk ewk) 15 ez gvb Av_ -mvgvwrk Ges AvenvIqv cwiez brwbz mgm v wji cwi cöw Z fwel Z GB A ji Av qi GB AmgZv AviI evo e e jb Abygvb Kiv n Q µgea gvb RbmsL v I mxwgz RxweKvq bi my hvm my `ie bi Dci gvivz K K wîg Pvc m wó Ki Q, hv µgvš^ q g vb MÖvf eb aÿs mi cöavb KviY (FAO 2003; Waggoner and Ausubel 2001) n q D V Q ez gvb mgx vq `Lv M Q, 10 jv LiI ewk jvk mivmwi my `ie bi m ú` msmö ni mv _ wewfbœfv e RwoZ 16 MZ `k eq ii Zzjbvq msmönkvixi msl v GLb A bk ewk, d j my `ie bi m ú` msmönkvix `i gv_v wcqy msmö ni cwigvy e vckfv e n«vm c q Q 17 GB Kvi Y e bi Dci vbxq RbM Yi wbf ikxjzv Avk¼vRbK nv i e o Pj Q fwel Z GB Pvc AviI evo e (Anon 2001) GLv b Pig `vwi `ª i (Extreme Poverty) gvîv cöv jb Kiv n q Q 0.42, A_ vr my `ieb msjmœ 10wU Dc Rjvi gvu RbmsL vi 42 kzvsk nz `wi`ª Ab w` K my `ieb GjvKv ev ` A_ vr evsjv ` ki Ab vb Dc Rjvi Mo nz `vwi `ª i gvîv 26 kzvsk GB Ae vq my `ieb cöfvwez AÂj (SIZ) G `vwi `ª i gvîv cöku _ K cökuzi n e, hv bxwzwba vi Y LyeB Zvrch c~y ez gvb mgx vwui Av jvpbv _ K `Lv hvq, my `ie bi wewfbœ cy f ` weµqg~ j i Dci Lv` msmönkvix `i g~j ms hvrb 50 _ K 75 kzvsk n ji Zv `i Mo gvwmk bxu Avq GB cy mswk ó ckvrxwe `i gvu Av qi Zzjbvq gvî 3 _ K 7 kzvsk hv AwZ D P Avq elg wb ` k Ki Q ez gvb Av_ -cövk wzk cª vc U my `ie bi m ú `i Drcv`b A bk K g M Q, hvi d j msmönkvix `i Avq AviI K g M Q GB Ae v my `ie bi cy mswk ó ckvrxwe `i g a Avq ˆelg e w Z f~wgkv ivl Q m ú` K g hviqv Ges mxwgz m ú `i Amg eèb my `ieb msjmœ GjvKvi cöku `vwi`ª Zvi Ab Zg KviY GB Ae v Kej ` k we` gvb we Z `vwi`ª wbim bb evavi m wó Ki Q bv, evav m wó Ki Q my `ieb m ú `i e e vcbv Ges msi Yi Dbœq b ZvB GB Ae vi Avï Dbœqb cö qvrb GB j GLv b ez gvb cöeüwui Av jvpbvi wfwë Z wkqy Kvh Ki c` c mycvwik Kiv n Q my `ieb m ú `i e e vcbv I msi Yi Rb cö_ g my `ieb mswk ó m ú `i wbæ ii ckvrxwe we kl K i msmönkvix `i `vwi`ª wbim bi e e v Kiv cö qvrb G cöm ½ wbæwjwlz welq jv we klfv e cöwyavb hvm 15 HIES (2008) Abyhvqx mvwe Kfv e evsjv ` ki MÖvg GjvKvi wmwb wb ` wkkv 0.30 Ges kni GjvKvq mviv eqi 10 jv LiI ewk jvk my `ie bi cy msmö ni mv _ RwoZ _v K Zvi g a R ji msl v me P q ewk, Zv `i g a Avevi cvbv msmönkvix R ji msl v cövq `yb jvl Avgv `i M elyvq `Lv M Q, M o GKRb msmönkvix eq i 1.8wU m ú` msmön K i, mb Abyhvqx wnmve Ki j cövq 6 jvl jvk mivmwi msmö ni mv _ RwoZ 17grm e ZxZ my `ie bi evwk mkj m ú` gšmyg wfwëk msmön Kiv nq, d j grm Lv Zi Dci Pvc µ g cöku n Z cökuzi n Q

33 Bmjvg I Bmjvg: my `ie bi m ú` msmönkvix I mswk ó `i Avq I Avq ˆelg 119 my `ie bi m ú` msmö ni cwigvy µgvmz n«vm cv Q wkqy cörvwz we kl K i wkqy wkqy grm cörvwz wejywßi c _ GLv b grm LvZ K we kl i Z w` Z n e msmönkvix `i msl v (we kl K i R j ev MvjcvZv msmönkvix) A bk e o M Q ez gv b G msl v cövq 9 jvl hv `i g a ewki fvm kªgrxwe R j evwk `i g a dwoqv/e vcvixi msl v A bk ewk `Lv M Q, ïay gv Qi Î 2 jvl dwoqv/ e vcvix i q Q K wl Rwg Z jeyv³zvi cwigvy e o hviqvq my `ie bi m ú` msmönkvixi msl v evo Q my `ie bi AwaKvsk cy gšmyg wfwëk, d j Rxeb-RxweKvi cö qvr b grm m ú `i Dci AwaK Pvc m wó n Q eb wefvm _ K KvV msmö ni cvk eü _vkvq I wekí Kg ms v bi e e v bv _vkvq grm Lv Z µ gb Pvc evo Q, hv Rxe-ˆewP Î i fvimvg i vq bwzevpk cöfve dj Q grm wkkv ii Î hvzvqvz LiP Lye ewk hvzvqv Zi Rb msmönkvix `i `xn mgq e q niqvq Li Pi fvi AviI e o hvq msmönkvix `i me P q ewk e q Ki Z nq Rj`mÿ `i Puv`v, gyw³cy Ges wewfbœ wbqgewnf ~Z A_ 18 RxebhvÎvi e q e w i Kvi Y msmönkvix `i AviI Amnbxq ch v q wb q M Q cövwzôvwbk FY g~jz g~j -k sl ji Dc ii kªwyi ckvrxwe `i Rb mnrjf Dc iv³ welq jv we epbvq wb q Awej ^ bxwzwba viy Kiv DwPZ g~j -k sl j Aš f y³ wewfbœ ai bi weµqkvixi Av qi g a mgzv Avbq b Ges `vwi`ª Ae vi Dbœq b KiYxq: FY Ges Avw_ K mnvqzv A_ mnvqzvi wekí Kv bv mnr Dcvq bv _vkvq `v`bb GKgvÎ mnr Dcvq wnmv e msmönkixiv e Q bq ez gvb M ilyvq `Lv M Q, Kg ewk 95 kzvsk msmªnkvix `v`b wb q _v K `ytlrbk n ji mz h, `v`b wb Pi ii msmönkvix `i kvl Yi GKwU eo nvwzqvi ZvB wb Pi ii msmönkvix `i Rb FY myweav cö`vb ewk cö qvrb `v`b my `ie bi m ú` msmönkvix `i A_ mnvqzv w` ji GB e e v g~j -k slj K wb Pi ii msmönkvixi m ½ dwoqv `i ` pfv e AvU K i L Q D P my `i nvi, gvîvwzwi³ Kwgkb, c Y i mwvk g~j bv cviqv BZ vw` Kvi Y `v`b ewki fvm ÎB GKwU AveZ gvb c wz G _ K gyw³i Rb wbæwjwlz mycvwik jv Kiv n Q: 18 ez gvb mgx v _ K Abygvb Kiv n q Q, cy f ` G ai bi e q gvu msmöne qi 25 kzvsk